INDUSTRIAL GREAT BRITAIN - A COMMERCIAL REVIEW
LEADING FIRMS SELECTED FROM IMPORTANT TOWNS OF ENGLAND.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLAND'S PROMINENT EDIFICES.
HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL. BIOGRAPHICAL.
THIS BOOK COMPLETE IN ITSELF.
LONDON PRINTING AND ENGRAVING' COMPANY, 53 AND 54 CHANCERY LANE LONDON

ENGLAND. - WEALTH, GROWTH, IMPORTANCE.

IT has been the fate of the greatest of archaic nations — Egypt, Assyria, Greece, and Rome — to rise to a condition of surpassing power and prosperity, and, having attained the zenith of advancement in their respective eras, to enter upon a period of decadence, culminating eventually in the complete subversion of their exalted position, and the extinction of all the national institutions in which their greatness had consisted. The probability of the career of the British nation terminating in such a consummation as this can be determined only by the course of future events, but it is emphatically denied by every indication of the present day. Doubtless, in the remote ante-Christian age, when the victorious legions of Caesar overran almost every known quarter of Europe, and sent countless captives and incalculable treasure home to the imperial “City of the Seven Hills,” no man could have been found with courage enough to suggest that, after the lapse of eighteen centuries, a descendant of the then despised "barbarians” might take pen in hand and chronicle in many volumes “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” The spirit of hopefulness and confidence is as strong in the human heart to-day as it was at the noontide of Rome’s power and splendour; but, apart even from that fact, the modern Englishman has the best possible reasons for treating with good-natured indifference all the forebodings of pessimistic minds concerning the future of his country and his race. England’s national status has been established upon a foundation far more secure than any which supported the ephemeral glory of great empires of the past. As in the case of the mighty dominions named above, her position has been gained by the force of her national character, but unlike them, she has an enduring safeguard in the constant steps that are being taken to preserve that character from any taint of degeneracy. Englishmen have become stronger and better in nearly every respect in direct ratio to the increase of their individual and collective prosperity. They have recognised above all things, the power of universal education, and have distributed its advantages liberally and impartially throughout the land.

To-day, more than at any time in the past, we can believe that “the mind of England is the mind of the rising race.” Every-where the people of this country show an increased desire to press onward and upward to the highest limits of a perfect civilisation; and in this great popular ambition there lies the guarantee of the nation’s uninterrupted progress to greater and better things than any she has yet achieved. Certainly, nothing could be less associable with the present spirit of the English people than any tendency of a retrograde nature. The whole country moves forward unceasingly, in arts and industries, in commerce, and husbandry, in the promulgation of wise laws, in physical culture, in intellectual refinement, and in the high moral sensibility that is assuredly promoted by all such gratifying advancement. English ships in almost countless multitude plough the waters of every sea and ocean; English merchants maintain in every market the dignity of the trades they represent; English literature and art advance continuously in the favour of every intelligent nation; the English language bids fair to become a universal tongue; the drum-beat of British garrisons still (in Daniel Webster's inimitable metaphor) “follows the morning round the world”; an English sovereign still rules over an empire upon which the sun never sets. And, should adversity ever threaten us, in any of its varied forms, we may confidently hope to prove again and again, as one of our greatest statesmen once said, that— “There has never been a time when a sense of great responsibility has been thrown upon the people of this country when they have not answered the occasion and shown that matchless energy which has made and will maintain their position as the leading nation of the world.” Remembering the grand traditions and well-tried capabilities of their race, it is with something more than the mere pride of boastfulness that Englishmen of to-day can re-echo the noble lines in which their immortal compatriot, who was “not of an age, but for all time,” apostrophised the country of his birth:—

“This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,
This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
This other Eden, demi-paradise;
This fortress, built by Nature for herself,
Against infection and the hand of war;
This happy breed of men, this little world,
This precious stone set in the silver sea,
Which serves it in the office of a wall,
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands;
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.”

THE COUNTY OF LONDON.

The fifty-first year of Her Majesty’s eventful reign was marked by the inauguration of a most notable era in the history of Local Government, for by Mr. Ritchie’s bill (introduced to Parliament in March, 1888, and confirmed by the Royal Assent in the following August), County Councils were established in every administrative county in England and Wales. Under the provisions of this important Act, London was created a county in itself, and on January 17th, 1889, the inhabitants of the metropolis for the first time “exercised the privilege of electing upon a broad democratic basis their own governing body.” The London County Council elected on that date by the ratepayers of the metropolitan parishes superseded the Metropolitan Board of Works, and assumed all the powers, duties, and property formerly vested in that body. The Council comprises one hundred and eighteen members, nineteen aldermen, and a chairman, the Earl of Rosebery being the first to occupy the presiding post. The Council held its first meeting for the election of the aldermen on February 12th, 1889; and it formally entered upon its administrative duties on the 21st of March. Several ladies were elected members of the first Council, but the Court of Queen’s Bench subsequently decided that women were disqualified for election. In view of the fact that the new system of Local Government thus established has involved some radical changes in the metropolitan regime, it is gratifying to note that the City of London (one of the most ancient and distinguished civic corporations in existence) has not been greatly affected by the modified order of things. It is represented in the County Council by four members, but it still remains in a large measure under the sway of its Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, and retains most of its time-honoured rights and privileges.

MIDDLESEX.

In the time of the Romans, England's metropolitan county formed a part of the province of Flavia Caesariensis, and was then held by the Trinobantes. Later on, under the Saxon rule, it was incorporated in the domain of the East Saxons, and was, individually, the home of the tribe known as Middle Saxons, from whom it took the name it still bears — Middlesex. In many respects this is one of the most interesting counties in the kingdom, and, owing to the fact that the greater part of the metropolis has always been situated within its borders, it has been the scene of some of the most stirring events in English history. Middlesex is situated in what is called the south midland district, and is bounded on the south by the river Thames (separating it from Surrey), on the west by Buckinghamshire, on the north by Hertfordshire, and on the east by Essex. Its area is 181,317 acres, and its population in 1881 was 2,920,485. Though it is, with one exception, the smallest county in England, it ranks second in population, a fact which is, of course, due to the presence of such a large part of London in its south-eastern quarter. The county presents an expanse of country which is generally level, but always picturesque in appearance, and the agricultural and farming districts are in a flourishing condition, a large area being under crops. Some of the finest market gardens in England are to be found in the environs of the metropolis. The railway and canal service is very complete.

Middlesex is situate mostly in the diocese of London, and for parliamentary purposes it consists of seven divisions, each of which returns one member. This arrangement has obtained since June, 1885, and the seven county members, together with the forty-one members from the London divisions, make a total of forty-eight representatives now returned to Parliament from Middlesex. The industries of the county proper are not very numerous, market gardening, brewing and malting, brick and tile making, and gun making (at Enfield) being the chief departments engaged in; but in the metropolitan area almost every modern branch of manufacture is carried on with the utmost energy and activity. The Earl of Strafford is Lord Lieutenant of the county. With the one great exception of London, there are no very large towns in Middlesex; but Brentford (the nominal county town), Enfield (with its celebrated armoury), and Harrow (famous for its school founded in Elizabethan times) are noteworthy and interesting places, characterised by considerable activity and progress in their local trades and institutions.

YORKSHIRE.

The premier county of England in size, and the third in point of population, is contiguous to Durham, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Westmoreland, Cheshire, and Lancashire on the north, west, and south, and has the North Sea for its eastern and north-eastern boundary. It contains an area of 3,882,851 acres, and a population (1881) of 2,886,564. the coast-line from the river Tees to the bold promontory of Flamborough Head presents an abrupt and rocky aspect, but southward to the mouth of the Humber it lies considerably lower. Into the Humber flows the river Ouse, which, with its several tributaries, drains the whole of the great interior valley of the county. Geologically, Yorkshire is chiefly of limestone formation, and its mineral resources are very great, coal being found in abundance, while ironstone of excellent quality is also yielded. At Pontefract has long been found a very superior sand for the making of moulds for metal-founding. As an agricultural county Yorkshire also takes very high rank, and in an industrial sense it stands among the very first districts in England. Its manufactures of woollen cloth have made it famous throughout the world, and its renown in connection with iron-working, cutlery, engineering, boot and shoo manufacture, brewing, tanning, and many other trades of the highest importance speaks volumes for the energy, enterprise, and progressive spirit of its proverbially intelligent and capable inhabitants. The worsteds of Bradford, the cutlery of Sheffield, and the woollen textiles and mechanical manufactures of Leeds have the whole world for their market, and are absolutely unrivalled in the class of commodities to which they belong. Yorkshire possesses splendid systems of internal communication by rail, river, and canal, and is abundantly supplied with every natural and artificial facility for promoting the progress of its flourishing and exceptionally extensive trades. The county lies within the dioceses of York, Ripon, and Manchester, and is politically divided into three Ridings (north, east, and west), together with the liberty of the archi-episcopal city of York, which is a county in itself. There are, of course, numerous other sub-divisions for parliamentary and parochial purposes. Each Riding is regarded as a separate county, and has its own Lord Lieutenant, quarter sessions, and commission of the peace.

The city of York has a population of considerably over 60,000, and is the see of the Archbishop of York (the Most Reverend William Thomson, D.D.). Its history dates back to ages of remote antiquity, and it bore the name of Eboracum under the Romans, who elevated it to metropolitan dignity. In point of rank it is still held as the second city in the kingdom, and it possesses a great many ancient privileges and institutions of the most interesting character. Its glorious minster is one of the largest and most magnificent cathedrals in England, dating from the thirteenth century; and the city abounds in features of the greatest archaeological and historical interest. It has a large and flourishing local trade, many schools of high repute, some flourishing manufactories, several important newspapers, and five banks; besides being a notable railway centre, it is the headquarters of the northern military district. The West Riding of Yorkshire is the largest and most populous of the county’s throe great divisions, and contains those mighty centres of industrial and commercial activity, the towns of LEEDS, BRADFORD, DEWSBURY, HALIFAX, HUDDERSFIELD, SHEFFIELD, KEIGHLEY, BARNSLEY, and BATLEY. Here also are situated historic WAKEFIELD; RIPON, with its fine cathedral; DONCASTER, renowned in the world of sport; HARROGATE, which has become one of the most fashionable of inland watering-places; and GOOLE, near the junction of the Ouse and the Humber, with its important docks and shipping.

In the East Riding, the chief towns are HULL, which is now regarded as the third port in England, and which possesses immense manufacturing and mercantile interests; and ancient BEVERLEY, with its beautiful minster church, and its excellent educational and charitable institutions. The North Riding has for its capital the charming and pre-eminently fashionable town of SCARBOROUGH, “queen of northern watering-places,” and one of the most delightful resorts upon the English coast. MIDDLESBROUGH-ON-TEES, a river port of rapidly increasing importance, and the great seat of the iron industry in the north, has had an almost unparalleled development. In 1831 its population was less than 400. Ten years later it had risen to 5,709. To-day there must be upwards of 50,000 inhabitants within the limits of this busy and thriving borough, and the town is one of the handsomest and most progressive in Yorkshire, with a very large trade and many notable manufacturing concerns. RICHMOND and NORTHALLERTON are also notable places in this Riding; and WHITBY, with its fine harbour and its exquisite scenic surroundings, is one of the busiest ports on the northeastern seaboard. Inhabited by a race of people unsurpassed in mental and physical vigour, Yorkshire has become perhaps the grandest of all the counties of England, and the indomitable energy and perseverance of Yorkshiremen have exercised a magnificent influence for good upon every phase of the national life of the Kingdom.

LINCOLNSHIRE.

This extensive maritime county ranks next to Yorkshire in area, and contains 1,767,879 acres, with a population at the last census of 469,919. Lincolnshire is famous for its fens, and for the remarkable system of “cuts,” “leams,” and “dykes,” which has been created in the Fen districts for the purposes of drainage. This system has proved of immense benefit to the county, which for the most part is flat and low, and some of the drained fens and riverside “warps” manifest a most notable degree of fertility, while the grazing land of the county in general is hardly to be surpassed anywhere. A great amount of attention is to be bestowed upon the cultivation of the soil in this county, and Lincolnshire farmers are equally well-known for their own agricultural skill and for their laudable readiness to adopt the aids of science, and to use every improved method of bettering the condition of the district they inhabit. The progress that has been effected in reclaiming the low-lying fen-lands, which formerly extended over such a vast area of Lincolnshire, constitutes a splendid tribute to the active energy and resolution of the people of the county, and amply justifies their reputation for intelligent thriftiness. From Lincolnshire grazing lands come horses of splendid physique and working capacity, and equally fine are the breeds of oxen and sheep which are reared so largely upon these broad and fertile pastures.

Being essentially an agricultural county, Lincolnshire does not contribute very largely to the manufacturing activity of England. Nevertheless, there are some industries of considerable importance in certain quarters, the manufacture of machinery and the making of bricks, tiles, ropes, cordage, and sacking being prominent. Shipbuilding is also carried on in the seaport towns, and the fishing industry is a most important one. For political and administrative purposes Lincolnshire contains three great divisions, called, respectively, the Parts of Kesteven, the Parts of Lindsey, and the Parts of Holland. These comprise many smaller divisions, and the seven parliamentary divisions of the county return one member each. The diocesan control of the Bishop of Lincoln extends over almost the entire county. At the head of towns of Lincolnshire stands its ancient and interesting capital, the episcopal city of LINCOLN, which is at once a municipal and parliamentary borough (returning one member) and a county in itself. It stands partly at the base and partly on the slope of a hill, which is crowned by the noble Gothic pile of Lincoln Cathedral. From this point a magnificent view is obtainable. The history of the city of Lincoln dates from the times of the Britons, and it was occupied by the Romans, who called it Lindum. The city’s charter was granted by Richard II. Lincoln had a population, in 1881, of 37,313. It possesses several banks and newspapers, many excellent schools and other institutions, and is a busy and prosperous place in itself, doing a large and flourishing general trade. There are some very important manufactures of machinery, engines and farm implements, and flour-milling and iron-working are also engaged in.

BOSTON, with a population of about 18,000, was formerly known as St. Botolph’s Town, and possesses still its stately Gothic church of St. Botolph, with its fine tower, upwards of 280 feet high. Boston is one of the chief seaports on this coast, and has excellent new docks and a new and commodious channel up the river Witham. A large trade is done in grain, and sailcloth and ropes are manufactured. GRANTHAM, with its beautiful church; STAMFORD, a place of note as far back as Roman times; and GREAT GRIMSBY, with its splendid docks and its immense fishing trade, are notable among the remaining towns of Lincolnshire. The county is under the Lord Lieutenancy of Earl Brownlow.

DEVONSHIRE

Devonshire is one of the most beautiful counties in England, and has long been the resort par excellence of the artist, the tourist, the holiday-maker, and the seeker after that health and physical recuperation which can be so readily found under the influence of its mild and salubrious climate. Distinguished for inland scenery of the most charming and diversified character, and possessing a coastline, which is in many places surpassingly grand and picturesque, Devonshire has no rival among English counties as a centre of attraction to the artistic mind and eye, and the lover of nature in her most beauteous forms need never seek the gratification of his tastes in foreign lands as long as the breezy moors, the lovely valleys, the luxuriant “combes” and woodlands, and the ever-changing seaside panorama of old Devonia are open to his exploration. The county is one of the most famous in England’s maritime history, and its coasts are crowded with busy seaports that have played a splendid part in the mercantile achievements of the nation. Nor can we ever forget that it was upon the Hoe at Plymouth that the immortal heroes of the overthrow of the Armada played their historic game of “bowls” prior to sallying forth to effect the destruction of a proud and powerful invader. No one can read the works of the late Charles Kingsley, or those of Mr. R. D. Blackmore, without feeling an intense interest in Devonshire and its staunch high-spirited people.

The county has an area of 1,655,208 acres, and its population in 1881 was 603,595. Its mineral wealth is very considerable, tin, copper, lead, iron, granite, marble, slate, and limestone being produced; and no one needs to be informed of the fame of Devonshire in the matter of orchards and dairy farms. Its cider and its butter are unrivalled, and Devonshire cream is a delicacy of national renown and unequalled merit in its particular class. In many parts of the county the agricultural development is most satisfactory, beautifully kept and highly fertile farms meeting the eye of the visitor; and where the cultivation of the soil is not practicable, the deficiency is made good by industrial activity, the manufacture of woollen goods, paper, gloves, boots, and shoes, &c., being vigorously and successfully carried on. The little town of Honiton gives its name to a very beautiful and much-esteemed variety of lace, and lace-making is an industry in which the Devonians have long excelled. The fisheries of the county are valuable and important, enormous “catches” of herrings being made off the coats. Devonshire is principally situate in the Diocese of Exeter, and it has eight parliamentary division, each returning one member to Westminster. Lord Clinton is the Lord Lieutenant of the county.

EXETER (population, about 50,000) is the county town, and is one of the most ancient and interesting communities in this part of England. It is an episcopal city and a county in itself, and dates from the times of the early Britons, who called it Caer Isca. A great railway centre and a well-situated river port, it enjoys the material advantages of a large and flourishing trade, and has a number of important industries, including iron-foundries and manufactures of machinery, paper, and leather. Exeter is a handsome city and contains many notable edifices, chief among which is its large and beautiful cathedral, founded in the early part of the twelfth century. Other highly important towns in Devonshire are PLYMOUTH (population, 76,080), the second naval station in Great Britain, and a most prosperous and progressive seaport; TORQUAY, a very favourite watering-place; BARNSTAPLE, a busy trading town on the Taw; and TAVISTOCK, where Sir Francis Drake was born. Of course, there are many other places of interest and commercial activity besides these, but our limited space precludes a detailed mention of them here.

NORFOLK.

The maritime county of Norfolk is situated on the east coast of England, and has for its landward boundaries the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. Its area is 1,356,173 acres, and its population in 1881 was 444,740. The coast of Norfolk lies very low, and has suffered very much from the action of the North Sea, which continuously encroaches upon the shore. A great work, however, is being vigorously carried on in reclaiming the land that has been covered by the waters of the Wash, and very satisfactory results have been achieved in this matter. Norfolk has generally a level surface, and is purely an agricultural county, the soil being fertile in most parts, and the farms flourishing and conducted upon the most approved modern methods. The raising and fattening of geese and poultry for the London and other markets has become an important and profitable occupation of the farming community. The fishing industry along the Norfolk coast is one of very great magnitude, and gives employment to thousands of people. The manufacturing industries of the county are not very numerous or extensive, and relate chiefly to local requirements. Norfolk comprises six parliamentary divisions, each returning one member. It lies chiefly within the diocese of Norwich, and is under the Lord Lieutenancy of the Earl of Leicester, K.G.

The county town is NORWICH, an episcopal city of great antiquity, which traces its history back to the days of the Roman invasion. Norwich is a county in itself, returning two members to Parliament, and having at the present time a population of probably 95,000. The city is replete with objects of interest and ancient edifices of great beauty and antique association, and its superb cathedral is a grand specimen of Norman architecture. Norwich had important woollen manufactures as far back as the fourteenth century, and, though these have fallen off to a considerable extent, there are still many very notable industries carried on successfully here, including the making of boots and shoes, agricultural implements, starch, mustard, &c., together with brewing and general ironfounding. The city has a charming situation, and is as prosperous and progressive as it is historically interesting. GREAT YARMOUTH (population, 46,159) is a large, flourishing, and very important municipal and parliamentary borough, seaport, fishing-town, and watering-place. It has a good harbour, fine quays, an immense fishing industry, and a large general trade. The herring fishery is perhaps the largest in the kingdom, and “Yarmouth bloaters” have a widespread fame. LYNN REGIS, or KING’S LYNN, is another important seaport, with a population of 18,539, and a history dating back to Saxon times. It returns one member to Parliament, and has notable manufactures of ironwares and machinery, in addition to valuable fisheries and flourishing local trades.

NORTHUMBERLAND.

A part of the ancient Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria now bears the above name, and forms the most northerly county in England. It ranks next to Norfolk in size, and has an area of 1,290,312 acres, with a population at the last census of 434,086. Northumberland presents a diversified surface, a good deal of it being rugged and picturesque, and the Cheviot Hills rise to a considerable elevation on its western and northern borders. In the fertile valleys to the eastward of these hills farming is industriously carried on, good crops being grown in barley especially. The famous Cheviot breed of sheep is reared here, and Durham “shorthorns” also form a conspicuous feature in the stock-raising pursuits of the people. The mineral wealth of Northumberland is very great, particularly in its immense coalfields, which have an enormous annual yield; and the river and sea fisheries are also very valuable. The industrial aspect of the county is especially striking, and we find immense activity prevailing in shipbuilding, ironfounding, engineering, rope-making, glass-making, and the manufacture of pottery, chemicals, and many other important commodities. Northumberland returns one member from each of its four parliamentary divisions. It is largely in the diocese of Newcastle, and its Lord Lieutenant is his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, K.G. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE (population, 145,359) is the county town, and is the largest and busiest community in England north of Leeds. It is an episcopal city and a county in itself, returning two members to Parliament, and possessing all the thriving institutions and social and commercial advantages of a metropolitan centre. It is a great seat of industry, shipbuilding especially being carried on here upon a scale of immense magnitude; and a host of other manufactures are busily engaged in. Newcastle has a fine port and docks, and an exceedingly large and important trade by rail and sea; and in every respect the city stands as a monument to the public spirit and practical energy of its inhabitants. TYNEMOUTH and NORTH SHIELDS are also busy and progressive towns, sharing fully in the commercial activity and prosperity of this thriving district; and HEXHAM, MORPETH, ALNWICK, and BERWICK-ON-TWEED are populous communities, of great historical interest. Berwick, with its ancient liberties, is a county in itself, but is regarded as part of Northumberland in parliamentary returns. It is a place of great antiquity, and played a notable part in the stirring times of the Border wars between England and Scotland.

LANCASHIRE.

The County Palatine of Lancaster, or Lancashire, with its vast population, its tremendous commercial activity, and its marvellous system of industrial undertakings, presents a subject upon which volumes might be written without fear of exhausting its material or its interest. Such a task, however, is not for us to perform in these pages, and it is within our scope and power only to give the briefest outline of the area, employments, and importance of this, perhaps the most remarkable of the counties of England. Lancashire contains 1,208,154 statute acres, and has a population (1881) of 3,454,441, being the most populous county in the kingdom. The principal rivers are the Mersey, the Ribble, the Lune, and the Wyre; and the agricultural districts produce good crops of oats, wheat, and potatoes. There is a coalfield of great extent in Lancashire, the annual yield of which is very large; and there are also important iron-mines and a great number of works and foundries engaged in the iron trade. It is, however, in connection with the cotton trade that Lancashire is world-famous, and its renown as the great and pre-eminent home of this mighty industry extends back to the dawn of the era of cotton manufacture in England. Nowhere in the whole world has the production of cotton textiles been developed upon such an enormous scale as in the busy districts of this county; and the colossal spinning mills and weaving factories of Manchester, Oldham, Bolton, Bury, Preston, Blackburn, Chorley, Middleton, and many other notable centres of the trade are absolutely unrivalled in size, importance, and perfection of equipment. The manufacture of cotton fabrics gives employment to hundreds of thousands of people in Lancashire, and affords a means of investment for a vast amount of capital. It is estimated that there are nearly 2,000 factories engaged in this industry, giving employment to about 375,000 hands; and as far back as the year 1850 there were 15,000,000 spindles and 185,000 power looms at work in the various establishments then existing. The increase since that date has been very great. Other industries besides cotton manufacture flourish in Lancashire, among them being all the various trades associated with cotton, woollen, and silk weaving and spinning, together with engineering and machine-making upon an immense scale, iron and steel manufactures in the Barrow district, leather manufacture and wire-drawing at Warrington, the making of crown, sheet, and plate-glass at St. Helen’s, watchmaking at Preston, and chemical manufacture at Widnes and other towns.

In all these trades, and in every general branch of commerce associated with the requirements of a teeming population, the greatest possible activity prevails. Lancashire has been well called the “workshop of the world.” It presents the most marvellous instance of industrial development ever known in any nation, and the indomitable energy and enterprise of its people have attracted universal admiration, while their progressive spirit and native talent have enabled them to achieve the acme of greatness in nearly every sphere of operations to which they have turned their attention. The county town of Lancashire is the ancient and beautifully situated port of LANCASTER, on the south bank of the river Lune. This town with a population of nearly 40,000 people, dates its history back to the Roman occupation, and was at one time one of the most thriving seaports on the coasts of England. Its trade is still in a flourishing condition, though the port is not now so accessible as formerly, owing to the sand deposits of the Lune. The remaining towns and cities of Lancashire speak more than volumes for the condition and advancement of the country, and it would be idle and superfluous to utter any comment here upon the remarkable status and splendid institutions of such great communities as Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Burnley, Blackburn, St. Helen’s, Barrow-in-Furness, Chorley, Southport, and many other places which reflect in their individual prosperity the collective thrift and capabilities of the Lancastrian people. The County Palatine contains the sees of two episcopates — Liverpool and Manchester — and since 1885 it has returned twenty-three members to Parliament. The larger towns send several representatives each to St. Stephen's. The Earl of Sefton, K.G., is Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

The maritime county of Somerset has its coastline on the Bristol Channel and the Severn estuary, and is bounded from the north-east round to the south-west by the counties of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire. Its area is 1,049,812 acres, and its population in 1881 was 469,109. Somersetshire is rich in many geological and mineral products which are of great utility in the industrial arts; and it ranks as one of the finest agricultural counties in the west of England. The valleys are exceedingly fertile, and yield splendid crops, some of the finest wheat grown in England being cultivated in the beautiful vale of Taunton. Lead, iron, and slate are the principal minerals. The meadow lands afford remarkably rich pasture, and the flocks and herds of Somerset are famous. Industrial operations are also actively carried on in such branches as the manufacture of woollen goods, linens, laces, silks, paper, and glass; and the salmon and herring fisheries are of considerable commercial importance. the railway and canal system is complete and convenient; and the visitor to this county cannot fail to be impressed by the prevalent air of thrift and prosperity which is the result of the well-directed energies of an intelligent and industrious population. Somersetshire has seven divisions for parliamentary purposes, each division returning one member. The episcopal city of BATH is the capital of the county, and is regarded as one of the handsomest towns in Europe. It has been famous for its medicinal waters and hot springs ever since the days of the Romans, and is still a favourite among inland watering places. A hundred years ago it was the chosen resort of the wealth and fashion of the kingdom. Bath has an ancient and beautiful abbey church, and, together with Wells, it forms one diocese. The population of the parliamentary borough is 53,785, and it returns two members to Parliament. TAUNTON is a place of great antiquity, and stands in the midst of a beautiful tract of country. It has many excellent local institutions, an important trade, and flourishing manufactures. As an agricultural centre and market town it is especially notable. The population is upwards of 16,000. Taunton was a favourite place of residence of the West Saxon Kings, and its history is interesting. It was here that the notorious Judge Jeffreys held his “Bloody Assize” in the autumn of 1685. Other important towns in Somerset are: WELLINGTON, from which the “Iron Duke” took his title; FROME, with celebrated manufactures of woollens; BRIDGWATER, a busy trading port; and WESTON-SUPER-MARE, a favourite watering-place. YEOVIL is also a flourishing town with a considerable trade in glove-making; and the episcopal city of WELLS has a venerable cathedral. Near Wells is GLASTONBURY, famous for the ruins of its once magnificent abbey.

HAMPSHIRE.

Among the maritime counties of the south of England, Hampshire holds a very conspicuous position. It lies to the south of Berkshire, having Surrey and Sussex on the east, and Wiltshire and Dorsetshire on the west, while the Channel forms its southern boundary. Including the Isle of Wight (from which it is separated by the narrow strait called the Solent), it has an area of 1,037,764 acres, and its population in 1881 was 593,470. This county has an undulating and magnificently wooded surface, the New Forest and the forests of Waltham Chase and Bere covering a large space in the west and south-east, and presenting probably the best examples of extensive and majestic woodland now existent in England. As an agricultural district Hampshire ranks very high, and its farming population display great energy and resource in the cultivation of the soil. Hampshire farms are always admirably kept, and some of the crops are particularly good, the wheat being especially esteemed in the market. Sheep are very largely reared on the broad expanse of the Hampshire downs; and the county is renowned for the fine quality of its hams and bacon, which form a very large item in the trade of the agricultural districts, and which are exported in great quantities. For the manufactures of the country we have to go to the principal towns.

WINCHESTER is the capital of the county, and ranks as one of the oldest and most distinguished ecclesiastical cities in the United Kingdom, its Bishopric coming next to those of London and Durham in order of precedency. This city is beautifully and picturesquely situated, and possesses many extremely interesting features, the local antiquities being rich in associations of a great and powerful past. Up to the time of the Normans, Winchester was the capital of England, and the tombs of many of the Saxon Kings are to be found in its stately cathedral, which enjoys the distinction of being the longest cathedral in England. Winchester School is the oldest and one of the most famous public schools in the kingdom; and there are many other charitable and educational institutions of a notable character. No English city has had a more eventful or more interesting history, and none, with the exception of London, has figured more prominently in the annals of the nation. In olden times it was unsurpassed in the wealth and number of its religious establishments, and the Bishops of Winchester wielded almost a palatine power. At the present day the ancient city leads a much more sedate and sober life than in the past, but it has lost none of its interest to the historian and the antiquarian. It returns one member to Parliament, and has a population of 17,780. Of PORTSMOUTH, the first naval station of England, and one of the busiest and most important of southern seaports, it is impossible to speak with adequacy in this very brief review. Suffice it to say that this historic town has a brisk and ever-increasing trade, with many important manufactures; and that it possesses local institutions of a character fully commensurate with its conspicuous modern progress. The naval dockyard here affords a wondrous illustration of the vastness and comprehensiveness of Britain's naval organisation, and is a mighty centre of activity in connection with the equipment and construction of Her Majesty’s ships of war. Portsmouth is strongly fortified, and has the finest harbour in the British Isles. The new Town Hall is a most noble addition to the architecture of the place. Two members of Parliament have been regularly returned from this ancient borough ever since the reign of Edward I. The population at the last census was 127,989. The thriving and progressive seaport of SOUTHAMPTON stands at the head of Southampton Water, and is a handsome town, with a population of 60,000. It has a very large and important shipping trade, and is one of the most progressive ports in the country. Her Majesty the Queen formally opened the magnificent new deep-water docks here on July 26th, 1890. Southampton has numerous manufacturing industries, which are chiefly connected with shipping and engineering, and its local trades are most enterprisingly conducted. There are many places of interest in the town and its vicinity. We should add that Southampton is the most important mail-packet station in England, and is a port of call for several very prominent lines of ocean steamers. GOSPORT, CHRISTCHURCH, LYMINGTON, ANDOVER, and PETERSFIELD are other noteworthy towns; and BOURNEMOUTH, charmingly situated in the south-western extremity of the county, has, within the last fifty years, become one of the most beautiful and fashionable seaside resorts in the British Isles.

KENT.

This county has been termed the “Garden of England,” and the appellation is amply justified by the high state of cultivation which everywhere prevails. Kent is a maritime county of considerable importance, and has an area of 995,392 acres, with a population of 977,706. The surface is hilly, and the whole county abounds with picturesque interest, so much so that it is always a favourite resort for tourists and holiday-makers. Kent is famous for hops, which are grown here in very immense quantity and of superior quality; and it has also a national celebrity for all kinds of fruit of the highest class, the Kentish orchards being justly the pride of the people. Industrially, the county is not especially prominent, but there are numerous large paper-mills, and the work carried on at the royal dockyards at Woolwich, Sheerness, and Chatham gives employment to a multitude of people, most of whom are skilled artisans. Kent has had an eventful history, upon which, however, our limited space will not permit us to dwell. It contains eight parliamentary divisions, each of which returns one member. MAIDSTONE, the county town, is a place of great antiquity and historical interest, with manufactures of iron wares, leather, agricultural implements, &c., and an immense trade in hops. There are also notable breweries here, and the river traffic on the Medway is considerable. The town returns one member to Parliament, and has a population of 29,647. CANTERBURY, the ecclesiastical capital of England, and the archi-episcopal see of the Most Reverend the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England, is one of the most ancient and interesting cities in the kingdom, dating its history from the Druidical era. The Cathedral of Canterbury is one of the largest and finest edifices of its kind in Great Britain, and the city contains a great number of churches and institutions of very ancient foundation. It is an important military station, has a brisk local trade, and returns one member to Parliament. ROCHESTER is another episcopal city of high status and antiquity, with a splendid Norman Cathedral. CHATHAM, SHEERNESS, and WOOLWICH are famous for their dockyards, arsenals, and Government works. RAMSGATE, MARGATE, FOLKESTONE, and TUNBRIDGE WELLS need no indication of the high repute they enjoy as watering-places. DEPTFORD, GREENWICH, and GRAVESEND share in the renown of London, of which they are practically a part. DOVER, with its fortified castle, is the chief point of communication between England and the Continent, and is a busy and flourishing town; while the ancient port of DEAL, where Julius Caesar is supposed to have first landed, is noted as a watering- place end pilot station. Its boatmen and mariners have long enjoyed a well-earned reputation for their skill and intrepidity.

ESSEX.

With a generally fertile soil, well watered by numerous rivers, Essex is notable as an agricultural county of considerable importance. Its position is in the south-east of England, with the Thames on the south, the North Sea on the east, and the counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Hertfordshire and Middlesex on the north and west. Essex contains an area of 987,032 acres, and its population is 576,434. It has large tracts of marshy lands along the coast, but the interior is for the most part excellent farming country, and is in a high state of cultivation, agriculture being pursued upon the best modern methods on most of the Essex farms. The crops of wheat and barley are generally very good indeed. A good deal of energy has been displayed in draining the marshes along the coast, and many acres of excellent grazing land have thus been reclaimed. Epping Forest, which is perpetually preserved by Act of Parliament, lies in the western extremity of the county, and forms a delightful and favourite sylvan retreat for residents of the metropolis, who resort to it in great numbers on Sundays and holidays. Essex is not rich in any minerals beyond chalk, and clay suitable for brickmaking. This latter industry is engaged in, but the manufactures of the county are chiefly for local requirements. The oyster fishery is of considerable value. Essex has eight parliamentary divisions, returning one member each. Its county town is CHELMSFORD, a busy and well-built town on the Chelmer, with a population of about 10,000. COLCHESTER, which originated as a fortified camp of the Romans, is the largest town in Essex, having a population of nearly 30,000. Most interesting Roman remains and antiquities are to be found here. The town has a brisk trade and several flourishing local industries, and returns one member to Parliament. HARWICH (population, 7,842) is a very important and busy seaport, with a large shipping trade, and possesses one of the best and safest harbours on the east coast. The Great Eastern Railway Company’s steam packets ply between here and the Continent. Harwich has a notable lobster and shrimp fishery, and there are also successful rope and sail works, breweries and other industries. HALSTEAD, MALDON, and SAFFRON WALDEN are among other prominent and thriving Essex towns.

CUMBERLAND.

This county illustrates to perfection the great charm and beauty of English mountain scenery, and the famous “Lake District” of Cumberland attracts thousands of visitors annually from all parts of the world. Ullswater, Derwentwater, Thirlmere, Wastwater, Ennerdale Water, and many other smaller lakes are well-nigh unrivalled in picturesque beauty, and the noble ranges of hills that extend throughout this county present a magnificent scenic panorama, some of the peaks rising to a very notable altitude. Scawfell, Helvellyn, and Skiddaw are among the loftiest summits in Great Britain. Cumberland has an area of 970,161 acres, and a population of 250,647. It is a border and maritime county, with a coastline of great irregularity and generally of a rugged character. The Eden is the principal river, and develops into the Solway Firth, a broad arm of the sea, upon the sandy shores of which there are several busy seaports. The mineral wealth of Cumberland is very considerable, and besides large beds of coal and iron, there is a great yield of blacklead of superior quality. Various useful stones are also abundant, and there are considerable quantities of copper, gypsum, antimony, &c. The iron industry and the coal-mines give employment to large numbers of people, and there are many important ironworks and machine-making establishments in the county. Agriculture is not favoured by the character of the county, but sheep and cattle breeding is largely engaged in by the hardy and thrifty inhabitants of the valleys and uplands, and by their industry and practical skill they make it a profitable pursuit. The dairy-farms of Cumberland are the most notable of any northern district. It is quite certain that every natural resource of this interesting county is most fully utilised by a shrewd, intelligent, and energetic population, and the local industries are all in a state of good development.

CARLISLE, the capital of the county, is a very old and interesting episcopal city, with a history dating back to the Roman sovereignty in Britain. Its cathedral was founded by William Rufus, and has a magnificent east window. Carlisle is one of the most important of northern railway stations, and is the terminus of seven or eight lines. The city has a population of 35,884, and possesses a fine old castle. It has a brisk trade in general merchandise, and manufactures of cottons, woollens, leather, linens, iron wares, and hats. WHITEHAVEN, a thriving seaport town, is noted for its coal-mines, which have been carried out far under the Irish Sea, and are of vast depth. COCKERMOUTH has some notable manufactures; KESWICK is an interesting and attractive town, with textile and lead-pencil manufactories; and PENRITH, WORKINGTON, and MARYPORT are important communities, each with considerable trade. Cumberland returns four members from its county divisions.

SUFFOLK.

