The subject naturally divides itself into two branches - the commercial and the artistic. By the "commercial" I mean all photographs taken with the special aim of showing the shape and points of the cat from the fancier's, owner's, or purchaser's point of view. In the "artistic," I include all those pictures where the cat is used as a model only.

In either kind of work almost any sort of camera and lens will do, providing it will yield a fair definition and admit of rapid exposures. If one possesses a portrait lens all the better. At all events use a lens which will give you good definition at a large aperture. A good make of roller-blind shutter is an important accessory, with a sufficient length of tubing to the pneumatic release to enable one to move about freely while holding the ball and to get close to the cats while making either time or instantaneous exposures. The camera stand should be very firm and rigid.

I like best to work in the open air, my studio being the small open run of my cattery. If the light is too direct or strong I diffuse it by stretching light blue art muslin curtains above the table or stand upon which the cats are arranged. These curtains run with rings upon cords stretched from the boundary walls on each side so that they may be moved in any way the lighting may require. For background a dark plush curtain will be found useful. Avoid figured backgrounds, as they detract from the value and crispness of the cats and accessories [props]. An example of what I mean will be seen in my picture on page 158 of the present work ["Fur and Feather" photo], where the feathers in the hat, one of the motives of the composition, are almost lost in the scrolls of curtain used for background.

Three things are absolutely necessary to successful photography of cats for either commercial or artistic purpose - time, patience, and an unlimited number of good quick plates. Of all animals the cat is possibly the most unsatisfactory sitter should we attempt by force to secure the pose we desire. By coaxing we can generally get what we wish. Patience is the keynote of success. Before commencing, make up your mind as to what points you wish to show; then pose your cat gently and wait patiently until the pose becomes easy. She may jump down or take a wrong pose or go to sleep a dozen times or more, but never mind, give plenty of time. It is here where patience tells. Wait and coax until you see just what you desire, then release the shutter and make the exposure. At this point never hesitate or think twice - especially with kittens - or the desired pose may be gone, and will possibly cost you hours of waiting again to secure it.

Before photographing a cat for its general appearance or for any special points, it is essential to have it thoroughly groomed and got up as carefully as for show. Speaking generally, the coat of a long-haired cat should never be roughened; it altogether spoils the shape of the animal, and does not in any way improve the appearance of length, quality, or texture of the coat. In all cats where their markings are one of the chief points - such as tabbies and tortoiseshells, etc - this roughening should be specially avoided. There is, possibly, one exception to this advice, and that is in the case of smokes, where it may be, and sometimes is, desirable to turn back a small patch of the fur to show the quality and purity of the silver under-coat. In such cases, the turning back must be done only for this purpose, and in such a natural way as not to interfere with the general flow of the fur of the shape of the cat. In posing a cat, it is well to remember its faults as well as its good points, so that the former may be hidden as much as possible and the latter displayed to the best advantage.

Let us take this somewhat extreme example: A friend has a domestic pet - a so-called Persian, but with weasel head, long back legs and tail, large ears, small eyes, short coat, but some slight pretence to a frill. What can we do? To take him in profile will result in a very sorry caricature of the noble Persian; so we coax pussy to bend her back by sitting on her hind legs, and so partly hiding them as well as apparently shortening her back, inducing her also to curl her long and scanty tail round her feet. We brush out the ear tufts, if she has any, and press up the fur at the base of the ears, for this will tend to make them look smaller. Having placed the camera well in front of and nearly on a level with the cat, so as to foreshorten the nose and head, while showing what frill there is, a sharp squeaking sound will make pussy open her eyes to their full extent; we press the ball, the exposure is made, and we have secured a fairly presentable photograph of our friend's perchance charming pet, yet most indifferent Persian cat.

A few good examples of cats taken for the purpose of showing points should prove useful, and many such examples can be found in this present work on the cat - for instance: p. 29, "Litter of Siamese Kittens"; p. 100, "Champion Jimmy"; p. 138, "Star Duvals"; p. 139, "Omar"; p. 145, "A Perfect Chinchilla"; and p. 150, "Dossie." With these examples and the many others that are to be found scattered through the pages of "The Book of the Cat," the would-be photographer of the cat for show points should have little difficulty in setting up a standard to work to, and by patience and perseverance succeed in attaining it.

Turning now to the more artistic side of cat photography, we find our real difficulties begin, for in photographing for the showing of points we seldom have to deal with more than one cat at a time. It is when we attempt deliberately to pose two or more cats or kittens, to carry out a preconceived idea, that our real troubles begin, and also that the patient skill of the amateur wins its best reward. Looking through the plates of "The Book of the Cat," we find many examples of how the cat should be used in picture making. The reproductions of Madame Ronner's charming pictures show how they may be handled with palette and brush; but, alas! here we photographers labour under an immense disadvantage. However artistic our taste, however good and pretty our intended composition may be, we cannot, as the artist with pencils and brushes can, make individual sketches of pussies in the different positions needed and bring them together in the finished picture. Whether we use two or more cats, they must each be kind enough to take the pose we desire simultaneously; hence our greater difficulty. However, the illustrations on pages 1, 37, 49, 88, 128, 199, and many others indicate the wide field open to the photographer with a little taste and vast patience. In this class of photography it is of no use to go to work in a haphazard fashion, snap-shotting our cats in all kinds of positions, trusting to mere luck to yield something worth keeping; then to give sounding title to it, and so hope to make a picture. Accident does occasionally present us with something worth having, but far more often it offers us results only fit for the waste-paper basket.

Before commencing, be sure you have an idea to work out in your picture, and of the lines you hope to follow in giving expression. If possible, make a rough sketch - no matter how rough - of this idea, showing the position not only of the cats, but also of the accessories needed. Be careful to keep the composition simple and not to overcrowd it. This sketch will greatly assist you in arranging your picture and posing your cats. Before you attempt to pose the cats it is absolutely necessary that all accessories should be fixed so that they cannot be knocked over, or the cats will get frightened and be useless as sitters for a long time to come. That cats are nervous should never be forgotten, and any chance of startling them strictly guarded against. When your background, table, and accessories are all in their place, put your camera in position, arrange the picture on the ground-glass, and see that you get all well within the size of the plate; it is safer to have the picture on the ground-glass a little smaller than the plate will allow, as if one tries to get it to its utmost size, one may find in developing that one of the models has moved back on the table an inch more, perhaps, than calculated upon, and as a result have half a cat on one side instead of a whole one. The background, however, should be large enough to fully cover the ground-glass. Focus the foreground and nearer accessories, stop down to F8, set the shutter to about one-thirtieth to one fiftieth of a second (according to light and nature of subject), insert the slide containing the rapid plate, draw the flap under the dark cloth, and if at all windy tie this last to the camera. Now you are ready for the cats and a suitable moment of light.

As I have already remarked, I do my photographing out of doors. I therefore choose a bright warm day, when there are plenty of fleecy clouds about; so that by taking advantage of their position in front of the sun, and by the help afforded by my muslin curtains, I am able to modify the harsh contrasts incidental to working in broad daylight.

"The Artist" (page 128) was, perhaps, one of the most difficult subjects I have attempted. Without apparent life and go such a subject would be worthless. The rough sketch of the cat in the basket was first prepared, and the brush attached to it in such a manner that it would move freely up and down for about an inch or so; then it and the rest of the accessories were firmly arranged upon the table. The cat in the basket was then made to take her place, but keep in she would not; as soon as the brush moved to attract the artist paw, out she would jump; so for the time she was allowed to run until the artist was posed and an endeavour made to infuse life into him by moving the brush. But it was "no go"; sit down he would until the introduction of a feather woke him up. His companion was then slipped into the basket; but alas! success was not yet. For about two hours we had to begin over and over again, when at last the pose of both kittens was obtained simultaneously and the picture taken in one fiftieth of a second. Such a subject with the kitten tamely sitting at the handle of the brush would not in any way have realised my intention.

I must again point out the great convenience, especially in this class of work, of the extra length of tubing, which allows you, while holding the release in one hand, to pose your models with the other, and then expose without the fatal loss of time that would be entailed by having to step back to the camera or by giving the word to an assistant.

A subject suggestive of a picture will often turn up when least expected and, at the time, impossible to take. I always make a note of these and they come as a basis for future use and to be worked out at leisure. "Thieves" (page 70) was suggested by noting the fondness of two of my kittens for melon, "Amateur Photographers" by a group of kittens playing round some photo frames put out to print, and "Mischief" (page 88) by a frolicsome kitten overturning a small bottle of ink and playing with the little black pool.

Isochromatic plates should be used in all cases where there are mixed colours in the cats' furs, as in tortoiseshells, brown tabbies, etc; mixtures of red, black, and yellow cannot be truly rendered with ordinary plates. The only extra precaution necessary in their use is absolute freedom from actinic light in the dark room. Double ruby glass in the window, or if artificial light is used, an extra thickness of red tissue paper round the developing lamp, will answer this purpose and make everything safe. With this little extra care, nice crisp negatives are obtained, while the relative value of the red, yellow, and black seen in our furry friends are well defined in the resulting picture.

Cats used as models should, if possible, be in the pink of condition - the prettier the model the more pleasant the picture. The best time to photograph a cat is about one hour after a light meal. Immediately after a meal most cats want to wash and sleep. A hungry cat or kittens makes the worst of sitters; its thoughts are too much turned towards the inner man. Never overtax your cats, give them plenty of rest during a sitting, and never lose your temper and attempt to force to secure a pose; it only frightens the cats, and can never result in satisfactory work. Time and patience should always in the end achieve what you desire.

Artistic photography having been for some years a pleasant and recreative hobby with me, I can assure my friends who keep cats for pleasure, and those who find pleasure in the camera, that by uniting the two hobbies they will discover a field of enjoyment and artistic possibilities which neither pursuit alone can afford. To all such the preceding notes are offered as humble finger-posts, indicating rather than assuring the road to success.

FASHIONABLE PETS BEFORE THE CAMERA (The Washington Times, 26th April, 1903)

The photographer of society's pets has appeared in Washington. This specialist doesn't pretend to be able to make a good photograph of a baby. In fact he shrugs his shoulders and rolls up his eyes when you speak of an infant's photograph and says something about their being all alike. But he is wildly enthusiastic on the subject of dogs and says that it is a delight to photograph a Persian kitten, for these little animals are natural models, it seems, and every new attitude is more charming than the last.

There was a time not so very long ago when the photograph of a dog might be that of a door mat and a cat looked like a muff. But all that is changed now and the quick methods of photography make it possible to secure wonderfully good pictures while the pets themselves seem to have acquired a liking for the camera.

"I have taken hundreds of photographs of pet dogs and cats in the last, year or two." said the photographer of society pets. "After the dog show there is always a boom and a cat show also results in a great rush for pictures. It used to be the thing for a lady to pose with her pet, but of late we find that we can secure excellent pictures of the animals alone. Some of them take naturally to posting and seem to understand it, for they don't move an eyelash, many of them, until I tell them they may. The dogs are the best holders of any particular post and will sit as still as a human being and much more quietly than a child.

"The cats on the contrary play around and we have to catch them in special poses. A Persian kitten is a natural model and will assume fifty graceful attitudes in as many minutes. The most effective pictures I have secured are those of the Persian cats. Of course there has been a cat fad within the past year or two, and every woman has her pet Angora or her Persian kitten nowadays. The craze came from London, where the women have been taking cats about with them in cabs and omnibuses for a year or more. The craze has never reached that state here as yet, although once in a while you may see a girl driving with a cat or even in the street cars. But cats are very popular as pets, more so than dogs, with women and we are kept busy taking their pictures. The pretty idea with a cat is to get six or eight different pictures and then frame them in a long panel passe partout. This makes a delightful picture for a nursery or a sitting room. Children are very fond of having their pets pictured by the camera and they usually wish to be photographed with them.

"We have had any number of children brought here with pet rabbits, and one brought a turtle the other day and wished to be taken with it in a group. It was difficult to make him understand that a turtle could hardly be induced to pose for a camera with any effectiveness. Monkeys we have taken, but monkeys are not popular as pets in America, although in the southern countries every household has its pet monkey, just as we have our cats and dogs. But it is difficult to get a good picture of a monkey, for it is not still long enough as a rule, and its face is always in motion.

"The French bulldogs are admirable posers for the camera. They are alert and intelligent. Their faces are full of expression and sharpness and their lines come out well. A thoroughbred animal never shows its good points so well as in a photograph, if a good pose is secured. But photographers, for some reason or other, have never given this branch of their business much attention.

"It was the amateur photographer who first discovered how admirably pets could be made to sit for a picture, and the best photographs of this sort were taken by amateurs until we began to give the matter our study and attention. But at fashionable studios there used to be a dislike for photographing pets for the reason that the results were not apt to be good. They frightened a cat or a dog into a nervous state that made it wish to escape the moment it entered a studio. We get our sitter to feel at home the first thing by giving it a saucer of milk or a chicken bone, and after a little play it becomes as tractable as a child. It is stage fright that makes had pictures with babies and grown persons, just as it does with animals, if they are pushed at once into a chair and the picture taken before the mood of repose has asserted itself.

"I know of photographers who, in their endeavors to make a patron assume some posture that may be entirely unnatural, bring on a fit of nervousness that is almost hysteria. They keep turning the head this way or that, bending the neck or the elbow in a certain direction until the sitter is in torture. A human being will stand this sort of thing, but an animal will not, and we have to use gentle and subtle methods in order to get the best results.

"We make up the animal pictures by the dozen and some of them are very handsomely mounted. The studies of expression in the different faces are wonderful. There are serious dogs and coquettish kittens, vain Angoras and splendid kingly St. Bernards. Of course, our sitters as a rule are the thoroughbreds of their class and this is the reason, perhaps, why they are so well behaved. We rarely have any obstreperous models and no quarrel has as yet interfered with the harmony of our studio."

FELINE PHOTOGRAPHY.
By F. J. E.
The Queen, 13th August, 1904

IT IS PROBABLE that few animals are so utterly impossible to take as cats, especially the fashionable smoke-grey Persian variety. A dog may look depressed and give the idea that he is a sort of martyr, but in his case there is some intelligence to go on. A dog will do as he is told in most instances, which a cat will not. The annoying part is that cats are the most perfect studies for the camera by reason of the graceful attitudes they assume. The great difficulty is to be quite quick enough to catch the changing positions successfully. There is one point in the photographer's favour; cats do not seem to get "camera shy" as dogs do. The activity of a cat is sheer mischief, not fright, as in the case of the nervous canine. The orthodox way to get cat photographs is to place the victim on a table and then attract attention by the agency of a bit of fish or meat. A likeness results; it cannot strictly be called a picture, except in those cases when the natural beauty of the subject saves the situation. But to get cats in a really natural attitude the same procedure has to be followed as in the case of dogs - that is to say, they must be very carefully snapped. One of the "Naturalistic" or a twin-lens camera is best to use, for the reason that a cat is a very small object, and if taken at the infinity range of the lens the picture will be so microscopic as to render considerable enlargement absolutely necessary. For this work also a light tripod is essential, as the rapid movements, if followed by the camera held in the hand, are apt to cause a nervous shakiness which spoils the sharpness of the picture. As far as my experience goes, cats mind a tripod quite as little as a camera. In this work fast plates are an essential. Not only the form and expression of the cat have to be studied, but also the texture of the coat. There, again, "blue Persians" are tiresome, as the grey coats are apt to come out a rather featureless white. It is a case of a rapid shutter; either a T.P. Special or a focal plane, and a large stop in the lens, then careful after-treatment. The best plan is to get the range of the cats as they play about, and then wait patiently for a shot. It is a mistake to let anyone fuss about or try to coerce them Into position, this only flurries and upsets the subjects, rendering good pictures hopeless. As in the case of dogs, personal sympathy goes a long way towards success. Once on friendly terms with the animals, almost anything can be done. Amateurs have a great advantage over professionals where animals are concerned, as they are able to give more time to getting a really natural and pretty picture. The question of a suitable background needs to be carefully thought out. For grey cats a dark setting shows up the colour and texture of the fur better than anything else. - F. J. E.

THE MOST FAMOUS CAT IN THE WORLD
Buffalo Courier, 2nd December 1906

There are probably very few people who have not sent or received a number of pictorial postcards during the past few years following their introduction into this country from Europe. The postcard craze as it exists today claims a greater number of devotees than any other similar expression of popular fancy in the past. The best criterion of its remarkable growth is found in the fact that stores devoted exclusively to the sale of postcards are being successfully conducted in the larger cities. The distribution of this class of mail matter has already become one of the serious problems of the Postal Department. The New York office alone handles as high as two hundred thousand cards a week.

It is perhaps unnecessary to state that there is great competition existing between the different companies producing these cards to bring out a popular line of original subjects. Among the many millions of cards issued annually, representing tens of thousands of subjects, none have met with the same measure of success as that accorded the animal pictures photographed by Harry W. Frees, a young man of Reading, Pa., who recently made a contract with the largest postcard firm in this country for the exclusive control of his output for a term of years.

The hundred or more pictures comprising this series have been pronounced by competent critics as the most wonderful collection of animal pictures ever taken. They are not only charming studies of cute and original poses, but in many instances a humorous touch has been added that have rendered them doubly irresistible. Only one who has had personal experience in the art of photography is in a position to estimate what tremendous difficulties are associated with the production of good animal negatives. In order to obtain animal studies of any value it is necessary to develop considerable perseverance and great skill.

The interesting pictures illustrated here, and which were taken especially for this article, show us the spoiled darlings of the animal kingdom - charming little kittens, cute and amusing puppies, and a bold little chick in warrior guise. To obtain these perfectly natural pictures, extraordinary patience combined with rare dexterity, artistic sense and love of the occupation are essential on the part of the photographer. The story of Mr. Frees' methods in handling the little animals with such captivating results will no doubt prove of interest. His taking up of this branch of photography was purely accidental. A miniature sailor hat furnished the inspiration. One day, in a spirit of fun, he tried it on the family cat, and the result was so inexpressibly funny that he decided to have others made and photograph puss in the different poses.

From the day that these pictures were placed on the market they have steadily grown in popular favor and have scored a distinct hit wherever introduced. Since his first attempt in this line Mr. Frees has taken pictures of puppies, kittens. rabbits, chicks, ducklings, guinea-pigs, etc. His kitten pictures, however, are undoubtedly the most popular. There is something about a cute little kitten that appeals more strongly to the average feminine heart than the young of any other animal. As women are the largest purchasers of post-cards, this is probably why this class of subjects has had the largest sale.

Quite a number of people have asked Mr. Frees in all seriousness whether he does not mesmerize the animals or cast them under some hypnotic spell before taking their pictures. They are utterly unable to understand how some of his subjects can be produced without resource to some stupefying influence of this nature. It is simply a matter of gentleness and kindness, and Mr. Frees takes especial pains to cultivate the confidence of his little friends from the moment he receives them. In a few days after receiving little chicks they will jump on his hand, climb up his arm to his shoulder, and nestle against his cheek, chirping meantime in the most contented manner.

It is really remarkable how tame little chicks will become after they become thoroughly acquainted with their master. Among one of Mr. Frees' broods was a little black and white youngster who was more than ordinarily tractable in this respect. After the downy little fellow had outgrown his usefulness for pictures, he was transported to the greater freedom of a suburban home. But here he was not so fortunate as his brothers and sisters, who were all a pure white in color. No doubt his foster-mother, a staid old hen who had raised numerous families, decided him as an alien who was not to be tolerated. So when nightfall came little Pete was promptly excluded from cuddling under motherly wings. There was only one thing to be done, and the little outcast soon found himself snug and warm in a basket under the kitchen stove. From that time forth Little Pete would not deign to notice the remainder of the flock. No doubt he thought that he had graduated to a higher and more desirable station in life. He wandered joyfully over the lawn all by his tiny self. Frequently during the day he would come walking unbidden into the kitchen searching for his master. He knew his name perfectly well, and would come running like a little dog whenever he was called. One day his master started on a visit to a nearby neighbor, and while walking down the road heard a decided chirp in his rear. He turned about, and there was Little Pete following sturdily behind. The venturesome little fellow continued his journey in his master's coat pocket.

The above is cited merely as an illustration of what can be accomplished with the very young if they are given a great deal of attention. Mr, Frees spends a large part of his time with his little models and is constantly talking to them. Of course they do not interpret his meaning, but the sound of a voice soon inspires confidence, and little chicks only two weeks old will turn their heads to one side and listen attentively. Consequently when he takes their picture he is able to hold their attention simply by talking to them. If he seats himself for a few minutes where his kittens are playing, he will have a half dozen or more of them climbing all over him in an instant. He never frightens them in any way, and for this reason is able to handle them as he desires.

Mr. Frees has quite a fund of amusing experiences in connection with his animals. One day he received a quartette of young rabbits from a dealer in pets. He had some idea of the voracious appetite of these animals and fed them liberally with greens before leaving them for the night. Incidentally he inadvertently left a large head of cabbage lie on the floor, thinking to use it for fodder the next day. But his knowledge of bunnies was considerably broadened the next morning, when he found the head of cabbage completely consumed, together with several armfuls of hay that was to be used for bedding. That they left the box intact in which they had been shipped might be considered in the light of a miracle.

The majority of Mr. Frees' pictures are given a full second exposure. While this is a very short interval of time, relatively considered, yet its unusual duration can pe better appreciated by the fact that most animal pictures taken are snapshots timed from one fifth to one two hundred and fiftieth of a second. During the second of exposure any movement of the animal in the slightest degree will mar the picture. In a snapshot it is different. The lens registers the likeness so rapidly that any ordinary movement is too slow to be caught.

Quite a number of these pictures have been what is commonly known as double exposures - that is, the photographing of an object twice on the same plate. These are extremely difficult to take successfully, and require a quick eye and extraordinary nicety of precision in order that the one object does not overlap the other. This is illustrated in the picture printed herewith, entitled "Everybody Works but Mother." Very few people would realize that this is one and the same dog. First the dog at the tub was taken, after which he was withdrawn, together with the tub, dressed up in the feminine finery, and photographed again in the position seen. Great care had to be exercised that the edge of the dress did not overlap the spot where the tub stood.