This eastern maritime county lies to the south of Norfolk, with Cambridgeshire on the west and Essex on the south. Its eastern boundary is the North Sea, which has made great and serious inroads upon the low-lying and unstable coast. The neighbourhoods of Dunwich and Aldeburgh have suffered especially in this respect. Suffolk has an area of 944,060 acres, and a population of 356,893. It possesses many fertile tracts apart from its expanses of sand and fen, and the Suffolk farms have a reputation for large and excellent crops of barley, wheat, and peas. Sheep-raising is an important industry in the hilly districts of the north-west, and everybody knows by repute the powerful Suffolk cart-horse, in the breeding of which the farmers find a profitable occupation. Dairy produce is exported to a considerable extent, the butter of this county being held in esteem. The herring and mackerel fisheries are very important, but there are few manufacturing industries beyond the making of agricultural implements and artificial manures. The Great Eastern Railway system affords very complete facilities of communication between all the principal towns. The county of Suffolk comprises five Parliamentary divisions, each returning one member, and the Marquis of Bristol is Lord Lieutenant. IPSWICH, a large, flourishing and finely situated town, is the county town of Suffolk, and the chief centre of trade and manufacture. It has extensive docks and considerable shipping, and is famous for its production of agricultural implements. There are also several other industries of local importance. Ipswich, which stands at the junction of the river Gipping with the Orwell estuary, has a population of over 50,000, and the borough returns two members to Parliament. BURY ST. EDMUND’S (population, 16,111) is a neat and thriving town, with manufactures of agricultural machinery and a large general trade. It has the remains of a once magnificent abbey, and derives its name from the fact that King Edmund of East Anglia was murdered here in the ninth century. There is also an old and celebrated grammar school, and many excellent local institutions. LOWESTOFT is the most easterly port in England, and has a good harbour and very large herring and mackerel fisheries. SUDBURY, EYE, BECCLES, and WOODBRIDGE are prominent among the remaining towns of the county of Suffolk, and each has a considerable local trade.

SUSSEX.

This important and highly interesting county occupies a fine maritime position, with the English Channel on the south and the counties of Kent, Surrey and Hampshire as its landward boundaries. Its area is 933,269 acres, and its population in 1881 was 490,505. The famous uplands, known as the South Downs, traverse a large part of the county, and upon their fine pastures are reared as celebrated a breed of sheep as any in England. The agricultural districts attain their highest fertility along the coast, where splendid crops are produced; and in what is called the Weald of Sussex there is a great area of woodland, the soil here being especially favourable to the growth of forest trees. On the borders of Kent hops are cultivated to a large extent. Sussex possesses some mineral wealth, ironstone being especially plentiful; but the iron industry (once very largely engaged in) has declined since the abandonment of wood as a fuel for smelting. The manufacturing operations now carried on embrace the production of bricks, tiles, paper, and various other commodities, and in some of the larger towns there are important mechanical engineering shops, foundries, &c. Sussex is especially remarkable in modern times for the great development of fashionable watering-places along its coasts, a fact which is due to the beauty of the scenery and the remarkable salubrity of the climate. Such delightful resorts as BRIGHTON, EASTBOURNE, HASTINGS, ST. LEONARDS, WORTHING, BOGNOR, and LITTLEHAMPTON need no introduction to our readers, and the public favour in which they are held is ever on the increase.

The capital of the county is CHICHESTER, a handsome and interesting city of great antiquity, with the remains of a Roman wall, and many other archaeological relics. Chichester has a population of about 9,000, is the see of a bishopric, and has an elegant and beautiful Gothic cathedral, with a lofty spire. Not far from the city is the celebrated Goodwood racecourse. LEWES is situated in the South Downs, and has a population of over 10,000. It is an ancient town with a good general trade and some manufactures, and is historically famous as the scene of the decisive battle in 1264, between the barons under Simon de Montfort, and the King (Henry III.), in which the latter was defeated and made prisoner. RYE, which is one of the ancient and privileged CINQUE PORTS, is a populous and busy town, with a flourishing general trade, and important fishing industries. It has one of the largest parish churches in the kingdom. For parliamentary purposes Sussex has (since 1885) contained six divisions, each of which returns one member. The county is rich in historical associations, and abounds with places of interest to the tourist and the antiquarian.

WILTSHIRE.

Few English counties are so famous in connection with dairy farming as Wiltshire, whose broad and fertile meadows lie between the adjacent counties of Gloucestershire on the north and northwest, Somerset on the west, Hampshire and Dorset on the south, and Berkshire on the cast. Wiltshire has an area of 866,677 acres, with a population of 258,965, and its picturesque and varied country is intersected by the delightful Vale of Pewsey, to the north of which lie the Marlborough Downs, while the celebrated Salisbury Plain is in the southern part. The Druidical remains at Stonehenge are regarded as the most perfect and interesting in England. The pastures of Wiltshire, which extend over a very great part of the county, afford splendid grazing facilities, and the dairy produce is of a very superior quality. Butter and cheese are special features in the county’s trade, and Wiltshire bacon is famous both at home and abroad. Among the manufactures engaged in a prominent place is held by the woollen and carpet industries, and there are also cutlery and steel manufactures, and considerable activity in ironfounding. Much enterprise is displayed by the inhabitants of this county in promoting progress both in their agricultural and commercial pursuits, and very satisfactory results are attained. Wiltshire is divided into five parliamentary divisions, each of which returns one member, and the Earl of Radnor is Lord Lieutenant of the county.

SALISBURY (formerly called New Sarum) is the chief town in Wiltshire, and has an immense trade in cattle and agricultural produce, besides very important manufactures of high-class cutlery and steel wares, ropes and twine, boots and shoes, malting, brewing, &c. Salisbury has a population of 14,792 (1881 census), and possesses one of the most stately and graceful Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The spire is the loftiest in England, being 404 feet high. The city dates its history from about the year 1220, and was the birthplace of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. It returns one member to Parliament. DEVIZES is ancient and thriving town, with manufactures of silk and iron-foundings, a most important corn market, and a population of about 7,000. TROWBRIDGE (population, 11,040) has flourishing manufactures of kerseymeres and woollens; WILTON (population, 2,000) is world-famous for its carpets; MALMESBURY (population, about 4,000) was the birthplace of the celebrated William of Malmesbury, who was precentor of the abbey here. This town has manufactures of silks, and brewing is also actively carried on. CHIPPENHAM, CALNE, WARMINSTER, and several other towns are busy places, and were once especially famous for their woollen cloths. These are now chiefly produced at GREAT BRADFORD and WESTBURY. MARLBOROUGH is also a busy town, with a famous school; and SWINDON is noted for the Great Western Railway engine works, which are here situated. It may be noted that facilities of communication are very good between most of the above towns. The Thames is navigable as far as Cricklade, in the extreme north of the county.

CORNWALL.

This notable maritime county lies in the extreme south-west of England, and forms a peninsula, with Devonshire as its eastern boundary and the sea on all other sides. Its area is 863,665 acres, and its population in 1881 was 330,686. Cornwall has a coastline of over 200 miles, with some very good harbours along its bold and irregular shores. The interior contains a great deal of moorland, but there are not a few fertile valleys, in which the pursuit of agriculture is fairly profitable. As a mining county Cornwall ranks very high, and long before the landing of Julius Caesar in Britain the tin and copper mines of this county were well known to the adventurous and enterprising Phoenicians. At the present day tin, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, and even silver are produced, many of them in large quantities, and the Cornish mines are renowned for the vast depth and extent of their subterranean and sometimes submarine excavations. The pilchard and mackerel fisheries are also of much importance. The county returns one member from each of its parliamentary divisions, six in number, and the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe is Lord Lieutenant. BODMIN (population, 6,214) is the county town, and has manufactures of worsteds. TRURO is a finely situated seaport at the head of Falmouth Bay, and has a brisk trade, the smelting of tin being a notable industry. There is here a handsome new cathedral in connection with the recently created diocese of Truro. REDRUTH (population, about 10,000) has Druidical remains, and is a town of antiquity. It stands in the centre of one of the richest mining districts in Cornwall. FALMOUTH (population, 12,131) is an important seaport, with one of the finest harbours on the English coast. It has a very large shipping trade, and was formerly famous as a mail-packet station. As a port of call it probably stands first in the south of England. Other very noteworthy Cornish towns are — PENRYN, LAUNCESTON, ST. IVES, PENZANCE, HELSTONE, LISKEARD, and CAMBORNE, all of which have good local institutions and considerable commercial activity, some of them maintaining a most important association with the mining industries of the county.

One of the most interesting quarters of England is the west midland county of Shropshire, which lies on the borders of North Wales, and has an area of 814,565 acres, with a population of 248,014. Its chief river is the Severn, and the greater part of the country on each side of this river furnishes a fertile soil, which is kept in an excellent state of cultivation by the thrifty Salopians. Large crops of wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, turnips, beans, and peas are yielded in the agricultural districts, and many fine dairy farms are also to be met with, the produce of these being of superior quality. Shropshire is renowned for a splendid breed of sheep, and cattle-breeding is also largely engaged in. The industrial aspect of the county is satisfactory and promising, and there are flourishing manufactures of iron wares, glass, paper, earthenware, flannels, carpets, and gloves. The iron industry is of considerable importance, and the mineral resources of the county are large, especially in coal, iron, and several useful varieties of stone. The four parliamentary divisions of Shropshire return one member each, and the county lies within the Dioceses of Lichfield, Hereford, and St. Asaph. SHREWSBURY, a very ancient town, with important railway connections, is the county town. It is one of the quaintest and most picturesque places in England, and its many fine timber houses attest its great antiquity. The town abounds in features of the utmost interest to the antiquarian, and has many remains of notable edifices of the olden time. Here was fought the battle between the Earl of Northumberland and King Henry IV., in which conflict the young Lord Percy (“Hotspur”) was slain; and many a stirring scene in the troublous times of the Norman and Plantagenet periods was enacted in or near this historic borough. Modern Shrewsbury has a brisk agricultural and general trade, and possesses some notable foundries and machine works. Its population in 1881 was 26,478. BRIDGENORTH, BROSELEY, OSWESTBY, WELLINGTON, LUDLOW, and MARKET DRAYTON (populations, ranging from 5,000 to about 10,000) are other important Shropshire towns, each with notable historical associations, an excellent municipal organisation, and a considerable trade in the chief commodities of the county, such as iron, coal, malt, and various textiles.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

This is one of the most important of the western counties, containing 783,699 acres, with a population at the last census of 572,433. Gloucestershire is a very notable agricultural and stock-raising county, and its varied picturesque surface presents a large expanse of splendid farm land in a high state of cultivation. the pastures are particularly good, and tend to promote progress in dairy farming. This forms a profitable branch of agricultural industry and the dairy products of the county are much esteemed, the famous Gloucester cheese having an unexcelled reputation. Sheep-farming is also engaged in to a considerable extent. Gloucestershire has large mineral resources, and the coal-fields in the north and west are important. In manufacturing industries the principal branches to which attention is given are the weaving of woollen and other textiles. A large general trade is done in all parts of the county, its operations being facilitated by excellent systems of railway and canal transport. The five parliamentary divisions of the county return one member each. GLOUCESTER, a very ancient and celebrated episcopal city, is the capital of the county, and is an important and flourishing trade centre, with a population of about 40,000 and manufactures of ironwares, chemicals, railway plant, soap, &c., &c. As a river port Gloucester has a considerable amount of traffic. The city is the see of a bishopric, which was united to that of Bristol in 1836. The cathedral is a noble and spacious structure, and there are many other noteworthy and interesting buildings and institutions.

BRISTOL, the most populous town in the west of England, is one of the leading seaports of the kingdom, and has long been a centre of great commercial activity. Part of the city lies in Somersetshire, but it is chiefly situated in Gloucestershire, and has an advantageous position. It is a large, busy, and progressive place, displaying the enterprise of its inhabitants in every department of its immense local and export trade; and many of its features are remarkably interesting and creditable. The cathedral and several fine churches, together with a number of handsome public buildings, contribute to the architectural attractiveness of the city, and there are many excellent educational and benevolent institutions. Bristol is a county in itself, and returns four members to Parliament. It has good docks and railway and shipping facilities in general, and possesses a large number of important manufacturing works. The population of the parliamentary borough in 1881 was 253,906. TEWKESBURY (population, 6,100), with its fine old abbey church, is an ancient and historic town at the junction of the Avon with the Severn. It is a place of considerable trade, with manufactures of stockings, lace, &c., and a large amount of market business is done. Tewkesbury was the scene of a famous battle in the Wars of the Roses. STROUD (population, 7,848) is picturesquely situated on the elevation near the rivers Slade and Frome, and has large cloth manufactures. The dyeworks connected with the various factories are a special feature, the water of the Slade being particularly suitable for dyeing purposes. CHELTENHAM, one of the prettiest towns in the west country, is a very fashionable and favourite inland watering-place, renowned for its mineral springs, which have been very successfully developed. The town is handsomely built, and possesses splendid promenades, pump-rooms, &c. It is also famous for its schools and colleges. The population of the parliamentary borough is 50,842. CIRENCESTER stands upon the site of a Roman fortified camp, and has important manufactures of woollens, carpets, cutlery, &c., as well as a large agricultural and live-stock trade. Its population is upwards of 8,000. About a mile from the town is situated the Royal Agricultural College, with its fine gardens and model farms.

STAFFORDSHIRE.

This county is situated in the west midlands, contiguous to Warwickshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Worcestershire, and Shropshire, and has an area of 748,433 acres, with a population of 981,013. Agriculture is engaged in to a considerable extent, especially in the south, but Staffordshire derives its chief celebrity from its mineral wealth. It is regarded as the third manufacturing county in the kingdom, and the potteries of North Staffordshire form a centre of industrial activity unsurpassed anywhere. Here is the great headquarters of the British pottery industry, and enormous quantities of earthenware and china are produced, ranging in character from the stoutest of utilitarian articles to the richest and most elegant of artistic wares. Then, turning to the southern part of the county, we find one of the chief spheres of operations in the British iron industry, the superior ore yielded by the mines here being smelted and manufactured at the great ironworks which exist throughout this busy locality. Such towns as STOKE-UPON-TRENT, HANLEY, and BURSLEM are world-famous. They constitute the “ otteries,” together with a number of smaller places, and require no introduction to anyone who has watched the wondrous progress of the fictile industry in England. Near NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYNE (a busy and populous manufacturing town) is situated the renowned pottery establishment of the Messrs. Wedgwood, founded many years ago by Josiah Wedgwood, who was a native of Burslem, and a pioneer in the improvement of the ceramic art. BURTON-ON-TRENT has some of the largest breweries in existence, and produces the finest ales in the world. WOLVERHAMPTON, BILSTON, WALSALL, WEDNESBURY, are prominent among the greatest seats of the iron and hardware industries in England.

Ancient LICHFIELD stands in the centre of an agricultural district and has an important market, together with a considerable general trade. It is a distinguished episcopal city and a county in itself, with a population of about 10,000, and many historical associations. The cathedral of Lichfield is one of the grandest and most beautiful ecclesiastical edifices in the United Kingdom. Samuel Johnson, the great lexicographer, was born in this city, and received his education at the celebrated Lichfield Grammar School. TAMWORTH is a busy place, with manufactures of paper, tape, leather, and smallwares, and a population of 14,095. STAFFORD, the county town, has many excellent literary and educational institutions, and engages in the manufacture of leather and boots and shoes. It has a population of nearly and is noted as the birthplace of Izaak Walton, the angler. Staffordshire returns one member from each of its parliamentary divisions, and, from the nature of its industries and the spirited energy of its people, it forms one of the most interesting and important counties in the kingdom.

DERBYSHIRE.

This county has an area of 658,624 acres, with a population of 461,914, and its position is in the heart of the English midlands. It presents a greatly diversified surface, the Peak District in the north-west being renowned for its picturesque mountain scenery. In the south the country is level or slightly undulating, and in other quarters it is very irregular. There is a considerable amount of good pasture land, and the dairy farms of Derbyshire are consequently of importance, their produce, moreover, being of excellent quality. In the arable districts wheat, oats, barley and other crops are grown. The mineral wealth of the county is great, and coal is especially abundant. Iron and lead are worked to a considerable extent, but Derbyshire’s industries are chiefly of a textile character, cotton, silk, and lace goods being largely manufactured. At CROMFORD, over a hundred years ago, Sir Richard Arkwright established the first cotton-spinning mill in England; and the first silk-mill in the kingdom was erected in 1717 at DERBY, the county town, which is now a large, well-built, and prosperous place, having a population of over 80,000, and possessing many notable manufactories, foundries, porcelain works, &c. Derby is also an important railway centre and a place of great business activity, and it has the head offices and chief works of the Midland Railway Company. BELPER (population, 10,000) is a modern town, with large manufactures of cotton and hosiery. MATLOCK and BUXTON (both of which are situated in the midst of the most charming and romantic scenery) are favourite health resorts, noted for their thermal and mineral springs and for their large hydropathic establishments. CHESTERFIELD, a place of very ancient origin, has made great progress in recent years, and has flourishing silk, lace, cotton, merino, earthenware, and hardware industries. It stands in a rich mineral district, and has a population considerably in excess of 12,000. Its fine church of All Saints possesses a most remarkable spire. WIRKSWORTH has textile manufactures and lead-mines which are said to date from the Roman period; and ALFRETON, with its potteries, quarries, ironworks, &c., is believed to have derived its name from Alfred the Great. ASHFORD, LONG EATON, HACKINQTON, and MILFORD are also important industrial centres. Derbyshire returns seven members to Parliament, one from each of its divisions; and the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., is Lord Lieutenant of the county.

CHESHIRE.

In a historical sense the County Palatine of Cheshire is one of the most notable and interesting divisions of England, while as a dairy-farming and grazing district it is second only to Devonshire. Its area is 657,123 acres, and its population in 1881 was 644,037. Cheshire is situated upon the borders of North Wales and was the scene of many a fierce conflict in the old days of the struggle between the chieftains of Wales and the Plantagenet sovereigns of England. At the present day its progress in the more peaceful paths of manufacturing and pastoral industry is very satisfactory, and the rich and fertile valleys of this singularly beautiful county contain some of the finest dairy-farms to be met with in the United Kingdom. Sheep raising is also an important occupation of the farmers, and the breeding of live stock generally is very successfully engaged in. Cheshire cheese is world-famous, and has hardly a rival in its particular class. The arable districts of the county are exceedingly fertile, producing fine crops; and fruit is also largely grown. The salt-mines of this country are of ancient origin, and are among the largest in the British Isles. Among the other industries of Cheshire the manufactures of cotton, silk, and ribbons are of principal importance, and have their location chiefly in the eastern part of the county.

CHESTER, which is a county in itself, as well as a municipal and parliamentary borough, is in many respects the most interesting city in the kingdom. Its antiquity is very great, its history dating back beyond the Roman era; and no English town has been so successful in preserving its relics of the past. The ancient walls, which completely encircle the city, have been kept perfectly intact, and form a splendid promenade; and the many quaint old houses, churches, and other edifices which remain, constitute a source of unending interest to the tourist with a taste for archaeology. The cathedral of Chester is a noble Gothic fane, which has been richly and skilfully restored, and the episcopal see of which it is the seat is a most important one. Chester has a large general trade and several flourishing manufacturing industries, and a great amount of market business is done. Excellent railway and canal communication exists, and the city (which has now a population of over 40,000) is making steady and substantial progress in every essential respect. BIRKENHEAD (population, 84,006) is a large and important seaport town, situated opposite Liverpool, on the Cheshire side of the Mersey. It is of modern growth entirely, and its present prosperity is due to the development of its extensive docks, which have given facilities for an exceedingly extensive and increasing trade. The ferry service to Liverpool is perhaps the best and most convenient in the kingdom.

STOCKPORT (population, 59,553) is famous for its Cathedral. cotton, woollen, silk and hardware industries, and also for its manufacture of hats. It has made conspicuous progress in modern times, and is probably the busiest manufacturing town in the county. MACCLESFIELD (population, 37,514) is the great seat of the Cheshire silk industry, and has an eminent reputation for its products in all branches of this trade. There are also other notable manufactures here, including trimmings for upholstery, cotton goods, and small wares. STALEYBRIDGE (population, 25,977) has cotton factories, foundries, and machine shops, and does a large trade in the products of the same. CONGLETON (population, 11,116) produces silks, together with salt and coal to some extent; and RUNCORN has a large shipping trade, with manufactures of ropes, leather, chemicals, &c. (population, 15,126). There are large stone quarries in this neighbourhood. NANTWICH (population, about 8,000) has a considerable local trade, and was formerly famous in connection with the salt trade, which now has its chief centre at Northwich, an interesting old town of about 12,000 inhabitants, where there are salt-works which are said to have been known to the Romans.

DURHAM.

The County Palatine of Durham occupies a notable position among the northern divisions of England, and is especially interesting by reason of the almost princely wealth and power which formerly attached to its ancient episcopal see. The bishopric of Durham is still one of the most important in the kingdom. The county has an area of 647,592 acres and a population of 867,258. In the western part and in the valleys of the river, the soil is very fertile and favourable to agriculture and cattle raising. The mineral wealth of the county is very great, the coalfields being the largest and most important in England. Many industries are carried on upon a scale of great magnitude, including ironworking, machine making, woollen manufacture, paper making, sail making, and the production of chemicals, glass, and earthenware. Splendid facilities of transport exist, greatly promoting these industries, and employment is given to a very large amount of skilled labour. The county returns eight members from its parliamentary divisions, and its chief towns are:— DURHAM, the capital, an ancient episcopal city, with a considerable trade, and a magnificent cathedral dating from the eleventh century. SUNDERLAND, a seaport of high importance, and the great depot of the Durham coal trade (population, 124,841). STOCKTON-ON-TEES (population, 55,460), a very busy and progressive town on the Tees, with many flourishing manufactures and a most extensive and important shipbuilding industry. SOUTH SHIELDS (population, 56,875) and HARTLEPOOL (population, 46,990), thriving seaports with large shipping and general trades. DARLINGTON (population, 35,104), with great ironworking and engineering establishments and other manufactures; and GATESHEAD-ON-TYNE (population, 65,041), a busy place which may be regarded as a part of Newcastle-on-Tyne, there being three communicating bridges across the river at this point.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

This important south-midland county has an area of 629,912 acres, with a population of 272,555, and is one of the most picturesque districts in this part of England, some very pleasing scenery being created by the diversified surface of the country. Northampton is very fertile, and farming in all its branches is successfully carried on throughout the county. The fine pastoral lands rear a very superior breed of cattle, which are sent chiefly to the London market. Timber is abundant in this county, especially oak, ash, und elm, some grand specimens of these trees being found; and there is also considerable mineral wealth, the iron-works of Northamptonshire having come very prominently to the front during the last thirty years, though it is said the mines were known to the Romans. Boot and shoe manufacture is carried on upon a very large scale in the busy town of Northampton (population, 57,544), which is the capital of the county, and which may be regarded as probably the chief seat of the boot and shoe industry in England. The remaining towns of note in this county include the following:— PETERBOROUGH (population, 22,394), with a fine old cathedral — lately reopened after extensive restoration — and important markets for corn, cattle, and all agricultural produce. WELLINGBOROUGH, with manufactures of boots and shoes, and noted for its mineral wells and springs. DAVENTRY, an ancient town, celebrated for its productions in shoes and whips. TOWCESTER, another place of considerable antiquity, with important shoe-making and lace-making industries; and KETTERING, dating from the Saxon period, and showing satisfactory progress in tanning and currying, boot and shoe manufacturing, and the making of brushes, stays, and agricultural implements. Northamptonshire returns four members to Parliament, and the Earl Spencer, K.G., is Lord Lieutenant of the county.

DORSET.

This southern maritime county lies between Devonshire, Somerset, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and the English Channel, and has an area of 627,265 acres, with a population of 191,028. It is famous for its fine pastures, upon which very large flocks of sheep are reared; and the dairy farms of Dorset are also celebrated, a high state of perfection being attained in their products. The Isle of Portland, which projects far into the Channel on the south, is noted for its quarries of Portland stone, and is also the seat of a great convict prison. Portland stone and Purbeck clay are the chief mineral products of the county. The mackerel fisheries are valuable, and give employment to a large number of men. For parliamentary purposes Dorset is divided into four divisions, each returning one member. The county is mostly in the diocese of Salisbury, and the Earl of Ilchester is its Lord Lieutenant. DORCHESTER, the county town, is a place of ancient origin, and is remarkable for its Roman remains, chief among which are the ruins of a vast amphitheatre. The population is upwards of 8,000 and there is a considerable agricultural trade. WEYMOUTH (with which is united MELCOMBE REGIS, a favourite watering-place) is an important seaport and Channel packet station, with a large coasting, fishing, and foreign trade, and manufactures of ropes and sails. Shipbuilding is also carried on. The population of the united boroughs is about 11,000. POOLE (population, 12,310) has one of the best harbours on the south coast, and does a large trade in Purbeck clay for the potteries. The fishing industry of this port is also important. BRIDPORT (population, 6,795) is another notable seaport, with a good harbour, and manufactures of cordage, twine, and fishing nets. SHERBORNE (population, 5,053) is a very ancient town, with many interesting associations. It has a beautiful minster and a grammar school of high repute. Gloves, buttons, and lace are manufactured. WAREHAM (population, about 3,000) is also a place of great antiquity, with an active trade in corn, cattle, and potter’s clay of a superior quality.

WARWICKSHIRE.

Among those counties whose claims to attention are based almost equally upon their historical interest and their industrial activity, Warwickshire, with its area of 566,271 acres, and its large population of 737,339, is conspicuous. Here, with a mild and salubrious climate and a generally fertile soil, the pursuits of agriculture are profitably engaged in, and the county is rich in fine woodlands. Minerals are also abundant, coal, ironstone and fire-clay being the most notable products in this class. Warwickshire contains a great number of places whose historical and archaeological interest is unsurpassed, and among these we do not need to dwell at any length upon such widely renowned resorts of the tourist and antiquarian as WARWICK, the handsome and interesting county town, with its grand old castle towering above the quiet waters of the Avon; STRATFORD-ON-AVON, the birthplace of Shakespeare; KENILWORTH, with its ruins of Leicester’s magnificent castle; or RUGBY, with its world-renowned public school. LEAMINGTON, also, is too well known to need introduction here, its fame as a pretty and fashionable residential watering-place having long been established. COVENTRY, a town of great antiquity, still retains a large measure of its historic interest, while it preserves an increasing fame for its great manufactures of ribbons, silks, watches, carpets, art metal-work, and cycles. NUNEATON is another busy place, with a history dating back to the twelfth century, and a large trade in woven worsteds. And last, but greatest of all, there is BIRMINGHAM, the metropolis of the midlands, the “toyshop of Europe,” and a city of almost unprecedented modern growth. Here the hardware industries have their recognised head-quarters, not alone for England, but for the world; and there is not a quarter of the globe which has not become familiar with some article or articles produced in the countless factories of this remarkable community. Birmingham at the present day has a population which must exceed half a million; and its achievements during the last half-century have revolutionised some of the most notable of British art industries, and created others which have won instant and universal recognition. In commercial enterprise it is unexcelled by any other English town, and in the development of its own special branches of metal-working and hardware manufacture it stands alone, unapproached by any rival at home or abroad.

HEREFORDSHIRE.

The county of Herefordshire is situate on the south-eastern border of Wales, and contains 532,918 acres, with a population of 121,062. It is remarkable for the picturesque beauty of its undulating surface, and is famous for its pears and apples, and for the fine breed of oxen reared upon its luxuriant meadow lands. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the people of this county, there being no important minerals and few manufactures. Herefordshire has two parliamentary divisions, each returning one member. The capital of the county is HEREFORD, on the Wye, an ancient and interesting episcopal city of about 20,000 inhabitants, with a beautifully restored cathedral. The city has some noteworthy glove and hat factories, and its cheese and cattle fairs are old- established and important institutions. LEOMINSTER, ROSS, and LEDBURY are other prominent towns in Herefordshire, each having a considerable local trade in agricultural products.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

This county, situated in the north midlands, and occupying an area of 527,752 acres, had a population in 1881 of 391,815. It has a soil which is generally fertile, and hops and green crops are largely grown. Market-gardening is a fairly profitable business in some parts, particularly in the vicinity of Nottingham. The mineral wealth of the county is not great, but its industrial activity is considerable, and the manufactures of lace goods, hosiery, woollen and cotton textiles, and certain classes of hardwares are admirably developed. Lace curtain and general lace goods making may be regarded as the chief industry nowadays, and it has its headquarters at NOTTINGHAM, the busy and populous county town, which has some of the greatest lace factories in the United Kingdom. Here there are also breweries, tanneries, ironfoundries, silk and woollen mills, and other industrial establishments of great importance; and Nottingham now has a population not far short of 200,000. It is a county in itself, and returns three members I to Parliament. NEWARK is a handsome, well-built town of about 15,000 inhabitants. It has a large corn market and an enormous trade in malt and flour, and its manufactures embrace iron and brass wares, boilers, agricultural implements, and many other commodities. MANSFIELD (population, 13,653) is a place of great antiquity, with large silk, cotton, ironfounding, engineering, and brewing industries, and a flourishing corn and cattle trade. Sherwood Forest, the scene of Robin Hood’s adventures, is still
traceable in the vicinity.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.modern

This is an inland eastern county, lying between Lincolnshire on the north, Essex and Hertfordshire on the south, Norfolk and Suffolk on the east, and Bedfordshire, Huntingdon and Northampton on the west. Its area is 524,935, and its population is 185,594. Cambridgeshire is entirely an agricultural county, and has large tracts of remarkably fertile land, especially in the north, where the fens and marshes have been drained by a splendid system of trenches and cuttings. Here very fine crops are grown, and in the valley of the Cam — an exceedingly pretty country — there are numerous dairy-farms of a most creditable character. The county contains three parliamentary divisions, each returning one member. Its capital is the famous old academical town of CAMBRIDGE (population, 35,363), beautifully situated on the Cam, and renowned as the seat of one of England’s two greatest universities. Cambridge has no manufactures, but there is a considerable local trade of a general character, and the place abounds in features of great interest, its colleges, churches, and institutions being very noteworthy. The borough returns one member, and the university two members to Parliament. ELY (population, 8,171) is an ancient episcopal city, with a grand and beautiful cathedral and several important local institutions. There are oilworks and a pipe factory in the city, but the trade carried on at Ely is chiefly of an agricultural nature. WISBEACH or WISBECH (population, 9,249) is a busy port with a considerable general trade. NEWMARKET (population, 5,093) is celebrated for its fine racecourse, its great race-meetings, and its horse-training stables.

LEICESTERSHIRE.

This is one of the most beautiful and picturesque of the midland counties, extending over an area of 511,907 acres, and having a population of 321,258. The soil is fertile and productive, and the pastoral lands are very rich, rearing a celebrated breed of sheep, and promoting the industry of dairy farming, which is very largely engaged in. Stilton cheese is one of the notable products of Leicestershire. The county has some important coal-mines, which are actively worked, and its chief manufacturing industry consists in the production of hosiery from the wool of the local sheep. Leicestershire is a famous hunting county. It contains four parliamentary divisions, each returning one member; and its county town is LEICESTER (population, 122,376), a thriving and rapidly increasing town, possessed of many historical associations, but chiefly noted to-day for its immense trade in worsted hosiery. There are also notable ironfoundries, webbing factories, and manufactures of boots and shoes and agricultural machinery. LOUGHBOROUGH (population, 14,803) is the second town in the county, and has a grammar school founded nearly four hundred years ago. Hosiery is largely manufactured, and there are also foundries, brick-works, dye-works, machine shops, &c. HINCKLEY (population, 7,673) has important hosiery and shoe manufactures; MELTON MOWBRAY (population, 5,766) is famous for pork-pies and Stilton cheese, in which an immense trade is done. The Melton Hunt is one of the most noted in the kingdom. ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH is an ancient town of about 5,000 inhabitants, with manufactures of hats and hosiery. There are important coal-mines in the neighbourhood.

WESTMORELAND.

Renowned for the exquisite beauty of its mountain and moorland scenery, Westmoreland ranks high among the most attractive of English counties. It contains an area of 500,906 acres, with a population of 64,191, and the greater part of the land is of a pastoral character. There are arable tracts in the valleys, and these are generally fertile and suitable for root crops. Among the minerals found in Westmoreland we note coal and lead to some slight extent, copper in small quantity, and a plentiful supply of marble, slate, and graphite. The hills still present some fine forest growths, and the western part of the county extends into the “Lake District,” such beautiful sheets of water as the Lakes Windermere, Grasmere, and Ullswater being situate in this neighbourhood. The industries of Westmoreland are not of very great importance, but the woollen manufactures of KENDAL have been famous since the days of Richard II., when Flemish weavers settled here. This charmingly situated town (population, 13,696) is thus undoubtedly one of the oldest manufacturing communities in the kingdom. APPLEBY (population, about 2,500) is the county town of Westmoreland, and is pleasantly located on the river Eden. The county returns two members to Parliament.

SURREY.

A fertile, picturesque, and remarkably well-favoured county is the pleasant district which bears the name of Surrey. Its area is 485,129 acres, its population is 1,436,899, and its close association with the metropolis, as well as its own natural attractiveness, has made it a great favourite as a place of residence. Agriculturally, this county is in a prosperous condition, its soil being for the most part fertile, and its farms well kept and productive. The variety of crops grown is very great, and includes all kinds of fruit and vegetables, besides various herbs of a medicinal and aromatic character. Of manufactures there are not many outside the metropolitan area, though paper-making, oil-refining, &c., are carried on to some extent. The manufactures of the “Surrey side” of London are, of course, of the greatest variety and importance. Beyond the extent of the metropolitan district there are not many very notable Surrey towns. GUILDFORD is the county town and is a busy place, with many excellent institutions of a local character and a large general trade. Its population is upwards of 10,000. RICHMOND, on the Thames, is justly regarded as one of the most beautiful spots in England. It was a favourite residence of the Tudor sovereigns, and is still one of the most delightful resorts open to Londoners, who can so well appreciate the sylvan beauties of its magnificent park. Richmond has many fine places of business, and has lately become an independent borough, with mayor, aldermen and council. Its population is about 20,000. KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, CROYDON, REIGATE, EPSOM, and DORKING are other notable Surrey towns, Croydon being an especially busy place and an important railway centre. The county of Surrey returns one member to Parliament from each of its six divisions.

OXFORDSHIRE.

Chiefly noted as an agricultural district, Oxfordshire, with its 483,621 acres and its 179,559 inhabitants, has the reputation of being one of the most fertile counties in England. Its farms are not surpassed in cultivation or productiveness in any other port of the kingdom, and all branches of husbandry are brought to a very high state of perfection. Possessing some fine woodlands and an undulating and diversified surface, the county is also renowned for the great charm of its rural scenery; and it contains many a noble example of the “stately homes of England.” OXFORD, the ancient and eminently renowned capital of the shire, is paramount in the academical distinction it enjoys, and has for many centuries been the seat of one of the most famous universities in the world. It is, moreover, an episcopal city of the first rank, its bishoprio having been founded by Henry VIII. Oxford is essentially a university town, with all the characteristics of such a community. Its historical associations and architectural features are supremely interesting, and it has long been a favourite place of residence for men of “light and leading” in scholarship and literature. Population (town), 29,186. HENLEY-ON-THAMES; BANBURY, noted for its cheese, ale, and cakes; and WOODSTOCK, famous for its manufactures of gloves, are the only other towns of prominence in this county. Oxfordshire returns three members, and the University two members, to Parliament. The city of Oxford is represented by one member at Westminster.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

Another county of high agricultural status is Buckinghamshire, which contains 477,151 acres, and had a population, in 1881, of 176,323. A considerable part of this county is richly wooded, and in the beautiful Vale of Aylesbury the meadow lands and pastures are of surpassing fertility. Here there are many dairy farms of great celebrity, and their products in butter, cheese, milk, cream, &c., are sent to the London market in enormous quantities. The Aylesbury district is also renowned for its pigs, calves, and ducks, which are likewise in great demand in the metropolis. Buckinghamshire has some notable industries which are almost peculiarly its own, among these being straw-plaiting, and the making of thread-lace and various articles of wooden ware. In these trades many hands are employed. The county has good railway and canal facilities. It contains three Parliamentary divisions, returning one member each, and lies chiefly in the diocese of Oxford. BUCKINGHAM (population, 3,585), the county town, is almost encircled by the river Ouse. It is an important market centre, and has several brewing and tanning industries. The horse and cattle fairs held here are largely attended. AYLESBURY (population, 7,795) is situated in the rich vale of the same name, and has a large trade in dairy and farm produce, together with straw-plaiting and lace-making industries. HIGH WYCOMBE or CHIPPING WYCOMBE (population, about 10,000) is noted for its manufactures of chairs, paper, and lace. It is a place of great antiquity, and has an important market trade. GREAT MARLOW is a pretty town on the Thames, with a population of about 5,000, and some manufactures of lace and paper. ETON (population, about 4,000) is delightfully situated on the Thames, opposite Windsor, and is famous as the seat of Eton College, founded by Henry VI. Here some of the most celebrated men of England have received their education.

WORCESTERSHIRE.