Mr. Frees' star performer is a cat named Rags, whose photographic likeness has had the largest circulation of any animal in the world. He displays the most remarkable intellect for a cat, and seems to enter into the spirit of a pose. If a rag is tied around his head he will take on the most distressed air, just as though he were experiencing in all reality "the cold, gray dawn of the morning after." No matter how difficult the pose, Rags will never rebel. He has been kept before the camera as long as two hours at a stretch without any attempt to jump from the stand. When the very limit of his patience has been reached he will give a protesting little murmur. A choice bit of meat and a few minutes on the ground will at once restore him to his former amiability.

Rags' boon companion is an Angora kitten called Fluff. They sleep together, eat together and go visiting together, for, while these cats may be perfect paragons of sobriety when it comes to posing, they still possess the one dominant weakness of their kind - an inordinate passion for a nightly frolic on the back fence. While Fluff's voice is rather weak as yet, owing to his youth, Rags can run the scale in a most nerve-racking manner.

For a time Fluff's master experienced great difficulty in getting him to pose. He seemed fidgety and nervous as soon as he was placed before the camera, and as soon as released would scamper away to find his friend Rags. So one day, as an experiment, Rags was put in a basket and placed on the extreme edge of the stand outside of the camera's focus. From that time on Fluff was perfectly content to have his picture taken as long as his beloved Rags was in close proximity.

Mr. Frees has often worked a half day in trying to get a single picture. His success has been a result of perseverance and close application to his work. But the knowledge that his pictures have been the means of entertaining thousands has made it eminently worth while.

PHOTOGRAPHING CATS DRESSED UP
By CARINE CADRY
The Queen, 28th December, 1907

BEING ASKED the other day, "However do you photograph cats dressed up?" and being shown at the same time an example of a very pitiable puss sitting on a sofa dressed as a granny, also finding it somewhat of a puzzle to find out which was granny and which the sofa cushion, it struck me that perhaps some notes on the subject might be useful to amateurs. One would think the ability of photographing cats at all would carry with it the capacity doing them dressed up, but as this is not the first time I have been questioned about it one must recognise it as a separate art.

To begin with, we must try and not disturb the becoming equanimity of puss, for we do not want her to look pitiable, and we must also see that we have a plain background, so that she does not get mixed up with a sofa cushion or any other unimportant accessory. The same as in ordinary cat photography, there is nothing that makes one's work easier than having a cat, or rather training a cat, to like being photographed. This may sound rather far fetched, but, as a matter of fact, some choice pieces of meat or fish will make puss very willing to pose purringly in front of her plain background. If she is petted and the plate of dainties kept near she will not be in the least hurry to get down, and seeing such a happy and contented cat needs only a tiny stretch of the imagination to convince one she thoroughly enjoys the actual photography.

There is one thing, however, that she distinctly does not enjoy, that is having her clothes put on. In this respect she is like a naughty baby, and wants no end of humouring and petting, and succulent morsels popped into her mouth. The hat is a special difficulty, for she seems to regard having to wear it as a terrible indignity. Consequently, some tempting rewards must be in readiness for her if she has sat still enough to keep it on, and grave, shocked scolding and no bit of meat if she has been inconsiderate enough to let it roll off. The punishment should never go beyond a scolding, as the chief thing is to keep her in a good temper, for, as with a human portrait, we are terribly at the mercy of expression.

For animal photographs one is naturally very dependent on a good light, for short exposures are all one can hope to get. There is probably now too much wind for out-of-door work, and even if it were still it would probably be too cold, for wind and cold are both very trying conditions to a cat's temper. It is however, quite possible, if we choose the brightest part of the day, to do quite satisfactory indoor cat studies. The accompanying illustrations [note: too poor to reproduce] were done at twelve o'clock on a November day from 3 to 4 feet from a window. The background - a plain piece of white cardboard, propped against an ease - was placed sideways and a little inclined to face the light. The room was unfortunately small, so that the camera was not really able to get far enough away from the subject. One should, if possible, allow more room, as having to get up so close means having to give a longer exposure, which increases so rapidly the nearer one gets to the subject.

One way in which early photographers subsidised their photography was to turn their photos into picture postcards. The newly invented Kodak process captured the images on celluloid (making life much easier for photographers such as Lucy Clarke). It was now possible to take snapshots as well as carefully staged images. Edwardian photographic studios not only produced picture postcards, they could profit from the new process by copying amateur snapshots into postcards, calling cards and business cards. These cards were not only functional, they were highly collectable.

Calling cards were highly popular in a day and age when people had "at home" mornings or afternoons where they received guests. Exchanging calling cars was an essential part of the social event. Picture postcards were also popular in a day and age when you couldn't simply phone a friend. Many cards were released in sets or series to appeal to collectors.

The new process meant that it had become astonishingly cheap to produce photographic cards. Around 1905, the early mail-order firm Barker's of Kensington, an early mail-order firm, would 144 photographic postcards from the same negative for 11 shillings (less than one old penny per card). According to the Barker's advertising, this rate "afforded a splendid advertising proposition for business men and for boarding house proprietors."

Professional cat breeders also used the photographic cards to publicise their stock. They no longer had to rely on wordy descriptions, they could afford to give away photos in the hope of recouping the cost when the photographic subject was sold. It was easy to give out cards to prospective purchasers. One such card was sent to a Mrs Challis of Clatterford Hall, Ongar, Essex (many fanciers were well off and had impressive addresses). The picture is "Black Knight", a winner of six championships and the message was "Are you still considering black kitten to breed from? I may part with my last one. It is a good one, but not very cheap, having lately gained a Reserve.".

Owners could send cards of their prize-winning, or simply pretty, cats to their friends. A picture postcard posted from Haywards Heath, West Sussex, in 1910, bore the photographic subject's proud owner's message "My 'White Coral' 1st Prize." Another was sent in 1906 from Birmingham to a friend in Malvern, Worcestershire. The card was a photo of her Persian cat, Miss Marcooli, and the sender offered to send further prints for the friend to sell on at a profit. "If you have six they will be 3/6 [three shillings and sixpence], and you can have twelve for 4/6. Can you do with that many? We can get them thro' by the 26th."

"Vivent les chats!" wrote Mme. de Custine in one of her delightful letters to Buffon, wherein, with no little scorn, she stigmatises the dog as a mere "fidelity machine." "Civilisation has not yet become a second nature for them. They are more primitive than the dog, and more graceful; more independent, freer, and more natural. When by chance they love their tyrant, man, it is not as a degraded slave, like your craven dogs, which lick the hand that smites them for the reason that they have not the spirit to be inconstant! In cats attachment is the result of selection, but in dogs of stupidity. Your canine idiots are the product of society, and are appreciated by man just as double flowers, which are the result of cultivation, are appreciated - because they are to a certain extent his own work. I fear my sentiment may annoy you; if they do, hate me, but tell me so often. None, I take it, but a Frenchwoman of originality and esprit, of the temper and fibre of Mme. de Sevigne, would venture to give frank utterance to such sentiments as these.

To love a cat, it has been truly said one be in complete harmony with its nature and in a manner partake of it; and to admire it just for its lack of affection is assuredly a palpable, a most palpable, confession. The Portuguese have a saying: Buen amigo es el gato, sino que rascuna (" The cat is certainly friendly, but it scratches "): and it may, I think, be taken that the fair writer was more completely in sympathy with the animal of her predilection than she herself suspected. In the face of this eighteenth-century instance, are we not reminded that in his "Satire on Women" - the earliest satire extant, by the way - Simonides set it down that forward women were made from cats, just as the most virtuous and the best were developed from bees?

To most people the cat has recommended, if not exactly endeared, herself by the implacable guerrilla warfare she - why always "she"? - prosecutes against the common or garden rodent; that is her claim upon the suffrages of society. But to consider her from the artistic point of view, and to be content to see in her not only a sitter of certain possibilities, but the reflection of much that is most delightful and most admirable in nature, requires a temperament of a rare kind, and makes an enormous demand upon the aesthetic gifts of the painter.

Truth to tell, there are few things animate or inanimate so difficult to paint in the whole range of art as a cat or a kitten; and the reason is not far to seek. The proverbial chameleon is more stable in point of colour than the cat in respect to its contour, its expression, and its markings which vary with every movement, with every thought, of the fickle- minded beast. But as it is the worst of models for the easy-going artist, so is it the most fascinating ; the one, probably, that has defied more deft and famous pencils than all the other domestic fauna of Europe put together. To the horse, the cow, the stag, the sheep, the dog, eminent artists have devoted their attention and their talents times out of number ; but how many have ventured on Shylock's "harmless necessary cat," and succeeded in portraying her form and feature true in life and spirit ? Mme. Rosa Bonheur shrinks from the contest. Nay, she has painted the face of man oftener than the cat's, as you may count on the fingers of your one hand ; while the principal animal-painters of all times have elected to avoid a particular branch of art which exacts such exceptional keenness and sensitiveness of observation, such swiftness and decision of touch, and such an inexhaustible stock of patience.

From the days of Nicias, who was the first to paint a dog, three centuries and more before the Christian era, down to those of Mr. Briton Riviere, it has ever been the same [note: the writer overlooks the cats in Egyptian art]. Troyon and Mr. Peter Graham, Herring and Mme. Rosa Bonheur, George Morland and M. Van Marks, James Ward and Mr. Sidney Cooper, Fyt Snyders, Potter, masters ancient and modern - all who come uppermost to the mind - have almost without exception kept to their cattle and pigs, their horses, boars, dogs, and sheep. Breughel and Teniers, it is true, painted their famous grotesque "Cat Concerts," the former more successfully than the latter; but neither very happily from the point of view of either accuracy of form or insight into character - nay, they are not to be compared with the admirable print of the ill-fated Cornelius Visscher. Landseer is perhaps the only English animal-painter of eminence who has not left Grimalkin eeverely alone, but the couple of cat-pictures he painted - "The Cat Disturbed," in 1819, and "The Cat's Paw," in 1824 - were not satisfactory In his eyes, so that he henceforward eschewed all dealings with the Beloved of Pasht. This is indeed the more extraordinary when we reflect that she has been held sacred in the eyes of many people, and has always occupied a position of honourable trust and admitted importance on the hearth of civilized man.

It may be that the superstitions that have ever dogged the unfortunate tribe of the cat, and made of her for centuries a persistently persecuted beast, tended to decrease her popularity with the painters and their patrons of a more credulous age. The symbol of liberty in Rome-blazoned courant or passant on the shields of doughty warriors - by reason of her independence and dogged refusal to be taught, or to conform to rules; and the personification of the moon in Egypt, by the contraction of her pupils by day and their dilatation by night, she became an object of suspicion, dread, and hatred to later generations. How had the mighty fallen ! A deity in the land of the Pharaohs from the time she was imported from Persia, she was worshipped while she lived in Egyptian clover, and when she died her mummy was reverently placed in the Temple of Bast or Bubastis, as Diana was elsewhere less euphoniously termed.