This important and highly picturesque west-midland county has an area of 472,453 acres and a population of 380,283. Its soil is of especial fertility in the beautiful valleys of the Severn and other rivers. Consequently cattle and sheep are reared to a large extent. Pears and apples thrive well in Worcestershire, and there is a large production of those popular beverages, perry and cider. Among the industries carried on are iron-working, hardware manufacture, glass and porcelain making, carpet weaving, glove making, the evaporation of salt, and the production of needles and fish-hooks. The capital of the county is WORCESTER (population, 40,354), which is a county of itself, and one of the most ancient and notable episcopal cities in England. It has a noble Gothic cathedral and many fine churches, schools and institutions; and it has long been noted for its porcelain manufactures, and also as the chief seat of the glove industry in England. A large river trade is done on the Severn, and the Worcester hop market is a most important one. DUDLEY is situated in a part of Worcestershire which is isolated in Staffordshire, and has a population of 87,527 for the Parliamentary borough. It is a great centre of the iron and nail trades, having also coal-mines, glass-works, tanneries, breweries, brick-works, &o., and forms one of the chief spheres of industrial activity and progress in the “Black Country.” KIDDERMINSTER (population, 25,633) is world-renowned for its carpets; DROITWICH (population, 3,761) is the great seat of the Worcestershire salt industry; STOURBRIDGE (population, 10,000) is famous for its fire-bricks and fire-clay goods; BROMSGROVE (population, 7,960) turns out great quantities of buttons and needles; and REDDITCH (population, 9,961) has long been celebrated for its immense output of needles, hooks and eyes, and fishing tackle.

BERKSHIRE

Is one of the southern inland counties, its position being between Hampshire and the river Thames, with Surrey on the east and Wiltshire on the west. Its area is 462,210 acres, and its population, 218,363. Berkshire possesses magnificent forests of oak and beech, Windsor Forest covering over 50,000 acres. It is an agricultural and dairy-farming county, and nearly all branches of husbandry are successfully carried on. Berkshire is celebrated for a fine breed of swine, and its grain crops are also good. READING, a large and flourishing borough with a population of 46,054, is the county town. As an agricultural and railway centre it is of high importance, and its industries are well developed in the manufacture of agricultural implements, pottery, and biscuits. WINDSOR (population, 12,273), a royal borough, finely situated on the Thames, derives its fame from its magnificent and palatial castle, the principal residence of the sovereigns of England. NEWBURY, on the river Kennet, has a population of 10,144, and does an extensive agricultural trade. Abingdon and WALLINGFORD, on the Thames, are both ancient and historical places, dating from the earliest times.

HERTFORDSHIRE.

Situated to the north of Middlesex, and bounded in other directions by Cambridgeshire, Bucks, Bedfordshire, and Essex, this county comprises an area of 465,141 acres, with a population of 203,069. There are few manufactures, straw-plaiting being the principal industry. Silk-weaving and paper-making are also carried on. HERTFORD (population, 7,747) is the county town, and is a place of considerable historical interest. It has a very important corn market. WARE (population, 5,277) has large malting establishments, and several brick-works. The New River starts near this town; and Rye House, the scene of the plot against Charles II., is also in the vicinity. ST. ALBANS, a very ancient city, and the see of a bishopric, has an abbey church of great antiquity and interest, which has lately undergone much restoration. The local trade is considerable, and there are breweries, silk-mills, and straw-plait factories. The city has a population of over 10,000.

MONMOUTHSHIRE.

Situated in the extreme west of England, the county of Monmouth lies between Herefordshire and Brecknockshire on the north, and Gloucestershire on the east, Glamorganshire on the west, and the Bristol Channel on the south. The area of this county is 370,350 acres, and its population is 211,267. Agriculture is successfully engaged in. Monmouthshire is, however, particularly noted for its mineral wealth. MONMOUTH, the county town, has a population of about 6,000, and a considerable local trade, with some tanneries, saw-mills, foundries, and chemical works. The town has a very beautiful situation in the valley of the Wye. NEWPORT (population, about 35,000) is the largest town in the county, and has good docks and a brisk shipping trade. CHEPSTOW (population, 4,000) is famous for its high tides. It is a sub-port of Gloucester and has an active trade. TREDEGAR (population, 20,000) has risen very rapidly into prominence and prosperity by reason of its valuable coal and iron mines.

BEDFORDSHIRE.

This fine agricultural county contains an area of 294,983 acres, with a population of 149,473. It is in a very high state of cultivation, the soil being fertile, and especially suited to the growing of vegetables. The grazing grounds in the south-east are extensive, and fine sheep and cattle are reared here. The making of straw-plait goods is very successfully carried on, and its chief centres are the busy towns of LUTON, LEIGHTON BUZZARD, DUNSTABLE, and BIGGLESWADE, which are all actively engaged in this trade. Lace-making is another industry of some considerable importance. The county town, BEDFORD, has manufactures of lace, straw-plait, and agricultural implements. It is famous for its excellent and numerous educational and charitable institutions, of which it has more than any other town of its size in the kingdom. John Bunyan, author of the “Pilgrim’s Progress,” was imprisoned for twelve years in Bedford Gaol. The town now has a population of about 20,000.

HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

This county is situated in the south midlands, and has an area of 229,515 acres, with a population of 59,491. Agricultural and market gardening are the chief occupations of the people. The north-eastern quarter of Huntingdonshire lies in the Fen District. The making of parchment and paper form the chief industries of the county. HUNTINGDON (population, about 5,000) is a finely situated town on the Ouse, with a brisk general trade. It has also important breweries, carriage-works and brick-works. There are a number of excellent schools and institutions, and the town is famous as the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell, whose ancestors were long resident in this vicinity.

RUTLANDSHIRE.

This is the smallest county in England, having an area of 94,889 acres, and a population of 21,434. Fine crops of wheat and barley are grown, and the Rutlandshire breeds of cattle and sheep are celebrated. Its chief town is OAKHAM (population, about 3,500), with manufactures of boots and shoes, hosiey, &c., and a considerable trade in coal, corn, and malt. UPPINGHAM has a notable school, which was founded in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

NORWICH

FAMOUS alike in the commercial and in the political history of England, the ancient city of Norwich is at once one of the most important and one of the most interesting of British communities. Its records date back into the dim regions of antiquity, and though there are English towns which can boast a greater age, the life of Norwich has been contemporary with that of the nation from almost the earliest period of which we have reliable chronicles. The East Anglian capital grew out of the Roman Venta Icenorum, which name signifies that it was at one time a city of the Iceni, that valorous British tribe of which the hapless Boadicea was queen. The name was changed to Nordwic by the East Angles, who subdued this district in 541, and established a Saxon kingdom here under Offa. The place grew, and was of considerable importance when it was taken by the Danes in their first invasion. The succeeding Saxon kings promoted its development, but in 1004 it was almost totally burnt by Sweyn, King of Denmark. Canute the Great, however, rebuilt the Castle subsequently, and the town took a new lease of life and prospered to such a degree, that by the time of Edward the Confessor it had some twenty-five parish churches, and over 1,300 free burgesses on its roll. Under the Normans the constableship of the Castle was granted to Boger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, whose family acquired great power in East Anglia in later years. In 1088 the Bishopric of the East Angles was transferred from Thetford to Norwich, and Herbert Losinga commenced the erection of the Cathedral, which was completed by Bishop Middleton about 1280. In Edward I.’s reign the city was strongly fortified; and during the time of Edward III. it was much favoured by the Court, many tournaments being held here. In 1348 the terrible plague called the “Black Death” visited Norwich, and is said to have carried off half the inhabitants. Succeeding monarchs frequently visited the city and conferred privileges upon it; Henry VII. creating it a county of itself, separate from that of Norfolk. In 1505 a great fire partially destroyed the place, but it soon recovered from that disaster, and its later progress in commerce was so marked that it became the third city in the Kingdom for the importance of its trade.

It was in the reign of Edward III. that a large number of Flemings settled here, and started those manufactures of woollen and crape goods for which the city has ever since been noted. At a later time, to wit, in the reign of Elizabeth, there was a further influx of artisans from Flanders, who were skilled in the textile industries, and who established the manufacture of bombazines and similar goods. These thrifty people greatly advanced the prosperity of the city, and it was at that time that Norwich waxed so important as to rival London itself in the wealth and enterprise of its merchants. The city thon is said to have possessed no fewer than sixty parish churches. Its history during the seventeenth century was uneventful, for it supported the Parliamentary cause during the Civil War, and the Royalists in the neighbourhood were not strong enough, it appears, to challenge a contest. Charles II. and Queen Anne both visited the city. The Public Library was started in 1784. The new canal and river harbour were constructed in 1831, the former opening up a waterway to Lowestoft via the river Waveney. In 1849 the Royal Agricultural Society met hero. In 1867 the Norwich and Norfolk Industrial Exhibition was held; and a year later there was a meeting of the British Association. In 1881 the national fisheries Exhibition was successfully held here, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales performing the opening ceremony.

Norwich is an episcopal city and a county of itself, a municipal and a parliamentary borough, an assize town, and the county town of Norfolk. It is situated in the heart of the latter county, and occupies a fine position on the river Wensum, just above the confluence of that stream with the Yare. The many gardens and orchards which surround Norwich enhance the attractiveness of its appearance, and have won for it the name of the “City of Orchards.” The river is crossed by many bridges in the city and suburbs, which extend along both banks of the Wensum for nearly two miles. The market place is one of the largest in England, and around it is found the best part of the town. Here are the leading shops, and in the principal thoroughfares in this vicinity will be noted establishments which would do credit to any British city. The commercial activity of Norwich is evidently still on the increase, and the prosperity of the local trades is promoted by excellent facilities of communication and transport. These are afforded by the Great Eastern Railway to London; the branch lines to Yarmouth, Lowestoft, Lynn, and other places; and the river and canal system of traffic, whereby produce and merchandise are so largely conveyed to various points by wherries and other craft. Of the manufactures of Norwich, the boot and shoe industry is now the chief, and many fine factories, employing thousands of hands, are devoted to this trade. Norwich boots and shoes go to all parts of the world, and have a reputation for reliability which denotes that the manufacturers are as conscientious as they are undoubtedly enterprising. The textile industries continue to flourish in this ancient city, and though the worsted trade has gone north to Bradford, Norwich continues famous for its crapes, gauzes, bombazines, shawls of silk and wool, mouseline de laine, camlets, bareges, paramattas, bandannas, sacking, sailcloth, &c. The various works producing these textiles give employment to a great number of hands, and are admirably equipped with modern machinery. Besides all this, the city has its corn-mills, rope works, glove works, great ironfounding and engineering works, coach factories, breweries, chemical and dye works, paper mills, and dealers in wool, leather, and every conceivable article of raw and manufactured produce. There is an immense trade in corn, coal, &c., and the city has its Chamber of Commerce to supervise and safeguard its mercantile interests.

Space forbids any reference here to the many interesting features of modern Norwich — its numerous churches which have survived from the past, its splendid cathedral, its public buildings, its many quaint streets and houses suggestive of days that are gone. These matters pertain more to the guide-book than to the commercial review. Oar object here is to illustrate the industrial aspect of Norwich, and this we have endeavoured to do in the articles which follow. It only remains to note the indications of prosperity which are found in the continuous increase of the population of the city. In 1851 there were 68,713 inhabitants. The number reached 74,891 in 1861; in 1881 it mounted to 87,842; and the census of 1891 gives the population of Norwich as no less than 100,964.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

MESSRS. J. AND J. COLMAN, MANUFACTURERS OF MUSTARD, STARCH, BLUE, AND BRITISH CORN FLOUR,
CARROW WORKS, NORWICH, AND 108, CANNON STREET, LONDON.

ON the banks of one of Norfolk’s most interesting waterways, the busy river Wensum, and in the midst of scenery thoroughly characteristic of the “Land of the Broads,” stands the wonderful congeries of mills, wharves, workshops, and warehouses controlled by the great firm of Messrs. J. and J. Colman, and organised for the production in vast quantities of the domestic specialities for which that firm is universally renowned. Chief among these commodities is mustard, which is here manufactured upon a scale of unparalleled magnitude; and associated with this indispensable article are some others of almost equal importance and usefulness, such as Messrs. Colman's celebrated starch, blue, and “British Corn Flour.”

The Carrow Works are situated at the foot of the slope called “Car Hoe,” from which they take their name. They extend along the riverside for two-thirds of a mile, and cover a total area of no less than twenty-six acres of ground, comprising in this expanse a remarkable aggregation of factories, granaries, warehouses, wharves, timber yards, coal yards, and auxiliary workshops of various kinds bearing relationship to the great industry that fills the whole place with life and movement. Five towering chimneys mark the spot where the Carrow Works bring into action their wealth of mechanical resource and manual skill, and are visible for long distances across the level East Anglian country. Great wharves line the river bank, and the facilities of transport are completed by a double line of railway, with sidings and turn-tables, laid in direct connection with the main lines of the Great Eastern Railway system. On every hand the visitor notes evidences of the wealth and influence of the masters of Carrow, and much in the same manner as the vassals of some powerful old-time baron dwelt under the protecting aegis of the feudal castle, so do the habitations of Messrs. Colman’s thousands of workers cluster round the great heart of this industrial colony—the busy scene of their daily labours. Comparison between past and present must end here, however. The conditions of life in the one case and in the other are vastly different, for the baron of the Middle Ages ruled his retainers with a rod of iron, and exacted from them a service that stopped but little short of miserable serfdom; while at Carrow the industrial army lives in peace and contentment, and performs with a willing heart and ready hand duties which are recompensed with justice and liberality.

The origin of Carrow Works may be traced back to date about forty years ago, when Messrs. Colman transferred their ever-growing industry to this site. For many years prior to that, however, the family had been engaged in mustard manufacture at Stoke, a few miles distant, and it was in order to secure greater facilities for the expansion of their trade that they eventually came to Carrow, and laid the nucleus of what is now by far the largest establishment of its particular kind in the world. The family of Colman has long been resident in Norfolk, the name being traced as far back as the reign of King John. Jeremiah Colman, the ancestor of the Carrow branch of the family, flourished in the reign of James I., and it was his descendant, Jeremiah Colman (born in 1777), who founded a flour-milling business at Bawburgh, and removed it to Norwich in 1804. Ten years later he established himself at Stoke, and engaged in the manufacture of mustard and starch, taking his nephews into partnership. Thus was founded the house known to-day throughout the world as J. and J. Colman. One of Jeremiah Colman's nephews, James Colman (born in 1801) greatly developed the business, in conjunction with his brothers Jeremiah and Edward, and the expansion of the concern was much assisted by the establishment of an office and warehouse in London. The present principals of the firm are Mr. J. J. Colman, his cousins, Mr. Jeremiah Colman and Mr. Frederick Edward Colman, and his sons, Mr. Russell James Colman and Mr. Alan C.-H. Colman. Of these gentlemen, whose united energies have done so much to place the firm in the pre-eminent position it now occupies, we shall have more to say later on; at the present moment the organisation of Carrow Works and of the gigantic industry there carried on must command our attention for a brief space. At the outset it should be stated that nothing less than a bulky volume would suffice to contain a descriptive account doing adequate justice to this remarkable establishment. Our necessarily concise review of the place and its operations cannot therefore aspire to completeness, though it is hoped that it may lay claim to the merit of accuracy.

Viewed from any vantage point near by, the Carrow Works present an aspect which commands wonder and admiration even in a land where industrial establishments of exceptional magnitude are familiar to the sight. The river Wensum, barge-laden and placid, flows through the property, and on one side of the waterway the long succession of lofty and substantial buildings, forming mills, warehouses, &c., stretch away into the distance, where the perspective ends at a tall chimney, standing like a sentinel on the outskirts of this camp of industry. A bridge spans the river at the other extremity of the works, and close to the mills are timber yards, heavily stocked with the requisites for box-making and other wood-work called for by the trade, all packing-cases, &c., for the shipment of goods being made at the works. The first building to demand special consideration is the mustard mill, where the many processes incidental to the preparation of the famous “Bull’s Head” brand of mustard are carried out under the most perfect conditions. As our readers are doubtless well aware, the growth of the Carrow Works has given an immense impetus to the cultivation of mustard in the Eastern Counties, and the seed is very largely grown nowadays in Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, and Yorkshire. Many of the growers send the bulk of their crop to Carrow, where all the English seed, and most of that imported from Holland, is delivered into the interior of the works from the railway trucks, the warehouses in which it is temporarily stored being capable of holding a hundred thousand sacks. The seed is of two varieties, botanically known as “Sinapis alba” and “Sinapis nigra.” The latter, a brown seed, is much more pungent in flavour than the former, a white seed, and it is in the judicious and skilful blending of the qualities of the two kinds that Messrs. Colman have been so successful, producing thereby a table mustard of unrivalled excellence. The process through which the seeds pass in the mustard mill include very elaborate operations for thoroughly cleansing the seed and freeing it from all dust, dirt, and foreign matter, after which it is broken and crushed by rollers, completely pulverised by the action of huge mechanical pestles, and then passed on through a series of sieves of silk lawn, which gradually separate the bran from the mustard flour, the former being a residual which comes in for other treatment elsewhere, while the almost impalpable golden dust of mustard flour falls in a steady and continuous shower to its appointed place. The process of amalgamating the flours of the white and the brown seed, though apparently simple, is in reality a difficult one, and calls into requisition that special skill, experience, and command of appliances which characterise the Carrow Works.

The result of the amalgamation of the two seeds is a perfect development of the virtues peculiar to both, and the two having been thoroughly commingled, the next process is the incorporation of a certain proportion of wheaten flour in order to prevent agglutination or lumpiness, and also to correct the too great pungency of the higher qualities of mustard, in which the potent flour of the brown seed preponderates. Messrs. Colman manufacture also pure mustard, but the larger proportion of the public find this quality too strong for the palate and prefer the mixed qualities referred to above. The wheaten flour used by Messrs. J. and J. Colman is manufactured in their own flour mill, which forms a noteworthy part of Carrow Works, and is equipped with the very best modern plant, Simon's system of roller milling having been adopted here some years ago. Besides making all the flour they require for mixing with the mustard, Messrs. Colman also largely supply the bakers of the district, and to grocers and purveyors at considerable distances throughout the country. The large trade they control in this department sufficiently indicates the excellence of the flour they produce and the high reputation it enjoys.

When the mustard is made it becomes necessary to pack it for trade purposes, and we may take a brief glance at the workshops in which are produced those tin canisters of various sizes and shapes which, as receptacles for “Colman's Mustard,” are so familiar to the people of the world at large. These workshops are fitted with the necessary machinery for making canisters from the sheet tin, and this machinery, it is interesting to know, is of a special kind made for the purpose by the firm's own engineers — for Carrow Works have an important engineering department among their many interesting features. Millions of tins are turned out yearly in the canister workshops, and these eventually find their way to the packing departments, which occupy several floors. The scene presented is one of great interest and animation, and the dexterity of the workers is remarkable. Boys fill and label the tins; girls make up and label the tinfoil packets and some of the smaller tins. The work proceeds in the most systematic manner, showing that the method pursued has the sanction of long experience, and the number of canisters filled and labelled, and of packets made up by the staff in these packing rooms in the course of a day is truly astonishing.

Each canister is decorated by a label which is a work of art, and many of these fine specimens of chromo-lithography are produced in the printing works which form yet another department of the Carrow Works. Every facility is here available, and the standard of work is very high, as anyone can tell by examining the labels which adorn the firm’s tins. Here also are produced many of the large iron and all the wood tablets used in advertising Messrs. Colman’s mustard, starch, blue, and corn flour throughout the United Kingdom, special plant being in operation for decorating iron, wood, glass, and other hard surfaces. The firm of Messrs. J. and J. Colman are among the most enterprising and progressive of British advertisers, and though it may be truly said of their specialities that they no longer stand in need of extensive advertisement, yet Messrs. Colman recognise the value and importance of keeping their name prominently before the public, and there are few parts of the world in which their “reminders” in the shape of tablets, show-cards, &c., may not be met with. Indeed the literary, printing, and advertising department is one of the most important branches of the business routine. It involves the exercise of artistic taste, sound judgment, and practised skill in the art of securing publicity, and in the case of Messrs. Colman its operations are highly effective under able and experienced supervision.

Not only is Colman’s Mustard sent out in tins and packets, but a good deal is also supplied in bulk to the trade, thus enabling the retailer to sell small quantities by weight. This bulk or loose mustard is packed in casks which are made by modern machinery in the firm’s own admirably equipped steam cooperage. For the shipment of the mustard in tins and packets, and also for the despatch of starch, blue, and corn flour, it is obvious that packing-cases are required. We have already alluded to the large stocks of timber kept by the firm, and it now only remains to add that this timber, after passing through the four saw-benches at the saw-mills, where they are cut into planks, proceed to the wood box factory, where the most ingenious modern machinery is brought to bear upon the material, quickly transforming the plain boards into strong and neatly finished boxes and cases of various capacities. The number of wood boxes turned out here is not far short of a hundred thousand per month, a fact which will indicate at once the great resources of the workshops, and the enormous extent of a trade which can call for such a stupendous number of receptacles for the despatch of its products throughout the world. At this point we may mention that there is another box factory at Carrow, but it is for the making of cardboard boxes in which starch is packed. These cardboard boxes are turned out at the rate of 250,000 to 400,000 per week, and the manufacture of them alone gives employment to about 100 women and girls. The boxes are very neatly made by means of elaborate machinery, and are rendered additionally attractive by the handsome and really artistic picture labels which are subsequently affixed to them in the starch packing rooms, where some 250 women and girls are employed.

Reverting to the mustard mill, we may now observe the fate of the husk or bran of the mustard seed which is separated from the flour by the sets of sieves already spoken of. The utilisation of this husk affords a striking instance of the manner in which those residual products which would once have been regarded as irreclaimable waste or refuse are nowadays turned to profitable account. The bran descends to the basement of the mustard mill, where it is ground to powder. The powder is then subjected to a “sweating system” (the only “sweating system ” that has ever prevailed at Carrow) in steam-jacketed cylinders, and is thereafter submitted to tremendous pressure in bags, the result being an exudation of oil of mustard, which is a valuable commodity. Still the contents of the bags are not wasted, for even after all available oil has been forced from them they yield & hard corrugated cake, which is esteemed for fertilising purposes, particularly in the vineyards of France. The oil is used for various industrial purposes, and is also a valuable specific for the treatment of rheumatic ailments. Formerly Messrs. Colman used to supply many thousands of applicants with this oil for remedial purposes, but the demand in time became so excessive that, had they continued the beneficent practice Carrow Works would probably by this time have developed into a sort of gigantic free hospital or gratuitous dispensary. The firm now make a speciality of their “Concentrated Mustard Oil,” the efficacy of which as a household remedy is vouched for by many unsolicited testimonials. Their new mustard plaster or “Sinapism” is also in demand, and, being very carefully prepared, it is highly effective.

We need hardly dwell longer upon “Colman’s Mustard.” The “Bull's Head” brand is known in countless households, and to further speak of its excellence and renown would be to reiterate a “twice-told tale.” The unique honours gained by this article at the great exhibitions of modern times sufficiently proclaim its superiority. They include the only Prize Medal for mustard at London, 1862; the only Prize Medals at Dublin, 1865 and 1872; the only Silver Medal and Highest Award at Paris, 1867; the Grand Gold Medal at Moscow, 1872; First Class Prize Medal, Vienna, 1873; and the only Gold Medal at Paris, 1878; Gold Medal, Health Exhibition, London 1884; Gold Medal, Edinburgh, 1886; Gold Medal, Melbourne, 1888. Everybody admits that a special distinction attaches to mustard. It is something quite out of the common to be the national condiment of the English-speaking race; something quite beyond the ordinary to find a daily and recognised place upon the tables of the civilised world, and to assist in the gastronomic diversions of millions of men and women. To do all this, and at the same time to be, as it were, the mainspring of the colossal industry carried on at Carrow Works, is surely sufficient honour for the tiny seed, so insignificant in itself, yet capable of such wonderful effects under the skilful treatment to which it is subjected on the banks of the Wensum.

The other branches of industry pursued at Carrow are scarcely less noteworthy than the mustard manufacture, but exigencies of space prevent an extended survey of their interesting features. The starch factory, it may be remarked, contains no less than nine acres of flooring, and here starch is produced in enormous quantities from various skilfully combined qualities of rice grown in India, Burmah, &c. The process of manufacture is characterised by all the perfection of method and apparatus that distinguishes the Carrow Works in general, and very high results are consequently obtained, Messrs. Colman's starch being second to none in the estimation of the public and of all large users. Enormous warehouses are provided for the accommodation of the manufactured starch, which is therein stored in large stacks of papered blocks or cubes, this being the form in which the greater portion is sent out to the trade. A considerable quantity, however, is packed for the “fancy trade” in the handsome cardboard boxes, to which some reference has already been made, and these are familiar objects in the shops of our leading grocers, &c. No less than fourteen gold, silver, and first class prize medals have been gained at the leading exhibitions for the excellence of this starch.

From the most delicate portions of the selected rice Messrs. Colman prepare a very delicious alimentary substance which is widely and favourably known as “Colman’s British Corn Flour.” Every housewife knows the usefulness of this nutritious preparation, and the many purposes to which it may be applied by a little culinary skill. It has been strongly recommended for its sterling qualities by the Lancet, the great organ of the medical profession, which speaks especially of its value as a food for infants and young children, and for the hospital and the sick room. This corn flour obtained distinguished honours at the Moscow and Vienna Exhibitions. For their manufacture of laundry blues in all the most convenient shapes and forms Messrs. Colman are also famous. Their productions in this department are in constant and increasing demand, and bear the cachet of superiority conferred by medals of the highest class awarded at the Exhibitions of Moscow and Paris.

A few additional remarks concerning some of the special features of organisation prevailing at Carrow Works may not be uninteresting. The self- contained character of this vast establishment is one of its most notable distinctions, for every process connected in any way with the industry of the place is carried out on the best practical lines within the area of the works; and one may here see upwards of a dozen different trades in progress, and a corresponding number of skilled artisans and workpeople employed, all their labours co-operating in the great ensemble of the firm’s gigantic enterprise, and bearing directly upon some branch of the trade engaged in, whether it be with regard to the making of mustard, starch, corn flour, or blue, or with reference to the many auxiliary details involved in the preparation of those articles for the markets of the world. Steam is the motive power employed, and a volume might be written upon the wonderful mechanical equipment of the works alone. As we have previously intimated, the firm have their own staff of engineers, founders, machinists, and metal-workers, not only to repair but also to make much of the machinery required. They saw their own timber, make their own boxes and tins, design and print their own labels and advertisements, and even manufacture their own paper, having a large paper mill for this purpose. Enormous stocks of raw material are held, and the utmost economy is observed in using it, so that the various details of productive cost are reduced to the minimum, and the public are benefited by the saving thus effected, superior quality and moderate prices being the result. The works are lighted throughout by electricity; telephone communication exists between all the different departments; and the precautions against fire are most complete and elaborate, the Carrow Fire Brigade being splendidly equipped and trained to the highest point of efficiency. The cleanliness prevailing throughout the works cannot be too highly commended, and the neat appearance and contented demeanour of all the workers (of whom some two thousand are employed) is one of the most pleasing features of this vast establishment. Reading, dining, and refreshment rooms are provided for the hands, and dinners and light refreshments are supplied to them on the premises at perfectly nominal prices, all food being prepared in the fine kitchens at the works. Thrift is encouraged among the workpeople by provident funds and clothing clubs; accident insurance is made compulsory, though the rates of premium charged are only nominal; and every man on the staff must join the sick club at the works, unless he is already a member of some friendly society which insures him in case of sickness. Finally, the firm have organised excellent schools in connection with the works, and thus provide for the educational needs of the children of their workpeople. When it is remembered that Carrow is a regular settlement with a population larger than that of many a well-known village or small town, it will be understood that these schools are both important and extensive. Over six hundred children are accommodated at the day schools, and there are also Sunday schools attended by five hundred and seventy.

The deep interest taken by the firm in all their workpeople is at once apparent to everyone who visits Carrow and notes the many arrangements made to ensure the physical, intellectual, and moral well-being of the whole staff. Need we say that this kindly solicitude is fully appreciated, or that the employees at Carrow Works thoroughly reciprocate the good feeling of their masters? The very manifest respect and esteem, amounting indeed to affection, in which the head of the house, Mr. J. J. Colman, is held by the multitude of workers, to whom he stands in the most friendly relationship possible, makes it perfectly evident that all that he and his co-partners have done for the men, women, boys, and girls in their service, is appraised by the latter at its full value. A splendid esprit de corps prevails, and every member of the staff is proud of the place, and of the men who have made it what it is, not less by their kindly consideration for the busy workers in the hive, than by their fine qualities of energy, enterprise, and commercial sagacity. All the principals of the firm of Messrs. J. & J. Colman take an active part in the administration of the business, and, following the example of the family for many years past, they likewise interest themselves in local affairs to an extent that has been highly beneficial to the district.

The senior partner, Mr. J. J. Colman, has represented the Liberals of Norwich in Parliament for twenty-three years in succession, and has also been Mayor and Sheriff of the city, in which offices he distinguished himself not less than his father and his great-uncle, who in their day filled those important civic posts with dignity and credit. He is a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and in every respect a typical Norfolk man, physically and intellectually strong and vigorous, and universally respected.

Mr. Frederick Edward Colman, the second partner, is a son of the late Mr. Edward Colman, and was born in 1841, becoming a partner eventually, on the death of his father. He it was who, at the age of ten, laid the foundation stone of the firm's present superb warehouse in Cannon Street, London, and where he now takes control, giving his special attention to the London branch. He is ably assisted by an experienced executive staff, at the head of which is Mr. C. L. Price, the firm’s London Manager. The London offices have communication with those at Carrow Works by means of a private wire, the distance being 120 miles.

Mr. Jeremiah Colman, the third partner, is the only son of the late Mr. Jeremiah Colman, who had much to do with the development of the London branch, and became a highly popular member of the metropolitan commercial community. The present Mr. Jeremiah Colman resides in Surrey, of which county he has been High Sheriff; and he is a director of the Commercial Union Assurance Company.

The two junior partners are Mr. Russell J. Colman and Mr. Alan C.-H. Colman, sons of Mr. J. J. Colman. Mr. Russell J. Colman has taken an active part in public life in Norwich, and has been Sheriff of the city (1892-93). Mr. Alan Colman takes the blue department and the paper mill under his special care at Carrow Works, and thus finds scope for the exercise of his practical qualifications. Engineering and chemistry are his favourite pursuits, and in both he has attained a high level of proficiency.

The vigorous administration of the principals at Carrow is well supported by the ability and judgment of their lieutenants in the various departments, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Robert Haselwood, the general manager; Mr. Charles Dix, the manager of the mustard mill; Mr. Joshua Womersley, manager of the starch works, and Mr. Henry Mower, who for many years has successfully managed the flour mills already referred to. These, in turn, are loyally aided by the whole staff in every department, and thus nothing is lacking to ensure the conscientious performance of duty and the smooth working of every part of this colossal industrial machine. Messrs. J. & J. Colman’s business, in its imposing entirety, presents a grand example and result of the power of that sturdy enterprise and unconquerable perseverance which so strongly characterise East Anglia and its people. It has been truly said that “Peace hath her victories no less renowned than war,” and in Carrow Works we see one of the noblest of the many monuments of industrial triumph which stand to-day in every quarter of our land, commemorating achievements which have done more to consolidate our national prosperity than oountleu feats of arms on land or sea.

ANDREWS BROTHERS, WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, MANUFACTUREBS OF BAKING AND EGG POWDER,
1 & 2, COLEGATE STREET, NORWICH.

IN combating and overcoming the many “ills that flesh is heir to,” the modern pharmacist is without doubt the physician’s most powerful ally; and in this connection there is no house in the city of Norwich that bears a higher reputation than that of Messrs. Andrews Bros., which is now conducted under the sole proprietary control of Mr. G. Andrews. The records of this noted undertaking show that, organised in the year 1852, its progress has been both rapid and continuous from the very first; and the most effectual way in which to indicate the true character of the concern would be to give a concise descriptive sketch of the establishment as it now stands, and to supplement this with a few observations upon the nature of the operations there being carried on. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in Colegate Street, the spacious, venerable-looking premises are neatly appointed throughout in the best modern style, and are most methodically arranged to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, prominent amongst which may be seen samples of the original Norwich baking and egg powders, for which, along with their preparation of sarsaparilla (which is well known to be the great cleanser and purifier of the blood; in fact, it has cured thousands), Andrews Bros.’ name has long been famous. Drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength, all the popular patent medicines of the day, choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites, medical and surgical appliances, and the numerous sundries and items incidental to a first-class pharmacy are also all exclusively en evidence at their best, and kept fully up to date. Mr. G. Andrews devotes the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physician’s' prescriptions and to the compounding of family recipes; by reason of which he has won the esteem and full confidence of all the leading local practitioners of medicine, and the liberal support of a very large and still rapidly increasing city and country clientele drawn practically from all classes of the community.

MESSRS. HILLS & UNDERWOOD, PURE MALT VINEGAR BREWERS, DISTILLERS OF FINE BRITISH GIN, AND IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN WINES AND SPIRITS,
PRINCE OF WALES ROAD, NORWICH.

ONE of the principal claims which modern Norwich possesses to be regarded as a great industrial and commercial centre is based upon the fact that here are the manufacturing headquarters of the firm of Messrs. Hills & Underwood, who are well known, in various leading mercantile circles, as makers of pure malt vinegar, and distillers and rectifiers of famed “Old Tom” gin. Their well-organised business was founded in Norwich one hundred and twenty years ago; and its record, for the last century, forms an important chapter in the economic history of the city. Their premises in Norwich cover a large area, occupying a convenient situation near the New Thorpe Railway Station. Facing the Prince of Wales Road is a suite of general and private offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the correspondence and other work necessitated by the numerous transactions of the house, at home and abroad. The buildings which comprise the industrial departments are substantially constructed, and their arrangements are excellently adapted to the several requirements of the business. Their internal equipment is so complete as fully to illustrate the latest practical applications of mechanical science to the perfecting of results in the manufacture of malt vinegar, and the distilling and rectifying of gin. The several productions of Messrs. Hills & Underwood are well-known in the markets, where they are recognised as invariably representing standard qualities, and they are, accordingly, in constant demand. Their several bonded warehouses are situated, respectively, at London and Norwich. The trade connection of Messrs. Hills & Underwood, in regard to all the departments of their business, is very widespread; and they control a large export trade, which is conducted largely through their London establishment, at 11, Great Tower Street, E.C.; their London warehouse being at Bishopsgate Goods Station.

LAURENCE, SCOTT & CO., LIMITED, DYNAMO MANUFACTURERS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS,
GOTHIC WORKS, NORWICH.

Telephone No. 99, “Norwich”; Telegraphic Address, “Gothic, Norwich.”

IT is owing to the well-directed enterprise of Messrs. Laurence, Scott & Co. that Norwich has become an important centre of electrical engineering industry. The firm began their operations ten years ago, and, in 1888, the volume of their business had, attained such dimensions that the proprietors found it convenient to incorporate the concern under the Limited Liability Acts. The Directors are Messrs. Reginald Laurence and W. Harding Scott; Mr. Laurence being the Chairman of the Company, and Mr. Scott the Managing Director. The Secretary and Engineer is Mr. W. B. Sisling, and the Assistant Secretary is Mr. A. M. Atthill. The directorate and executive thus constituted embody, in the aggregate, a wealth of technical knowledge, inventive skill, and commercial aptitude, to which is due the notable success that the company has achieved. Their premises are appropriately named Gothic Works, on account of the fine mediaeval front which they present to King Street. They include, in the front, a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. There is also a handsomely fitted board-room. To the rear are the manufacturing departments, where are produced the electrical specialities which have made the reputation of the house. The working plant, indeed, comprises, as far as the limited space permits, every required mechanical appliance which matured experience could suggest, and which a liberal and judicious expenditure of capital could command.

Messrs. Laurence, Scott & Co., Limited, control a very large business as manufacturers of dynamos and electrical appliances of all descriptions. They are well known, throughout the electrical engineering world, as makers of the “Norwich Dynamos and Electric Motors,” the firm having, successfully, given great attention to the design and manufacture of motors to work from the mains of electric supply stations. They are also makers of the “Norwich Ship-Lighters,” a class of dynamos which, as experience has proved, may be depended upon to work without sparking, and with the minimum of wear and tear possible to the various speeds. Messrs. Scott and Sisling have successfully collaborated in the invention of the now well-known Scott-Sisling System of Electric Lighting Patent. For private electric light installations, on this system, the firm construct special dynamos, which may be compound wound, so as to supply lamps at constant pressure and simultaneously charge accumulators when driven at constant speed. The object of the system is to shorten the working hours and simplify the manipulation of electric lighting plant used in conjunction with storage batteries or accumulators. It is now in use in many private installations, with exceedingly satisfactory results. The leading engineering and electrical journals have highly commended the ingenuity and utility of the Scott-Sisling System, one of them remarking that “special feature of the arrangement described is that all the operations can be performed with simplicity and certainty, from the printed instructions, without any special skill or training on the part of the attendant, as the switches are so arranged and interlocked that the manipulation is rendered quite simple.”

The excellence of the specialities submitted by this firm, at the Newcastle Exhibition of 1887, obtained expert official recognition in the form of medals for continuous current transformers and for their dynamo-electric machines. They also gained the highest gold medal at the Birmingham Electrical Exhibition (1889) for their dynamos and motors. Their valuable and ever-growing trade connection extends all over the world. They have made all the large dynamos and appliances for the Norwich Electricity Company, Limited, which is supplying electricity by means of Scott’s Patent Underground Mains laid in the principal streets of the city of Norwich; and they have recently exported a large plant for the transmission of power to a large jute-mill in Mexico. This plant comprises four large dynamos of about 600 horse-power in the aggregate, and also some sixty electric motors with their accessories. Messrs. Laurene, Scott & Co. also supply their manufactures for export to the British Colonies and other parts of the world.

MESSRS. BACK & CO., WINE MERCHANTS,
HAYMARKET, NORWICH, AND GREAT YARMOUTH.

THE old-established business of Messrs. Back k Co. has been in existence in the Haymarket, Norwich, for upwards of a century, and its records form a most interesting and important chapter in the economic history of the city. The copious, well-indexed, and excellently illustrated catalogue which the firm publish not only convoys a better idea of the vast resources of Messrs. Back's establishment than it would be possible to give within the necessarily narrow limits of this notice; it also forms, especially in its illustrations, a most interesting addition to the archaeological literature of the ancient city. A wood engraving, for example, representing the crypt (still existing on Messrs. Back & Co.'s premises in the Haymarket), is supposed, on good authority, to be the remains of the Old Jewry destroyed in 1290, while above it stands the old house built by John Curat (Sheriff of Norwich, 1528) in 1501. It is rich in oak carvings, and quite unique in its preservation, as an example of a merchant’s house of the 16th century. It still is used as a living house by the Back family, as it has been for five generations past. Another illustration represents the picturesquely clad figure of “A Whiffler to the Norwich Corporation;” which, indeed, appropriately forms a trademark of the firm. The headquarters of Messrs. Back & Co. comprise a spacious block of buildings with a double frontage. There is a well-appointed suite of general and private offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of business. The telephone number is 67, and the registered telegraphic address is “Back, Norwich.”

Adjoining these are conveniently equipped retail stores. To the rear and underground there is ample cellarage, with bottling, blending, and other departments. The firm have branch establishments in Norwich, in White Lion Street and Prince of Wales Road, and also in Great Yarmouth, at 28, Market Place, Middlegate Street, and Queen's Street. All of these establishments are fully stocked, and are the centres of active commercial operations. The firm, as holding a leading position among the English wine importers, possess a great advantage over many of their competitors in having the largest and oldest private Bonding Stores at Great Yarmouth. In addition to this they maintain such direct, intimate, and extensive relations with the best Continental sources of supply that they are able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to their customers. Messrs. Back & Co. supply all the leading brands of champagne and noted vintages of clarets, ports, and sherries. Their list, too, comprises case brandies, gin, whiskies, English and foreign liqueurs, and their prices are based on the lowest practical computation of profits. It is by the adoption of such commercial methods that Messrs. Back & Co. have not only built up a great wholesale trade, but have gained the unreserved confidence of many of the leading residents of Norwich and Great Yarmouth, as well as that of a large number of the most distinguished county families throughout the whole of East Anglia.

The members of the firm, Mr. Philip Back and his son, Major P. E. Back, possess a highly cultured taste in wines, and a thorough technical acquaintance with every branch of the trade. Their judgment, therefore, is constantly consulted by their most fastidious customers. Both these gentlemen are well known in the leading commercial and social circles of Norwich, where they enjoy a large measure of personal popularity, Mr. Philip Back having served the office of Sheriff in 1S79, and since that time repeatedly refused the office of Mayor owing to ill-health. Major Back’s military title is derived from his position as a field officer in the 1st Norfolk Volunteer Artillery, and has commanded the two Norwich Position Batteries upwards of eleven years.

C. H. RUST. MONUMENTAL SCULPTOR AND MASON,
28, PRINCE OF WALES ROAD, NORWICH; AND MOUNTERGATE STREET, ROSE LANE.

THE well-ordered establishment of which Mr. C. H. Rust is the proprietor has a long and honourable record, which dates back for about seventy-five years. Since he acquired the business he has succeeded not only in maintaining the prestige of the establishment, but in very considerably enlarging the area of its influence. Mr. Rust's works occupy a convenient corner position at the junction of Rose Lane and Mountergate Street. Here are always held large stocks of granite, marble, and other materials suitable for monumental sculpture and masonry. The show-yard is at 28, Prince of Wales Road, in front of Mr. Rust's private residence. It contains many examples of Mr. Rust’s professional skill, many of the monuments exhibiting not only careful finish in their execution, but great beauty and frequent originality in design. Mr. Rust has, for the inspection of visitors, an interesting collection of photographs, taken by himself, of different monumental works which have been executed by himself, and by his efficient staff under his supervision, throughout the period of his proprietorship. The extent of Mr. Rust's industrial and artistic operations is, in some measure, indicated by the extent of his premises, which cover more than an acre. He is always prepared to submit photographs and to prepare special designs to order; a thoroughly representative stock of crosses, tablets, &c., is always held. Mr. Rust has every facility for the erection of monuments in all parts of the country, and he holds many testimonials, including a large number from persons of high social position, witnessing the satisfaction invariably given by the results of Mr. Rust's work.

MITCHELL & HUNTER, TAILORS AND GENTLEMEN'S OUTFITTERS, HATTERS, AND HOSIERS,
EXCHANGE STREET, NORWICH.

ALTHOUGH it is but five years since Messrs. Mitchell & Hunter began their important commercial, industrial, and, it may well be added, artistic operations in Norwich, they have already created a valuable trade connection, which is being rapidly extended. The members of the firm, Messrs. Mitchell & Hunter, both brought to their enterprise a thorough professional and technical knowledge of the several departments of the business. Mr. Hunter for many years had occupied the responsible position of manager to a large wholesale clothing and hosiery firm. The premises occupied by Messrs. Mitchell & Hunter stand on a very commanding site near the Corn Exchange. They comprise the whole space of a building which, by its extent, conveys some idea of the magnitude of the firm's operations. These premises were formerly well known as the Queen's Hotel; and they have been thoroughly reconstructed to meet Messrs. Mitchell & Hunter's requirements, so that the establishment, in its internal arrangements, now forms a model of its class. The attractive appearance of the exterior, with its splendid facade of between seventy and eighty feet of plate glass, is altogether in keeping with the popular methods which, with notable success, the firm have adopted in the conduct of their business. The facade thus forms a continuous show window, which with its splendid display of beautifully finished novelties in attire for both ladies and gentlemen, constitutes a point of never-failing interest. The basement, which is exceptionally well lighted, is utilised as a packing-room, and is fitted up with all the adjuncts for facilitating the expedition of goods. Here also is a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the firm.

The warehouse and showroom on the ground floor form two compartments, with a separate entrance to each. The two compartments are both elegantly fitted up, and are ample enough, with their numerous and conveniently-disposed fittings, to admit of the effective display and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the large and representatively comprehensive stocks which are always held. These include, on one side of the establishment, a fine assortment of hosiery and underwear for gentlemen, in every variety of material, including the latest new designs, as soon as they are placed upon the market. The stocks in this department also comprehend collars, cuffs, scarves, neckties, gloves, hats and caps, handkerchiefs, braces, umbrellas, rugs, &c. The other side of the establishment constitutes a high-class tailoring department, where the business is restricted to the production of garments made to special order. Here is a stock offering a practically unlimited choice to purchasers of every description of woollen cloth suitable for making up into garments, with the best sources of supply for these and all other descriptions of goods in which they deal.

Messrs. Mitchell & Hunter, maintain such extensive and intimate relations, that they are able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to their customers. On the first floor is a thoroughly equipped tailoring department for ladies. Here at all times there is a magnificent exhibition of jackets, mantles, costumes, &c., manufactured by the firm on the premises. The attendants in this department are ladies. On the same floor a considerable portion of the business in connection with gentlemen's tailoring is conducted; and here also is a youths' outfitting and ready-made juvenile department. The upper floors contain ample accommodation not only for the storage of large surplus stocks, but for the cutting and making up garments for ladies and gentlemen. The cutting is executed by past masters in that difficult art; and in the operative departments is employed a large staff of highly experienced and skilful workmen. Of the commodities in which they deal, Messrs. Mitchell & Hunter hold one of the best assorted stocks in the Eastern Counties; and by the invariable excellence of the goods which they supply, whether made up by their own staff or otherwise, they have gained the unreserved confidence of many influential families in Norwich and a wide surrounding district.

JOHN C. MILES, PURVEYOR, &c.,
81, PRINCE OF WALES ROAD, NORWICH.

IN its special and important line of business, a prominent place is occupied by the well-known establishment of Mr. John C. Miles, Purveyor of high-class Dairy Produce, &c., of 81, Prince of Wales Road, Norwich. This noteworthy and representative business was founded by the present proprietor, in 1891, and during its career of three years in duration it has been developed into one of the leading concerns of its kind in the city. Mr. Miles' experience in this branch has been of a varied and very valuable character, and no effort has been wanting on his part to keep his house high in public opinion, by always providing the best and most reliable class of goods. The premises occupied are capitally situated in an extensive and attractive block of buildings stretching from Prince of Wales Road to Rose Lane, with frontage in the former thoroughfare. At the back of the spacious and neatly appointed shop is a compact office, while to the rear of this stands the model dairy, which is fitted up with every modern appliance and convenience for the systematic and effective control of a business of this kind. This department is very large, and in every way well adapted to the purpose for which it is used; but what, perhaps, strikes the visitor most is the perfect cleanliness and neatness which pervades the whole place. It is manifest that Mr. Miles takes scrupulous care as to the quality of the milk and other alimentary products emanating from his establishment, and that no effort or expense is spared to keep them up to the highest state of purity and general excellence. The drainage, ventilation, and sanitary arrangements have been closely looked after, and analyses of the milk and scientific examinations of the premises are made at frequent intervals.

The dairies supplying the firm have been selected with special regard to the quality of the milk they yield, and it is an admitted truth among the residents of this locality that the lacteal fluid supplied by Mr. Miles is not surpassed by that of any rival establishment. In addition to milk, the house purveys the very finest quality of cream, honey, fresh creamery, country cooking, and Danish butter, cream cheese, camembert, and new milk cheese, Scotch oatmeal, home-cured hams, bacon, and cheese, their own make of sausages, home-dried and American lard, Chivers' jams and jellies, bottled fruits, new-laid eggs, and a large selection of poultry. Soda and milk, and similar kinds of refreshment are supplied on the premises, and absolute excellence of quality can always be relied upon. Two deliveries are made every day to all parts of the city. A splendid connection has been got together; and if superior goods, low prices, and prompt and careful attention to the wants of patrons can insure the success of a business, then this house has before it a very successful and promising future. The worthy proprietor is very popular with the trade, and justly held in respect for his sterling business qualities, his strictly honourable methods of dealing, and his many good personal traits.

MESSRS. MACKLEY BROTHERS, CANARY BREEDERS AND EXHIBITORS, AND WHOLESALE EXPORTERS,
EASTERN COUNTIES' AVIARIES, UPPER HELLESDON, AND NEW CATTON, NORWICH.

NORWICH, to tens of thousands of persons in all parts of the world, means simply the metropolis of canary breeding, and the headquarters of that interesting pursuit are, unquestionably, the Eastern Counties’ Aviaries at Upper Hellesdon, which are owned by the famous firm of Messrs. Mackley Brothers. The city has been celebrated during the last hundred and fifty years for its breed of canaries, and it is half-a-century and more (1840) since the business of the Eastern Counties' Aviaries was established by Mr. Richard Mackley, the father of the present proprietors. Until within a comparatively recent period the firm included three brothers, Messrs. Jacob, George, and William Mackley. Since the decease of the last mentioned gentleman, the business, which is the most extensive of its class in the world, has been conducted, with a record of uninterrupted progress, by Messrs. Jacob and George Mackley. So popular is the pursuit of canary rearing and canary exhibition in Norwich that there are four thousand breeders in and around the city, but the whole of the birds thus produced admittedly pass, sooner or later, through the hands of Messrs. Mackley, at their great canary exchange. Of late years the firm have made a new and notable departure in their business by exporting enormous quantities of canaries to America, where there is a constant demand for them. In 1893 they despatched as many as 14,000 to this destination. The internal arrangements of the firm’s establishments at Hellesdon and at Magdalen Road, New Catton, are simply perfect. The marvellous technical skill and judgment of the Messrs. Mackley have frequently formed the subject of eulogies by expert specialists in the several organs of the “Fancy.” Official recognition has. on innumerable occasions, been bestowed upon the successful efforts of the firm, as is evidenced by the fact that they have gained 6,000 prizes and numerous gold and silver medals.

HOWLINGS & CO., BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS,
FISHGATE STREET, NORWICH.

AMONG the best representatives of the boot and shoe making trade in the Eastern Counties, there is no house perhaps that is possessed of a higher reputation, or one that has so rapidly been achieved, as that of Messrs. Howlings & Co., of Fishgate and Magdalen Street, in the city of Norwich. This extensive and deservedly popular trading concern was organised but three years ago, under the capable and enterprising initiative of Messrs. T. R. and A. H. Howlings, who have an enormous plant of the latest and best machinery, to enable them to manufacture the better classes of “light” boots and shoes, on a wholesale scale. The success of the business has surpassed the proprietors' most sanguine expectations; and some notion of the magnitude of the firm's operations may be gleaned from the fact that their business has become so brisk as to entail the regular employment of no less than three hundred and fifty hands. Eligibly located in the commanding position at the corner of Fishgate Street and Magdalen Street, Messrs. Howlings’ premises consist of a large and substantial block of buildings, having a fine basement, three floors, and a total frontage of two hundred feet. A powerful gas engine in the basement, drives the splendid plant of modern machinery on the upper floors, where, under the constant personal supervision of the principals, their numerous staff is fully employed in the production, from exclusively the best materials, of “light” ladies', gentlemen’s and children's boots and shoes, the latter receiving a greater amount of attention than is usually given by manufacturers in general, and the quantity of children's goods made by the firm go into many thousands of pairs per week. There can be no doubt that the brilliant beginning made by Messrs. Howlings & Co., will not only be well sustained, but steadily enhanced in time to come.

S. T. TOWNSHEND, WORKING CARVER, GILDER, LOOKING-GLASS, AND FICTURE FRAME MANUFACTURER,
13, CHARING CROSS, NORWICH.

IN compiling a history of the leading and representative business houses in Norwich and the Eastern Counties generally it is manifest that more than passing reference should be made to the establishment of Mr. S. T. Townshend, Carver, Gilder, Looking-glass and Picture Frame Manufacturer, of 13, Charing Cross, as being the largest and one of the oldest establishments of the kind within this area. Mr. Townshend commenced operations in Norwich forty-three years ago, and brought to the establishment a sound practical knowledge of the trade in all its ramifications. The premises utilised are prominently situated as above, and are as attractive in appearance as convenient in arrangement. They consist of a four-storey building, with extensive double-fronted shop, and interior extending to a very considerable distance to the rear, and comprising a very handsomely fitted up stock and show room, as well as a number of well- arranged and capitally equipped workshops. Every department of the trade is undertaken, and in each absolute satisfaction is being given. The looking-glasses and picture frames turned out here are well known in the district, and are everywhere regarded as having very few, if any, equals. The stocks held are exceptionally large and varied, and there are few wants in this direction that Mr. Townshend could not immediately supply in a thoroughly satisfactory manner. A special branch of the business is made of framing show cards, such as are used by brewers and other manufacturers, and the facilities he possesses for manufacturing enable him to place the best class of work in the market at the most desirable prices. The skill and taste shown in the manufacture of superior frames for high class pictures have caused the proprietor to be largely patronized by artists and connoisseurs of painting, and his judgment can always be relied upon to turn out a first class frame thoroughly in harmony with and well adapted to show off the special points of any picture entrusted to him for that purpose. Every description of work is re-gilt, and the most favourable terms are allowed to the trade for frames, cornices, and mouldings. A widespread and valuable connection is maintained, both in the wholesale and the retail trade. Mr. Townshend enjoys the respect of all who come into business contact with him, for his skill and ability in his special line, as well as for his fair and straightforward methods.

F. W. MANN, CYCLE AGENT, AND MAKER,
68, PRINCE OFP WALES ROAD, NORWICH.

A WELCOME and important addition was made, in 1893, to the resources of the cycling community in the Norwich district, by the establishment of the well-ordered business which Mr. F. W. Mann is successfully conducting as a cycle agent. Mr. Mann brought to his enterprise a complete technical knowledge of the trade, combined with an exceptional degree of commercial aptitude, so that within the comparatively brief interval which has elapsed since he began his operations, he has gained, the confidence of a wide circle of customers, to whose numbers additions are constantly being made. His premises occupy a commanding situation in the Prince of Wales Road, in convenient proximity to the Norwich Thorpe Station, which is the principal railway station in the city. The spacious interior forms, for the most part, a large and lofty showroom, in which is displayed, to the utmost advantage, and with specially excellent opportunities for inspection, a splendid selection of cycles. Thus Mr. Mann is agent for the “Quinton Scorcher” cycles, which are manufactured by the Quinton Cycle Company, Limited (late S. & B. Gorton), of Coventry; for Alldays' cycles, made by Alldays & Onions, the Pneumatic Engineering Company, Limited, of the Great Western Works, Birmingham; and for other high-class machines made by eminent firms. He is also the maker of a high-class machine known as the “Norwich Progress,” and is agent for cycling shoes as used by Harris, and other well-known riders; also sole agent for Wood’s combined pump and stand. Mr. Mann has recently been appointed repairer to the Cycle Section of the 1st V. B. the Norfolk Regiment. To the rear of the show-room is a well-appointed office, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions in which Mr. Mann is interested. Adjoining is a workshop equipped with all the requisites for facilitating the prompt and efficient execution of repairs, a staff of experienced workmen being engaged, under the supervision of the principal. The machinery in this department is driven by an electric motor. Mr. Mann has made a most promising start in business, and should have a most successful commercial career before him.

F. W. ALDIS, FLORIST,
10, EXCHANGE STREET, NORWICH.

TIME was, and even within recent yean, when the “season of flowers” was an expression which referred only to a few months of the year. Florists’ work was very much curtailed in the cold winter months, during which their shop windows were, at the best, but sombre attempts to brighten the prevailing dulness of the time. All this has, however, been altered, and the florists' windows and shops are attractive, sweet-smelling bouquets all the year round. An instance of this is afforded at 10, Exchange Street, where Mr. F. W. Aldis conducts his business in flowers. Horticulture has become one of the fine arts, and flower-growers are never tired of introducing new specimens in the many families of Flora, and our gardens and conservatories contain an immense variety. Mr. Aldis has had a long experience with flowers, and he established his business in Norwich in 1892, for the purpose of supplying choice growths of pot and cut flowers for table decoration, and the various other uses to which flowers are put. Flowers enter very largely into our existence, and every festival or holiday is made bright by a free display. Mr. Aldis undertakes orders for wedding bouquets, and it is here that he may be said to excel. Blooms are not cut in a haphazard manner, and bunched together without careful study of their arrangement. Colours are delicately blended, and the bridal bouquets made here are quite masterpieces in their way. The same applies to funeral wreaths and crosses, end orders in either department are carried out with careful attention to the wishes of the customer, and with a promptness that, even in the short space of the existence of the business, has become one of its characteristic features. The shop at 10, Exchange Street, is always attractively arranged, and Mr. Aldis is prepared to supply any kind of flowers in any quantity on the shortest notice. He has already gained a large connection, and the confidence of his many patrons.

GEORGE TAYLOR & SON, SURGICAL MECHANICIANS AND TRUSS MAKERS,
97, UPPER ST. GILES STREET, NORWICH.

FOR the last sixty years the excellently equipped establishment of Messrs. George Taylor & Son has formed a most valuable adjunct to surgical skill in the Eastern Counties. The combination of accurate scientific knowledge and wide technical experience possessed by the principals has enabled them to gain and retain the unreserved confidence of the medical profession, and a very large measure of support from the general public, in their capacity as surgical mechanicians and truss makers. Their highly scientific industry was founded, as has been indicated, sixty years ago by Mr. George Taylor, the father of the present proprietor, Mr. Sambrooke Taylor. The premises include a front workshop, with conveniently-appointed fitting-rooms, for ladies and gentlemen, adjoining. There are, likewise, several attached workshops for special processes. To the rear is a smiths’ shop, provided with every facility for working up the steel which largely enters into the construction of many of the appliances which form the specialities of the firm. All the industrial departments are equipped with the requisite mechanical arrangements for perfecting the results in the several operations. A staff of expert specialists is permanently engaged under the supervision of the principals.

Messrs. Taylor & Son have become famous as manufacturers of artificial legs, arms, crutches, &c. Their long experience in the mechanical treatment of various deformities enables them confidently to undertake the correction, if not the ultimate and absolute cure, of many distressing malformations, not only in children, but in adults. They are especially successful in cases of hernia; and many of the difficulties, which are met with in dealing with the various forms of this malady, are obviated by reason of the firm being manufacturers, on their own premises, of every portion of the appliances which they sell; so that special provision can be made for individual exigencies. The arrangements of the establishment particularly commend themselves to ladies, because Mrs. Sambrooke Taylor — a lady who has had a thorough training in her profession — gives her special care and attention to this class of cases. She has, with notable success, made a speciality of corsets and abdominal belts, and is in a position to guarantee a perfect fit in every instance; whilst for excellence of material and complete thoroughness of workmanship her productions will be found unrivalled. Her newly-constructed support stays, for spinal cases, will be found specially useful. The firm also supply large quantities of elastic stockings, ankle socks, &c. Specially advantageous terms are accorded to ladies and gentlemen, and also to Poor Law Guardians recommending objects of charity; and the principals, fully impressed with the humanitarian obligations which rest upon them in the exercise of their beneficent profession, give as earnest attention to the necessities of the poorest as to those of the richest of patients.

JOSIAH T. BLYTH, BRUSH MANUFACTURER,
88 AND 90, MAGDALEN STREET, NORWICH.

AMONGST the leading specialistic industries of Norwich, attention is claimed by that which Mr. Josiah T. Blyth successfully conducts, as a brush manufacturer. Mr. Blyth began his important industrial operations over thirty years ago, in 1861, in the same commodious premises which he has since occupied. His thorough technical knowledge of the business in which he is occupied, added to his exceptional commercial aptitude, soon enabled him to create a valuable and substantial connection, both for retail and for wholesale business; and his subsequent record has been one of uninterrupted progress. The premises have, in the front, a retail sale-shop, ample enough to admit of the effective display, and the carefully-systematic classification and arrangement, of the large and comprehensive stocks which are always held of such of the specialities of Mr. Blyth's manufacture as are in constant demand. Behind is an extensive stock room, where are kept heavy surplus stocks, in order that no delay may be experienced in the execution of the most extensive orders. Adjoining, is a well-appointed office, which is furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of clerical work. To the rear of the commercial premises are the industrial departments of the establishment, which are equipped with all the requisites for the production, under the best possible conditions, of brushes — of hair, bristle, and fibre — of all descriptions, and for all sorts of purposes. In the process of manufacture, a large staff of highly-skilled and experienced workers is employed. The invariable excellence and durability of all the brushes made by Mr. Blyth has gained for him the confidence, and the constant support, of many of the most influential families resident in the neighbourhood, and, indeed, all over Norfolk. In his wholesale business, his productions are well-known throughout the trade, where they are recognised as representing standard qualities. He supplies many leading shopkeepers.

DAVID McEWEN, SEED AND PLANTSMAN,
17, RED LION STREET, ST. STEPHEN'S, NORWICH.

IT is twenty-seven years since he established his admirably organised business. Mr. McEwen brought to his enterprise a thoroughly scientific and technical knowledge of the trade in all its branches. The whole of his working life — and he is now over seventy years of age — has been spent in a practical study of the specialities of seeds, plants, and bulbs. He has, too, turned his knowledge to such good account, by the aid of his exceptional commercial aptitude, that he has gained the unreserved confidence of a wide circle of influential customers, which extends, not only all over the eastern counties, but, for certain specialities, to all part» of the United Kingdom. Mr. McEwen's premises are conveniently situated in Red Lion Street. The interior, which is excellently appointed and fitted, is ample enough to admit of the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the large and notably comprehensive stocks which are always held. Some idea of the extent of the great resources of Mr. McEwen's establishment may be obtained from a study of the “Concise Descriptive Catalogue of Kitchen Garden and Flower Seeds,” which he periodically issues. He is a large importer of seeds from such eminent continental importers as Benary, Dippe Brothers, Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie, &c. These seeds he supplies in the original sealed packets. The specialities of these goods are severally set forth in Mr. McEwen’s catalogue of “Continental Flower Seeds in Collections.” He also holds particularly large stocks of Russian mats, for tying, budding, grafting, protecting, packing, &c., as well as of other horticultural requisites.

H. R. DOWNES, TAILOR, HATTER, HOSIER, AND GLOVER,
29, LONDON STREET, NORWICH.

THERE is a certain section of the community of Norwich that absolutely demands the existence of high class businesses. All Cathedral towns contain of necessity a large number of the highest dignitaries of the Church, and Norwich is favoured more particularly in this connection than many of her sister cities. The neighbourhood contains also many of the nobility and gentry, and these comprise the section of the community referred to. Not only this, for Norwich contains a large body of the upper middle classes, whose wants are perhaps a more important consideration with tradesmen than those of people who move in the upper walks of life. It is for the supply of clothing and the general outfitting requirements of these that Mr. H. R. Downes conducts his business at 29, London Street. It was founded in 1861 by Mr. Henry Downes, at whose death it passed into the hands of his two sons, Mr. William Downes and Mr. Herbert Downes, and at the death of the senior partner, about six years ago, the whole business was acquired by Mr. Herbert Downes. Previous to this he had had a long and very valuable experience in the trade, and he assumed the proprietorship of the already successful business with the advantage of a thorough acquaintance with everything necessary in complete outfitting. The premises are extensive and form an imposing corner to London Street and Swan Lane. They have a very elegant and attractive frontage, and the opportunities for display afforded by the show windows are taken full advantage of. The interior arrangements of the place have been carried out on an extensive scale, and everything that contributes to the convenient and prompt transaction of business is included in the general equipment. The shop is fitted with show cases and stands for the display of the various articles of trade, and from here has been fixed a very fine staircase leading to the upper floors, which are well set out as show and fitting rooms. While referring to the various departments we may mention that the tailors’ workrooms are equipped also in a superior manner, the ventilation, good light, and general appointments enabling the men to work under the most favourable conditions. This may not at first seem so important a matter as it really is, but in the light of recent revelations as to the insanitary conditions of tailoring establishments, too much attention cannot be paid, which, being free from public inspection are only too often preserved in an unhealthy condition.

The tailoring department is the chief feature of the business, and to it accordingly Mr. Downes gives special attention. He obtains his materials exclusively from the leading manufacturers, and besides being enabled thereby to ensure great durability and wear resisting quality he is in a position to offer to his patrons a selection of the newest and most stylish patterns. Harris, Shetland and Cheviots, tweeds, vicunas, meltons, serges, Yorkshire and West of England cloths in all their newest designs for the spring and summer trade are now being shown, and to the highest classes of patronage afforded by Norwich and district the business appeals by reason of the very high class quality of its productions. The cutters employed have qualified for their position in the leading houses of the country, and correct style and perfect fit may be in every case relied upon. Morning and dress suits, shooting garments, hunting breeches and coats, clerical garments, etc., are made, and with the execution of each order the reputation of the house extends. The ladies' department is a large and steadily increasing branch of Mr. Downes' business, the making of ladies’ jackets, costumes, cloaks, &c., having become as much a part of the tailors' art as gentlemen’s clothing. The livery outfitting department is also one of the great features of this business, Mr. Downes giving special attention to it. Last but not least is the boys’ department, both in ordered as well as ready-made clothing of his own manufacture, is one of the largest of this business and one to which great care and attention has always been given, and which has met with great success.

Shirt making receives much attention, and dress shirts are made in a superior manner of the finest linen. The stock of hosiery, vests, pants, pyjamas, gloves, collars, ties, handkerchiefs, and other outfitting requirements is also of a very varied and high class character, and here also the fashion of the times is closely studied. The productions of representative manufacturers also are on hand, and the entire stock has recently been replenished with the choicest of seasonable novelties. Mr. Downes keeps his patrons supplied with the best hats obtainable in Norwich. The silk hats, hard and soft felt hats, and head gear of every kind for every purpose, from the cricket field to the promenade, are of the latest style, and such as will convince the wearer that even when in Bond Street he is furnished with a fashionable hat. In this brief description we have endeavoured to intimate the principles that predominate in the management of the business, and it remains only for us to add that Mr. Downes’ efforts have been thoroughly appreciated in the city and neighbourhood, and that his patronage extends influentially to the highest classes of local and district residents.

H. SEXTON & SONS, BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS,
ST. EDMUND'S MILLS, NORWICH.

IN certain departments of the great staple boot and shoe manufacturing trade of Norwich, the well-known firm of Messrs. H. Sexton & Sons hold a pre-eminent position. Their admirably organised establishment was founded thirteen years ago by Mr. Henry Sexton, the present head of the firm, and its subsequent record has been one of uninterrupted progress. The firm now includes, in addition to the principal, his sons, Messrs. Henry, Jesse, Arthur, Fred, and Alfred Sexton. All of these gentlemen possess a thorough technical knowledge of the trade, and take an active share in the conduct of the business. Their premises were originally in Fishgate Street, and also in Magdalen Street; but the recent notable extension of their operations has necessitated a removal to more commodious quarters. The business has, therefore, been concentrated in the very large works in Fishgate Street, which are known as St. Edmund's Mills, which have been internally adapted to the boot and shoe manufacturing business. The premises comprise a massive building of six storeys, with a frontage of a hundred yards to the river Wensum. They include a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. The equipment of the industrial departments is so complete as to constitute an exhibition of all the most approved modern applications of mechanical science, and the perfecting of results in the processes of boot and shoe manufacture. The working plant includes many special and patented appliances. The economies thus effected enable the firm to compete, on the most favourable terms as to prices, with any other first-class house in the United Kingdom. Messrs. Sexton & Sons produce large quantities of boots and shoes, specially designed and finished for the several purposes of walking, running, riding, fishing, tennis, ball room, etc. All their productions are well known in the trade, and are regarded as invariably representing standard qualities. The firm have a specially high reputation as manufacturers of dress and court shoes, and they have, with, remarkable success, made a speciality of their Louis XV. goods, for which there is a large and constant demand. So large is the output at the St. Edmund's Mills that the firm give constant employment to no less than five hundred hands, including several expert specialists as heads of departments. The members of the firm are personally well known, and are held in high esteem in the leading commercial circles of the city.

STURGESS AND HARVEY, ENGINEERS, MILLWRIGHTS, GENERAL MACHINISTS, IRON AND BRASS FOUNDERS,
VULCAN IRON WORKS, NORWICH.

IN 1871, an important addition was made to the resources of Norwich, regarded as a centre of engineering activity, by the commencement of Mr. W. T. Sturgess’ operations as proprietor of the Vulcan Iron Works. Mr. Sturgess is an accomplished mechanical engineer; and he has made such excellent use of his technical knowledge that he has rendered his establishment a most useful adjunct to much of the industrial energy of the Eastern Counties. The record of his business career has been one of rapid and uninterrupted progress, its latest notable incident being the accession to the firm of Mr. G. F. Harvey as partner with Mr. Sturgess. This addition to the executive strength of the establishment was made in January, 1894. Mr. Harvey is, himself, a distinguished engineer of great practical experience, and he takes a large and important share in the control of the mechanical operations. The Vulcan Works occupy conveniently situated premises in St. Michael-at-Coslany, having a cart entrance in Oak Street, opposite to St. Miles’ Church. This leads to an office, with a spacious yard, a foundry, and engineers' and millwrights’ shops. The equipment of all the industrial departments is so complete as to represent the latest and most approved practical applications of mechanical engineering science to the saving of labour and the perfecting of results in the processes which are conducted at the Vulcan Works. Messrs. Sturgess and Harvey control a large and growing business as engineers, millwrights, and general machinists, and have every facility for the construction of steam engines and other mechanical appliances. In the foundry they are prepared to make all descriptions of brass and iron castings, to pattern, drawing, or specification. The output is so considerable as to require the permanent employment of an efficient staff of forty or more skilled workmen.

THE BELL HOTEL,
NORWICH.
PROPRIETOR: MR. J. DOWNE.

THE “Bell Hotel” is, emphatically, one of the most popular of the old- established institutions of Norwich. Its honourable traditions extend back, probably, for two hundred years, and Mr. J. Downe, the present proprietor, is naturally proud of the prestige of the house, which he fully maintains, while, at the same time, by the frequent introduction of approved modern appliances and methods, he is always increasing its attractions, both for visitors to the city and to the large number of residents of good social position, who look upon the “Bell” as a splendid example of the old-fashioned English inn — a place not only for the reception of travellers, but for pleasant social intercourse and recreation. The premises have a commanding three-storeyed frontage, battlemented on the top. An ample archway in the centre leads to a fine old-fashioned courtyard, in the form of a quadrangle. The equipment of the spacious interior fulfils, in all respects, the promise made by the exterior. All the appointments and furnishings are characterised by scrupulous cleanliness and such luxury as is compatible with absolute comfort; and Miss Downe’s care for the comfort of guests, in her supervision of the internal arrangements of the house, renders a residence at the “Bell” an episode which is always remembered with pleasure. The accommodation includes dining, coffee, and smoking rooms—all large and handsomely furnished apartments, and a series of cosy private sitting-rooms. There are, too, from forty "to fifty bedrooms—all of them well ventilated and provided with every requisite sanitary appliance. The billiard-room is fully equipped, and there is a group of conveniently fitted stock-rooms for the use of the large number of commercial gentlemen who habitually make the Bell their headquarters in East Anglia, and for whose accommodation, as is their due, special provision is made by Mr. Downe. The splendid, cellarage of the house contains liquid treasures which fully maintain the high reputation which they long have borne; and the Bell is specially famous for its blend of Scotch whisky. Mr. Downe’s invariable genial courtesy makes him the ideal host of such a fine old English hostelry; while “Fred,” the head “boots” of the establishment, is as much an institution of the place as the premises. The Bell, in its day, has been the Norwich home of all sorts of celebrities, one of the latest of them being the Chevalier Blondin, or Nigeria celebrity, who, during his last visit to Norwich – a professional one – stayed here, and, during his sojourn, celebrated his seventieth birthday. Not the least recommendation of this representatively comfortable hotel is the notable moderation of its tariff.

BOOTH & CO., HAT MANUFACTURERS,
1, CASTLE STREET, NORWICH.

A NOTEWORTHY position is occupied by the firm whose name appears at the head of this sketch, from the fact that it is the only one in the Eastern Counties engaged in the manufacture of hats. Messrs. Booth & Co., whose premises are situated at No. 1, Castle Street, established this business some four years ago. The sole proprietor is Mr. Alfred Booth, a gentleman of large and valuable experience in the trade. the premises occupied have recently been rebuilt, and are now in extent and convenience of arrangement admirably adapted to the nature of the business carried on. They comprise a large and attractive shop, with plate-glass windows, filled with a varied and handsome selection of the superior goods handled by the house. At the rear are spacious well-appointed stock-rooms and workshops, well fitted up with everything necessary or desirable for expediting the business. A number of skilled hands is employed, who follow out their occupation under the immediate control of the principal himself, who is a thoroughly practical and expert workman. Silk hats are made on the premises in large quantities, both for the wholesale and retail trades, and in style, durability, and beauty of finish, they are recognised as having few equals in the provinces. This well-managed house is the only one in the Eastern Counties possessing a conformateur, and every facility is provided for manufacturing hats in any desired style and shape.

Mr. Booth has a heavy stock of all kinds of silk and felt hats in all the newest shapes, shades, and patterns. His goods come from none but the best and most noted makers, his system of business being to supply only articles of superior quality at the lowest possible prices. In this he is materially assisted by the extent of his transactions, as well as by his own productive resources, and the comparison of the prices he is offering his goods at with those of any cognate establishment will redound greatly to his credit. Owing to the great success which has rewarded his efforts, there have sprung up many imitators, who have even gone so far as to assume the name, but to quote an old aphorism, “Imitation is the sincerest form of Flattery.” Hard and soft felts, bicycle and tourist caps, college hats, tweed caps in immense variety, and military and livery hats. He enjoys a valuable and influential connection, extending throughout Norwich and the Eastern Counties generally, and so long as he maintains his present style of goods, his courteous and prompt attention to customers, and his favourable prices, so long will the popularity and prosperity of his house continue to increase. Mr. Booth is widely known and highly respected both in business and social circles.

H. WHITING, PLUMBER, GLAZIER, AND PAINTER,
ST. SAVIOUB’S CHURCH LANE, MAGDALEN STREET, NORWICH.

THIS admirably equipped establishment occupies a uniquely prominent position in Norwich, because the proprietor has practically carried into effect all the most approved modern ideas as to the co-relation of the arts of plumbing, glazing, painting and gas-fitting in the equipment, both utilitarian and decorative, of public and private buildings. Mr. Whiting began his industrial and artistic operations in 1856, and the business, therefore, has been in active existence throughout the whole period during which the great revolution has been wrought in the decorative arts. In respect to that revolution, as it has affected the Norwich district, Mr. Whiting has always, in virtue of his cultured taste and thorough technical knowledge, been a leader rather than a follower. He has thus gained the unreserved confidence of many of the leading owners of real property of all descriptions throughout a wide district of which Norwich is the centre. Some idea of the magnitude of Mr. Whiting’s operations, and the amplitude of his resources, is suggested by the extent of his premises, which are known as the St. Saviour's Art Works, and are conveniently situated in St. Saviour’s Lane, Magdalen Street. They comprise a series of buildings of one or of two storeys, including a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. There are also handsomely fitted show-rooms commodious enough to admit of the effective display of the large and varied stocks which are always held of materials and appliances required in the several branches of Mr. Whiting’s business, and also of examples of his artistic work. There are also large store-rooms in which heavy surplus stocks are kept.