Thence she travelled, via Cyprus, to our shores of Cornwall, but it must be confessed with no slight loss of dignity by the way. True, she arrived with the reputation of a doughty huntress of vermin and a deft chaser of snakes ; true, too, that the fabulists had painted morals out of her, and the most imaginative of the romancists had set her a worthy place in the immortal pages of the "Arabian Nights." But her honour had been tarnished ; she was no longer the Aelurus of earlier days. Satan had chosen her form for his favourite Protean change. Hecate, too, as a matter of precaution, unhappily struck on the same idea, as Ovid tells us, Fele soror, Phoebe latuit ; so that she fell into disrepute.

She lost character and caste slowly and surely, and step by step, till at length, the last resource of the metamorphic Djinns, she was reckoned the familiar of the witch and the companion of the unholy. It availed her nothing that by the Laws of Howel -the great legislator of the Kymry - her price was maintained at a respectable figure, and the torment of her body was enacted a felony. The sailors had found in her a Mother Carey's chicken of disreputable and evil import, which by the mere playing with on apron or toying with a gown could so foment a storm that would rend sail and snap mast, that she must of a surety be in league with Davy Jones himeelf !

Personal feeling had probably not a little to do with this unfortunate degree of unpopularity, for in many people a deep- seated dislike of the feline race, root and branch, is a matter of temperament and constitution. We have all heard how Henri III would swoon at the sight of a cat, and how Napoleon was little less affected ; to such a degree, indeed, was it the case with the petit caporal that Mme. Junot is said to have gained an important advantage over him by the exercise of a little diplomatic tact in merely mentioning a cat at a critical moment in a certain discussion. But this aversion can hardly be urged in these later days as a reason for the banishment of the cat from the studio except for utilitarian purposes.

The truth of the matter is, that for painting cat- life and character, peculiar qualities are necessary in the artist to bring him into line with the oddities of his model's temperament. As the late M. Champfleury - the cat's Macaulay -has said of it and its habits "The lines are so delicate, the eyes are distinguished by such remarkable qualities, the movements are due to such sadden impulses, that to succeed in the portrayal of such a subject as this, one must be feline oneself." That, doubtless, is the secret ; and unless you are as "feline" as Rouviere, the actor, you cannot hope to raise the felis domesticus into the realm of art by brush, by pencil, or by chisel. Nor is this all. You must love them as Mahommed and Chesterfield loved them; be as fond of their company as Wolsey and Richtlieu, who retained them even during the most inpressive audiences; as Petrarch and Dr. Johnson and Canon Liddon, who wrote with them at their elbow ; and Tasso and Gray, who celebrated them in verse; think of their worldly weal like the Sultan El Dahar Beybars, who fed all feline comers, or "La Belle Stewart," Duchess of Richmond, who, in the words of the poet, "endowed a college" for her little friend; you must be as approbative of their independence of character, their unamenableness to education, their inconstancy, not to say indifference and their general lack of principle, as the aforesaid Mme. de Custine; and as appreciative of their daintiness and grace as Alfred de Musset. Then, and not till then, can you consider yourself equipped for studying the art of cat-painting. As Mr. Ruskin has it, you must know "kitten-nature down to the most appalling depths thereof," and be sensitive to the "finest gradations of kittenly meditation and motion.

The representation of cats in art is, of course, not rare; but good representation is. Since the archaic bronzes and statues of Egypt, and the mural paintings of Thebes, cats have now and again been seen in prints and upon canvas. The visitor to the recent Tudor Exhibition will remember the pictures, so touching from the association, of the cat which is said to have fed Sir Henry Wyat with pigeons while he was imprisoned in the tower. Was Joanna Baillie, thinking of this incident when, in her ode to "The Kitten," she wrote these ending lines?

Even he, whose mind of gloomy bent,
In lonely tower or prison pent
Reviews the coil of former days,
And loathes the world and all its ways,
Feels, as thou gambol'st round his seat,
His heart with pride less fiercely beat,
And smiles, a link in thee to find,
That joins him still to living kind.

Yet, as I have said, many artists have tried, and most have failed. G ricault, Barge and Delacroix all made the experiment, and they far oftener succeeded in producing diminutive tigers than cats; thus reminding of the saying of Mery, Louis XIV's surgeon: "God created the cat that man might caress a tiger." Although great artists have tried, and been only partially successful in this line, specialists of note have arrived at perfection, or very near it, by the exercise of those qualities to which reference has here been made. Combining with technical skill and ability the power of piercing the strange unscrutableness of the cat is her calmer moods, of differentiating individual characteristics, and classing with well-nigh scientific accuracy the thousand and one humours, and motions, and expressions of cat-mind and body, as wall in irresponsible and thoughtless youth as in sober age - in short, the capacity to appreciate "felineness" in all its many aspects - a handful of artists have arisen to eminence and secured for themselves a niche in the Temple of Diana. But whole-hearted devotion to the subject is the price which has been paid for the distinction. Who that has seen it will readily forget the cat carved in wood over the gate leading from the Mausoleum at Nikko - the Nemuri no neko, or "Sleeping Cat (or Rat-klller)" ? That by itself will sustain the reputation of the artist Hidari Jia-go-ro. Japanese artists in black and white have done much in this direction, especially Hokusai ; and Caldecott, basing his method upon theirs, produced some sketches of cats quite marvellous in their truth to nature.

But these are comparatively insignificant beside the brilliant work done by Gottfried Mind, the Swiss, celebrated as the "Cat Raphael" on the initiative of Mme. Vigee Lebrun, of the end of the last century and the beginning of this ; whose gentle nature never recovered the horror of a massacre of cats ordered at Basle, where he lived, in consequence of an outbreak of madness among them in 1807. His works are very Japanese in their style of execution, but the facility with which character and expression alike have been seized, and the correctness of the drawing, are far beyond anything produced in this direction in the Land of the Rising Sun.

But better than all these, for general truth to nature, are the wonders of Desportes, of Menginot, the pencil drawings of Grandville and even of the unknown Burbank, and, more important still, the pictures of Eugine Lambert and of Mme. Ronner. For them cats' life has no mysteries ; and the kitten, which, for the majority of us, is merely "an animal that is generally hurrying somewhere else, and stopping before it got there," is to them as comprehensible and logical a little creature as any that walked out of the ark.

Mme. Henriette Ronner was born in Amsterdam in 1821, and displaying much taste and talent for drawing, while still of tender years, she was destined for the artistic profession by her father Heer Knip, who superintended her education himself, and enforced his principals with quite unusual severity. Undeterred by the misfortune of his blindness, which overtook him when his child was but 11 years of age, he steadily continued in his purpose, and, keeping her at the easel from sunrise to sunset, chiefly in the open air, he insisted on a couple of the midday hours being passed in total darkness, that she, too, might suffer the most terrible of all afflictions for an artist. The day's work was cheerfully undertaken by the girl. Gifted with qualities that would have made her eminent in the broader path of promiscuous subject-painting, she devoted her attention to cat, dog, and still-life, till at last she had achieved the position of acknowledged rival of M. Lambert. But the way was long and hard.

In turn she gained awards at all the principal exhibitions to which she contributed, in Holland, Belgium, France, Portugal, and America, until her claim was universally admitted. This position she still retains, and many a continental corporation museum has deemed it well - nay, due to itself - to possess itself of works by so skilled and eminent a band. Since her marriage 40 years ago Mme Ronner has lived and practised in Brussels, selling her works there, as well as in Paris and in Scotland, as fast as she can paint them ; and painting in such a way as to win many medals and kindred honour , while building up the fabric of fortune and solid reputation.

But Mme. Ronner is not only a naturalist in art ; she is really a fine painter. Although somewhat limited according to English notions of what constitutes a colourist, her technique is at least as fine as Rosa Bonbeur's - virile, vigorous, decisive, unfailing in its truth, and admirable in result. As might have been seen at the excellent exhibition of her pictures of dogs, cats, and poultry, which was recently held at the galleries of the Fine Art Society in Bond-street, Mme. Ronner is as accomplished an artist as she is a keen observer, and as successful in the rendering of the most transient of feline emotion and expression as she is dexterous in the suggestion of texture, however difficult, of form and movement, however complicated. Her little model lives, and, like Princess Ida's, "Her gay-furr'd cat's a painted fantasy."

She paints it in every phase and humour of all its nine lives, and, as George Withers would say, with care enough to kill it. But her cats are all well-to-do, plump, silky, and lovingly cared-for; the lean and the mangy do not appeal to her as they presumably would have done to Courbet. "The Longing Look" - a cat watching a canary - like her prototype in "Pericles," "with eyes of burning coal" - is a revelation of cat- character ; the raised head, the drooping tail, the half- unsheathed claws, the quivering body, are so absolutely life-like that it seems a wonder the bird does not struggle to fly right out of the picture.

Then, how true is maternal care in the etching which Mr. Mendoza published a year or two ago, and how comically pathetic the love-sick "Djouma," with tall as "monstrous" as Carey's in "The Dragon of Wantley!" And what could be more lazily inert than that heavy old black tom-cat lying luxuriously by the hearth? - reminding one, as it does, of Mra. Pipchin's old cat, little Paul Dombey's friend, which, coiling itaelf upon the fender, used to purr egotistically, "while the contracting pupils of his eyes looked like two notes of admiration."

Had Mme. Ronner lived when the poet Gray suffered his celebrated bereavement by the tragic loss of Selima - who perished miserably in a gold-fish bowl - surely she might have helped to console him and comfort him for his loss. Pretty and graceful, yet terribly in earnest, for those who are in sympathy with it, the kitten constitutes the most charming of models for artist and poet alike. And perhaps it is, after all, in the delineation of it that we shall find Mms. Ronner to excel if we carefully analyse her work, the incomparable grace and playfulness of the little animal when awake, its engaging innocence when asleep, and the unconscious conviction betrayed in its every movement that the whole world was made for its amusement alone, are all consummately rendered.

Many are the subjects such as these that Mme. Ronner has painted for us with unrivalled charm and unerring excellence of execution, and a few are here reproduced. Although a septuagenarian, she betrays in her canvases none of the failings of age; and that, after all this lapse of time, her work should this year be new to our metropolis is equally a misfortune to art-lovers and an injustice to the artist. Not that we have no cat-painters in England ; in Mr Couldery, Mr. Walter Hunt, and Mr. Louis Wain we have men who understand and appreciate feline beauty and feline character, although they are not of the calibre of Mme. Ronner. But the quality of her work has greatly been lost sight of in the subject. Yet, surely, the dignified and graceful beast whose praises have been sung by Petrarch and Tasso, by Gray and De Musset, by Chateaubriand and Baudelaire, by Moncrif, Paul de Kock, and Dumas fils, is worthy of the artist's brush and of the exercise of his most precious talent.

CATS POSED FOR HER. HOW ONE WOMAN WON FAME PAINTING HOUSEHOLD PETS. (Chicago Daily Tribune, 12th March, 1892)

Only two painters have reached fame through the painting of cats - Mme. Ronner and the Swiss painter, Gottfried Mind - and the greater of the two is Mme. Ronner. Though Mind got to be known as the Raphael of cats from his faithful Japanese-like delineations of his fsvorite animals, Mme. Ronner has a far better claim to the rather absurd sobriquet. Rather is she the Velasquez or Paul Veronese of cats than their Raphael, hating the artistic insight of the Spanish painter in his later, short-hand method, his maniera abreviada, as the Spaniards call it, that can seize on essential features and translate them with masterly technique into paint and brush stroke, and in addition she has a great deal of the Venetian painter's methods of dealing with surface texture. There is something intractable in a cat's nature, as there is something in its shape and fur that has proved intractable to artiste in general.

Mr. M. H. Spielmann, who has written an excellent biography of Mme. Ronner, full of sound criticism and learning, shows how completely even the greet painters have failed when they have used the cat as a model. As a rule the best animal painters have failed to draw the cat at all From Nicias, the Greek, who was the first to paint a dog, three centuries before the Christian era to Mr. Briton Rivi re, the animal painters have kept to their dogs, horses, boars, lions, cattle, and sheep. Neither Troyon, nor Rosa Bonheur, nor Snyders, nor Potter, nor Fyt have ventured on cat portraiture. Breughel, indeed, and Teniers have painted their famous "Cat Concerts," but these works are satires on canvas; grotesques, not pictures. Perhaps, says Mr. Spielmsnn, Giulio Romano's single cat in the Naples Museum and Visscher's admirable print, of which but two copies are known, are the only two of the "masters" who have put their pencils to the test of cat painting and not failed ignominiously.

Mme. Ronner, the daughter of the Dutch painter, Joseph Knip, did not begin her career as a cat painter; it was something of an accident that led her, long after her first youth was past, into the line in which she has found European fame. It la true that a sketch of a cat at a window painted when the artist was 10 was the first indication of her talent. From the age of 10 Henrietta Knip was kept at the easel from sunrise to sunset. She had to find out the secrets of her art for herself; her father had gone blind, and could only teach her himself by precept, not example. He would allow her no master. In this hard school no one but a genius could prosper, and Henriette Knip did prosper. After her marriage with Herr Ronner she lived where she still resides, in Brussels.

For fifteen years she was known as a successful painter of the draft dogs of that city. Her patrons, with the obstinate narrowness which often marks the arts patron, would let her paint no other subjects. Then occurred as trifling an incident as ever changed the current of an artist's life. A young kitten wandered into her house. Mme. Runner looked upon the little creature with her keen, trained, artist eyes, and saw in its face form, motion, and fur, all the latent capabilities for art expression that had been so missed by the great masters of the pencil. There can be no doubt that a sympathy with cat life and cat nature is the mark of the higher organisation that goes with the higher culture.

It is probable that there are more cat lovers at home and abroad in the end of this civilised nineteenth century than have ever lived in Europe since cats were kept for mouse killing. It takes a keener nature and one more sensitized by esthetic cultivation to care for cats than to love dogs. The cat has always been the pet of cultivated men of the higher intelligence from the time of Mahomet till today. Cat lovers make a strange heterogenous company. They number among them Petrarch and Tasso, Gray and De Musset, Paul De Kock and Dr. Johnson, Baudelaire and Lord Chesterfield; but there have been men whom neither music could touch nor cats delight. It has been suspected to be an idiosyncrasy, a form of nerve disease, or perhaps of chronic mind malady when a man is so unaccountably unreasonable as to hate cats and even to shun a kitten; but the average man of average brutish instincts seems to have been so affected towards cats all through the dark ages, and even among moderns a man so abnormally gifted in certain directions as Napoleon Bonaparte loathed the whole race of cats.

Poets and artists and literary men are generally great lovers of cats, and the curious complications and contradictions in the characters of these strange animals, their refined ways, their sedate, dignified demeanour, their beauty and grace, their wayward, capricious behavior and absolute lack of the cowardly subservience of some domestic pets, together with their possession of the charm often hangs about what is unaccountable, wayward, and capricious, have greatly recommended cats to men whose natures are sensitized by their pursuits; but poets nave not always loved cats. Here is their denunciation by a great one, but he lived too near the middle ages to be quite free from the frequently stupid blindness of things spiritual .of the men of those times:

No man e'er lived who hated cats as I ;
Their eyes I shun and from their presence fly,
Loathing them all, and that most constantly.

The illustrations show something of the principles and methods of Mme. Ronner She is a naturalist in the higher sense of the word, one who is neither satisfied with the rendering of form or motion, nor with mere sketch-impression studies of her model, but not rest till, by all legitimise artistic methods - the outcome of a lifetime of study of the subject, not observation alone - she has done all that art can do to represent the spiritual idea that underlies her subject.

MME HENRI TTE RONNER, CAT ARTIST

Henriette Ronner was a widely exhibited and highly acclaimed artist best known for her paintings of cats and kittens, although her works also include rural and farmyard scenes and dogs. Her works are now very collectible and the originals are held in galleries in museums in Europe and the United States. She was born Henri tte Knip, a 3rd generation artist, in Amsterdam on 31st May 1821 and died in Ixelles, Belgium on 28th February 1909. She worked right up until her death in 1909 at the age of 88.

She was the second child of Brabant painter Josephus Augustus Knip (1777 1847) and Cornelia van Leeuwen (1790-1848). She had an older brother named August (1819-1861). Her parents were unmarried because her Joseph was still officially married to the French animal painter Antoinette Pauline Jacqueline Rifer de Courcelles (1781-1851) until their divorce in 1824 in Paris. Henriette's parents were unmarried. Some webpages state Antoinette was her mother because her father was not yet divorced.

Henriette and August were the third generation of artists in the family. Her grandfather Nicholas Frederik Knip (1741-1808) was a decorative artist who also painted still life and three of his four children trained as artists: Henriette's father Joseph(us), her uncle Matthew Derk Knip (1785-1845) and her aunt Henri tte Geertruida Knip (1783-1842). The Knip family moved around a lot, including several years in Paris, where Joseph gave drawing and painting classes to wealthy ladies. They also lived in Vugt, Den Haag (Hague) and 's-Hertogenbosch. In 1840, Knip moved them to Berlicum, Brabant. By this time, Henriette was essentially in charge of the family's finances and legal obligations.

Her talent became obvious at the age of five and she was given a permanent place in her father's studio. On her eleventh birthday she was given her own easel and studied with her father. Like her father, she painted the Brabant landscape dotted with cattle and sometimes peasant figures. Sometimes she collaborated on a work with her brother August and they tried various animal subjects including stables with farm animals and paintings with cats or dogs. When their father's failing eyesight made him give up painting, Henriette sold her paintings to supplement the family's income.

She sold her first painting at the age of fifteen and her art was exhibited in D sseldorf a year later. Her early works are signed "H Knip" to avoid confusion with her aunt, Henri tte Geertruida Knip, who was an established artist. By this time, Henriette was essentially in charge of the family's finances and legal obligations, and had begun painting seriously by 1835. She was a participant in the Exhibition of Living Masters, in Den Haag (the Hague), Netherlands in 1838, then in Antwerp, Belgium in 1840. When her aunt died, she began singing her work "Henri tte Knip" although these early works are exhibited at the Rijks Museum in Amsterdam under her later name, "Henri tte Ronner," again to avoid confusion between the two artists.

In 1848, after the death of her parents, Henriette moved to Amsterdam, and became the first female "active member" admitted to the artists' society Arti et Amicitiae. At first, she continued to paint Brabant landscapes with cattle, but gradually she began to specialize in portraying dogs such as hunting dogs or draught dogs, often placed in a Brabant landscape, and dogs with puppies.

She married Feico Ronner in 1850, and signed her works Henriette Ronner-Knip (only after his death in 1883 did she sign her works "Henriette Ronner," the name she is now best known by). She had met Feico in Berlicum and went to Amsterdam with him. The newlyweds settled in Ixelles in Brussels, where they joined the Cercle Artistique et Litt raire, Soci t Libre des Beaux Arts and the Soci t Belge des Aquarellistes. Henriette became influenced painter Joseph Stevens (1816-1892) who painted skinny street dogs in realistic style.

Around 1870, Mme Ronner switched from painting dogs to painting cats. After a lot of practice in drawing from live cats in her studio she learned how to portray them true-to-life, whether dozing or playing. The emerging cat fancy had become a highly lucrative market for artists. According to The Spectator, December 1891: "Art as well as science is being highly subdivided, when an artist finds it worthwhile to live for painting cats. This Madame Ronner has done for the last twenty years, deserting for them her former subject, the dog, a change which the writer of this monograph attributes, in part at least, to the want of grace in the Belgian dog. As to the merits of the pictures, opinion will probably differ. That they are very pretty indeed, no one will deny; but it will be said that they are too highly idealised, and that something of human expression has been given them. On the other hand, enthusiasts for the cat, and there are such, will say that nothing can be too beautiful or too full of expression for the animal, and certainly the grace of its attitudes cannot be exaggerated."

Cats were increasingly being found in the living rooms and salons of the bourgeoisie who, naturally, wanted paintings of their pets. There were hardly any specialist cat artists. Henriette placed her feline subjects in the luxurious homes of wealthy citizens, depicting them in settings familiar to her wealthy clients. She gave her works whimsical titles such as "The Music Lesson" (kittens playing with instruments) and "Around the World" (cats playing with a globe), but unlike Louis Wain (English artist) her cats were true to life, not caricatures. She was the breadwinner for the household since Feico was in poor health and unable to work, except to take care of the business side of Henriette's profession, handling sales, correspondence and exhibition entries. This was a full time job for him because Henriette's work was in great demand, both at exhibition and as commissions. After Feico died in 1883, their son Edouard (who was to become a lawyer) took over the business side. The Dutch Living Masters exhibitions alone exhibited more than 168 of her paintings between 1838 and 1898. Her work also rose in value from around 200 guilders in 1840 to over 2,000 guilders in 1880 on a par with the most famous painters of the time.

In December 1891, Mme. Ronner's book of cat art was described in the American press: In our notice of the Magazine of Art we referred to the editor's pleasant article on Mme. Ronner and her cats. In "Henriette Ronner, the Painter of Cat Life and Cat Character" (Cassell and Co.), Mr. Spielmann devotes a splendidly-illustrated volume to the important subject. Very welcome it ought to be to the worshippers of the most persecuted and most, petted animal in existence. The monograph on Mme. Ronner, who is Dutch by birth, is written in a sprightly vein that is similarly appropriate. Mme. Ronner has done for the cats what her countryman Paul Potter did for the cattle. As a sympathetic specialist, she has thrown herself into the analysis of their temperaments and the interpretation of their eccentric idiosyncrasies. Even Edwin Landseer could not paint dogs with more intelligent appreciation, yet she has deserted her dogs for the cats. Here we have them in their successive ages and in the ever-changing moods of their frolicsome and mischievous infancy. When the subjects are not obviously serious, there is either grotesque comedy or broad buffoonery in them, and they tell their own humorous stories. Here is a solemn Persian kitten, and, if feline appearances were not deceptive, it would seem, in spite of its robes of glossy fur, to take life with dismal gravity. Next we see what may be the tame animal unbending, and although evidently and habitually over-gorged, casting covetous eyes at a caged canary. Then there is a matron watching her nurslings at a game of by no means contemplative chess. "A Turbulent Family," with no parent to look after them, are literally playing the mischief with the choice treasures of a boudoir. In the "School of Science and Art" the kittens take liberties with me volumes and painting?; the inscription of "The Clockmakers" tells its own tale; and in "Round the World," a couple of small furry explorers are thoughtfully making the round of a terrestrial globe.