Some idea of the great resources of Mr. Whiting's establishment is conveyed by a copious “Descriptive Circular” which he issues, and which deals with the several departments of his business as painter, grainer, gilder, artist in oil and water-colours, gas-fitter, plumber, &c. There is a splendidly equipped artists’-room, where designs are executed in oil and water-colours, whether for ecclesiastical, heraldic, or trade purposes. Mr. Whiting devotes special care to church work, being cautious to secure accuracy where copies are made, and elegance in original designs. He has had much valuable experience in the production of signs and trade emblems of appropriate character, from the simplest to the most intricate pattern, and in the richest colours. In this department of his business Mr. Whiting has, with success, executed important work for many of the most eminent commercial firms in England. In this room also are kept in stock all descriptions of colours of the best quality and in every shade, as well as brushes and all other requisites for painting. Here too a speciality has successfully been made of the production of show fronts and the execution of all kinds of showmen’s work. Mr. Whiting employs a numerous and efficient staff of skilled workmen, including several expert specialists, who have had ample experience in the execution of all sorts of plain and decorative painting in all the newest styles of the art. He has a very high reputation for graining in imitation of wood and marble, and also for gilding, in which the best material is exclusively employed. In another department are conducted, under the beat possible conditions, the several operations of embossing, enamelling, and writing on glass. Plain, coloured, enamelled, ground, and every other description of glass is cut to any shape or size, and estimates are furnished for greenhouses, vineries, conservatories, and general repairs.

The plumbers’ shop, which constitutes an integral and important part of the establishment, is replete with the newest and best apparatus and fittings for plumbing work. Brass, lift, force, and lead pumps are supplied or made to order, together with sheet lead and pipe, lead pumps, cocks, and plumbers’ brass work of every description. Mr. Whiting is a gas-fitter by appointment to the British Gas Light Company, Limited, and his personal supervision, which is extended to this as well as to other departments, forms a guarantee for the efficient execution of all gas-fitting work by his staff. His stock in this section of his business includes gasaliers, chandeliers, brackets, pendants, and fittings of every description, and the most varied and elegant designs, either for public or private buildings. A speciality is here made of the supply, at the lowest prices, of coronae standards, and star and sunlight burners for churches, chapels, &c. All kinds of lamp work, cornice poles, &c., are made, relacquered, rebronzed, and repaired. Mr. Whiting is possessed of an exceptionally strong faculty of organisation and administration, and his distinctive personality manifests itself in the conduct of all the details of his extensive business.

A. W. COOK, BRUSH AND MAT MANUFACTURER,
7, DAVEY PLACE, NORWICH.

AMONG the well-known and popular business houses in Norwich special reference should be made here to that of Mr. A. W. Cook, of 7, Davey Place, the old-established and extensive Brush and Mat Manufacturer. Mr. Cook initiated his business over thirty years ago, commencing operations on the site still occupied. Here he has developed one of the most valuable trades of the kind in the city, and one that every year is increasing in extent and worth. He possesses an excellent name for the thoroughly reliable character of the work he turns out. while in the matter of prices the house will advantageously stand comparison with any similar establishment in the country. Quality and cheapness are the two essential and marked features of this business, and in these respects Mr. Cook has proved, by many years of continued prosperity, that he has nothing to fear from any rivals. The premises utilised comprise a large double-fronted shop, with windows filled with a large and choice stock of the specialities for which the house is noted. The interior has been supplied with every convenience for the control of the business. The shop is neatly appointed, and the manufacturing premises are replete with the most desirable class of machinery and appliances. An efficient body of workmen is employed, and under the proprietor's close supervision a first-class business is being carried on.

Only the best and most suitable kinds of material are used. The bristles are obtained from the most reliable sources of supply, and are carefully sorted and dressed on the premises, while the hardest and most matured wood is employed in the bodies. The manufactured goods are recognised as of superior quality, excellent in material, well finished in workmanship, and durable in use. Every description of brush is made on the premises, and the stocks held are equally noticeable for their extent and diversity. Wholesale and retail buyers will find here whatever they require in this line, and will be sure to be perfectly well satisfied both with the goods and the price. The well-selected supplies include hair sweeping brooms, bannister and hand brushes, hearth brushes, sweep brushes, stove brushes, shoe brushes, scrubbing brushes, laundry brushes, flue brushes, carpet brushes, and bass brooms. There are, besides, patented carriage and window brushes, as well as a large assortment of hair brushes, tooth brushes, and shaving brushes. Other goods for which the house is favourably known are mats, matting, housemaids’ boxes, dwiling, rush kneelers, baskets, dandy and water brushes, wash leather, and an unequalled stock of unbleached sponges. A special line is made of sweeps’ canes, brasses, machine heads, and drain machines, a branch of the business in which Mr. Cook is avowedly without a successful rival in the district. All orders are promptly filled, and goods not in stock can generally be made or obtained in the course of a few days. The trade is both wholesale and retail, extending throughout Norwich and to most of the principal centres of business in the Eastern Counties. Mr. Cook occupies a position of no inconsiderable importance in this highly useful branch of trade, and is held in the highest respect and esteem by all who know him, whether in the way of business or in social and private life.

J. J. RAMSAY. FELLMONGER, HIDE MERCHANT, LEATHER DRESSER AND WOOL MERCHANT,
BISHOP BRIDGE, NORWICH.

THE admirably organised industrial business which is conducted by Mr. J. J. Ramsay was founded eighty years ago by Mr. Joseph Everett, the uncle of the present proprietor, whose name has constituted the style and title of the firm for the last thirteen years. The family record forms an interesting and important chapter in the history of the Norwich fellmongering and wool staplers, which has long been one of the staple industries of the city. Mr. Ramsay is naturally and laudably proud of the time-honoured reputation which his establishment bears, and fully maintains its prestige. His premises are conveniently — for the purposes of the industrial operations — situated on the banks of the Wensum, at the historical Bishop Bridge. The building is of three storeys, with the requisite lime pits in the basement, and its internal arrangements are admirably adapted to the requirements of the business. Mr. Ramsay controls an extensive and steadily-increasing business as a fellmonger, hide merchant, leather dresser, and wool merchant. In the course of his operations be receives sheep skins in large quantities, and cures, shears and dresses them into leather. Mr. Ramsay's productions are well known, and are highly appreciated among the numerous firms of Norwich and elsewhere. His local connection, therefore, is large and valuable. Mr. Ramsay employs an efficient staff of experienced workmen.

THE MAID’S HEAD HOTEL,
NORWICH.
PROPRIETOR: MR. EDMUND SAUNDERS.

Altogether unique in the supreme interest of its historical and archaeological associations, the Maid's Head Hotel, at Norwich is, at the same time, in the present day, one of the most delightful temporary residences in all England. The house has been a noted hostelry for some six hundred years, while many parts of the building, especially the early Gothic pillars, on which stood the Bishop's Palace, are much older. The hotel has a fine frontage of three floors to Wensum Street, but in order to gain some idea of the place, it is necessary to enter the courtyard, which is built in quadrangular form. Many of the rooms possess most interesting antiquarian characteristics. Mr. W. Ray, in his work on “Norwich Antiquities,” says, “The Maid's Head, once the Molde Fish — the latter change, however, was in very remote times, for it bore its present name in 1472, when Margaret Paston directed that an expected guest should set his horse at the ‘Mayde's Hedde.’ This is, perhaps, from its associations, the most interesting inn at Norwich, being built on the site of the old Bishop’s Palace, and standing on early Gothic arches. The King's commanders, in Kett's rebellion, breakfasted here on the morning of the fight in the city. In 1643, it was a Royalist resort, Dame Paston's horses being seized here. The first Freemasons’ Lodge in Norwich was held here in 1724, and we can imagine the horror of the present occupier when he reads that a revolutionary dinner was held here in 1791. . . . It is said it was here that Mrs. Beatson hid herself behind the wainscot of a lodge-room, and heard all about it, as the old Norwichers will tell you. She died in 1812.”

In the coffee-room is an old English brick fire-place, of the date 1460, which has never been altered in the slightest degree. A portion of the house, which is utilised as bedrooms, has the old oak beam ceiling and flooring. In one of these rooms Queen Elizabeth slept, and it has since remained almost untouched by the spoliating hand of the renovator. Two very large dining or banqueting halls are included in the number of public rooms. There are about forty bedrooms, with many sitting-rooms, &c. Mr. Saunders, the present proprietor, has entirely redecorated and refurnished the hotel, carefully avoiding any interference with the archaeological treasures which it contains. It is now, in all its arrangements and appointments, a hotel of the highest class, and its patrons are families of the highest rank and social distinction. The cellars of the Maid's Head have long been justly famous; and, in connection therewith, a high-class family business in choice wines and matured spirits is conducted by the Proprietor.

R. TIDMAN & SONS, ENGINEERS,
BISHOP BRIDGE, NORWICH.

ONE of the most interesting of the specialistic industries of Norwich is unquestionably that which is, with notable success, conducted by Messrs. R. Tidman & Sons. This eminently enterprising firm began their operations over forty years ago, and, by giving special attention to certain branches of mechanical engineering work, they have gained a world-wide reputation. Their premises, which are very extensive, occupy a convenient position at Bishop Bridge, and their equipment throughout represents all the most approved modern appliances of mechanical engineering science to the processes which are conducted in the works. Everything necessary in the way of working plant, therefore, has been provided which a wide experience could suggest and a judicious expenditure of capital could command. There is a commodious engine-shop with lathes and other mechanical tools of the best type, smiths’ hearths, with other workshops for joiners’ work, wood carving, &c. The firm produce large quantities of general smiths’ work, and possess every facility for the manufacture of high-class engines and boilers. This firm are the oldest firm of boiler-makers in Norwich. Their special fame, however — and it is sufficiently widespread to give industrial Norwich an added claim to distinction — arises from their success in a very picturesque development of engineering activity. The works of Messrs. Tidman & Sons supply, upon a scale of great magnitude, the requirements of an important class of caterers for popular recreation. The firm build all descriptions of steam merry-go-rounds, and all the modern variations of apparatus for eccentric locomotion, with all the necessary special vans for convenience of transport. For the production of these adjuncts to holiday enjoyment there is every provision in the way of appliances for wood-carving as well as for decorative ironwork. The facilities for the successful conduct of this unique branch of the business are much enhanced by the accommodation afforded, in large yards, for storing vans and other impedimenta which are sent for repair. The principals, who are distinguished mechanical engineers, are noted for their inventive abilities, which lend themselves to the development of the specialistic business which, in a very remarkable degree, they have made their own. They employ a large stall of highly-skilled workmen.

H. S. TOWNSHEND, DEALER IN FOREIGN CIGARS, SNUFFS, AND FANCY PIPES,
ST. GILES' STREET, NORWICH.

ESTABLISHED in the year 1862, at the above address, under the able auspices of its present enterprising proprietor, this thriving business has long since taken its place among the leading concerns of its kind in Norwich. the premises in St. Giles' Street consist of a neatly and attractively appointed single-fronted shop, in which a splendid display is always en evidence, representative of all the finest crops and brands of Havana, Mexican, Manila, and Indian cigars, plain and fancy scented snuffs, meerschaum, briar, cherry, and innumerable kinds of pipes, tobacco pouches, cigar and cigarette cases, ornamental and silver match boxes, fashionable novelties, fancy goods, smokers’ sundries, and the like in almost endless variety; besides a good stock of loose and packet tobaccos of the most noted manufacturers of the day, both at home and abroad. The house maintains a reputation that is unsurpassed at the present day by any similar concern, for the very excellent quality of every article supplied. The value of such a reputation as this is obvious to every smoker, for there can be no exaggeration in saying that there does not exist to-day a lover of the “weed,” who has not on many occasions learned by unpleasant experience, that in the tobacco trade, at least, it is possible to place implicit reliance only in goods supplied from establishments that enjoy the confidence which only such a reputation can engender. This is not a pleasing fact to record, but it is none the less true, and its mention in these pages is introduced simply to bring due stress to bear upon the foregoing statement.

Mr. Townshend is a thorough master of every detail of the trade, and is, moreover, a man of energy, enterprise, and promptness. He is perfectly well acquainted with the best sources for his supplies, and he never fails to secure the very best quality of the particular article he may be in search of. He knows exactly what the trade and public want, and he leaves nothing untried to secure the most suitable class of goods to meet their requirements. Mr. Townshend buys heavily, and, of course, judiciously, and thus secures every advantage in price. These benefits he liberally shares with his patrons, and his prices, consequently, are always as low, and very often lower than those of any reputable house in the trade. Extensive and varied stocks are held, from which orders of whatever size or variety can generally be filled without loss of time. Mr. Townshend is a frank, courteous gentleman, is widely known in the trade, and much respected by all with whom he comes in contact.

T. WILKINSON, SEWING MACHINE REPAIRER AND AGENT,
60, BRIDGE STREET, NORWICH.

WHEN the industrial history of the present century comes to be written, a special chapter will have to be devoted to the sewing machine, since nothing of the kind has been productive of so much public benefit since the introduction of the “Spinning Jenny.” It is a boon indispensable to every manufacturer into whose work sewing of any description enters, while it can be truly said that no home is complete that lacks one of these ingenious and useful apparatus. The leading establishment in Norwich engaged in the manufacture and supply of sewing machines is that which appears at the head of this paper. Mr. Wilkinson has been occupied with the trade in this city for over seventeen years, so that it goes without saying that his experience must have been of a varied, exceptional, and eminently valuable kind. The premises occupied at 60, Bridge Street, are well adapted by size and arrangement to the nature of the business carried on. They comprise a double-fronted shop and showroom in the front, together with workshops at the rear. These are admirably equipped with the latest and best class of appliances for the manufacture and repair of sewing machines, and an efficient staff of workpeople is employed. The machines manufactured on the premises are well known in Norwich and for a radius of many miles round, and in durability and efficiency it would be hard to find their superiors. They embody all the latest improvements, and are thoroughly guaranteed. So great, indeed, is the proprietor’s faith in his manufacture, founded on past experience, that every machine he sends out he undertakes to keep in good working condition for a year free of all expense.

Perhaps no specialities of this representative house are better known than those made for the boot and shoe trade. In this connection Mr. Wilkinson has secured the cream of the patronage, and among his customers are such extensive and well-known firms as the following:— Messrs. Homlett & White, Messrs. Hailes Bros., Messrs. Sexton & Sons, Messrs. Southall & Sons, Messrs. Lilley & Skinner, Messrs. Cooper & Sons, Messrs. P. Haldenstein & Sons, and others. Of course, in an all-round establishment of this kind, machines for all kinds of use, both domestic and manufacturing, are made in an equally superior style, and one of the latest factories fitted up was that of Messrs. J. Chamberlain, Son & Co., the extensive clothing manufacturers. Large stocks are held of the firm’s own manufacture, as well as of other leading makers, Mr. Wilkinson being the agent for Jones, Robinson, and other no less famous houses. Either private families or wholesale users or dealers have offered to them here a choice which cannot be duplicated elsewhere in extent, variety, or efficiency. The house also holds well-selected assortments of silks, needles, oils, shuttles, and of all kinds of fittings and accessories. Every care is taken that all the machines leaving here shall be of the best possible kind and in perfect working order, and based upon this creditable principle a widespread and still increasing connection has been established among the leading families and largest manufacturers in Norwich and the vicinity. No effort is spared to make the establishment worthy of the gratifying support it is receiving, and Mr. Wilkinson, who is a well-known figure in the trading circles of the city, enjoys the respect and esteem of all who are brought into business relaticns with him.

MRS. A. BASE (A. & L. BASE, PROPRIETORS), FAMILY BOOT MAKER,
20, LONDON STREET, NORWICH.

THIS notably successful business was established twenty years ago by Mrs. A. Base, whose thorough technical knowledge of the business, exceptional business aptitude, and enlightened enterprise, soon enabled her to create a valuable connection, including many of the highest social classes in the district. Her subsequent record was one of uninterrupted progress, with the result that her establishment attained its present supreme rank in the boot and shoe trade of Norwich. Since the decease of the much respected proprietress, the business has been conducted with undiminished energy and success by her daughters. The premises in which such a business is carried on fittingly occupy a commanding position in the best possible spot which the city affords. They face the bend of London Street, which may be described as the Bond Street of Norwich, near its junction with Castle Street, and have a splendid double frontage, whose attractive appearance is altogether in keeping with the high class of the business. The ample plate-glass windows, with their tastefully arranged exhibits of the latest and most artistically elegant designs in boots and shoes for ladies, girls, and children, form points of never-failing interest in the busy thoroughfare. The spacious interior is sumptuously appointed and, with its numerous and conveniently disposed fittings, admits of the effective display and arrangement of the splendidly comprehensive stocks which are always held. These include not only the finest of English goods, but such specialities as the productions of the famous Parisian houses. With all the best sources of supply for the several descriptions of goods in which they deal, the firm maintain such intimate and important relations that they are able to offer their customers the latest and most attractive novelties in boots and shoes as soon as they are placed on the market, either in London or in Paris. This and the reputation which it maintains for invariably supplying goods of the best possible quality, has gained for the famous house of Mrs. Base the unreserved confidence of many of the leading residents in Norwich as well as of a large number of the most distinguished county families in Norfolk.

KATE HALL, MILLINERY AND FANCY DRAPERY,
3, CASTLE STREET, LONDON STRBET, NORWICH.

KATE HALL founded the flourishing business, which she energetically conducts, so recently as 1893. She brought to her enterprise, however, such a fund of technical knowledge and practical experience of the various departments of the business in which she is engaged that she has already created a valuable trade connection, which is rapidly being extended. She was fortunate in being able to acquire premises which occupy a commanding position, and which had just been rebuilt to widen the street which, at this point, forms a junction with London Street. The exterior has an attractive appearance, which is altogether in keeping with the high class of the business which she now controls. In the interior, which is handsomely appointed with numerous and conveniently disposed fittings, there is ample space for the effective display and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the extensive, valuable, and varied stocks which are always held. These include all descriptions of ladies' underclothing, baby-linen, corsets, umbrellas', flowers, feathers, velvets, silks, laces, ribbons, &c. Kate Hall has, with notable success, made a speciality of the prompt and efficient execution of all orders for wedding outfits and mourning. With all the best sources of the supply for the various descriptions of textile fabrics and other goods in which she deals, she maintains such intimate and extensive relations, and she has such a full acquaintance with the markets that she is able to offer exceptional advantages to her customers both in regard to prices and to the constancy with which she introduces a succession of attractive novelties. She has thus succeeded in gaining the unreserved confidence of many ladies representing the most influential families in the city and the surrounding districts. To the rear of her admirably equipped show-room is a spacious and well-ventilated work-room, where goods are made up in the millinery and underclothing departments by an experienced staff, under the supervision of the principal.

J. E. BARNES, THE GREAT EASTERN" SEED STORES,
9, EXCHANGE STREET, NORWICH, AND NEWMARKET ROAD, EATON, NORWICH.
TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: “RELIABLE, NORWICH.”

AN important addition was made, in 18S8, to the local resources of horticulturists in the Eastern Counties by the establishment, in Norwich, of the Great |Eastern Seed Store where, in conjunction with his extensive and admirably laid-out seed grounds at Newmarket Road, Eaton, he conducts, with notable success, his business as a seed grower, seedsman, and horticultural sundriesman. Mr. Barnes brought to his enterprise a fund of matured experience of the trade, and a thorough scientific knowledge of its details, which have enabled him within a comparatively brief period to achieve a position of honourable prominence amongst the leading seedsmen of the United Kingdom. His headquarters occupy a commanding situation in Exchange Street, and comprise an extensive four-storey building, whose attractive exterior is in keeping with th popular methods which Mr. Barnes has successfully adopted in the conduct of his business. The ground floor is utilized as a sale shop and warehouse, ample enough, with its numerous and conveniently-disposed fittings, to admit of the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the large and wonderfully comprehensive stocks which Mr. Barnes always holds of seeds, bulbs, and roots. On the second floor are well-appointed offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. The registered telegraphic address is “Reliable, Norwich,” in allusion to the high reputation which the firm have gained for invariably supplying seeds which fulfil their expected purpose. In the introduction to the latest issue of his copious “Descriptive Catalogue,” he pertinently remarks that in order to be able to offer, as he does, goods to his customers at a saving of 15 to 20 per cent, on their outlay, he will “continue to abstain from extravagant advertising, attending shows at great cost in all parts of the country, and publishing expensive illustrated catalogues.” Nevertheless, it must be said that the copious catalogue which he issues, devoid as it is of unnecessarily costly illustrations, conveys a much more complete idea of the Great Eastern Seed Stores than would be possible within the necessarily narrow limits of this notice. The Stores, indeed, constitute a most valuable factor in the present economic conditions of the city.

H. W. POSTLE, IMPORTER OF CIGARS, TOBACCO, AND SNUFFS,
BRIDEWELL ALLEY, NORWICH.

IN all large communities nowadays, the modern dealer in tobacco and kindred goods fulfils an important and much appreciated function, which finds typical illustration in the city of Norwich, at the hands of Mr. H. W. Postle, who twelve years ago acquired the thriving business which had been organised nearly a century back by Messrs. Newbegin & Son, in the eligible premises still occupied in Bridewell Alley. Situated in a commanding corner position, the spacious shop is neatly and substantially appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically arranged to hold and to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of exclusively superior goods, all of which have clearly been chosen with great care and sound judgment from the leading manufacturers of the day, both at home and abroad. Choice cigars of all the best British and foreign brands, cigarettes, and cut, roll, and fancy tobaccos; pipes in great variety, tobacconists’ fancy goods and smokers' sundries of every description, and the like, are all fully en evidence at their best, and kept strictly up to date, while all the goods are courteously offered for sale at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. For the rest the business is in a splendid condition of progressive development, arid under Mr. Postle’s vigorous, yet always prudent policy of administration, the house, with its large and old-established city and country connection, promises to continuously eclipse its past successes in the prosperity of still better times to come.

W. W. MORRIS, CYCLE MANUFACTURER, AND FACTOR,
PRINCE OR WALES ROAD, NORWICH.

NO branch of business has advanced of late years with such gigantic leaps and bounds as the manufacture of cycles. The cyclist, like the poor, is always with us, and he is particularly evident in the Eastern Counties, where his wants and requirements are admirably catered for by the popular and extensive firm of Mr. W. W. Morris, the reliable Cycle Manufacturer and Factor, of the Prince of Wales Road. The principal is a son of Mr. George Morris, whose name has so long and so prominently been identified with the coach-building trade and other industries, and whoso splendid show-rooms are adjacent to the “Norfolk Cycle Works.” Admirably situated at the Rose Lane Junction, Lower Prince of Wales Road, the manufactory possesses every advantage of size, location, and equipment. Every description of plant and appliances of the latest and most improved type has been provided. A valuable trade is being controlled here by Mr. Morris, both as a manufacturer and vendor. A numerous staff of skilled workmen is employed, and every kind of cycle is turned out — “Bantams,” safety bicycles of recent type, and embodying all the most desirable improvements, tricycles of every design and pattern, tandems, sociable safety bicycles, “Velociman” and other invalid cycles and carriages of special manufacture, on cushion or pneumatic tyres, carriers of all patterns for the vendor and the lordly four-in-hand; in fact, every style of machine that has yet been introduced. The articles Mr. Morris is manufacturing are well-known in the Eastern Counties, and recognised as having few or no superiors for elegance of appearance, lightness, strength, and durability; while the conditions under which the manufacturing is carried on enable him to place his productions in the market at exceptionally low prices, considering the superior quality. His goods have been supplied to nearly all the nobility of the county.

Besides being an extensive manufacturer, Mr. Morris is also the accredited agent in the city of Norwich for all the most famous makers, whose leading and season’s novelties are always fully represented in the stock. The spacious and handsomely appointed show-room contains first-class selections from the “Premier” Cycle Company, Limited; and “Singer” (Singer & Co.), the pioneers of the trade in Coventry, “Raglan,” “Psycho," and the world-renowned “ Swift” (The Coventry Machinists' Company, Limited). Intending purchasers cannot be far wrong if they place themselves in the hinds of Mr. Morris, whose stock and premises are the largest and most valuable, and in whose judgment in all matters relating to cycles the fullest reliance can be placed. Provisional patents are entrusted to his hands for development. Mr. Morris has unlimited space for the storing of machines. Tourists and others who make their quarters at the “Imperial” Restaurant (situate on the left side when leaving Thorpe Railway Station, directly opposite the Alexandra Mansions, and within a few yards of the cycle works), can have their machines stored at Mr. Morris's free of charge. This gentleman also holds a fine assortment of bassinettes, perambulators, mail-carts, and similar goods, of sound material and good style, which are being offered at the most reasonable figures. Every facility is offered to purchasers; lessons are given by careful teachers on the premises, which are most extensive and cover a vast area of ground. The hire system is in vogue, and buyers can have their machines at once while paying for them by regular instalments over a period of several months. For the better control of a widespread business of this kind, branch houses have been found necessary, and three have been established — two at Yarmouth (Royal Aquarium, and Lancaster Road), and the other at Lowestoft (London Road).

The house is in telegraphic connection, the address being, “W. Morris, Norwich”; the telephone number is 118. The proprietor is everywhere regarded as an able, energetic, and upright business man, and is well known in trading and social circles.

MILLS & HOWES, M.R.C.V.S. (LONDON), VETERINARY SURGEON'S, GENERAL VETERINARY AND SHOEING ESTABLISHMENT,
CASTLE MEADOW, AND AT 2, HEIGHAM STREET, NORWICH.

ONE of the leading and successful firms of veterinary surgeons in Norwich is that of Messrs. Mills & Howes, of Castle Meadow, and 2, Heigham Street. This business, patronised by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, has been in existence over a century, and was founded by a Mr. Carter, and succeeded by Messrs. Wells, Santy, & Kitchin, men that have made their mark in the world. Mr. Wells is still alive, and is a magistrate of the city. Mr. Santy retired, and is living at Lynn, and Mr. Kitchin now has a prosperous business in London. The business was acquired by the present proprietors some two years since. These gentlemen are fully qualified and diplomaed members, the senior partner coming here from London with the highest testimonials from the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and under their close personal supervision the ancient reputation of the firm is being maintained to the full, and new business continually added. The firm enjoy a splendid name for the care they bestow upon every case placed in their hands, and a strong bond of confidence has been established between the principals and their patrons that is highly serviceable to the interests of both parties.

The fine premises occupied on Castle Meadow are of large dimensions, and if not the finest, they are second to those of no other veterinary surgeon, and are admirably arranged and well adapted to the nature of the business carried on. They embrace operating box, loose boxes, stalls, and dog-kennels, built on approved sanitary principles, as well as surgery, offices, waiting-rooms, lavatories, and large and well-appointed shoeing forges, with five fires, and a large staff of smiths. The firm possess a great convenience in the shape of an extensive trotting tan-yard covered with a bay glass roof. The establishment at 2, Heigham Street contains excellent accommodation, but is smaller. The important and critical business of horse-shoeing is being carried out with great success, only experienced workmen being employed, and the most valuable animals can be placed in the firm’s charge with the assurance that every care will be taken of them, and that the operation will be performed in the most skilful and satisfactory manner. Messrs. Mills & Howes are recognised at the head of local veterinary surgeons, and the ability they show in the successful treatment of the diseases and ailments to which horse-flesh is heir is securing for them an influential and rapidly-extending patronage among the leading nobility and gentry and horse proprietors in Norwich and the surrounding districts. The principals are well known in trading and commercial circles, and command the respect and esteem of all who know them for their marked skill, thorough reliability, and strict personal uprightness.
The telegraphic address of the house is “Veterinary, Norwich,” Telephone Mo. 62.

W. GRIX, CENTRAL CAFE AND TEMPERANCE HOTEL,
19 AND 21, WHITE LION STREET, NORWICH.

IN catering adequately to the “creature comforts” of the public, the modern restaurateur fulfils a most important function in the economy of all large communities, and in this connection, at the city of Norwich, there is no house perhaps that is possessed of a higher reputation than the one which has been chosen as the theme of the present brief historical review. Seven years have now elapsed since the popular Central Cafe and Temperance Hotel was opened by its present talented and enterprising proprietor, Mr. W. Grix. Centrally located in proximity to the buy Market Place, the spacious premises present two bold double frontages to White Lion Street, the two commodious ground floor front shops, with their supplementary rooms at the rear being provided with neat small tables, invitingly laid for the reception of guests, who can here partake of light refreshments, luncheons, and the like, served by capable and courteous attendants at strictly moderate prices. On the floor above there is a large and well-appointed dining-hall, adjoining a perfectly-equipped billiard saloon; while the basement is utilised for the culinary and baking departments and domestic offices, and at the rear of all is a kitchen fitted in a thorough modern style. All the appointments of the place have, at considerable expense, been furnished and fitted with a view to the maintenance of absolute cleanliness, and the convenience and comfort of guests, on advanced hygienic principles, a liberal bill of fare is daily provided on strictly temperance lines, and the restaurant, which is liberally patronised by regular customers every day, is taxed to its utmost limits on market days, and undoubtedly stands to-day as one of the best and most deservedly popular of temperance refectories in the city of Norwich.

CROMER.

CHURCHYARD & SONS, GROCERS, TEA DEALERS, PROVISION, WINE, AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS, ETC.,
CROMER.

ONE of the most essential features in the internal arrangements of any popular seaside resort is that its food supply is in capable hands. In this respect Cromer is particularly well placed, and among those who cater not only for visitors but also for permanent residents, Messrs. Churchyard & Sons have gained a pre-eminent position. Their business was established in 1878, and is a very comprehensive one, and includes an extensive dealing in tea, groceries, provisions, wines and spirits, general drapery, gentlemen's outfitting requirements, boots and shoes, &c. In order to adequately represent these many branches of trade it will be seen that extensive premises are necessary; nor is it only essential that the premises are large — they must be systematically arranged, and their general appointments must be carried out with the view of facilitating the convenient holding and display of stock, and for the prompt transaction of business. All these considerations Messrs. Churchyard & Sons have fully borne in mind. The premises are known as the West End Supply Stores. They are very extensive, and comprise a three-storey corner building with a very handsome exterior. The several show-windows are all admirably adapted for the special purposes of display, and may be considered an accurate reflection of the productions of the various departments. The interior arrangements of the place leave nothing to be desired, the most modern improvements for the accommodation alike of the assistants and customers being in vogue.

The chief branch of the business, perhaps, is that set aside for the general grocery trade. The stock is very extensive, and includes first-class teas at extremely moderate prices, blended by the firm in varying combinations, which produce most refreshing and stimulating beverages; cocoas and chocolates well selected, and including the products of the best manufacturing firms are on hand, as well as samples of the finest imported coffees, and in the general assortment are sugars, spices, Crosse & Blackwell's and Lazenby's pickles, specialities in biscuits by Carr & Co., Huntley & Palmer, and Gray, Dunn & Co., and indeed everything appertaining to this branch of trade. Special mention may be made of the provision department. Italian goods are on hand in their many varieties, and have been obtained direct from the most celebrated houses in the trade, and of general provision) Messrs. Churchyard & Sons have a very carefully selected stock of goods, embracing English, Continental, American, and Colonial produce of the very best brands in hams, bacon, butter, lard, eggs, cheese, &o. Cheese is a loading line here, and the firm always have on hand a high-class selection of the best Cheddar, double Gloucester, Gorgonzola, Dutch and American goods. Tinned meat and fish, besides fruits of all kinds, are on hand. For all the goods mentioned the firm depend entirely upon the most reputable houses, and in many instances the actual producers; the stock being both choice and comprehensive, the extensive turnover necessitating a constant replenishment, being of itself an assurance of freshness and purity.

The wine and spirit department contains a very extensive stock of the highest quality goods, and Messrs. Churchyard & Sons are the sole local agents for the well-known goods of Messrs. Kennaway & Co. of Exeter. Bottled beers and stout by the most eminent brewers are also supplied, and the high-class nature of the stock of this department clearly demonstrates the close acquaintance the firm have with the smallest details of the trade. A branch of the trade of particular interest and importance is that set aside for general drapery goods, and in this particular the West End Supply Stores enjoy a well-earned reputation. Space will not permit a very lengthy reference to any special branch of the business, but if we were tempted to linger long in any one department it would be here. In order to successfully cater for an influential patronage the firm have closely followed the dictates of a capricious fashion, and their stock is always being strengthened by the addition of new goods and novelties in each department. Of seasonable dress goods they have a very choice assortment in all kinds of delicate fabrics, while their millinery is of a decidedly modern and up-to-date character. In underclothing they offer especially good value, and their assortment of household linen, flannels, blankets, furnishing fabrics, calicoes, curtains, fancy blinds, hosiery, gloves, ribbons, laces, Brussels, Axminster, Turkey, Kidderminster, and tapestry carpets, mats, oilcloths, linoleums, &c., is in the highest degree representative.

The family mourning department is placed in experienced and skilful hands, and all orders are executed with a promptness that cannot fail to give entire satisfaction. As youths’ and gentlemen’s outfitters Messrs. Churchyard & Sons also operate extensively, their stock of ready-made clothing being a combination of good style, sound material, and well-finished workmanship. Without entering into the details of the department it may be at once said that everything included in gentlemen's outfitting is on hand, and the firm have spared no pains to render their stock as complete as possible. Another department, and one that claims more than mere passing mention, is that devoted to the supply of boots and shoes. Here will be found first-class goods of all kinds for ladies', gentlemen's, and children's wear; and here, as in every other branch of the business, the firm have succeeded in obtaining a very superior selection. It is a very attractive and valuable selection of goods that attaches importance to the glass and china department, and everything from a kitchen earthenware pan to the most artistically designed and delicately cut glass, or highly finished dinner-service, may be obtained here at prices that will bear the most favourable comparison with those charged at any other establishment.

To Messrs. Churchyard & Sons belong the credit of having introduced a system of trading that has been highly appreciated by the people of Cromer. With sound commercial principles and an extensive knowledge of the special requirements of their trade, they have combined an energetic and enterprising spirit, and resolve to obtain their entire stock first-hand from the manufacturers and actual producers, and to offer their goods at prices that cannot be beaten by any of the London stores. Housekeepers in the town were not slow to recognise the West End Supply Stores as offering them special advantages, and the connection — always of an influential character — has from the commencement of the business been steadily increasing. Although the premises are both extensive and conveniently arranged for the purpose of rapid business, they are not a whit beyond what is actually required to meet the present demand on their resources. It is not necessary to go further into detail, as the establishment contains a complete stock of the goods usually sold in the departments to which reference has been made. The business has been introduced as the chief of its kind in this increasingly popular seaside town, and as exhibiting an honourable record of service to Cromer and its inhabitants, and having its reward in the ample connection held by the proprietors, the continued success that has attached to it from its commencement giving every indication of being long continued and of being remuneratively enjoyed. It should be mentioned that the firm have branch establishments at High Street, Sherringham, and Wensum Street, Costessey, and that their telegraphic address is “Churchyard, Cromer.”

F. W. ROGERS, PLUMBER, PAINTER, GLAZIER, HOUSE DECORATOR, SIGN WRITER, ETC., GAS AND HOT WATER FITTER,
NEW STREET, CROMER.

MR. F. W. Rogers began his industrial operations in Cromer about thirty-five years ago. The premises comprise yards, sheds, warehouses, and offices, the arrangements of which have been adapted to the requirements of the business. In the several store-rooms are held stocks of every variety of brass and other appliances and requisites for the execution of plumbing work, under the best possible conditions. These stocks include all descriptions of baths, basins, and other lavatory adjuncts. Large quantities are always kept of piping, gas-fittings, &c. In other departments are displayed all varieties of wall papers, together with dado mouldings and other adjuncts of mural decoration. Here, too, is to be found every kind of oils, colours, and varnishes, with lead and glass for constructive and decorative purposes. Mr. Rogers possesses all facilities which matured experience could suggest. Attention is given to the fixing and repairing of electric bells. He is agent in the district for the Incandescent Light Company, and also for the Glacier window decoration. By personally supervising the business, the most careful workmanship in the fulfilment of all contracts is insured.

KING'S LYNN.

THOMAS C. GREEN, MERCHANT CLOTHIER, TAILOR, HATTER, AND HOSIER, SHIRT AND COLLAR MAKER,
84, HIGH STREET, KING'S LYNN.