In 1892, the Arkansas City Daily Traveler (27th August, 1892) wrote: "Mme. Ronner, the famous painter, has devoted her art to cats, and has achieved, at any rate, the distinction of supremacy in her particular domain. She knows cats and kittens in all stages of demeanor, demure and shy, mischievous and penitent, audacious, pensive, and lazy, and she will set you forth these expressions as vividly as in nature. To cat lovers the recent exhibition of Mme. Ronner's pictures in London makes a special appeal. There was to be seen a veritable paradise of kittens." Then around September 17th 1893, several American newspapers tell us: "Mme. Ronner, the painter of cats, recently held a cat picture exhibition in London. In order to study the fur in all aspects, its texture, its movement and the play and variations of light, it has been Mme. Ronner's practice for years to place her models in a cushioned cage with a glass front. She paints the cat in every phase and humor of its nine lives. Henriette Ronner, the well-known painter of cats, has been called the Rosa Bonheur of kittens. No one, not even Harrison Weir, has depicted the cat mother and her playful, fluffy progeny with more fidelity than Mme. Ronner."

In October 1894, her second book of feline art was equally promoted in the American press: Cats and Kittens (Cassell and Co.) is a second series of photo-engravings from pictures of Madame Henriette Ronner, whose pretty representations of what may be called the drawing room side of cat life are well-known throughout Europe and America. Mme. Ronner divides with Eugene Lambert the primacy of the art which dealt entirely with the sleek and beautiful Persian mother-cat and her well-groomed kittens. If one were guided by her, one would conclude that the cat was entirely the peaceable, purring inmate of richly furnished drawing rooms; that it was always sedate and harmless, and that even its kittens were never guilty of more than very well-bred mischief. That the natural cat is something quite different from this, we saw a year or two ago in that collection of remarkable pictures in which Mr. Arthur Tomson showed her to us as the lithe, fierce cousin of the tiger and the leopard. A set of reproductions of those pictures would make an interesting companion and contrasted volume to Mme. Ronner's; but then it would require a different text from the amiable and flattering pages of M. Marius Vachon, which accompany Mme. Ronner's pictures. These however, which have been well translated by Miss Clara Bell, suit their purpose admirably and do nothing to detract from the impression with which the artist leaves us - the impression of the cat as the most fascinating and friendly of companions to a well-ordered human life.

According to The Union Leader (1st October, 1897), "In a beautiful house in Brussels, there lives an old lady, Mme. Henriette Ronner whose work has won her fame and like Rosa Bonheur, she is an animal painter, but instead of horses and cows, her specialty is cats. In the early part of the century her father, Joseph Augustus Knip, was well known in Amsterdam as a flower and landscape painter and educated his daughter in art. Even when his eyesight failed in32 he continued to give her instruction by listening to her descriptions of her work. Her destiny was to be that of a portrait painter, but she never liked it and determined to study animals. At the age of 16 she exhibited at Dusseldorf the picture of "A Cat In the Window," which attracted much attention, but the picture which made her reputation was "The Friend of Man," a canvas 6 feet by 8, representing an old man weeping over the death of one of his dogs, which had been used for drawing a cart. The technical skill and the wealth of emotion put into this work were highly praised. Very soon afterward she turned her attention to cats, and she has painted every form and attitude and character and kind of cat and kitten. The usual way that she works is by placing a cat in the glass case made for this purpose, with cushions which invite the animal to a natural position. When puss changes her pose, Mme. Ronner puts aside that work and begins another study. Although 75 years of age, Mme. Ronner looks 20 years younger, save for her snowy white hair. She is upright, and her complexion is remarkably fresh. What is most strange is the fact that one never sees a cat at Mme. Ronner's. Whenever she wants to paint one she has a model brought to her."

Henriette received many commissions, such as the portraits of the lapdogs of the Queen of Belgium and her sister. In 1887 she was knighted in the Order of Leopold I, and in 1901 the Order of Orange Nassau. In her later life, Impressionism influenced her work which became simpler and lighter in colour, concentrating on the cats rather than placing them in detailed, lavish settings. At the age of 80 she continued to work 4-5 hours a day in her Brussels studio. This snippet from the Chicago Daily Tribune of 12th January, 1902, mentions Mme. Ronner as an instructor of younger artists: "Charles Van den Eycken is a Belgian of pure Flemish descent. He is still a young man, and has every prospect of becoming even more famous in his chosen branch of art than the celebrated Mme. Ronner, whose pupil he is. His studio is in Antwerp in the same building as that of his former instructor. During the last decade his works have become well known in America, and the sale of his pictures in this country is steadily increasing." She continue to paint cats tirelessly until her death.

She had 2 sons and 4 daughters: Marie-Th r se (1851-1852), Alfred Feico (1852-1901 (illustrator and painter)), Edouard (1854-1910 (lawyer)), Marianne-Mathilde (1856-1946 (Applied arts)), Alice (1857-1957 (still life)) en St phanie-Emma (1860-1936 (still life)) . Her daughter Alice was especially successful.

An obituary in the World Chronicle said: "With Henriette Ronner-Knip, a very important figure has been lost from the Dutch art world, a woman whose memory will remain for centuries living on in her work around the world." During her lifetime, she generally received favourable reviews. After he death, she is remembered as the cats painter par excellence. Art historians did not take her depictions of playful kittens seriously for a long time, with the result that much of her work remained in storage for many years.

In 1998, there was a major retrospective exhibition of Ronner's work at the Kunsthal (Hall of Art) in Rotterdam.

THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW AND MAGAZINE, APRIL 30th, 1922 THE WORLD OF ART: Painters of Cats

CARO-DELVAILLE, in the intervals of his mural painting, has turned to his pleasant, vine-bedecked yard and its cats for recreation, and the canvases embodying his observations are now on view at the Wildenstein Galleries. He has divided his exhibition between cats and gypsies, finding in the lithe bodies of the gypsy dancers a feline grace that makes them appropriate neighbors of the sinuous beasts found in the jungle of our New York civilisation. Most of the cats depicted are just this, merely the common prowling tigers of the backyards on our numbered streets, lifting dreadful voices to the moon and reciting aloud Bagheera's instruction. Here and there, however, the artist has introduced for contrast a clean-limbed glossy aristocrat, and there is one beautiful cat from the woods who has known nothing of city streets or the vulgarity of their activities.

M. Delvaille sees cats from a sympathetic standpoint. When they are glaring and snarling on the rooftops his art becomes all snarl and glare; with only a modest gesture toward the esthetic appeal of the scene, as when he throws a lovely lemon-colored cat on the tiles beside ferocious combatants, and bids you notice how the self-same color gleams from their eyes. When a fastidious Lady Macbeth stretches out a little paw to lick away from it some agitating spot, nothing interrupts the concentration of the washing carried on with the determined precision of feminine temper. And observe that delightful cat who undelightfully dabbles in a goldfish bowl for a shining prey; how the paw that has not felt the water shrinks and shrivels vicariously for the other paw intrepidly immersed. And the cat that caught the mouse. And the cat with the bird. All are placed before us with the greatest vivacity of rendering and relish for the subject. They have been drawn, of course, from life, and the swift preliminary sketches hardly can give us more of the vital truth than the final paintings upon which the artist's prehensile mind has worked competently.

It is amusing to compare such painting with the kind of cat pictures produced by Henrietta Ronner in the late seventies. These also were remarkable pictures, cats with coats as deep as plush, tempting the fingers to burrow in the long pile, cats standing on their hind legs and reaching toward something delicious just beyond their grasp, animated and beautifully groomed cats fit for any lady's parlor. It seemed a miracle that Mme. Ronner could paint the restless creatures so minutely until one learned of her clever invention. She had a glass box made large enough to hold any cat in complete comfort and she supplied the prisoner with a luxurious cushion. She then would place the glass box within a wire frame and from the top of this hang some sort of dainty - history fails to specify dead mouse or anything else so disturbing to the taste of the late seventies - where the cat could see and desire it. Thus she could point at leisure, confident that her model would hold the pose of greed and ambition until she had particularized about his appearance.

Mme. Ronner was Henrietta Knip, the daughter of Dutch parents, and was born In Amsterdam, the country of still life. M. Delavaille has more in common with the great Swiss draftsman, Steinlen, who made his supple and accurate portraits of cats in the open and on the fly. Steinlen produced his first drawings for the Chat Noir at about the same time that Mme. Ronner turned from her successes in the field of dog painting to try her practiced hand at cats, but his drawings belong to the future and hers to the dead and buried past. In his effort to accentuate the resemblance between his dancing gypsies and his fighting Toms, M. Delavaille now and then has taken what we may as well call poetic license, but the result is immensely entertaining and the public is welcome to enjoy it until May 6.

LOVED FELINE ARISTOCRACY. (The Daily Republican, 8th July, 1909)

The greatest painter of cat-life and cat-character who ever lived was Madame Henriette Ronner, whose death, at the age of 88, occurred at Brussels. Only Eugene Lambert, the Frenchman, was to be compared with her, and though his technique now and then might be considered a little superior, from the painter's point of view, his brush a little more delicate - but that only in rare instances his understanding of the cat and kitten, his insight into their nature, and sympathy with their feelings, were hardly on a level with those of Madame Ronner.

As Ruskin puts it, you must know "kitten nature down to the most appalling depths thereof," and be sensitive to "the finest gradations of kittenly meditation and motion." "G ricault, Barge and Delacroix all painted or modelled the cat, but they usually gave us tigers in little - thus bringing home to us the saying of Mery, Louis XIV's surgeon: "God created the cat that man might caress a tiger."

I have seen studies by Madame Ronner of helplessly dozing kittens that positively seem to drop their heads in little spasmodic nods; cats and kittens, too, that seem to be alive on the canvas, and their fur (infinitely difficult to paint) like the very thing.

When she would paint one or more of her mercurial pets, she would place them in a gorgeous Louis XV glass case, made comfortable and beautiful with gorgeous cushions and embroideries or whatever other accessories she needed. Her rapidity was wonderful. She would not stay to draw outlines, there was not time for that - she would regard the animal as a mass, a compound of light and shade and feline nature, and swiftly brush it in. Her ultra-severe training under her father had fitted her for such work. Then she would elaborate her pictures from rapid studies and from quiet observation at her leisure, when alone she could hope to seize the mood and humor wanted, and record it with truth, intelligence and love. Madame Ronner was among the select, for she had woman's grace with masculine handling which had the world permitted her, she would rather have devoted to the painting of dogs, which she loved better still. She was a wonderful woman, a fine artist, a noble character, who in her private life, long and saddened, too, was a true heroine if ever there was one. M.H. Spielmann, Brussels Correspondent of the Philadelphia Record.

A STUDIO FOR CATS.
Pittsburgh Daily Post, 27th June, 1909
Blue-Blooded Feline Pets Are Mrs, Furness' Models.

New York has a cat studio, devoted solely to the painting, sketching and pho tographing of blue-blooded cats. It is in Harlem, and the house is not hard to pick out because from the stream of motor cars and carriages stepping at the door, owners of pedigreed cats are constantly stepping out carrying their pets to pose for the cat artist.

Appointments are made just the same as with any portrait artist. At times there are in the studio cats aggregating in value several thousand dollars, for since the breeding or fancy cats has been taken up seriously in America prices have risen enormously. Purity, for instance, selling for $2,000. Not infrequently the cats are attended by their maids, and are carried to and from their homes in draught-proof hampers in damp weather, or, if the day be cool, they are protected by hand-embroidered wraps.

In sitting for their pictures, luxurious wrappings are wholly discarded, for to cover the handsome coats of the long-haired cats would be an unpardonable sin. Sometimes the cats like having their portraits painted; more often they don t. For, pampered creatures that they are, they dislike to be dictated to and, unless their vanity is appealed to, they are apt to be troublesome models. The cat art ist, Mrs. Harriett V. Furness, has the knack of getting cats into their most amiable mood, and in this lies much of her success.

Mrs. Furness is, with one exception, the only official painter of cats in the coun try. Mrs Maude Kimball, of Chicago, is the other. And the strange part of it is that not until six months ago did she ever attempt to paint a cat. To be sure, she had painted all her life, done landscapes in oils and water colors, painted china and made a specialty of mural decorations, but not until the an nual show of the Atlantic Cat club, held in Madison Square Garden last fall, did she try painting a cat. Now she is rushed with orders.

At the show last fall her attention was called to the painting of a cat on exhibi tion. Her husband, who was with her, suggested that she try her hand at the work. "Paint a cat!" she exclaimed. "Why, I never painted one in my life."

"Just try it," persisted her husband. Mrs. Furness did try it, and she hasn't stopped painting cats since. Her first subject was King Winter, owned by Miss Caroline Macy, of Hazelhurst-on-Hudson. The portrait proved so successful that she quickly got other orders. She not only paints her cat subjects, but photographs them as well. It frequently happens that the owner will like a photograph so well that she will want a painting made from it as in the case of Miss Laura Hopkins Gould's Lady Friar.

In most instances if the cat is to sit for its picture Mrs. Furness prefers keep ing the cat in her company long enough for it to become familiar with the sur roundings. "Cats are curious creatures-like wo men," says Mrs. Furness. "In fact, I am of the opinion of Lillian Bell, that wo men and cats have many points in com mon. In painting cats the first point to be learned is that they won't sit happily until they have investigated every nook and corner of the room. To illustrate this the cat of a friend of mine was so ob serving and curious that if one thing was changed in the room the cat would know it and wouldn't rest until it had investi gated the change. In one room there were something like 24 paintings and if one of these paintings was changed in its absence and another substituted the cat would know it and insist on being held up to make acquaintance with the new picture."

Among the famous cats painted by Mrs Furness this winter and spring are Al Terek, owned by Mrs. Olga Doesch of Elizabeth, editor of the "Cat Review." Azure Chiraz, belonging to Mrs. R P. McCann, of Oyster Bay, a recent im portation from England, is a remarkable blue. King Winter, owned by Miss Caro line Macy, has a phenomenal coat.

"I am often asked how I make cats pose," remarked Mrs. Furness. "Well, in the first place, I let them severely alone. They come to me strange, and I first allow them to work off this strange ness. After a little I play with them and make them comfortable. Cats won't sit happily, however, until they have investi gated their surroundings. This done, they are posed. My advice to any one undertaking the work is study your cat as you would your model if posing a human.

"It is not at all difficult to paint cats from life, at least not compared with cows. I have done marathons all over a 10-acre lot vainly endeavoring to sketch a cow. It may be that you will just get settled and think you can go ahead, when Mistress Cow calmly walks off to some other part of the pasture, and all you can do is to take up your stool and meekly follow.

"My friends tell me I'm crazy about cats. It's my opinion that you must be foolish about your work in order to accomplish anything. Otherwise you don't succeed.But it is funny how I drifted into cat portraiture. I have, of course, always entertained the liveliest affection for them, as you may see by my silvers and smokes," and the artist waved her hand toward some pedigreed cats in another part of the room.

In one corner of the studio was placed a maternity basket, with Minette, a handsome smoke, and her six baby kit tens. It was a pretty sight, for hovering in the background were Hepatica and Lady June, both silvers, none of them quite knowing what to make of the newly arrived family. Minette, the mother, a spoiled pet, wasn't altogether happy, because these curious little creatures wouldn't come out and play with her. She stirred them up with her nose and cried a bit and then finally decided to settle the matter by taking them out of the basket in her mouth. This she proceeded to do until she came in for a scolding from her mistress.

Hepatica. Patty for short, gave one kitten a vicious slap when its mother's back was turned. She is the spoiled pet of the family and didn't intend to have any attention diverted from her. "See here now, little Miss Jealousy Jones," called out Mrs. Furness to Patty.

"You know cats are very jealous - like women. Patty always shows it plainly and when displeased if I show the other kittens more attention than I do her lowers her ears and scolds like a little termagant. She won't make up on a moment's notice either.

"Cats have quite as much individuality as people. They are quite as intelligent, too. The short haired cats are smart, but the long haired variety are much more so. When with them you see this in many ways.

"One remark about cats you hear often always arouses my ire. It is that cats are treacherous. It really is not so. They are different in disposition, just as people are, but if you take the trouble you can learn to understand them in precisely the same way.

"Patty is quite a clever animal, I think. My husband, who is a physician, has his office in the house and the very moment office hours begin Patty is on the carpet waiting for the patients. She knows the time to a minute, even though no one has appeared. She always comes to her meals at the ringing of a tiny brass bell. At 3 in the afternoon my mother always takes a nap and Patty has come to do the same. The moment the clock strikes, whether mother goes or not, Patty trots off and ensconces herself on the bed for her siesta.

"It is sometimes easier to paint a cat than take its photograph, for the moment some see the camera they take to their heels and hide. King Winter knows my black box and simply scoots when he sees it. If a cat is very restless it is sometimes best, though, to get a snapshot rather than make it more nervous by posing. Cats are keenly sensitive to your nervous state, and you can either soothe or excite them by the way you stroke them. I can usually succeed in quieting them if I have them alone.

"There has certainly been a great im provement in pedigree cats within the last few years. Whether it is that our cats have improved or those sent from England are not as good I don't know. I do know, though, that our cats compare very favorably with those from across the water. They certainly do not raise the whites and silvers that we do, and our blues are very fine. The increase in cat values here in America within the last 10 years is enormous. Even within three years prices have risen tremendously. Many women have gone into the business of breeding cats, and many more women own them than formerly. I have been asked to go to Boston, Hartford, Orange, Rochester, Syracuse and other cities for the fall shows to paint these aristocratic cats and altogether I have fully two years' work before me."

No animal has been more studied for pictorial purposes than the cat; and the study has not yet been exhausted, as is patent to every artist who falls under the charm of puss. Who has ever sat before her with a pencil for half an hour and has not seen her in graceful shapes that no artist has perpetuated? Who yet has suggested her marvellous sinuosity, or has expressed all that is sinister about her, or mysterious, or has caught her occasional vivacity? Her moods are without number; and how absolutely she changes in appearance with any different mood! Sometimes she seems to be built on a structure of wool; a moment later she might be composed of india-rubber; at another time her movements seem to be directed by springs of steel. But whether lively or somnolent, she never fails to conduct herself with a grace that belongs neither to human beings nor to any other creature in the animal world.

Even in her most quiescent state the cat is a difficult animal to record either with brush or pencil. All her forms are subtle: about her soft fur you see the positive indication of no muscles; only a faint movement here and there, like the tremor on the surface of water when a fish passes far below, suggests, only suggests, the shape of the body beneath the skin. Nor is puss ever a very helpful model, Like the true actor that she is, she is willing to be observed at times when the performance under scrutiny is entirely of her own direction. But let a cat imagine for one moment that she is under some sort of compulsion, and very speedily she will let you know who is master. If one wishes her to lap milk, and provides her with the means of doing so, she will sit up and wash herself; if one wishes her to wash herself, she will chase her tail; if it is a sleeping attitude that one is studying, she will scamper off. No sort of training, or affection, or love of good food, will turn the cat into a proper assistant to an artist. Neither will any sort of compulsion. A horse, a cow, or a dog can be held in an attitude that will best give to the artist a great deal of information; but an unwilling cat in the grasp of a human being is about as well worth studying as a few leaves would be to one who would paint a tree.

But these difficulties in picturing the cat are perhaps not without their charm. Moreover, they produce very interesting results. To arrive at any estimate of the cat's form is a very slow process, and while that knowledge is being obtained, a great deal else has been picked up. The artist has had ample opportunities of pondering over cat nature, and so most representations of her are marked with the artist's own individuality. Scarcely two artists of repute have given the same account of this strange animal. Their representations have not differed only in the matter of technic and artistic vision. To each person puss has appeared as a different sort of being. Some have been struck by this characteristic, some by that. Some find her just the "harmless, necessary cat"; some a noisome thing that should be of the underworld. There are artists who find her only amusing, and make laughable pictures out of her. Some look upon her and paint her as a ball of fur; while others are overwhelmed by her mystery, and consider that she should be studied and drawn as reverently as the Sphinx.

The cat has never been taken more seriously than by Egyptian artists; indeed, their bronzes are things at which to wonder. It is true that it is at first rather hard to reconcile the Egyptian interpretation of the cat's shape with our knowledge of her form. In many such bronzes that I have seen the legs are as long as a greyhound's, and the head is very small. But it is not unlikely that the early cat was of a different make from ours. The Egyptians used theirs for sporting purposes, sending them into the water to dive for fish, or to hunt and carry fowl. Neither of these things would or could our cats do. Our cats can hunt birds, but birds of the smaller kind; and the cat that would hunt at all for anybody but itself is unknown to me. This all proves that the Egyptian cat was of more substantial build than ours; possibly, therefore, in the matter of shape, the Egyptian artists' version of the cat was just as realistic as anything we have done.

Although the shape of the Egyptian bronze puss may be accepted only with some question, all the rest can be regarded with solemn admiration. I have before me a little cat-head that came from Egypt; I believe there are hundreds of such specimens. This little head it is impossible to take up with any hurry, or to put down again without reverence, without considerable ceremony. Its expression is completely awesome. In its eyes there is a knowledge of mysteries of which we know nothing. That cat wears the look of all-wisdom, and yet its expression is in no way exaggerated, is in no way uncatlike. I have seen cats sitting before the fire and having in their eyes just what that little bronze cat has; and then I have understood why the Egyptians found in this animal something that was beyond the human being - at all events, beyond his knowledge, and why they worshiped it.