IN reviewing the business establishments of King's Lynn, special mention should be made of that presided over by Mr. Thomas C. Green, of 84, High Street. This notable business was founded some two and twenty years ago by Mr. Thomas Green, operations being commenced at No. 44, High Street. The title of the firm subsequently became Thomas Green & Son. A short time ago, Mr. Green, junior, took over the business, since which date it has been carried on under its present designation. The premises occupied are admirably situated in a leading business thoroughfare, and in appearance and arrangement are well adapted to the successful control of an extensive and varied trade of this description. They comprise a large double-fronted shop, with capacious and tastefully arranged show-windows and interior fitted up with double, counters, stands, shelves, show-cases, and every requisite for exhibiting and accommodating the goods. Extending to the rear is a compact office, together with various warehouses. The ready-made goods include all the latest fashions in these garments for men, youths, and juveniles, while the material and workmanship are such as leave nothing to be desired. “Small profits and quick returns” is the business motto of the house under notice, and the rapid turnover and the extent of the business done, place the proprietor in a position to offer inducements of various kinds that cannot possibly be duplicated elsewhere. An important feature is made of the bespoke department, the stock including English and Scotch tweeds, West of England cloths, diagonals, homespuns, vicunas, and all the season’s goods for trouserings and suitings. The cutter is a man of acknowledged skill, and his work is of a decidedly superior kind. The garments turned out here are well known and appreciated in the district for their superior fabric, stylish cut, and perfect fit. The general stocks held embrace English and foreign hosiery from the best makers; shirts, collars, and cuffs, made on the premises; silk and felt hats, every description of underwear, socks, ties, scarfs, umbrellas, indiarubber and waterproof garments, travelling-rugs, and everything requisite for a complete outfit. The connection is of a good medium class and wide in its ramifications, and if superior goods, low prices, and polite attention can secure and retain success, the future of this house is well assured. Mr. Green is very popular with all classes of customers, and his open and straightforward way of doing business has obtained for him the respect and esteem, as well as the patronage, of the principal inhabitants of King’s Lynn and the surrounding districts.

GREAT GRIMSBY.

ADVANTAGEOUSLY situated at a point on the Lincolnshire shore of the Humber estuary, directly opposite Spurn Head, Great Grimsby has a position which should place it among the leading seaports of the East Coast, and it is gratifying to note that in recent years this favourable circumstance has been bringing the town more and more to the front in a commercial sense. In point of population, and also of trade, Grimsby is now the most important community in Lincolnshire, and its growth during the past fifty years — due entirely to the increased commercial facilities that have been provided here within that period — has been remarkable.

It is not easy to indicate the origin of Grimsby, or to assign a date for the commencement of its history. Probably a hamlet stood on this site in very early times, peopled by the sturdy and industrious fishermen whose descendants still ply their arduous calling along these stormy coasts. The fact that Grimsby is a borough by prescription points to its antiquity, and marks it as one of the oldest of English municipalities. In the time of Edward III. it had become a seaport of more than ordinary importance, and its burgesses furnished that vigorous monarch with eleven ships and a goodly number of seamen to take part in his operations against Calais. Later times, however, brought ill fortune. Accumulations of mud and sand spoiled the harbour, and the trade of the port dwindled almost to vanishing point. An improved state of things began early in the present century, but the real revival of Grimsby as a seat of commerce dates from the commencement of the fine system of docks and quays which now enable the port to cope with the demands of a constantly increasing trade. When these extensive works were begun under the auspices of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, the one dock existing at Grimsby was wholly above the level of high water, and was supplied with water by land streams. When low water prevailed, there was an unsightly mass of muddy shore between the dock and the sea, and this wasted space was reclaimed by the construction of the new docks, enclosing many acres, and providing not only for the wet docks themselves, but also for wharves and warehouses in connection therewith. All this has been accomplished at a large cost, but the money has been well laid out, and the port is now reaping the profits of the investment. The docks at Grimsby in their present state afford splendid facilities for the large amount of shipping which enters the port; and the excellent railway communication, which has been such a source of benefit to the town, furnishes the necessary means of transport for merchandise inwards and outwards.

Besides the general docks, there are specially arranged docks for fishing vessels, Grimsby being now one of the busiest and most important fishing ports of the Kingdom. In this connection, also, mention must be made of the ice trade, which is carried on upon a large scale, many vessels being employed in bringing cargoes of ice from Norway. This commodity is, of course, indispensable for the preservation of fish, and is chiefly used for that purpose. The general trade conducted through medium of the docks, and facilitated by the railway conveniences already referred to, is very large, and its character is sufficiently varied to entitle Grimsby to special consideration as a centre of commercial activity. The townspeople are evidently fully alive to the advantages they possess in situation and in mercantile resources generally, and they have put forth the most praiseworthy effort to make this port a recognised entrepot for the trade of the large populative district to which it gives access. The result of these efforts, and the success that has crowned them, is manifest to everyone who visits Grimsby to-day, and notes the extent and importance of its commercial establishments, or views the bustle and activity prevailing on its busy quays and in the great warehouses adjacent thereto.

Among the industries carried on at Grimsby may be mentioned ship and boat building, iron and brass founding, brewing, tanning, and a variety of trades usually incidental to a flourishing seaport. The town has a stately old parish church, a free grammar school, and other notable institutions, besides a commodious town hall. Custom-house, corn exchange, &c. The local government is marked by commendable public spirit, and the corporation merits congratulation upon the outcome of its labours in all matters bearing upon the welfare of the town and its inhabitants. Our readers will make the acquaintance of some of the leading business concerns of Grimsby in the articles which here follow, and it is only necessary for us now to call attention to the scope and comprehensiveness of the operations in which those concerns are engaged. All the general trades of the town are in a flourishing condition, and they represent every branch of commerce whose resources are called upon to supply the daily needs of the people. The local merchants retain the support and confidence of their customers by their energetic business methods; and one has only to glance at the leading shops and warehouses to see how thoroughly “up to date” they are, and how closely their proprietors keep in touch with the great markets of the outer world, offering to their patrons a full range of choice in every class of new goods, from the chief sources of supply at home and abroad.

It is noteworthy that the art of photography is in an advanced state here, its interests being actively promoted by the Grimsby Photographic Society, whose club room, “dark room,” &c., are at 28, Victoria Street. R. C. Long, Esq., Oaklands, Laceby, is President of this Society. The Vice-Presidents are N. Barker, Esq., and W. B. Simpson, Esq.; and Mr. Flint, of Ainslie Road, is the Secretary. Great Grimsby is a Parliamentary borough, and returns one member to the House of Commons. We have alluded to its rapid growth in modern times, under the stimulus of the enlarged commerce created by its dock and railway conveniences. What that growth has amounted to is shown by the decennial Census returns, from which we learn that the population of the borough increased from 11,067 in 1861, to 20,244 in 1871; while the next decade brought the number of inhabitants up to no less than 40,010, and the Census of 1891 shows that the population at that date was 51,876. Such growth is exceptional, and may be accepted as a sign of commercial stability and progress, which augurs well for the future of this thriving port.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

MESSRS. FLETCHER BROTHERS & CO., MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS,
GRIMSBY

AN able and enterprising firm in this particular branch is that of Messrs. Fletcher Brothers & Co., whose business has been established in Grimsby since the year 1889. The partners are men of large experience, and the reputation they enjoy has been well earned by the superior character and efficacy of their specialities. Large and commodious premises are occupied, consisting of well-appointed offices in the entrance, with extensive works and stores at the rear. The manufacturing department is equipped with the latest and most unproved machinery and apparatus known to the trade. Neither expense nor trouble has been spared in providing the best and most efficient appliances of every description, and the firm are determined to maintain their position in the foremost ranks of manufacturers. A staff of skilled workmen is employed, and throughout the place an admirable system of order and organisation is in force. The leading specialities of the house are Pino-Phenol disinfectant, carbolic acid and powder, fluid sheep dip, arsenical powder dip, and “Lavo-type” for printers, and poisonous weed killer. These goods are well known in the trade, and are looked upon by the principal buyers and users as having no real superiors in uniformity, purity, and strength. The Pino-Phenol disinfectant enjoys a very large sale and is made in liquid and in powder. From the manufacturing facility possessed by the firm, the house is able to place its productions on the market at prices which cannot be surpassed elsewhere. A branch establishment conducted on the same lines as the headquarters is kept up at St. Albans, Hertfordshire, and from there the London and South of England trade generally is done. The home trade extends to all parts of the United Kingdom, several travellers being kept constantly on the road, while the foreign connection is controlled by agents in the chief commercial centres.

Messrs. Fletcher are the inventors and sole manufacturers of an improved sheep-dipping apparatus, which obtained the first and only prize at the Royal Agricultural Society's Show at Cambridge, June, 1894, in competition with the leading makers in the country. A few remarks on the working of this machine will not be out of place here. It is claimed that it is the nearest approach to the ideal that has ever been invented; it is light and portable, and easily moved over all kinds of roads; it is a perfect swim bath, and infinitely superior to the almost obsolete patterns to be seen — occasionally — with lever, cage, pulley, &c., which waste so much valuable time. It only requires a few men to work it, and from one thousand to one thousand five hundred sheep can be dipped in a day with much less waste of fluid than by any other. It has a perfect drainer, with new dirt screen, which prevents the dirt made by the sheep in the drainer from running into the bath and polluting the wash. The wheels, axles, and springs are loose, and can easily be taken off when the apparatus requires fixing for use, and quickly replaced on elevating one end of the bath by means of the shafts — the bath being the heaviest forms part of the cart; the drainer and other accessories fit inside, and the whole forms a complete and handy apparatus. The machine is constructed of the very best materials in the highest class workmanship, and we have every confidence in recommending it as one of the most perfect in every way ever introduced into the market. The firm occupy the distinguished position of being contractors to Her Majesty’s British and Foreign Governments, and they have also contracts to supply a great number of corporations and local boards in various parts of the country. The principals are young, energetic, and thoroughly capable gentlemen, well known in trade circles, and everywhere held in the highest estimation for their skill, strict commercial integrity, and personal worth.
Telegrams for the firm should be addressed: “Fletcher Brothers, Grimsby.”

MESSRS. WORMS, JOSSE & CO., COAL EXPORTERS,
GRIMSBY

THE most significant chapter in the economic history of Grimsby, regarded as a great coal-shipping port, is constituted by the records of the eminent firm of Messrs. Worms, Josse & Co. These records data back to 1855, when the late Mr. Henri Josse began his commercial operations in Grimsby, acting as agent for the great house of Hyppolite Worms the name of Worms having been, then and since, a tower of strength in Cardiff, Newcastle, Hull, Grimsby, and Goole. In 1870 Mr. Josse assumed his position as a member of the firm, whose style and title was then changed to its present designation. Messrs. Worms, Josse & Co. control a very extensive business as coal exporters and steamship owners. The coal which they ship is obtained direct from the South Yorkshire. West Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire coal-fields, and invariably represents the very best selected qualities. In this way the house has gained its high reputation all over the world. South Yorkshire best hard steam coal and double-screened nuts are supplied from the Wombwell, Mitchell, Main and Elescar pits. The firm are also the solo agents for the celebrated Mitchell Main best hard steam coal (the late Air. H. Josse being a proprietor of this pit) which is placed on the English and French navy lists, also for Derbyshire steam hards, a good cheap- fuel. The household coal in which the firm deal is supplied to merchants and private consumers in Grimsby and the surrounding districts. They also supply large quantities of bunker coal to the owners of steamers and steam trawlers, and they export very largely to coaling stations in the East, and particularly to Port Said, via the Suez Canal. The coal is brought from the various coal-fields in the firm’s own waggons and trucks. The firm are also extensive steamship owners, their vessels being chiefly employed as merchandise and also passenger boats, having their headquarters in Havre.

The career of Mr. Henri Josse was closely identified with the rise of Grimsby into its present position of industrial and commercial importance, and the high esteem in which he was held by all classes of the community manifested itself in 1892, when he was elected Member of Parliament for the borough. He resigned that position early in 1893, in consequence of the decease of one of his partners, and the severe illness of Monsieur Henri Goodchaux, and he himself died in July, 1893, at his residence in France. His invariable geniality and genuine philanthropy had unquestionably made him the most popular man in the district. Since his lamented decease we learn his young, energetic and able partner, Monsieur H. Goodchaux, came to the head of the firm of Worms, Josse & Co., Paris, and the great business which he created at Grimsby has been, in all its details, under the able control of Mr. J. Robinson, who has had a lengthened experience of the coal trade, and possesses a thorough technical knowledge of its requirements, combined with strong organising and administrative abilities. The headquarters of the firm in Grimsby comprise a suite of well-appointed general and private offices which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. The registered telegraphic address is: “Worms, Grimsby.”

A large staff of clerks and other assistants is employed, including several specialists engaged as foreign correspondents and otherwise. The following steamers are engaged running from Grimsby to Dieppe, and vice versa, every Wednesday and Saturday, viz., ‘Blanche,’ ‘Ernestine,’ ‘Georgette,’ ‘Hirondelle,’ six hundred tons burden, carrying general merchandise to and from all parts of England, France, Algiers, Alsace, Lorraine, Switzerland and Italy. The owners are Messrs. Leblanc Charlemaine et Cie., of Rouen. This firm was established in 1858, by the late Mr. Achille Grandchamp, who died four yean ago. Mr. James Robinson also represents this firm at Grimsby.

THE UNITED HARDWARE COMPANY, LIMITED (MANAGER: MR. SAMUEL ADAMS), BUILDERS’ AND FURNISHING IRONMONGERS,
116 & 118, CLEETHORPE ROAD, GRIMSBY

AS a result of the energetic and well-directed enterprise of the United Hardware Company, Limited, the resources of Grimsby are fully equal to the supply, under the best possible conditions, of every description of builders' and furnishing ironmongery. The admirably organised business which the Company conduct was founded in 187C, at 141, Cleethorpe Road, by Mr. Thomas Botterill, and was subsequently carried on by Messrs. Oakden & Sharpe, who formed the nucleus of the valuable connection which has since been materially extended by their successors. In 1892 the present Company was incorporated, under the Limited Liability Acts, for the purpose of further developing the rapidly growing business of Messrs. Oakden & Sharpe at 116 & 118, Cleethorpe Road, which had been specially designed and built to meet the particular requirements of the business. The ground floor is occupied as a sale shop and the first floor serves as a show-room. Both these fine apartments are handsomely appointed, and their elegant fittings, which are numerous and conveniently disposed, admit of the effective display of the varied stocks which are always held.

It is impossible, within the necessarily narrow limits of this notice, to convey an adequate idea of the enormous extent of the Company’s resources. It may, however, be mentioned that the stocks include general furnishing ironmongery, cutlery and electro plate, supplied by special arrangement with the leading firms in Sheffield; bedsteads, brass and black, and brass kerbs, fenders, fire-brasses, rests, coal vases in brass, wood and japanned ware, galvanized iron goods, kitchen utensils, lamps, chandeliers, and hall-lamps, mangles, wringers, &c., &c.; builders’ and cabinet ironmongery, joiners’ tools, kitchen ranges, tiled register stoves, mantel registers in all the latest designs, corrugated iron, zinc roofing, felt, nails of all descriptions, horticultural ironmongery, lawn-mowers by all the leading makers, garden-rollers and green-house boilers, and all necessary fittings, garden seats, &c., &c. In the splendid show-room, on the upper floor, is a most representative display of marble and enamelled slate chimney-pieces, tiled register stoves in all modern designs, tile and drawing-room hearths in many new and most attractive designs. There is a separate room for kitchen ranges, and the firm hold a specially large stock of these goods from the best makers — principally the Eagle, Yorkshire and Swinton. Since the United Hardware Company, Limited, took over the business, its record has been one of rapid and uninterrupted progress. A very active business is transacted, both in the wholesale and the retail departments, under the able control, as manager, of Mr. Samuel Adams, who possesses a thorough technical knowledge of the trade in all its branches. The premises include a well-appointed office, which is furnished with telephonic communication, and all the other requisites for the prompt despatch of business.
The telephone number is 41, and the registered telegraphic address is “United, Grimsby.”

MR. G. HICKSON, FIELD-GATE, HURDLE, AND LADDER MANUFACTURER,
WELLOWGATE WORKS, GREAT GRIMSBY.

A BUSINESS that has for forty years occupied a leading position among its competitors is one deserving of more than passing notice in these records of the principal industrial and commercial enterprises of Grimsby. Such a one is that of Mr. G. Hickson, of Wellowgate, the well-known and extensive field-gate, hurdle, and ladder manufacturer. The founder of this notable concern was a Mr. Chapman, who commenced operations in or about 1854, successfully conducting the business till 1886, at which date it was taken possession of by the present sole proprietor, Mr. Hickson, who brought to the control of his newly-acquired business a large amount of experience in this branch of skilled industry. The premises occupied are large and well adapted to the nature of the business carried on. They include offices and warehouses, extensive saw-mills fitted up with the latest circular and band saws, carpentering departments equipped with chopping machinery, turning lathes, and every desirable appliance; the whole of the machinery being driven by steam power, together with spacious yard and numerous sheds for drying timber.

Under very favourable conditions Mr. Hickson is carrying on a valuable business in every class of work that can be comprised within the domain of the agricultural carpenter. His leading and best-known specialities are field gates, trays, ladders, tumbrils, sheep troughs, net stakes, thatch pegs, stable yard doors, hunting gates, railed batting fences, sheep hurdles, and horse and cattle bins. The material used is of the best possible kind — redwood, red deal, oak, and pitch pine chiefly — and is always thoroughly seasoned before being made up. Some ten skilled operatives are employed, who follow out their business under the immediate control of the principal, and the best finished class of work can always be guaranteed. Added to these advantages, the fact that the business is being carried on in a town famous for importing timber, and the careful reader will perceive that every inducement can be offered here, not only in excellence of material and soundness and finish of work, but, also, in the matter of prices. A well-known speciality of the firm is Hickson’s Shepherd's House, and quite a comfortable and commodious lodgment for the sheep tender can be procured for eighteen pounds, mounted on wheels, with roof of corrugated iron, and fitted with rucks, cupboard, and stove. It is no wonder that it has been largely adopted in the great sheep-rearing districts. Estimates are given for every class of work in this line, and special quotations are made for delivery at any station. A valuable connection is maintained throughout Lincolnshire and the adjacent counties among landowners, estate agents, farmers, and others. Mr. Hickson is conducting his business with much energy and spirit, and is continually introducing improvements into the various articles he makes. He is well known and highly respected both in business circles and in private life.

J. CHAPMAN & CO., TIMBER MERCHANTS,
GREAT GRIMSBY

SINCE 1864, when Messrs. Joseph Chapman & Co. began their commercial operations, they have, in no small degree, assisted in establishing the reputation of Grimsby as one of the leading centres for the importation and wholesale distribution of timber, by the magnitude of their transactions. This well-known and respected firm originally had their headquarters in the Royal Dock Chambers, but in consequence of their increasing trade, purchased a freehold block of houses in Victoria Street, which they occupied as offices, and which property, together with, the large adjacent yard and drying sheds, for the storage of best quality deals, boards, &o., they still own. After a lapse of time, they were again compelled to remove to more commodious premises, which they did by leasing from the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway Company, the splendid suite of offices in Victoria Street, which they at present occupy. In this extensive business, Messrs. Chapman & Co. require and occupy no less than five yards of large dimensions, for the storage of their numerous stocks, which are situated in Victoria Street, Lock Hill, Royal Dock, Junction Dock, and Northside Alexandra Dock, in addition to four large ponds for the storage of floating log timber. In each of these depots are held carefully and well-selected stocks, which are systematically classified and arranged, all best quality goods being kept under cover. These are of the very best shipments of their various descriptions, and are imported by the firm chiefly from the White Sea, Sweden and Russia, comprising deals, battens, boards, flooring, round and square mining timber, pitch pine, memel and dantzic fir, stettin oak, lathwood, sleepers, &c.

The trade connection of Messrs. Chapman & Co. extends to all parts of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, the Potteries, Black Country, and the Midlands, amongst timber merchants, railway companies, waggon builders, contractors, builders, carpenters, cabinet makers, colliery proprietors, &c. The firm are also extensive importers of French gravel and Belgian granite, in which material they contract with municipal corporations, and the local road surveyors, and with contractors for concrete work. The wide commercial and social influence which Messrs. Chapman possess enables them also to render considerable services to the London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Company, as their Grimsby agents, together with a large amount of marine insurance business in connection with Lloyd's. The spacious private and general offices are handsomely furnished and appointed in every detail, for the prompt despatch of all business entrusted to their care, which is carried out by a numerous and efficient staff. Employment is also found for a large body of experienced workmen for the yarding, stocking, or loading on to rails or into sloops, of the goods as they are discharged from the steamers, for which special facilities are provided by the existing railway sidings and quays alongside the various yards, putting the firm in direct communication with all the leading inland centres of industry. Mr. Joseph Chapman, the principal of this large establishment, has, by his exceptional abilities and personal supervision, been enabled to bring his extensive and many-sided business to its present elevated standing amongst the loading timber importers of the country.

THE GREAT GRIMSBY POULTRY GRIT AND MEAL COMPANY,
ALBION STREET, GREAT GRIMSBY.

AN important addition was made in 1893 to the list of specialists industries which are conducted in Grimsby by the beginning of the notably successful operations of the Great Grimsby Poultry Grit and Meal Company. They then acquired the commodious premises which they now occupy in Albion Street, and which were formerly utilised as a sawmill. The buildings here afford ample space both for their industrial operations and their commercial business. To the rear are the works, which are equipped with all the requisites for facilitating the production of the specialities, and commodious store-rooms, in which are held large stocks of their several productions. The Company are very extensive manufacturers of high-class poultry food and of other specialities for the poultry-yard, which have evoked the unqualified approbation of many of the most eminent experts resident in different parts of the country. The “Perfect Meal,” which is produced by this firm is, it is claimed, the best and cheapest yet put on the market; they also produce a biscuit meal in three sizes, suitable for game, fowls and chickens. Their flint grit is given to fowls that the sharp granules may grind the corn, &c., in the gizzard, to enable thorough digestion and assimilation. The Company’s granulated clarified oyster shells are given to fowls, pigeons, &c., which are confined in runs, to supply the necessary materials for forming the egg shells, and strengthening the bone and feather, besides being a healthful tonic.

Their “Excelsior Fish Meal” — Grimsby being the most appropriate place in England from which such a speciality could emanate — is an excellent new invention, prepared solely from fish. It is most effective in keeping fowls strong and healthy in inclement weather. It is absolutely free from chemicals, drugs, or any other poisonous or heating ingredients conducive to disease. The firm also manufacture a first-class fish manure, which is extensively used by most of the leading gardeners and horticulturists in the country. George Harris, Esq., head gardener to his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Alnwick Castle gardens, writes: “I have applied this manure to vines and many kinds of plants with excellent effect;” and the firm hold similar testimonials from many well-known horticulturists. We are not surprised to learn that this manure has such a large and increasing sale when we are informed that it is sent carriage paid for £3 10s. per ton. The Company receive a large number of orders by post, and they are represented by numerous agents throughout the country. The notable success which, within a comparatively brief period, has been achieved by the Company is, doubtless, the result of the general recognition of the merits of their specialities, but it has unquestionably been largely aided by the energetic enterprise of Mr. W. Davison, the general manager.

MESSRS. NIGHTINGALE & DANBY, BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS, BUILDERS’ MERCHANTS, ETC.,
EXCELSIOR WORKS, 35, CONNAMORE ROAD, WEELSBY, GREAT GRIMSBY.

EVER since 1874, when Messrs. Nightingale & Danby began their extensive operations in Grimsby, they have taken a very large share in the most important building work which, in the interval, has been executed in North Lincolnshire and the adjoining districts. Both the members of the firm brought to their well-ordered enterprise a thorough technical knowledge of all branches of the building trades, so that they now control a very extensive trade connection, and have gained the unreserved confidence of a large circle of customers. At the entrance to Messrs. Nightingale & Danby's timber yard and works there is a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. The extensive works to the rear comprise a large saw-mill, equipped with circular and hand saws, planing and moulding machines, &c., representing the latest and best-approved practical applications of mechanical engineering science to the processes of wood working. The machinery is driven by a powerful steam-engine. In the joiner’s shop, too, the mechanical appliances are of the best modern type. The other buildings include masons' and timber sheds, &c. The firm, in their capacity as builders, have carried out many important contracts to the complete satisfaction of architects and all others interested. Amongst these may be particularised the building of the Ebenezer Chapel, Grimsby, the Grammar School at Old Clee, the Grammar School at Humberston, the Sessions House at Alford, &c.

Messrs. Nightingale & Danby also control a very extensive business as builders’ merchants, and always hold heavy and thoroughly comprehensive stocks of drain tubes, junctions, bends, and elbows; together with syphons, cesspools and covers, stench-traps; firebricks, clay, and logs; Roman, Portland, and Keen's cement; coarse and fine plaster; best cane hair; plaster, slate, and tile laths; lime, red quarry’s; all kinds of ridges; stable and blue bricks, &c. In the steam joinery works customers’ own designs are carefully executed in woodwork on the shortest possible notice. Sawn boards of every description are always kept in stock. Estimates are given for erections or alterations in all kinds of brickwork, stonework, slaters’ work, plastering, &o. Pattern books of all kinds of encaustic tile pavement and dadoes are submitted and estimates given free. Hearth and white glazed tiles are always kept in stock. All kinds of ground mortar are manufactured for the trade, and customers’ own materials are ground. Messrs. Nightingale & Danby are, likewise, extensive stone and marble masons, and estimates are given for all kinds of head stones and grave curbing — as well as for plumbing, glazing, gas-fitting, and painting. Both the partners are recognised experts in reference to sanitary and ventilating engineering. Messrs. Nightingale & Danby are both possessed of exceptional administrative abilities, and are thus enabled to supervise all the details of their extensive business. They regularly employ a staff of from forty to fifty skilled workmen, including several expert specialists as the heads of departments.

W. HOUGHTON & CO., LIMITED, GENERAL ENGINEERS AND MILL FURNISHERS, IRON AND BRASS FOUNDERS, DESIGNERS’ MANUFACTURERS AND ERECTORS OF COMPLETE FLOUR MILLS AND SAW-MILLS OF ANY CAPACITY.

SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION FREE. PLANS AT MODERATE COST.
HOLME STREET WORKS, GRIMSBY.

TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: “HOUGHTON GRIMSBY.”
NATIONAL TELEPHONE NO. 56.

G. SMITH & SON, LEATHER MERCHANTS, ETC., MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS OF CLOSED BOOT UPPERS, GRINDERY, SHOE MERCERY, ETC., OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,
143, FREEMAN STREET, GRIMSBY.

THE firm whose name appears at the head of this sketch was founded in 1873 by the present senior partner. This gentleman had had a long experience in the trade, and was early successful in laying the foundation of his undertaking on a broad and secure basis. In 1892 he was joined in partnership by his son, Mr. A. Smith, the firm then assuming its present title. During the sixteen years the business has been in existence, a well-merited reputation has been obtained, and the house is every year adding to the extent and value of its transactions. Large and conveniently situated premises are occupied, consisting of spacious shop, warehouse, and well-appointed suite of work-rooms. A numerous staff of workmen is employed, the whole of the uppers and boots and shoes turned out here being made by hand. Here is controlled one of the largest trades in the town as leather merchants and manufacturers and retailers of closed boot uppers, grindery and every kind of shoe mercery. An extensive stock is held also of boots and shoes for ladies, gentlemen, and children. These, when not made on the premises, have been obtained from the best sources of supply, and deserve every recommendation for their high excellence of material and their finished style of workmanship. A valuable amount of business is being done in the manufacture of closed boot uppers, and the work turned out by the firm is recognised as having no superior in the market. Extensive supplies are held of leather, which is obtained direct from some of the most reliable manufacturers in the kingdom, and is offered at prices which are sure to find favour with intending purchasers. Grindery and shoe mercery are kept on hand in every variety, and shoemakers can get a wide selection of everything they require at this enterprising and well-managed house. Messrs. G. Smith & Son are agents for Fleming, Birkby & Goodhall, Limited (Leather and other Beltings), and for Jones & Co. (Domestic and Boot-closing Machines). The business in its entirety is being admirably managed by the partners in person, who spare neither pains nor expense to keep their establishment at the head of similar local houses. The principals are well known in the trade, and are everywhere held in respect and esteem for their straightforward methods of doing business, their strict integrity, and their many high personal traits.

MR. CHARLES JEFFS, JONIOR, WHOLESALE HADDOCK AND HERRING CURER, FISH AND ICE MERCHANT,
FISH DOCK, GRIMSBY.

ONE of the most important of the staple trades of Grimsby is well represented by the old-established and popular house of Mr. Charles Jeffs, junior. The business was founded many years back by Mr. J. Cook, and developed by him with much energy and success. It was subsequently acquired by the father of the present proprietor, who continued at the head of, affairs till 1893, when he was succeeded by his son as above. During these years of commercial activity a first-class name has been secured, and a position of prominence and influence obtained among the leading establishments in Grimsby occupied in the same sphere of commercial activity. Large and conveniently situated premises are occupied in the Fish Dock, consisting of the three bottom floors of an extensive block of four-storey buildings. The place throughout has been well arranged and gives every indication that it has been laid out under the care of some one who has a thorough practical acquaintance with the requirements of the trade. The ground floor is fitted up as the curing department, the first floor is occupied by a well-appointed suite of offices, private and general, and the upper floor affords storage accommodation for an immense quantity of boxes for packing purposes, and which the exigencies of the trade compel to be kept in stock. There are also curing-houses and smoking-houses attached to the premise;, all thoroughly well fitted up with every requisite appliance for the successful control of this part of the business. As many as from fifty to sixty hands are kept constantly employed under the immediate supervision of the principal, and here is being conducted one of the largest and most valuable businesses of its kind in Grimsby.

Mr. Jeffs is in direct communication with the leading sources of supply for his fish, and never fails to have an abundant store of a first-rate article. His facilities are of an exceptionally valuable kind, and he is able to place his fish upon the market at the lowest quoted prices. Buyers trusting their orders to this responsible house can rely upon receiving the finest class of goods and every inducement in the way of close attention and favourable quotations. In the curing department the firm is chiefly occupied in the preparation of bloaters, kipper herrings, and the finest haddocks. These goods are well known in the trade, and held in high appreciation for their uniform quality and general excellence. The superior character of everything handled has obtained for the house a large and influential connection every part of the United Kingdom among wholesale fish merchants, and being based upon the only secure foundation its continued increase can be confidently predicted. Mr. Jeffs is an expert salesman and a thorough judge of everything piscatorial. In his dealings he is strictly fair and honourable, securing the confidence and respect of all with whom he comes into business connection. He is a popular man in the trade, and an active director of the East Coast Fishing Company of Grimsby.
Telegraphic address: “Curer, Grimsby.” Telephone No. 74.

JOSEPH SLEIGHT & SON, WHOLESALE FISH, OYSTER, AND ICE MERCHANTS,
FISH DOCKS, GRIMSBY.

THIS business, conducted by the well-known firm of Messrs. Joseph Sleight & Son, was founded in 1860 by Mr. Joseph Sleight, whose enlightened and well-directed enterprise created a valuable connection, which has since uninterruptedly progressed. The founder of the establishment was subsequently joined by his Son, Mr. Henry Sleight, who, in 1887, became the sole proprietor, retaining the familiar style and title of the firm. For thirty-four years, therefore, the family record has formed an important chapter in the history of modern Grimsby. Mr. Henry Sleight is naturally proud of the long-established reputation of the house, and successfully maintains all his best traditions, while, at the same time, by his prompt adoption of approved modern commercial methods he is constantly extending the sphere of the firm's operations, and Mr. Sleight, along with his brother, is the largest private owner of steam fishing vessels in the port of Grimsby. The headquarters of Messrs. Sleight & Son are on the Fish Dock, and comprise a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. The registered telegraphic address is “Sleightson, Grimsby.”

The firm have also, in their capacity as auctioneers, a smaller office, on the Fish Pontoon. The business which Messrs. Sleight & Son now control is one of the most important in the Grimsby fish trade. They send to all parts of the United Kingdom enormous supplies of every variety of fish, including shell-fish. They have, with notable success, made a speciality of Scotch salmon, and, in this department, they conduct one of the most extensive businesses in Grimsby. The firm judiciously adhere to the inflexible rule of supplying fishmongers only, and declining all private family trade. They employ a large staff of experienced hands in the despatch of goods. Messrs. Sleight & Son also supply fishmongers all over the country with pure Norwegian ice. The energetic enterprise of the firm is further illustrated by the fact that they manufacture on their own premises all the boxes which they use in packing the fish. Mr. Sleight is, personally, one of the beet-known and most popular men in the trade, and the firm enjoys the highest reputation for the undeviating integrity and the spirit of liberality which characterise all its transactions.

JOHN GRAY, BUILDER AND CONTRACTOR, PLANING, SAWING, AND MOULDING MILLS,
ALBION STREET, GRIMSBY.

SINCE 1878 the reputation of Grimsby, as a leading centre of the woodworking industry, has been, to a considerable extent, based upon the operations conducted in connection with the well-ordered business of which Mr. John Gray is now the proprietor. It was founded in 1876, under the style and title of Gray Brothers; the premises at that time being on the other side of the street. In 1889 this partnership was dissolved, and Mr. John Gray removed to the commodious quarters which he now occupies, and at the same time started business on his own account. The existing premises comprise a large two-storeyed building with a spacious frontage; the ground floor is occupied as the saw-mill. On the upper floor is a well-appointed office, and a very commodious joiner's shop. The industrial departments are fully equipped with all the requisite mechanical appliances of the most approved modern typo. The machinery is driven by a powerful “Otto” gas-engine. Mr. Gray has surrounded himself with all the facilities for the execution, under the most favourable conditions, of building contracts of all descriptions. He has, in the case of many important buildings, performed to the satisfaction of architects and all concerned, not only the necessary wood-work, but also the brickwork. He has, in this department of his business, engaged chiefly in connection with the erection of villas and the better class of dwellings, shops, and warehouses. He likewise controls a large business in all kinds of sawing and moulding for the trade; and he manufactures large quantises of doors, windows, skirtings, floorings, match boards, &c., the manufacture of dovetailed plaice-boxes being a speciality. Under Mr. Gray's control the business has very considerably developed, and its record continues to be one of rapid and uninterrupted progress — the result of his thorough technical knowledge and exceptional administrative abilities. We may here mention that he is the inventor and patentee of a machine for tongueing and grooving heads for flooring boards of which Messrs. W. B. Haigh & Co., Limited, Oldham, are the manufacturers. He employs a staff of skilled workmen varying in number from sixty to seventy, and including several expert foremen as heads of departments.

MESSRS. J. R. MACKRILL & SONS, FISH AND ICE MERCHANTS,
FISH DOCK, GRIMSBY.

WHILE reviewing the many centres of the fish trade in Grimsby, one is brought face to face with the details of what may well be termed a gigantic industry, and one may be excused the speculation as to the limits of the dealing and general traffic in fish in this port. The Fish Docks are thronged with people busy in furthering the interests of the fish industry in one or more of their many forms, and the extensive buildings are set out as offices occupied by wholesale merchants, fishing smack owners, who, to a certain extent, may be said to control the entire fish trade of the country. Amongst others in this connection are Messrs. J. R. Mackrill & Sons. Their extensive business was established by the present senior partner in 1867, and for nearly twenty years he successfully maintained the sole proprietorship. In 1886, however, he was joined by his two sons, Messrs. F. W. and J. H. Mackrill, and at that date the firm assumed its present title. The extensive premises are very favourably situated opposite the Pontoon, and they comprise offices and store-rooms on the first floor of a spacious block of buildings, where they carry on a very extensive business as fish, oyster, and ice merchants, and commission agents. They are also the owners of a new, finely equipped steam fishing trawler for in-shore fishing, and under their careful, able, and judicious management, a splendid business is in operation.

Messrs. Mackrill & Sons are constantly receiving large consignments of fish of various kinds from Holland, which they sell by auction on the Pontoon. The fish caught by their own steam trawler is also disposed of by auction in the usual way. The medium of supply are in fact almost unlimited, and all kinds of fish are supplied on the shortest notice and sent away in bulk to any part of the United Kingdom or the Continent. They also have large oyster beds at Cleethorpe, near Grimsby, where the luscious and unsuspecting bivalves are preparing for the market. The business is a very comprehensive one, and one which, besides commanding the constant and undivided attention of its proprietors, demands the employment of a large staff. Each department is thoroughly representative of its special branch of trade, and in their enterprising proprietorship Messrs. Mackrill & Sons spare no pains to uphold the gratifying reputation and the widespread connection which has always been theirs. The firm also act as agents for the Tyne Steam-fishing Company, Limited, whose boats land their fish principally at Grimsby. The senior partner, Mr. J. R. Mackrill, is Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Great Grimsby and North Sea Steam Trawling Company, Limited, in which capacity he has successfully officiated for some years.

W. C. SHARPE, ASSOC. SAN. INST., GAS, HOT-WATER, SANITARY, AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,
22 AND 24, STRAND STREET, GRIMSBY.

MR. Sharpe's admirably organised business dates back to 1882, when it was established, under the style and title of Oakden & Sharpe, at 116 and 118, Cleethorpe Road, as ironmongers, plumbers, and gas and hot-water engineers. In 1892 the firm disposed of the establishment to the Grimsby United Hardware Company. The industrial business which, with notable success, he has since conducted, was thon founded by Sir. W. C. Sharpe, who is an Associate of the Sanitary Institute, as well as an accomplished engineer in regard to more than one class of specialistic work. On the ground floor is a large workshop, whose equipment represents all the latest practical applications of mechanical engineering science to the saving of labour and the perfecting of results in the operations of art metal working. Thus the excellent working plant includes five forges, turning lathes, and drilling and punching machines, of the most approved modern typo, driven by a powerful steam engine. On the first floor is a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with telephonic communication and all the other requisites for the prompt despatch of business. The telephone number is 78, and the telegraphic address is: “Sharpe, Grimsby.” Here, also, are extensive plumbers' and gas-fitters’ stores, every requisite in connection with these crafts being held in stock, including baths, lavatories, telephones, closets, and general sanitary appliances, &c.

Mr. Sharpe controls a very extensive business as a gas, hot-water, and sanitary engineer, smith, art metal worker, plumber, glazier, gas-fitter, tin-worker, bell-hanger, &c. He has, with very notable success, devoted special attention to the art metal working department of his business, which includes the manufacture of iron gates, with the highest possible degree of mechanical skill, and in accordance with the most artistically beautiful designs - many of them being distinctly original. A fine example of Mr. Sharpe's productions in this direction is constituted by the pair of inner ornamental gates which he has recently erected for the Grimsby Cemetery and also Workhouse. Mr. Sharpe has also achieved a very wide and deservedly high reputation as a hot-water and sanitary engineer. His thorough professional training places him en rapport with, all the latest developments of hygienic science. Mr. Sharpe was entrusted with the installation of the sanitary and also the cooking apparatus at the Yarborough Hotel, and likewise the Royal Hotel, Grimsby — two of the leading hotels in Lincolnshire. He also executed all the ironwork in connection with the new workhouse at Grimsby at a cost of £2,000. He has, moreover, fitted up, with sanitary appliances and gas and heating apparatus, several of the largest mansions in the district, including Riby Hall, the residence of Captain Prettyman, and Scawby Grove, near Brigg, that of Mr. J. Cliff. He has, likewise, executed much important and admirable work in Grimsby in connection with the following buildings: the Baptist Chapel, the Corn Exchange, the Board Schools, the Cemetery Schools, the ‘Grimsby News’ Offices (three extensions), the Great Grimsby Ice Company's Manufactories, the Fisherlads' Home, the Coal, Salt, and Tanning Company's Stores and Manufactories, the Netting Factory for the Great Grimsby Ice Company, the Mission Church for the Rev. H. Hutchinson, the District Hospital, the Prince of Wales’ Theatre, the Clee Park Hotel, All Saints’ Church for the Rev. J. P. Benson, Field House for J. Sutcliffe, Esq., and many other important places, the work, in every instance, being executed to the complete satisfaction of architects and all others concerned.

Copper and tinsmiths' work of all descriptions are, under the best possible conditions, executed on the premises; while Mr. Sharpe is always prepared to execute contracts for gas-fitting, electric bell and telephone and light installations, &c., in public and private places. He has, too, had a wide and valuable experience in the making and fixing of lightning conductors and ventilating apparatus. Mr. Sharpe’s trade connections are remarkably widespread. While, for example, these lines are passing through the press, he is about despatching a quantity of sanitary goods to Iceland to fit up the houses of a leading resident. Mr. Sharpe is gifted not only with much commercial aptitude but with an exceptional faculty of organisation and administration, so that he is able personally to supervise all the details in the conduct of his very extensive and rapidly increasing business. The number of his staff varies in accordance with the extent of the contracts which he undertakes, but it permanently includes highly skilled craftsmen, the heads of departments being expert specialists.

MR. H. HOLMES, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BUTCHER,
197 AND 18, CLEETHORPES ROAD, GRIMSBY.

IN a noted cattle-breeding county we naturally look for some of the finest beef in the country in Grimsby, nor are we disappointed, for large butchers' shops noted for the nutritious nature of their supplies are to be seen in nearly every thoroughfare. Cleethorpes Road is a very popular shopping centre, and businesses that cater for the commissariat department of the household are many in number as they are high class in character. In its own particular line, the business of Mr. H. Holmes has for many years maintained a prominent position, and as a medium for the supply of fresh meat of all kinds its reputation is large and steadily increasing. It was established in 1870 at 197, Cleethorpes Road, where a flourishing and influential trade has been worked up. As an instance of the progressive character of the business we may mention that Mr. Holmes found it necessary some time ago to establish a branch business, and he secured the premises at 18, in the same thoroughfare, which has proved a great convenience for his patrons residing in that immediate district. For this branch business an experienced manager has been appointed, while Mr. Holmes devotes the bulk of his attention to the original premises. The shop has a good street frontage, and it is always bright and clean-looking, lending a very appetising appearance to the various joints. Mr. Holmes supplies none but English and Scotch beef and mutton, and knowing the grounds on which the sheep and cattle have been grazed, he is able to guarantee the high class quality of all meat sold. He has a fresh supply daily of beef and mutton, and veal and lamb in season, and his large connection has been built up entirely by supplying the primest joints. The family trade done is large, and in addition to this Mr. Holmes caters extensively for the shipping. He personally undertakes the general management of the business, and in so doing and striving to give satisfaction to all his patrons he has gained a reputation which even after a quarter of a century's trading may be regarded as exceptional.

FRED. HAGERUP & CO., STEAMSHIP OWNERS AND BROKERS, COAL CONTRACTORS AND EXPORTERS,
ROYAL DOCK CHAMBERS, GRIMSBY.

THE record of the business which is conducted by Messr. Fred. Hagerup & Co. forms a material factor in the business of Grimsby, especially with reference to the development of its position as the natural outlet for the steam and other fuel obtained from the South Yorkshire and Derbyshire coal-fields.

MR. T. CAMPBELL, WHELK MERCHANT, SHIP AND BOAT BUILDER, &c.,
EAST SIDE FISH DOCK, GRIMSBY.

THE extensive and admirably organised business which is conducted by Mr. T. Campbell constitutes, from more than one point of view, a factor of very great interest and importance in the economic records of Grimsby past and present. Mr. Campbell was the pioneer, in the port, of the classes of business in which he has achieved a notable success, a success which is all the more remarkable on account of the modest conditions under which he began his operations. His original premises were on the site of the present Dock Station, but as a consequence of the rapid development of the several branches of his business, he removed to his present premises, far more extensive headquarters, in 1859. These comprise a series of extensive buildings, some of them devoted to the processes of ship and boat building, others to the operations of block and mast making, together with a smith's shop, fitted with all the appliances for the execution of ship smith's work of every description. Over the mast and block-making shop is a commodious sail loft, in which large quantities of sail cloth are made up. There are also ample store-rooms, in which are hold large stocks of ropes, chains, anchors, and all kinds of ship's ironmongery, together with a well-equipped saw-pit, and paint and oil stores. There is, moreover, special accommodation for large stocks of the bait used in the catching of whelks, &c. The premises also include a well-appointed office. This great industrial establishment has a frontage of two hundred and fifty feet, and it extends to a considerable depth. The vast business which Mr. Campbell controls has, from small beginnings, reached dimensions of such magnitude that he is now the largest fishing-smack owner in Grimsby. To the holding of this proud position, Mr. Campbell owes the distinction of supplying to the market larger quantities of whelks and also of oysters them are provided by any one else in the world.

Mr. Campbell maintains this distinguished and, indeed, absolutely unique position, by owning no less than forty-two fishing-smacks. This immense fleet is divided into three sections which are devoted to the pursuit, respectively, of cod, of oysters, and of whelks. The names of the smacks and their several tonnage are as follows:— 1. Cod smacks — Ben Stark, 103; Mary Stark, 97; Maritana, 80; Tommy Campbell, 84; Polly Campbell, 77; Little Nelly, 74; Alfred and Henry, 61; Arcadian, 63; Alexandra, 103; Abstainer, 75; City of Norwich, 89. These smacks are engaged in deep sea fishing, and are fitted with tanks for bringing line cod into Grimsby. 2. Oyster smacks — George Heneage, 77; Walter and Oscar, 73; Florence Heneage, 71; Rowland, 75; James Campbell, 62; Little Oyster Girl, 60; Two Sisters, 55; Messenger, 57; Neddy Campbell, 59; Jimmy Campbell, 53; Freddy Campbell, 53; Crusader, 51; Surpass, 51; Challenger, 40; Lizzie Carter, 39; Edinburgh, 75; and Frank, 73. 3. Whelk smacks — Mary Leek, 41: Smelt, 41; Moss Rose, 43; Blossom, 42; Marion Frances, 39; Abbey Villa, 39; Hermit, 38; Fred Carter, 36; George and Ellen, 34; My Pretty Love, 34; Red Nell, 34; Thomas Campbell, 28; Spitfire, 36; Myrtle, 24; and Temperance, 41.

The produce of the fishing of all these smacks is sold in the manner which prevails in Grimsby, by auction on the Pontoon, the business being conducted by fish salesmen, and the goods disposed of to wholesale fish merchants and exporters. It should be added in regard to Mr. Campbell’s ship and boat-building operations that he confines them to the construction of vessels for use in his own service. The smacks in Mr. Campbell’s fleet are all well manned and well found, and each is under the control of an experienced skipper. About two hundred and fifty hands are regularly employed on the smacks, and about fifty in the different departments of the works. the conduct of this vast business, in all its details, is under the personal supervision of the principal, whose remarkable vigour is unabated, notwithstanding his venerable age. Mr. Campbell is one of the best known and most popular residents in Grimsby, of whose prosperity he is justly regarded as one of the principal authors. He is possessed of exceptionally well-developed organising and administrative ability, and he is thus able, notwithstanding the large amount of his attention which is monopolised by his extensive business, to devote much of his valuable time and energies to matters of public interest. For twenty years he was an active member of the Grimsby Town Council, and he resigned only on account of the rapid increase in the volume of his own business.

HERBERT COLTON, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
57, VICTORIA STREET, GRIMSBY.

THE wholesale and retail distribution of excisable liquors finds an able representative at the important borough of Grimsby in the person of Mr. Herbert Colton, an historic epitome of whose prosperous business furnishes the theme of the present brief review. This undertaking was organised as far back as the year 1812 at Caister by the late Mr. Dixon Bell, with whom the late Mr. Charles Colton served an apprenticeship to the trade and remained a number of years, after which he became sole manager through the old age and infirmity of his employer. In 1860 he succeeded to the business of which he held control until his death, which occurred in November, 1891. Previous to this, however, Mr. C. Colton had opened an establishment in the Old Market Place in conjunction with Mr. C. A. Guy, of which he was the senior partner, but on his death there being no agreement, Mr. Guy claimed all rights appertaining to the business of Colton & Guy. On this Mr. Herbert Colton and his brother, both of whom having acquired a perfect knowledge of all the details of the trade, the blending department having received their special attention, succeeded to the property and valuable stock of old vintage wines which their father had gradually got together, including the vintages of 1847, 1854, 1868, 1S70, 1875, 1880, 1884, and 1887. Supplementing these with carefully made selections of wines and spirits of all the most noted growths, and from the first distillers and brewers of the day, and having gained this thorough knowledge of all the branches of the trade, and feeling himself quite competent of governing so large a firm, and also having been two years with a large manufacturing firm where he got a good insight in general routine, was taught punctuality and the law of obedience and thorough commercial training, which is so highly necessary before one can take command, Mr. Herbert Colton launched out in his new undertaking, which is now a vastly growing business, not only in the family trade but also in the wholesale trade as well. He is contractor for Her Majesty’s forces at the present time, and has had the pleasure of being several times the successful tenderer for these contracts. Besides this he has the pleasure to-day of catering for dukes and lords, together with his high class family trade right down to the humble ’Arriet, who loves her glass of port ’ot “because it does her good.”

His wines are the most carefully selected, and the causes of their popularity are not far to seek. They contain, or as the doctors would say, they “exhibit," a fair amount of alcohol in an extremely palatable and digestible form; they stimulate safely and quickly, while at the same time they sustain and comfort the vital powers, which for the nonce they raise to a state of exaltation; they are powerfully impregnated with phosphates, they are subtly charged in nature's own laboratory with tannic and tartaric acids, they cleanse while they enrich the blood, keep the mucous lining of the vast digestive apparatus in its highest state of efficiency, and provide the material necessary to withstand the ravages of time. Mr. Colton is the sole agent in Grimsby for the famous B.O.S. whiskey, and does an extensive trade in the “Encore,” Uam Var, and Glenlivet whiskeys. Bat his great speciality in whiskey is Old Mountain Dew, a blend of his own. It is a genuine old Highland whiskey, thoroughly matured in sherry casks under his own supervision and that of H.M. Customs, and possesses fineness of flavour, softness to the palate, and delicate aroma. This whiskey will be found superior to many French brandies, especially for medicinal purposes, being thoroughly freed from fusil oil and other poisonous compounds. He is also the sole-appointed agent for the county for Messrs. A. Le Forrestier & Fils, Epernay, whose champagne he makes a speciality of importing a considerable quantity weekly. There is also a large and increasing trade done in ales, beers, and stouts — large stocks from the breweries of Bass & Co., Allsopp & Co., the Burton brewers; together with those of Messrs. Warwick & Richardson, Newark; and John Smith & Co., Tadcaster. The cigar trade, too, is not overlooked, he being a large importer and bonder of all the leading brands, including Hae Cabanas, Y. Carbajal, Partagas, Larranagas, Bock, and Villar Y. Villar, and many others. His bond is situated on the Royal Dock, Grimsby, where most of the blending is carried on, his stock consisting only of the finest Highland whiskey distilled from the finest malt, good water, and good peats. Altogether Mr. Colton is to be congratulated upon the excellence of the goods he provides for an ever increasing clientele.

ROBERT COOK, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMIST,
28 AND 29, MARKET PLACE, GRIMSBY.

THIS is one of the oldest, if not actually the oldest, pharmaceutical establishments in Grimsby, the date of its origin going back as far as the year 1801. The founder was a Mr. Bennett, who successfully conducted the business for a number of years, and was followed by Mr. George Skelton, whose term of proprietorship continued until 1854. At this latter date the father of the present proprietor came into possession, and remained at the head of affairs until 1877, when he was succeeded by his son, the present possessor. Mr. Robert Cook has graduated in every department of the profession, and has had an experience of a varied and high-class character. He has fully maintained the prestige and standing of the house, and by his acknowledged skill and unfailing courtesy has largely added to the extent and worth of the clientele. The premises occupied are admirably situated close to the railway station and the markets. They comprise a handsome and commodious double-fronted shop, with large plate-glass windows. The interior is large in its spaciousness, and complete in its appointments, everything in the shape of showcases for counters and wall, spiral stands in various parts of the shop, and other conveniences for the accommodation and display of the goods having been liberally supplied, while, on the other hand, nothing has been omitted that would conduce to the comfort and convenience of visitors. The stocks are large and comprehensive, being worthy, both in quality and extent, of the long standing and high reputation of the house.

Mr. Cook exercises much judgment, joined to the greatest care, in selecting his goods. All his articles are obtained from the most reliable sources of supply. Only the purest and most genuine drugs and chemicals are handled, and every precaution is taken to keep them in the best possible condition so as to retain the whole of their virtues. The dispensing department is made a leading feature. Physicians' prescriptions and family recipes are compounded with absolute accuracy by the principal or duly qualified assistants. The greatest satisfaction is being given in this department, and many of the leading families in Grimsby and the district are numbered among Mr. Cook’s patrons. The supplies held include all the therapeutic preparations known to modern pharmacy, nursery and toilet requisites of the best make, fancy soaps in great variety, perfumes, the best-known patent and proprietary medicines, English and foreign mineral waters, surgical appliances, and every description of druggists’ sundries. The connection enjoyed by this old-established house extends over a wide area, and is of a valuable and influential character. Mr. Cook is widely known and highly respected for the conspicuous ability he has shown in his business, his thorough reliability and strict personal integrity. He is a prominent personage in the public life of the town, and is a director of the Grimsby Gas Company.
Telephone No. 31.

MESSRS. FROST & CO., BUILDERS’ MERCHANTS,
115 AND-A-HALF, VICTORIA STREET, GRIMSBY.

THERE are very many branches of trade which are undoubtedly conducted on more lasting principles than those which obtained during more remote periods; but this cannot be claimed for the building industry, for the very oldest remembrances we have of the earlier periods of the world’s history are provided by buildings and samples of masonry which even we, in our most advanced state of industrial and commercial development, cannot hope to excel. The materials with which buildings are erected are, however, of the greatest importance, and their supply constitutes a branch of commercial activity of much importance in every town. In Grimsby the trade is in very capable hands, and among its many exponents Messrs. Frost & Co. have quickly gained a prominent position. The business was established in 1892, with Mr. G. W. Frost as manager. This gentleman was previously with H. C. Scaping, Esq., architect, and his extended connections with architects and the better class of builders have enabled him to work up a capital business as a merchant in building materials generally. The premises are extensive, and comprise good office at the entrance, 115 and-a-half, Victoria Street, and large stores at the rear. The business is of a very comprehensive character, and includes an extensive dealing in Portland cement, plaster, drainpipes, chimney-pots, fire-bricks, fire-clay, sinks, cesspools, waugers, Staffordshire pavors, Ac., and for the supply of all these goods Messrs. Frost & Co. depend entirely upon manufacturers and wholesale houses of repute, and the whole stock is selected with a keen knowledge of the requirements of the building trade. If a speciality may be said to exist where much close attention is paid to every branch of the trade it is certainly with regard to sanitary ware. In this particular the stock is one of the largest in Grimsby, and the various articles, comprising closet-pans and traps, drainage requisites, ventilating apparatus, &c., are all according to the latest decrees of applied science in these matters and a practical conception of advanced and improved sanitary matters. Aa manager of the firm, Mr. Frost spares no effort to uphold a high standard of excellence in all goods, and by this means he has gained a very extensive and influential connection. He personally; attends to the requirements of all patrons of the firm, and all orders are executed promptly and in the best possible manner. The members of the firm are well known locally and in general trade circles and are esteemed as the enterprising proprietors of one of the chief businesses of its kind in Grimsby.

MR. SYDNEY H. CHAMBERS, GROCER AND PROVISION MERCHANT, GENERAL SHIPPING AND PRODUCE DEALER, WINE, SPIRIT, AND BEER MERCHANT,
262, CLEETHORPE ROAD, AND HUMBER STREET, GREAT GRIMSBY.

THIS noteworthy business was founded in 1874 by Mr. Allcock, who was in 1892 succeeded by the present proprietor. On the accession of Mr. Chambers new life was infused into the concern, and what up to then had been an ordinary grocery business was rapidly developed into the leading and most influential establishment of its kind in the town. The establishment consists of a two-storey block of buildings, with large four-storey new warehouse attached to back, occupying a prominent and corner position, and with its extensive and tastefully arranged window display constitutes one of the principal attractions in this quarter. The interior is large in its spaciousness, nothing being wanting that would tend to the expeditious attraction of the business or add to the comfort and convenience of visitors. There is ample storage accommodation attached to the premises. The stocks held are exceptionally large, and in their selection evidence a thorough knowledge of the requirements of the trade.

Tea is made a leading feature here, and much enterprise is manifest in procuring some of the finest consignments. The blending is done on the premises by special machinery and under the supervision of the principal himself, and the result is that a mixture is obtained second to none in the country. The teas used are specially selected to suit the water in the district, and the success achieved is shown in the immense demand for this article — particularly for the family blend, known as “Chambers' Indian,” at 1s. 10d. per pound, the equal of which in strength, pungency, and aroma cannot be obtained elsewhere for anything like the amount. Samples of this famous tea are supplied on application. Particular attention is bestowed upon the preparation of coffee. All the coffees emanating from this establishment are roasted in one pound patent cylinders, by which process they retain their natural flavour and delicate aroma in a marked degree. Among the many other articles, of which the house keeps a large and first-class supply, the following may be specified:— cocoa, dried fruits of all descriptions, spices and preserves, jams and jellies, sauces and curries, Italian goods, &c., while the provision department is replete with a superior assortment of hams, rolled and plain, finest Wiltshire and other bacons, English and foreign butter, cheese in large variety, and English, Irish, American, and Colonial produce generally. Proprietary articles of every description in connection with the grocery trade are to be had here at “store prices,” and there is also an extensive selection of patent medicines and toilet requisites.

Mr. Chambers’ predecessor was the first appointed agent in this district for the well-known firm of Messrs. W. & A. Gilbey, the extensive wine and spirit merchants, and a large and comprehensive stock of their high-class goods is always kept on hand. Mr. Chambers is also agent for several famous brewing firms, notably for Messrs. Whitbread & Co., Limited, whose popular ales and stouts are supplied in bottles, and for the Tadcaster Brewery, whose beverages are sent out in casks. Prices in every case are of the lowest possible kind, the motto of the house being “superior goods at moderate prices.” A valuable family trade is in operation, extending throughout Grimsby and for a circle of many miles round; travellers call at frequent intervals on the surrounding towns and villages, and all orders are delivered by own vans two days afterwards. A large shipping trade is also controlled, this department being carried on separately from the general trade and at special terms. A force of ten assistants is employed, and all orders receive prompt and most satisfactory attention. Mr. Chambers occupies a position of no inconsiderable prominence in the trading circles of the district, and is widely known and everywhere respected for his business ability, his unfailing courtesy, shown alike to all patrons, and his perfect reliability.

ROBERT COOK, PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMIST, AND MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURER
OLD MARKET PLACE, GRIMSBY.

THE manufacture of mineral waters on advanced scientific principles finds able representation at the hands of Mr. Cook, who, five years ago, opened his fine factory at the Old Market Place in the busy borough of Grimsby. Occupying a large area of ground in a conspicuous part of the Market Place, the works comprise a series of ground-floor buildings, elaborately equipped with a magnificent plant of Messrs. Dan Ryland’s (of Barnsley) best and most improved machinery and appliances, driven both by steam power and an “Otto” gas engine, and calling into active requisition the services of a staff of twelve experienced hands under an expert foreman, the entire business coming under the direct personal supervision of the principal, who is a fully qualified pharmacist, the result being that for purity and strength their mineral, aerated, and medical waters stand practically unsurpassed. The firm operate on an extensive scale in the production of soda, potass, lithia, seltzer, and lime waters; lemonade made from the fresh fruit, hop ale, herb, ginger beer, orange lemon, and ginger champagnes, and make specialities of stone ginger beer, and of aerated waters in silver-plated syphons; supplying both private families and shops and hotels on specially advantageous terms; his carts delivering several times daily throughout the town and countryside. From what has been noted, it will be readily gathered that Mr. Cook’s resources and facilities are of an exceptionally superior character, enabling him to execute all orders, however large or urgent they may be, in a prompt and satisfactory manner, and his house stands high in the estimation of a very large, valuable and widespread connection by reason of the sound methods and honourable principles which characterise his business transactions.

MESSRS. C. A. GUY & CO., WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS.
OFFICES: OLD MARKET PLACE; BONDED STORES: NO. 1, ROYAL DOCK, GRIMSBY;
CLEETHORPE’S AGENCY: 32, SEA VIEW STREET.

CONNOISSEURS in wines and spirits residing in the Grimsby district are fortunate in having in their midst an establishment where technical knowledge, cultured taste, and a liberal and judicious investment of capital are all devoted to the gratification of their wants with a success which is not excelled even in the West End of London. That establishment is controlled by Messrs. C. A. Guy & Co. Their admirably organised business was established in 1879 under the style and title of Messrs. Colton & Guy. On the demise of Mr. Colton, which occurred in 1890, his entire interest in the business was acquired by the surviving member of the firm, Mr. C. A. Guy, to whose energetic enterprise as sole proprietor the later and notably successful developments of the affairs of the house are due. The firm's commercial headquarters are centrally situated near the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway station, the market, and the banks. They comprise a commodious, double-fronted suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. Adjoining is a conveniently fitted sample-room, while to the rear, and in the ample cellarage, is ample storage room for stocks. Large stocks, however, of rare wines and spirits, which are always held by the firm, are kept in their oommodioua bonded stores, which are situated at No. 1, Royal Docks.

It is impossible, within the necessarily brief limits of this notice, to convey an adequate idea of the resources of Messrs. C. A. Guy & Co.’s stocks. Some notion of their extent and value may be obtained from a study of the handsome little volume entitled, “Some Remarks on Wine, &c.,” which is issued by the firm. In the introduction to the descriptive pricelist which is therein contained, it is appropriately remarked that “the purchaser should assure himself that his source of supply is above suspicion; he should be able to trust his wine merchant as implicitly as he would his lawyer or his doctor. The wine business must always be one of confidenoe, and it is a great satisfaction to everyone who uses either wines or spirits to know that he has not been deceived, to be absolutely certain that he has been supplied with that which he desired, and which he has paid for; and also that if he selects for himself and afterwards finds that he has not chosen the wine he likes, there will be no difficulty whatever in the way of exchanging and repairing the mistake.” It is by absolutely realising the conditions thus indicated that Messrs. C. A. Guy & Co. have gained the unreserved confidence of a large circle of customers, many of whom are most fastidious as to their choice of beverages. Their stocks, whose character, as is remarked by that eminent analyst, Mr. Granville H. Sharpe, F.C.S., shows that the utmost care has been exercised in their selection, keeping, and bottling, include rare old port of the choicest vintages, including examples of 1847, 1858, 1863, 1868, 1875, 1876, and 1887. Of these splendid wines the firm have successfully made a speciality. Their selection of Spanish, French, and German wines are equally remarkable for excellence.

In the department of spirits they have earned a special and widespread reputation for their own blend of Scotch whiskey—fine old “Mountain Dew,” under their own registered label, guaranteed seven years old, having been bonded in their own stores at Royal Docks, under their personal supervision. This whiskey, which is not procurable elsewhere, is regarded by many experts as the finest in the market. In the basement of their Old Market Place premises the firm have extensive bottling stores, which are largely used in connection with their large trade in malt liquors. They are, too, specially appointed agents for the supply, in casks, of Guinness, Sons &c Co.'s extra double stout, and of Bass &c Co.’s and Allsopp & Son’s burton, as well as Warwick’s &c Richardson’s Newark ales. In bottled form, the firm supply large quantities of these beverages, while they are agents in Grimsby and the surrounding district for the celebrated St. Pauli Pilsener beers. They hold, moreover, a large stock of cigars of the leading brands, which are always kept in excellent condition for immediate smoking; also cigarettes of the finest Turkish and Egyptian tobaccos. Messrs. C. A. Guy & Co. control a very; high-class trade connection, which is both wholesale and retail, and which includes many of the leading hotels, as well as a large number of the most distinguished and influential private families in the district. Much of the notable success which Mr. Guy has achieved is due to the close personal touch which he keeps with his customers, constantly making, as he does, commercial tours, assisted by a competent travelling staff, for that purpose. He is gifted with exceptionally well-developed organising and administrative abilities which enable him to supervise all the details in the conduct of his business. At headquarters he employs a highly experienced manager, and a most efficient staff of assistants.

W. WALLER & CO., PIANOFORTE DEALERS AND MUSIC SELLERS,
242 AND 221, FREEMAN STREET, GRIMSBY.

A WELL-KNOWN business in Grimsby is that of Messrs. W. Waller & Co., of 242, Freeman Street. Mr. Waller commenced business in 1890, and having an intimate knowledge of everything that concerned his vocation, has succeeded in getting together a first-class connection which, under his continued and well-directed efforts, is steadily increasing. He occupies spacious double-fronted premises capitally situated in a prominent corner position at the junction of Clyde Street and Freeman Street. The interior is handsomely fitted up with every requisite and convenience for the accommodation and display of the large stock of instruments the house always keeps on hand. For the better control of the fast increasing trade, a branch establishment was opened in 1893 at 221, Freeman Street, which is mainly devoted to the exhibition and sale of pianos and organs. It is evident on the most casual inspection of the stock that great care and a well-matured judgment have been exercised in their selection. In compass, tone, touch, soundness of material, and elegance of appearance it would be a fruitless task to endeavour to find their superiors in the Eastern Counties. There are on view in the two establishments over which Mr. Waller presides one of the largest and most complete assortments of pianofortes. Included are the latest and most improved instruments manufactured by such world-renowned firms as Broadwood; Hopkinson, Squire & Longson, makers of the celebrated “Cremona” pianoforte, and others. Every instrument is fully tested before being sent out, and can be guaranteed in every respect. Harmoniums and American organs are represented by the productions of Bell, Smith, and other no less celebrated makers. the general musical instruments include guitars, banjos, flutes, piccolos, violins, violas, English concertinas, and mandolines. There is also an extensive collection of loose and bound music of various kinds, comprising oratorios, operas, instruction books, and all the latest and most popular songs and dance music. Marked enterprise is visible in the management of every department, and it is manifest that Mr. Waller is untiring in his efforts to keep his establishment in the forefront of similar houses, and his establishment is fully recognised as the leading one of its kind — an emporium where the most desirable instruments can be obtained at the most favourable prices and conditions. The proprietor is regarded as a thoroughly honourable business man, whose success has been won by ability and enterprise coupled with unfailing courtesy and absolute reliability.

MESSRS. C. WHITE & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL GROCERS AND PROVISION MERCHANTS,
CRESCENT STREET, GRIMSBY.

A MOST important addition was made, in 1880, to the grocery and provision supplying resources of Grimsby by the commencement of the operations of Mr. C. White, who, under the style of C. White & Co., has since very largely supplied, directly or indirectly, the commissariat requirements of the district. His very commodious premises are situated in Crescent Street — in the centre of a rapidly growing district. The exterior of Mr. White’s establishment has an attractive appearance. The ample show windows and the spacious interior is handsomely appointed, the ceilings and walls being of pitch pine. It stretches a long way to the rear, and is thus commodious enough, with the aid of numerous and conveniently disposed fittings, to admit of the effective display and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of fie varied stocks which are always held. Adjoining the sale-shop and at the rear is ample warehouse accommodation for the great surplus stocks which are always held in reserve. Mr. White has made a speciality of the supply of teas, being himself an expert taster and blender, and having direct relations with some of the most eminent firms in Mincing Lane. The fine blends of Indian, China, and Ceylon teas, which Mr. White supplies for use in Grimsby, are prepared in accordance with the special chemical properties of the local water supply; and the infusion thus obtained is, therefore, particularly economical. The coffees are the finest imported, and are always supplied freshly roasted. The stocks also include cocou, dried fruits, and all descriptions of table delicacies, such as might be looked for in an Italian warehouse of the highest class, together with grocery goods of every kind. The grocery department is on the left-hand side of the entrance, while on the right-hand side is the provision department. It is replete with hams, bacon, cheese, butter from the most celebrated dairies, with English, Irish, American, and continental produce of all descriptions, many of these goods being stored on the upper floor.

Upwards of ten years ago, Mr. White made an important new departure in the conduct of his business by commencing the manufacture of the commodity which has already gained a high reputation as “White & Co.'s Baking Powder," and is considered by many experts the best of its class on the market. The manufactory is on the premises, and is equipped with all the requisites for facilitating the production of the powder. Here, too, are packing-rooms, in which the baking powder is put up in 1s., 6d., and 3d. tins, and in 2d. and 1d. packets, with very attractive labels. The baking powder is made exclusively from the purest ingredients, and is warranted free from alum, and has long been highly appreciated by leading cooks and confectioners in the production of high-class bread and light pastry. It has hitherto been disposed of, for the most part, locally, amongst grocers and other shopkeepers; but, whilst these lines are passing through the press, Mr. White is making arrangements for the introduction of this successful speciality into all parts of the United Kingdom, by the employment of an efficient staff of travelling representatives. At the Lincolnshire Agricultural Show held in July at Grimsby, Messrs. White had a very interesting exhibit for their baking powder, and a large quantity of wholesale orders were received. He controls a very extensive wholesale trade; and also, in the retail department of his business, supplies many influential families resident in the district. He is possessed of strong administrative abilities, and personally supervises all the detail* of his prosperous business.

MR. J. W. JOHNSON. HAY, STRAW, CORN, FRUIT, AND POTATO MERCHANT AND WAGGONETTE PROPRIETOR,
RIVER HEAD, GRIMSBY.

A VERY popular business in Grimsby is that of Mr. J. W. Johnson. It was established in 1891, and although barely three years old it has laid the foundation of what promises to be a very large concern. Indeed, in this limited time it has developed to a representative business, and has the command of a widespread trade. Mr. Johnson is personally known to a large number of producers of the different goods in which he deals, and is thereby enabled to make his purchases judiciously in the best markets. Again, he is endowed with a large amount of general administrative ability, and has introduced a fund of commendable energy and enterprise in the management of his affairs. The premises are situated at River Head, close to River Head Wharf, the receiving of consignments of goods by water being, therefore, easily and expeditiously effected. The building is substantially built in three storeys. The first floor is devoted to the fruit and potato department, and here are always held large and admirably selected stocks of goods. Mr. Johnson is a direct importer of fruit, and there are at all times many cases of oranges, lemons, grapes, nuts, and other kinds of fruit of foreign growth, besides apples, plums, pears, and all kinds of home productions in season. Many hundreds of tons of potatoes are sent away to customers during the year, and no matter how the season may be as regards yield, Mr. Johnson has practically unlimited sources of supply, and is thereby enabled to execute all orders promptly. Mr. Johnson has a very large connection amongst farmers for many miles round, and consequently his facilities for purchase are practically inexhaustible, and he is thus in a position to sell large quantities of produce to dealers and others in all parts of the country, and this is a trade to which he is now devoting a considerable portion of his time and energies. The upper floor is used for storage purposes, relating to hay, straw, com, beans, &c. In this department is also a grinding mill and chopping machine for mixing, grinding, and chopping the various materials which are converted into feeding stuffs. These machines are driven by a powerful Tangye gas-engine. The various feeding stuffs produced here are admirable in their different capacities for horses, cattle, pigs, and poultry, and they are made in large quantities. The depression which has distinguished our home production of hay and straw during the past few years is notorious, and prices have ranged very high. This has necessitated the very extensive use of that grown on the Continent and different foreign countries, of which we have imported very large quantities. In a totally different sphere Mr. Johnson has also gained a wide connection.

He is a waggonette proprietor, and has at hand excellent facilities for catering for pleasure parties. He has three large and very comfortable waggonettes and one-horse vehicles, which are always at the disposal of pleasure seekers, school and picnic parties, &c. A good number of well-fed and well-groomed horses is kept, and a staff of very steady drivers is employed. During the summer and autumn months this department is very largely patronised. The charges are reasonable, and Mr. Johnson does all in his power to ensure the enjoyable termination of all excursions. The connection gained in each branch of the business is very large, the reputation of the house extending in an influential manner throughout the country.

J. E. RUSHWORTH, FISH SALESMAN, COMMISSION AGENT, STEAM FISHING VESSELS AGENT, &c.,
FISH DOCKS, GRIMSBY.

THE fishing industry provides occupation for some thousands of hands in its different branches, and so wide is the reputation of the town as a fishing centre that it may be said to supply the markets in all parts of the country. A well-known figure in the Pontoon, where many tons of fish are every day transferred “under the hammer” to merchants representing the wholesale trade, is that of Mr. J. E. Rushworth. Founded in 1869, a quarter of a century ago, by Mr. F. Rushworth, the father of the present proprietor, who long held a foremost position as a fish salesman, and stood high in reputation among others of his class in the town. In 1892 he practically retired from the business as salesman, leaving it in the hands of his son, J. E. Rushworth. The premises are centrally and conveniently situated on the Fish Dock, comprising well-appointed ground-floor office and stores. The latter department is used for all kinds of ships’ stores which are kept for the purpose of supplying Mr. Rushworth’s own fishing smack. This large, well-formed, and thoroughly-equipped boat is used for deep-sea fishing, and the fish caught by its means are brought to the Pontoon and disposed of by auction. Mr. Rushworth does not, however, confine his attention to selling his own fish. He executes commissions for smack owners of all grades, and the expeditious manner in which he disposes of the larger catches combined with the good prices which he is noted for obtaining has gained for him a large and influential connection. He always has the interests of his clients at heart and exerts himself to the utmost to dispose of all fish entrusted to him to the best advantage. An efficient staff of clerks, salesmen, and porters is employed, who, working under the constant personal supervision of the proprietor, perform their respective tasks in a prompt and expeditious manner. Mr. Rushworth is one of the originators of a new company (the Oleum Fishing Company of Grimsby), started to introduce fishing boats built on a special type and fitted with engines which are worked by petroleum oil, a great saving both of fuel and room being thus secured. Mr. Rushworth is also a steam fishing vessel agent, and in this connection also he operates extensively, giving all matters his careful attention. We may here mention that Mr. F. Rushworth was the one who introduced line cod and halibut fishing amongst the Grimsby smack owners.

CHARLES DEWING, DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST,
OLD MARKET PLACE, GRIMSBY.

PRE-EMINENTLY entitled to mention in these reviews is the firm of Charles Dewing, whose high-class establishment in Old Market Place is so widely and deservedly popular. The business was originated in 1856 by Mr. Lundie; on his demise it wan continued for some time by his widow under capable management. The firm has undergone several changes in proprietorship, having been purchased from Mr. Lundie’s widow by Mr. Eminson, and subsequently by Mr. Enoch, until the year 1891 when it passed into the hands of the present enterprising proprietor, who still continues to develop it with marked success and energy. The premises comprise a well-appointed pharmacy with all the attendant manufacturing and storing arrangements and conveniences in thorough keeping with the high-class character of the establishment. The stock contains a very large and varied assortment of the choicest perfumery and toilet requisites, and an immense variety of both English and foreign proprietary articles and medicinal preparations. A special feature of the business is the dispensing department, none but the purest quality of drugs being used in preparing prescriptions, and perfect accuracy is guaranteed by the aid of skilled and experienced assistants. Mr. Dewing has developed a very considerable business in the supply of photographic apparatus and chemicals, supplying both wet and dry processes to amateurs and professionals. Mr. Dewing has had a very high-class practical experience, having been fora considerable time engaged by Mr. White, chemist to the Royal Family, Buckingham Palace Road, London. He has been most successful in his business undertaking, and being a most civil, obliging, and conscientious gentleman, he is highly respected and deserves all the popularity he has now achieved. He is intimately connected with the Grimsby Photographic Society and other kindred movements for developing art.