I have dwelt upon these ancient Egyptian realizations of the cat because I believe that, wonderful as are M. Steinlen's interpretations of the animal, there is no modern, or comparatively modern artist, who, in his studies of the creature, has arrived at anything like so subtle a representation as the Egyptians. Of the cats drawn and sculptured at a later date, I think that we need take little account. She had then sunk from her high estate, and whatever pictures there are of her prove that she was little considered.

After this dark period, the first important studies of the cat were made by a Swiss, Gottfried Mind. He obtained the name of "The Raphael of Cats," and undoubtedly made studies of the animal that were different from anything that had been done before. He observed some of their characteristic actions, and set those down with considerable fidelity. His cats seem to me to be wanting in majesty; though they must have possessed, at the time of their making, an entirely novel realism. I have seen a drawing of his of a lot of cats in a room that is full of strongly realised attitudes. Delacroix and Gérieault were the next really artistic interpreters of puss. In the drawings of both these artists it is the savage in the cat that is particularly emphasised. In all of them there is something of the panther; but there is that, too, in the domestic cat. There is a story of a man who watched from a tree his friend being torn to pieces by a tiger, and he was all the time reminded of a cat gambolling with a mouse. With this evidence can any artist be accused of exaggerating the more cruel, but what to him may be the more fascinating, characteristics of a cat? We cannot all love puss merely because "her coat is so warm." Delacroix undoubtedly preferred puss when she was not in a fireside mood: and how we profit by his preference! Of all the lithographs at South Kensington, there is nothing more full of nervous energy, nothing that takes a more complete grip on the spectator, than Delacroix's study of a lion eating a horse. This intimacy with feline character could never have been obtained by means of casual observations through the bars of a menagerie.

Possibly at the same time that Delacroix was making his wonderful studies of cats in France, drawings conceived in an almost equally energetic spirit were being done in Japan. I refer to the Hokusai cat pictures. Some of these presentments of puss may appear a little unfamiliar at first sight, or, at any rate, to Europeans. For one thing, we are used to cats with tails; Hokusai's usually have none. In many other points, too, the cats of the Japanese artists differ from those that we see about us; but in expression, in action, they are the same, unaccustomed though their form may be to us, and every line is impregnated with the true spirit of the cat. It is like meeting a friend in a new sort of costume: the surprise once over, we wonder that he was even momentarily unrecognised. Many other Japanese have painted and drawn the cat, and they have perpetuated her in bronze and made exquisite little carved ivories of her.

Before coming to our own time it is necessary to mention one or two others who represented the cat sympathetically and truthfully. Statuesque pictures, mostly etchings, have been made of her by Lancon; and there is a weird design of two cats by Manet, both excellent in character, on a house-roof; while an English painter, Burbank, better known in France than here, has shown in his pictures of cats a remarkable intimacy with the animal.

At the present time the cat is being drawn, engraved, etched, painted, and sculptured by a number of capable artists. And puss herself occupies a place in our houses such as her forbears, with very few exceptions, could never have dreamed of. Certainly a few people of considerable mind have always known how to treat her with honour. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to repeat the ancient story of Mohammed - how, rising from his seat and fearful of awakening the cat that was sleeping on his sleeve, he cut off that part of his garment, and left her undisturbed. Richelieu, also, found pleasure and relief in the society of cats, yet he can be regarded as only incompletely a cat-lover. As kittens they appealed to him, and as kittens only. He loved to keep a family of them in his study until they arrived at a certain age; but when they were three months old he had then taken away, and replaced by others that were younger. Moncrieff also loved cats, and wrote about them, as did Baudelaire; and Hoffmann, and Gautier, and Edgar Allan Poe. But with the more ordinary specimen of humanity the cat was tolerated only "in her right place," which was the kitchen, the coal-hole, or perhaps the barn or stable. Now she is found everywhere - before the fire, or wherever there is warmth and comfort and seclusion.

Of our present-day depictors of puss, Mme Ronner certainly is the most popular. To the vast majority she is the only cat painter. In France, Lambert may be a rival of hers; but outside France Lambert is hardly known, while Mme Ronner's reputation has spread all over the world. All that her animals have to tell one, one knows very soon, which is undoubtedly one reason for their popularity. They are not, indeed, very individual visions of puss, but just puss as she appears to the most casual observer. What everybody knows about the cat is always in her pictures. Their fur is accurately delineated; their actions are always familiar ones, though they are not statuesque like those of the Egyptians, or so well observed in attitude as Mind's, or so full of a savage beauty as Delacroix's. They are pictures of puss as she appears to ninety-nine people out of a hundred: something very soft and furry, a suitable animal to sit by the fireside, and, when young, to gambol on the floor; an animal that simply eats and drinks and purrs; it is not a creature with a past; it has no weird poetry; it besets us with no problems; it has nothing in common with mankind; it is not a particularly sensuous animal, or a capricious one, or a brutal one. It would never have found in Richelieu a sympathetic companion, or suggested a weird story to Edgar Allan Poe. She has pictured puss for comfortable old ladies, for rather unimaginative younger ones, but, above all, for the nursery. And just as pretty presentments of puss as Mme Ronner's have been done by M. Lambert.

Although the cat is to be seen in no great abundance in France, it is astonishing how many French artists have been among her devotees; and of these artists there have been some, at least, who have added enormously to our knowledge of the cat. Who can read Pierre Loti's "Story of Pity and Death" and not feel that the cat has become to him something that it never was before? Who can look at the drawings of M. Steinlen, or the bronzes of M. Frémiet, without having not only a great joy in the art of these productions, but a new insight into the nature of the most suggestive animal of all creation? Take M. Steinlen's best known poster. Were cats ever drawn more full of the essence of puss than the three grimalkins that wait on the little red-coated lady, holding the cup of milk? They are so lithe, so superb in action, and in expression how insinuating and entirely cat-like! In a more recently published book, M. Steinlen has given us not only insinuating cats, but cats in all sorts of moods and dilemmas. All these are remarkably humorous, and at the same time presentments of puss that never differ from reality.

Perhaps the most dignified of M. Frémiet's cat bronzes - and it is extraordinarily dignified - is the little animal sitting very upright with a frill around its neck. The back of this cat is splendidly constructed; and as to the expression of the little figure, no artist has given with more cunning the fireside aspect of rather an irritable cat. A more sinister aspect of the animal is shown us by M. Frémiet in a bronze of somewhat larger size. Before this cat lie the mangled and half-eaten remains of one of its own young; while another, apparently blind, with fumbling kitten steps is making its escape.

Of recent years there has not been in England much cat-painting, or cat-painting of good quality. Some years ago I remember that a Mr. Couldery exhibited some tabbies at the Academy that seemed to me to be by no means wanting in realism. These canvases, I believe, had the approval of Ruskin. Since then Mr. Louis Wain has often made us laugh by his drawings of cats occupied after the manner of human beings. But his pictures can scarcely be reckoned with those that I have already mentioned. Perhaps the best cat pictures of all that have been done in England in recent years came from a lady, Mrs. W. Chance.

But it is undoubtedly to the French artists and to the Japanese that we are indebted for the finest representations of the cat. They have understood the poetry of puss; have delighted in all the strange rhythmic beauties of her body; have sympathised with her more subtle moods; have, in fact, proved the truth of an old saying, that no one can properly appreciate a cat unless he has in himself, at all events, a little something that is feline.

MME. RONNER - The Anniston Star, January 5th, 1957

Our mail this week brought an article from a Century Magazine of 1893 entitled "The Cats of Henriette Bonner." Though high-flown with literary Style and blushing-pink with sentiment, written by a Mr. Thomas A. Janvier in fond hope that "... we may hasten by a fractional part the revival universal of the gracious epochs when man and the so-called lower orders of animals once more shall be on terms of cordial fellowship, when most joyous of all the joyous sights of that reunion, Homo and Felis stand friendly together, hand clasping paw," this bit of art criticism hides beneath his ponderous prose a half-century-old message from a fellow cat-fancier.

His subject, Henrietta Ronner, for those as uninformed as ourself, was a famous Dutch cat painter of the 19th century, a master of the I Love Little Pussy school of chub by kittens and wistful feline mothers. The daughter, grand-daughter, and niece of outstanding painters of flowers and landscapes, Mme. Ronner fovored livelier subjects, and was painting animals before she was six. Her first fame came with portraits of dogs, but the last 25 years of her life were devoted to cat paintings, many of which hung in the galleries of Royal palaces.

Her favorite sitters ware her pets, for whom she had built a large plate glass cage in which they could romp and caper during posing hours. By modern standards, her work is pure McGuffy Reader, a potpourri of sweetness and light, considerably dated by Victorian pose and background. But affection and understanding shine out brightly from her canvases, and few could pass them even today without an indulgent glance.

At century-turn, Mr. Janvier lists history's capable painters of cats as the Swiss, Gottfried Mind; the Frenchman, Louis Eugene Lambert; the Japanese, Hokusai; and Mme. Ronner. "Paradise kittenless would be no paradise for me!" [Janvier] jokes in this article. The Ronner school has been relegated to museums and portfolios of yellowing prints, but artists continue to be fascinated by the grace, rhythm, and mystery which is the cat. Mme. Ronner would recognise her own pet, Banjo, for instance, in the sprightly charm of Clare Turlay Newberry's blessed kittens and tangle-haired Persian toms. Different in technique and pose as 1893 is from 1957, cat is still there, enigmatic and vital, a quality only the rare artist can capture satisfactorily.

Less beautiful, perhaps, but possibly even stronger in personality are the drawings of Kate Seredy, whose studies of Gypsy and Flanagan are fortunately available in attractive juvenile books. Her cats are creatures of the night and the hunt, lithe and wild-eyed, the turned coin-face of the purring fireside pussy.

For moderns, at least, the photograph has attained a special form, and no index of cat portraiture would be complete without special mention of Walter Chandoha and the late Ylla, whose twice-wonderful feline photography has delighted us for years. No picture-book cuteness can compare with cattery in split-second action - sleek, fluffy, or eating, playing, everlastingly investigating, yawning, curling, leaping, stalking.

CEDRIC MORRIS AND HIS "SUFFOLK CREAM" CATS

Sir Cedric Morris (1889-1982) was a Welsh-born artist, plantsman and animal-lover. He lived at Benton End, in Hadleigh, Suffolk where numerous cats roamed his property. Many were predominantly cream-coloured and were known locally as "Suffolk Creams." Among the cats were a one-eyed tortie-and-white called 'Mrs Peace' (immortalised in one of his paintings), a promiscuous and prolific female called 'Baggage' and a troublesome tom named 'Menace.' Baggage and Menace are immortalised in the names of two of Morris's bearded irises: 'Benton Baggage' and 'Benton Menace'. Morris hated cruelty to animals and had a running feud with a local gamekeeper who shot cats and dogs (in an act of karmic justice, the gamekeeper tripped over his own shotgun and was killed.)

ENGRAVINGS OF CHIMNEY SWEEP'S BOY AND KITTENS (1730s/40s)