A. W. SIMONS, BUILDERS’ MERCHANT,
HAVEN SIDE STORES, GRIMSBY.

THIS old-established concern was founded many years ago by Messrs. Clark & Simons, and carried on with marked success by these gentlemen under that title until the year 1892, when Mr. Clark retired from active work, and the business has since been in the capable hands of Mr. Simons. The premises occupied comprise a large building three storeys high, with adjacent yards, &c. The ground floor is utilised as general offices and also as stores for cement, plaster, and all kinds of drainage and building materials. The remaining parts of the premises are stored with an immense stock of lias lime, freshwater sand, dog-kennel lime, fire-clay, best house coal, drainage pipes, junctions, cesspools, firebricks, firelogs, chimney-pots, glazed sinks, Staffordshire pavings of every description, encaustic, tesselated and mosaic tiles, &c. This list, although formidable enough, does not adequately represent more than a tithe of the materials dealt in, but will convey a fairly accurate notion of the immense business carried on. Ever since its foundation, this concern has been a powerful factor in the particular trade dealt in, and it has acquired a reputation of a first-class and valuable character. Mr. Simons is a thorough master of every detail of the trade, and is, moreover, a man of energy, enterprise, and promptness. He is perfectly well acquainted with all the best sources for his supplies, and by his long experience he knows exactly what the trade wants, and he leaves nothing untried to secure the most suitable class of goods to meet its requirements. It will be readily inferred from what has been stated that whatever he handles can be fully relied upon to be of the finest quality. The connection enjoyed by the house lies chiefly among the principal builders, plumbers, and masons in Grimsby. Mr. Simon possesses the advantage of long and thorough practical experience, and by his spirited enterprise and sound judgment has secured the confidence and support of a very extensive connection.

EDWARD BANNISTER & CO., COAL EXPORTERS AND SHIPPING AGENTS.
ROYAL DOCK CHAMBERS, GRIMSBY.

THE reputation of Grimsby as a coal shipping port is, for the most part, based upon the magnitude of the operations of the firms of which Messrs. Edward Bannister & Co. are among the principal shippers. Theirs is the oldest established business of its class in the ports of the Humber. This firm date back to 1835, when it was founded by Mr. Anthony Bannister, Hull and subsequently extended by Mr. Edward Bannister to Grimsby. In 1892 Mr. Bannister’s nephew became a partner in the business. The firm have large depots at the station of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway for the land sale of coal. The supplies are derived, for the most part, from the great South Yorkshire and Derbyshire coal fields. Their operations in salt are also very considerable. Messrs. Bannister &c Co. regularly supply coal to the Royal Navy and mail steamers calling at Grimsby. Mr. Bannister has, during his long connection with Grimsby, fulfilled many public offices. He is also Justice of the Peace for the borough, and was for over twenty years the chairman of the Royal Hotel Company, Limited, while his partner, Mr. Anthony Bannister, is Danish Vice-Consul, and is also the Lieut.-Colonel of the Grimsby Artillery Volunteers.

C. S. GOOD, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SHOE WAREHOUSE,
26, OLD MARKET PLACE, GRIMSBY.

ONE of the oldest established and most extensive firms engaged in the wholesale and retail shoe trade in Grimsby is that being now carried on under the above title of C. S. Good, at 26, Old Market Place. This well-known and eminently reputable house was founded nearly half a century ago by the uncle of the present proprietor, and was successfully conducted by him until the year 1884, when the concern was taken over by his nephew, who still carries it on with due tact and energy. The premises are attractive in appearance, and prominently situated in one of the most important thoroughfares in the city. The windows are attractive, handsomely dressed with an exceeding choice selection of high-class goods. The shop itself is spacious and admirably fitted up, and is furnished with every regard to the comfort and convenience of visitors. The stocks held are exceedingly large and varied, and great praise is due for the effective, yet handy, manner in which they have been arranged. Every description of boot and shoe is well represented, whether for ladies or gentlemen, youths or children; and intending purchasers will look in vain throughout the length and breadth of Grimsby for a wider or more suitable selection of goods. The finished productions of the Parisian school of boot-making, and other specialities, are to be found here in choice variety, but the bulk of the goods are the firm’s own manufacture. The workshop is conveniently arranged and equipped with all the latest improvements. The proprietor gives to every department the advantage of his able personal supervision, and the articles he turns out are recognised as having few or no superiors in the trade. The utmost care is taken in selecting the material, while every detail is supervised by experienced workmen. The finished boots and shoes are handsome in appearance, sound and durable, and perfectly comfortable in wear. With the system adopted by the firm, no customer can fail to be satisfactorily suited, while quality and prices will be found such as cannot readily be bettered. By diligent attention to the wants and wishes of patrons, a widespread and valuable connection has been developed, and its still steady increase shows, unmistakably, that the efforts of the proprietor are duly appreciated by a large and critical clientele.

GREAT YARMOUTH.

MORE than eight hundred years ago, when William of Normandy made his great inventory of the lands and estates of the English realm, Great Yarmouth was a royal demesne. An entry in Domesday Book proves as much, but it leaves us little indication of the character of the place, or of the point of advancement at which it had then arrived. The assumption is that it was not in a very forward state. Some acres of pasture land, a few rudely cultivated fields, a cottage or two, and probably a tiny fishing village by the waterside — these doubtless made up the principal features of what has become ono of the greatest and most prosperous of East Anglian maritime towns. But whatever Yarmouth may have been like at the time of the compilation of Domesday, there does not appear to be any doubt as to the rapidity of its subsequent progress. By the reign of King John it had become a place of such consequence that that monarch felt justified in giving it a charter of incorporation; and Henry III. renewed and extended its privileges by a second charter some years later. On the whole, however, the history of Yarmouth has been uneventful in a political sense, and the records of the borough are mainly those of peaceful progress in a community whose inhabitants have ever been favourably known for thrift and industry.

Great Yarmouth (to give it the full dignity of its title) is a county borough of Norfolk, standing on a peninsula, which has the sea on the east and the river Yare on the west. Obviously the name was originally Yare-mouth, and the river may be mentioned as a valuable waterway, affording means of communication by boat and wherry with Norwich and the interior of the county. Across the river there are several bridges, giving access to the suburb of Little Yarmouth or the South Town. In some respects Great Yarmouth is unique. It is, for instance, the chief centre of the English herring fishery, and the man who has not heard of Yarmouth “bloaters” is benighted indeed. Then again, in the matter of topography, it may be said to stand alone. Mr. Ernest R. Suffling in his very interesting and valuable book, “The Land of the Broads,” says of Yarmouth: “The old town is built in a very peculiar manner; indeed its like cannot be found in England. The main streets run from north to south, and are connected by a great number of very narrow lanes, or alleys, locally termed ‘rows’ — a very appropriate name for a town so much connected with herrings. Instead of these rows being given distinct appellations, they are simply distinguished by numbers, running from one to one hundred and sixty. These streetlets are so narrow as not to admit the passage of an ordinary cart, so recourse is had to a curious-looking skeleton affair, called a ‘lorrie,’ which is a vehicle twelve feet long, and not more than three feet to three feet six inches over all in width; and even then, when one of these narrow vehicles is passing through a narrow row, pedestrians have to seek refuge in the nearest doorway or court.” We all remember that Dickens (who has helped to immortalise Great Yarmouth) said that the street plan of this town reminded him of a huge gridiron; and the intimate connection between a gridiron and the chief local product is too apparent to need indication.

Nowadays Great Yarmouth has become a prime favourite as a popular watering place, and during the season the steamers and trains from London bear hither a countless host of merry-makers, who come to enjoy a brief holiday amid scenes and surroundings totally different from those environing their metropolitan life. Yarmouth, indeed, is running Margate and Ramsgate very close for the favour of the Londoner, and certainly its varied attractions and facilities for enjoyment amply justify this growing popularity. Yarmouth has several piers or jetties, which are of course indispensable in a watering-place, and its splendid quays are alike the admiration of visitors and the pride of residents. The magnificent South Quay, with its double rows of trees, is unsurpassed at any seaside town, and here is seen the fine Town Hall, opened by the Prince of Wales, on May 31st, 1882. These municipal buildings are a credit to the place, and afford every accommodation, having some remarkably spacious and handsome rooms for various purposes. The tower which surmounts the pile rises to a height of 123 feet, and almost rivals in altitude the imposing Nelson Column, erected by Yarmouth in 1817, to commemorate our greatest naval hero.

The fish wharf at Yarmouth presents a wonderful sight, and stupendous quantities of herrings are landed here daily when the boats come in, the cargoes being at once sold by auction, and promptly distributed. One wonders where the enormous supply all goes to, but Yarmouth supplies the nation with the ever popular “bloater,” And the many curing establishments of the vicinity tell the tale of a vast and unvarying demand for this toothsome product. The general market at Yarmouth is reputed to be the largest in England, and here is found a scene of great interest and animation on market days, huge supplies of fish, flesh, fowls, and fruit being offered for sale. Other notable objects in Yarmouth are the fine church of St. Nicholas, and the churches of St. Peter and St. George. The Grammar School, an excellent educational institution, was opened by the Prince of Wales in 1873. The harbour of Yarmouth is a very safe one, and there is a considerable amount of shipping connected with the port. In addition to the great fishing industry, with its attendant feature of herring curing, carried on upon an immense scale, the local trades include corn-milling, brewing, ship-building, rope-making, malting, and a considerable trace in timber and foreign produce.

Yarmouth is well governed, and its inhabitants have shown exemplary public spirit in everything pertaining to the social and municipal advancement of the borough. Equally conspicuous and commendable has been the enterprise they have displayed in the conduct of their commercial and industrial undertakings, of the nature and scope of which it is hoped that the following articles will convey and accurate impression. The reader will notice that in the matter of business establishments devoted to the supply of all domestic necessaries the town is well furnished, and the varies requirements of a population of at least 30,000 are satisfied by the local tradesmen in a manner which leaves nothing to be desired.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

J. E. CLOWES, “CLOWES’ STORES,”
14 & 15, THE QUAY, GREAT YARMOUTH; AND 99 & 100, HIGH STREET, GORLESTON.

AN establishment of the greatest popularity in Yarmouth and district, and one which has become indispensable to the convenience of many residents in and around the borough, is that known as “Clowes' Stores,” with headquarters opposite the bridge, and an important branch at Gorleston. The business carried on at these “stores” embraces the various departments of household supply, and has been in existence as a flourishing concern ever since the year 1758. It can, therefore, claim the distinction of being the oldest business of its kind in Yarmouth. During its long career of steady growth and development this house has maintained an unblemished reputation for the genuine quality and reliability of all the goods in which it has dealings. Mr. Clowes’ chief premises, on The Quay, are directly opposite the South Town Bridge, and close to the General Post Office. No one arriving at the South Town Railway Station can fail to see the establishment, which is of handsome appearance and commodious dimensions, and looks well adapted in every respect to the requirements of the trade. The large plate-glass windows are rendered attractive by a varied display of high-class goods, and the very extensive stocks held within are most conveniently and effectively arranged. Every facility exists for receiving and serving customers, and for the despatch of goods to any destination with unfailing promptitude.

As showing the wide range and magnitude of this fine old business, we may mention the leading departments, which comprise teas, coffees, grocery, provisions, mineral waters, patent medicines, and proprietary articles, drugs and chemicals, perfumery, household and toilet brushes, mats, stable requisites, stationery, baskets, wicker and rush goods, indiarubber goods, and wood-ware. Each of these sections is completely stocked with the newest and beet goods of home and foreign production, every source of supply being laid under contribution; and the exhaustive and very convenient price-list issued by Mr. Clowes not only indicates the many requirements he is prepared to satisfy, but also proves that in the matter of low prices for cash he has nothing to fear from competition. Mr. Clowes places before his customers not only the highest grades of teas, coffees, and family groceries, but also a large selection of superior provisions, and a particularly choice assortment of those preserved comestibles and table delicacies which are now prepared in such variety for the convenience of the household. In, these, as in all other departments, the firm purchase only in the best markets at home and abroad, and are thus enabled to sell with confidence -of giving satisfaction to their patrons. An immense business is done, and it should be remarked that the firm have a third establishment at Rollesby, which is a great convenience to residents in that part. The entire concern is under the personal supervision of Mr. John Edward Clowes, the sole proprietor, a gentleman of sound practical experience in the trade, and whose energetic methods and active enterprise have kept this noted house abreast of the times in every matter essential to its continued prosperity. Mr. Clowes, who is well known and much esteemed in Yarmouth, is a temperance man, and possesses the courage of his convictions, for he has, on conscientious principles, abandoned the lucrative wine and spirit department which formed a feature of the business prior to his assuming the proprietorship. The sacrifice has doubtless been compensated by an increased trade in other departments, due to the vigour and progressive spirit that mark Mr. Clowes’ administration.
The telegraphio address of “Clowes' Stores” is “Cash, Yarmouth.”

MR. ROBINSON PATTINSON, BONE CRUSHER AND MANUFACTURER OF PURE FISH GUANO,
WEST-MARSH WORKS, RUNHAM-VAUXHALL, YARMOUTH.

THE question as to the best means of disposing of refuse of all kinds and turning it to good account, has been solved in many instances, and in none more satisfactorily than manufacture of special manures. Prejudice dies hard, and, without disrespect, it may be said that there is a no more prejudiced class generally than farmers. Their fathers did not go in for “new-fangled notions,” so why should they? This was practically the reception accorded to chemical and specially prepared manures when first placed upon the market. Severe agricultural depression came over the country, however, and one by one farmers were induced to try the manures that they had previously disregarded, and that the manufacture of them has since become a very important and thriving national industry is now a matter of history. In the Eastern Counties there are several large manufactories given up to this branch of trade, and among them a prominent position has been gained by that occupied by Mr. R. Pattinson. The business carried on here was established between sixteen and seventeen years ago, and from its commencement it has enjoyed an eminently progressive career. the premises are known as the West Marsh Works, and are situated at Runham-Vauxhall. They are very extensive, comprising works, sheds, and warehouses. They are in every way well suited to the special requirements of the trade, the works containing an admirable machine equipment of the most effective and modern kind, there being at hand all the requisite appliances for carrying on a large trade in the manufacture of manure for various purposes. Mr. Pattinson has had a long and valuable experience in every branch of the trade, and is therefore enabled to extend a practical supervision over every department. This, in the course of his general enterprising proprietorship, he does, with the result that he can confidently recommend and guarantee the superior character of the many productions of his establishment. They comprise dried blood, bone, fish, and chemical manures of many kinds, and are invaluable as dressings for grain, roots, grass, and all agricultural growths. The special feature of the business is the manufacture of a PURE FISH GUANO, which is unsurpassed on account of the large proportion of natural ammonia contained in it (from 9 and-a-half to 12 and-a-half per cent.). There is a very extensive demand for this product. It was introduced to compete with the genuine Peruvian guano, and competent judges who have given it an unprejudiced trial consider that it performs the work of the Peruvian guano while it is far less expensive; this being a very great consideration among agriculturists, who are anxious to discover the most economical, and at the same time, the most effectual methods of conducting their great and important industry. In addition to the actual production of the goods specified, Mr. Pattinson is a dealer in dissolved bones, half-inch bone, bone meal, fish scales, agricultural salts, fish for manure, oil, coal, &c., and of goods in each department he always has on hand a well-selected stock. He confines his attention to a superior class of goods only, and by this means has built up an extensive and influential trade. His productions keep the works at full pressure, the demand often indeed exceeding the supply. The chief connection is around London and Eastern Counties, Norwich, where Mr. Pattinson has a stand (Number 124) at the Norwich Corn Hall, and round and about Yarmouth. The special features of his proprietorship are the ability which he has in every branch of the trade, and the close personal and prompt attention which he gives to the execution of all orders; and in the maintenance of these features there is every indication of a long continuanoe of the success which has already been remuneratively enjoyed.

MESSRS. C. STACY-WATSON & CO., HERRING CURERS AND PACKERS; ALSO INSURANCE, STEAMSHIP, AND TOURIST AGENTS,
YARE FISHERY WORKS, AND 40, SOUTH QUAY, GREAT YARMOUTH.

A MOST interesting exposition of Yarmouth’s great herring curing and packing industry is afforded upon a large and complete scale at the well-known Yare Fishery Works controlled by the firm of Messrs. C. Stacy-Watson & Co., of which Mr. C. Stacy-Watson is the sole principal. The preparation of that supremely popular and toothsome edible known to fame as the “Yarmouth bloater” is the chief feature in the operations of this noted firm, and the extensive works for this important industry are admirably situated on the South Denes. Since Mr. Stacy-Watson acquired the establishment he has greatly enlarged it, and the premises now cover a great area of ground, and form one of the most complete fish-curing works in the district. Having bought the property outright, Mr. Stacy-Watson has naturally taken a special interest in its improvement, and all the resources of the industry which knowledge and experience can suggest may here be found available. A very large staff of hands is engaged, both in and out of the herring season — in the season, for the curing of the fish as they come in, and out of the season in getting ready the barrels, &c., for packing. Mr. Stacy-Watson usually starts the season (which begins about August), with about ten thousand packages.

The Yare Fishery Works present an example of compactness in arrangement and general excellence of organisation contributing to the smooth working of this large curing and packing industry, and allowing the various operations to be carried on with economy of time and labour, while everything is kept under complete and easy supervision. The processes through which the silvery herring passes here are most interesting to the observer, though it may be reasonably supposed that this piscine martyr to the appetite of nations, once he is landed on the quay at Yarmouth, attains a state in which “the subsequent proceedings interest him no more.” For all that, an immense amount of care, skill, and attention is bestowed upon his lifeless body, and he passes from one stage of the process of curing to another, until at length he finds himself “spitted” in the smoke-house, whence he eventually comes forth ready to fulfil the lofty object of his mission in life. If he is to go forth to the world as “mild-cured,” he tarries but a few hours in the atmosphere of oak smoke, and emerges with scarcely any evidence of fumigation upon his silvery coat. If, on the other hand, he is destined for the more popular “ham-cure,” he is besmoked again and again until his garb of silver is transmuted into one of golden brown. A few feet below the ground level at the Yare Fishery Works may be found what are called tanks. These are large cement-lined rooms, resembling cellars, and are used for storing herrings in pickle for future handling. These are capable of holding one hundred “lasts” of herring, and as 13,200 fish go to a “last,” it is obvious that the tanks may hold, if necessary, as many as 1,320,000 herring. Of course special care is bestowed upon the washing of the fish, and Mr. Stacy-Watson has the process of washing performed twice, though once is usually deemed sufficient. An enormous quantity of salt is used in the curing, the stock at the commencement of each season being no less than one hundred and thirty tons. There are extensive cooperages at these works, all barrels being made on the premises.

The specialities of the firm are “ham cure,” “bloater cure,” white salted in pickle, and “reds.” These are packed in barrels, boxes, and air-tight tins, and are sent to all parts of the world, the principal export trade being to Ireland, the Baltic, Italy, and the Levant. Messrs. C. Stacy-Watson and Co. received the only awards at the National Fisheries Exhibition, Norwich, and the Fisheries Exhibition, Great Yarmouth, for ham-cured herring and “anti-pilferage” package, and also the only prize medal awarded at the International Food Exhibition, London, for their class of goods. They gained the highest award for cured herrings at the International Food Exhibition, 1881, and the first prize for ham- cured, export, and pickled herrings, special prize for anti-pilferage package, and another special prize for herrings preserved in tins, at the Fisheries Exhibition at Great Yarmouth, in 1881, besides two diplomas of honour. These notable awards attest the eminent standing of the firm in the important trade with which they have identified their name.

For the insurance, steamship, and tourist department of their business, Messrs. Stacy-Watson & Co. have excellent accommodation in well-appointed offices at 40, South Quay, Yarmouth. Aa insurance agents they represent leading offices for fire, life, accident, plate-glass, and marine insurance, and for fidelity guarantee and employers’ liability. As steamship and tourist agents they book passengers and emigrants by the principal lines to all parts of the world. Mr. C. Stacy-Watson, the respected head of this great firm, is a native of Peterborough, where he was born in 1839. For many yean he has actively interested himself in the Yarmouth fishing industry, and has done a great deal to promote its welfare. He was one of the originators of the National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, which has done excellent work, and on the Executive Council of which he has served with great diligence and ability. Mr. Stacy-Watson is a recognised authority on fish and fisheries, and was at one time a regular contributor to the “Fish Trades Gazette and National Fisheries Record,” writing in that journal over the nom-de-plume of “Ichthus.” He is the author of a most interesting book entitled “The Silvery Hosts of the North Sea,” to which is subjoined an historical sketch of “Quaint Old Yarmouth.” In this work he conveys a vast amount of information concerning the herring, its natural history, habits, &c., and treats also of the herring fishery and the whole modus operandi of curing. Mr. Stacy-Watson is also a member of the Yarmouth section of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist Society, before which he has read several valuable papers on the herring. He has placed in the South Kensington Natural History Museum over a hundred specimens o£ fish brought from Naples. These were collected by his friend Dr. Dorne, who has written an account of the origin and development of each specimen, thus giving a special value to the collection from a natural history point of view.

TOM GREEN, CLOTHIER, TAILOR, HOSIER, SHIRT- MAKER, AND “THE HATTER,”
19 AND 167A, KING STREET, GREAT YARMOUTH; AND AT LOWESTOFT.

FOREMOST among the trading establishments of Yarmouth stands the well-managed and popular house of Mr. Tom Green, the extensive clothier, tailor, hosier, and, par excellence, “the hatter,” whose headquarters are situate at 19 and 167a, King Street. This well-known concern was initiated many years ago by the present proprietor, and has all along been conducted with notable enterprise and ability. Every year in its course has added to the extent and value of its transactions, and at the present time unequalled facilities are possessed for obtaining the best class of goods, and carrying on a business of this kind with the most gratifying and satisfactory results. The premises occupied are in every respect well adapted to the nature of the business. No. 167A, King Street, is utilised as the hat and hosiery department, and possesses an exceedingly attractive and pleasing appearance. The shop, which is of large extent, is elaborately and elegantly fitted up. The supplies held in this branch of the business are extensive and high-class, while the convenient and admirable manner in which they are arranged reflects great credit on the taste and skill of the proprietor and assistants. They comprise hats from the most celebrated London and other makers, caps of every description and for all sorts and conditions of people, hosiery in ample variety, shirts, underwear, scarfs, ties, collars, cuffs, and gloves of the finest English and Continental make—in fact, everything in this line in the best material and the latest styles. The clothing business is carried on at No. 19, the supplies being distinguished by the same good taste in their selection and their comprehensive nature.

Mr. Green is unceasing in his endeavours to maintain the enviable reputation his house enjoys in respect to the extent, variety, and style of the goods offered in every branch. The sales room contains an ample and superior assortment of ready-made clothing, while the spacious show-room is filled with a well-arranged collection of the latest and most fashionable fabrics for those patronising the bespoke department. The latter include woollens, English and Scotch tweeds, West of England cloth, serges, vicunas, and all the most desirable suitings, trouserings, and coatings. A staff of competent workpeople is employed, and the cutters belonging to the establishment are men of large experience and recognised skill. Good style and perfect fit, joined to every inducement in the way of prices, can be secured by patronising this responsible establishment. The wants and requirements of visitors to either shop are promptly attended to by a number of polite assistants. Mr. Green has a branch establishment at Lowestoft, where an important business is being carried on in the same smart and effective manner. This gentleman occupies a position of prominence in the trade circles of the town, and is widely known and held in the highest respect for his sterling business qualities, his straightforward methods and thorough reliability. He has long been noted for his active and disinterested participation in all matters appertaining to the improvement and
welfare of his fellow-townsmen. He has filled many important public offices, and is a magistrate for the borough.

S. RANDELL, THE “TAILOR KING,”
41 & 42, MARKET PLACE, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THE career of Mr. S. Randell, popularly and appropriately known in Norfolk as the “Tailor King,” presents a notable instance of the power of that enterprise and industry which are proverbially said to be capable of moving the world. Nothing less than such enterprise and industry as this, coupled with strict integrity and a considerable gift of commercial shrewdness, could have placed Mr. Randell in the prominent position he now holds among the business men of East Anglia. He began at the foot of the ladder and has made his way to the top unaided, a feat which in this competitive age compels admiration. But while he has thus fought the battle of life to a successful issue in his own behalf, he has not been unmindful of the interests of the great public to which he caters, and though such a genial and kindly personality as that of Mr. Randell carries its own credentials to popularity, there can be no doubt that the general favour in which he is held to-day has been greatly accentuated by the consistent manner in which, as a business man, he has always kept faith with his patrons. It was in 1860 that Mr. Randell came to Yarmouth, an unknown youth, but with “a trade at his fingers' ends.” His capital was practically nil, and the necessities of the moment bad to be met by obtaining employment as a journeyman tailor. He was a master of his craft, and in the course of two or three years he did so well that he was enabled to start in a small way on his own account.

Doing thoroughly good work, and dealing honestly and conscientiously with his customers, he was rewarded by a rapid increase of patronage, and soon his connection became so extensive, and his name so widely known, that nothing less than the spacious premises he now occupies in Market Place, Yarmouth, could suffice to accommodate his trade. Starting here with No. 42, he subsequently added No. 41, and the combined shops (known as “Waterloo House” and “Norfolk House” respectively) now afford excellent facilities for this fine business, and rank among the most notable and interesting mercantile establishments in Yarmouth. They have a frontage of about forty-five feet, with a rearward extension of nearly one hundred and thirty feet, and besides being admirably arranged within, the premises present a unique and most interesting external appearance. Over the front of “Waterloo House” is seen a correct model of the famous battleship, Duke of Wellington, while “Norfolk House” is surmounted by an equally accurate presentment of the Great Eastern. These mimic vessels are gaily decked with flags on all special occasions, and are at once an emblem of Mr. Randell's sturdy patriotism, and a constant attraction to the multitudes of visitors to popular Yarmouth. As regards Mr. Randell’s actual business, it must not be imagined that it is confined to Yarmouth, or even to the Yarmouth district. On the contrary, it extends far afield in East Anglia, and the “Tailor King” holds sway over a large domain, his branches in St. Stephen's Street and Ber Street, Norwich, and in London Road, Lowestoft, being hardly lees busy and noteworthy than his headquarters in Yarmouth.

This representative concern has been so much written about and so well described from time to time, that we cannot pretend to say anything new concerning its operations in the tailoring and outfitting trades. The business is conducted upon the same advanced lines and up-to-date methods as heretofore, and perfect organisation prevails as usual in the several departments for boys’, youths’, and gentlemen’s bespoke tailoring and readymade clothing, gentlemen’s hosiery, shirts, collars, gloves, ties, silk and felt hats, umbrellas, portmanteaus, bags, rugs, &c. Mr. Randell persistently adheres to his old and well-tried policy of producing first-class work at low prices, and giving to every customer the best value for money. Nothing will induce him to depart from this mode of business, or to introduce the taint of inferiority into any of his departments, however tempting may be the prospect of extra profits. The manner in which he holds his own against the keen competition of the day sufficiently proves the wisdom of his policy and the readiness of the public to support absolute honesty in business. Mr. Randell holds a splendid stock of n6w and fashionable cloths and outfittings, all fresh and stylish, carefully selected, and suited to many requirements. His work in bespoke tailoring is par excellence, and his own manufacture of ready-made clothing has a far-reaching reputation for style, quality, fit, and workmanship. Large resources and a thoroughly trained staff enable him to execute every order with remarkable promptitude and despatch, and people know that Mr. Rindell's word is as good as his bond in the matter of punctuality. With him a promise is a promise, not a piece of pie-crust made to be broken. In short, the organisation of this business and the principles upon which it is conducted embody every element conducive to the satisfaction of customers and to the further enhancement of the celebrity attaching to the concern.

Mr. Randell is a thorough master of his trade, and, knowing just where and when to buy, he is ablo to keep up a stock of remarkable excellence, and to sell at prices which put competition “out of the running.” He draws his large patronage from all classes of the community, and when once he obtains an order he considers himself practically sure of the continued support of that customer, to confident is he of his ability to give satisfaction. Certainly the very large number of regular customers whose names appear in his order-books from time to time indicates that that confidence is not without ample warranty. Having established himself by popular consent as the “Tailor King,” Mr. Randell has taken proper steps to prevent the usurpation of his dignity, and has registered that title as his trade-mark (Registered No. 154,061), thus making the right to use it peculiar to himself. Though Mr. Randell has been a hard worker all his life, and though he has not obtained his present position without a struggle, he has imbibed none of the cynicism of the age, and still remains the liberal-minded and genial business man and citizen, well liked in and out of the trade, and as free from the spirit of pessimism as he was when, thirty-four years ago, he first began work in Yarmouth with no other resources than practical skill, a willing heart, and the hope that “springs eternal in the human breast.” He believes, with Thackeray, that “the world is a jolly good fellow,” and acts in accordance with this belief in all his dealings with the world. There has probably never been a more popular sovereignty in East Anglia than that of the sartorial monarch who holds his court in the Market Place at Yarmouth; and Mr. Randell’s full appreciation of the advantages of his regal estate must be apparent to everybody who has read in his advertisements that Gilbertian paraphrase in which he asserts, with pardonable pride, that —

“It is, it is a glorious thing
To be a Tailor King.”

G. SELF & SON, BOOT-MAKERS,
166, KING STREET, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THIS business was originally founded by Mr. G. Self upwards of half-a-century ago, and he subsequently took into partnership with him his son, Mr. G. H. Self, who is now the sole proprietor. The present premises in King Street, which have been occupied for the last thirty-six years, comprise a fine three-storey building. On the ground floor is the handsome double-fronted shop, with a magnificent plate-glass frontage, displaying a choice selection of high-class ladies’ and gentleman’s boots and shoes. The upper rooms are used for warehouse accommodation, and here also is the workshop, spacious, well ventilated, and in every respect perfectly adapted to the requirements of the business. A large staff of skilful and experienced workmen is regularly employed. Every description of footwear is comprised in the extensive stock, among the leading specialities in the gentlemen's department being hunting boots, waterproof shooting boots, indiarubber boots, coachmen's and grooms' top-boots, knickerbocker gaiters made of deerskin and drab cloth, lawn tennis, boating, and yachting shoes, dress patent, court shoes, Oxford lace shoes, and all kinds of dress boots (hand sewn), military jack boots and parade boots, &c. In the ladies' department there is a very large stock of the firm’s own make ladies’ glove, glace, and calf kid button and lace boots and shoes and buckle shoes; also lawn tennis shoes in the most fashionable shapes, watteau, baretta, and gipsy shoes, and other styles in a variety too great to enumerate. A special feature is made of boots for deformed feet, cork boots, &c., and Mr. Self has a very wide reputation for these makes, being highly recommended by the medical faculty, not only in the immediate locality, but in Norwich and remoter places. The business connection is very extensive, Mr. Self’s patrons being resident all over the country, and even in distant lands. A large number of salesmen and assistants are necessarily employed in such a large establishment, and Mr. Self gives his active personal supervision to the working of the whole concern. Popular, and universally esteemed by all who know him, we congratulate Mr. Self upon the magnificent business of which he is at the head, confident that the measure of prosperity he has enjoyed in the past will continue undiminished in the future.

JACKSON & CARR, CHEESE FACTORS AND MELTERS,
NORTH QUAY AND MARKET GATES, GREAT YARMOUTH.

FOR more than half a century the establishment of Messrs. Jackson & Carr has been in operation, and the quality of goods sold carry their own guarantee with them. Sole agents for Corbett's Prize Medal Salt.

MR. EUGENE J. MAAS, VICTORIA HOTEL,
GREAT YARMOUTH.

HOTEL life is becoming more popular and general every year, and while this is true in relation to towns in all parts of the country, it is particularly so with regard to seaside places and holiday resorts. Yarmouth has been ever to the fore in this respect, the hotel proprietors of this increasingly popular east coast town vying with each other in making the most complete-arrangements for the accommodation of visitors. One of the largest and best family hotels is the Victoria, and it has borne this reputation from its very inception, which took place upwards of half a century ago. It was acquired by the present proprietor three years ago, and under his very efficient management its reputation has been enhanced and its connection considerably strengthened. The Victoria Hotel has a very prominent location; it is close to the Royal Assembly Rooms, and has a good frontage to the Marine Drive. It is substantially built in three and four storeys, and is altogether of very attractive architectural design. It is, however, with the internal arrangements that the visitor is mostly interested, and these will be found to have been carried out on a scale of comfort and convenience that cannot fail to give satisfaction to even the most fastidious and exacting in such matters. There are sixty rooms in all, and from the smallest bedroom to the admirably appointed dining-rooms and drawing-rooms, the furnishings and general fittings are substantial and handsome to a degree. Neither pains nor expense have been spared in this direction, and Mr. Maas has the satisfaction of knowing that he has rendered his hotel fit for the temporary residence of members of the highest ranks of society. He has now in contemplation a scheme for the further enlargement of the premises, a scheme which will very shortly be put into practice. The many attractions of the house will then be increased by the addition of a handsome billiard-room, it having been felt that the omission of this department has been practically the only defect.

The bedrooms, suites of private rooms, dining, smoking, reading, and writing rooms, all contain evidences of refined and elegant taste in arrangement, and nothing has been forgotten in the general equipment that could in any way contribute to the comfort of the guests. There is a nicely fitted bar, where the choicest brands of wines, spirits, and cigars may be obtained. Indeed, Mr. Maas’ long experience as a buyer of these goods is in itself an assurance of their general excellence. Probably the most notable feature in connection with this hotel is the uniform excellence of the cuisine. To this matter also Mr. Maas gives his personal attention. The kitchens are large and fitted with every convenience known to the most accomplished chef. The most perfect order and cleanliness are observed, and the sanitary conditions of the department, indeed of the whole hotel, leave nothing to be desired. The experienced cooks engaged are capable of preparing any known dish in a manner that reflects the greatest credit upon them, and there can be no hesitation in saying that in providing for the creature comforts of its guests, no hotel in Yarmouth has a better founded reputation than the Victoria. At the rear of the house are extensive and well-kept livery and bait stables, which are found to be a great attraction to visitors. Always courteous, obliging, and respectful, Mr. Maas is held in high respect by his guests, and those who place themselves temporarily in his care find that he spares no effort to contribute as far as possible to the enjoyment of their stay in Yarmouth.

F. W. JAMES, GROCER, TEA DEALER, PROVISION MERCHANT, ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMAN, AND BOTTLER OF HOP BITTER BEER,
NORTHGATE SUPPLY STORES, 23 AND 166, NORTHGATE STREET, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THE business carried on under this name and title was established about ten years ago by Mr. F. W. James at 23, Northgate Street, and so grew and developed as to necessitate the opening of other premises. No. 166 in the same thoroughfare was taken over for the purpose of extending the business, and each place has been fitted and equipped with everything necessary to further the interests of the undertaking. The business is of a most diversified character, and includes an extensive dealing in everything appertaining to groceries, provisions, and Italian warehouseman's goods. The business was established under circumstances that could not result otherwise than in the achievement of success, and the position that has been gained in the local trade quite realises Mr. James’ early anticipations. From the first he has striven to supply a superior quality of goods, and to this end he has obtained his entire stock either from the actual producers or from direct importers. This is particularly noticeable with regard to tea, in the selection of which the greatest care is taken. His long connection with this branch of trade gives him command of the home markets, and he has on hand some of the choicest blends at distinctly moderate prices. The Northgate Supply Stores are also noted for the excellence and purity of their coffees, while in sugars, spices, sauces, pickles, bottled and preserved fruits, jams, biscuits, rice, sago, starch, soaps, and, in short, everything appertaining to general groceries, Mr. James has a very extensive stock which he offers at prices that will compare favourably with those of any other house in the town. He is a very large cheese factor, buying extensively of Leicester, Cheshire, Cheddar, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Canadian, and other cheeses, which are all received in prime condition. His stock of provisions is very comprehensive, embracing English, Continental, American, and Colonial goods of the very best brands, in hams, bacon, butter, lard, eggs, tinned goods in fish, meats, fruit, &c. In each department Mr. James experiences a large and increasing demand, and the constant arrival of fresh, consignments ensures the freshness of all goods.

A very special feature is the agency which Mr. James holds for the Hop Bitter Beer of Messrs. Duncan Gilmour & Co. This firm is the largest in the kingdom, and it is freely acknowledged that their productions are superior to any in the market. Mr. James was induced to accept the agency, realising the demand that has existed so long for a really appetising beverage that will not produce the too exhilarating effect of the ordinary ales and stout. Finding that the Hop Bitter Beer of Messrs. Duncan Gilmour & Co. the most nearly attained his ideal in this matter, he has not hesitated to push its sale, and has succeeded in placing it in all the leading hotels, refreshment rooms, and boarding-houses in Yarmouth. This justly-celebrated Hop Bitter Beer differs from all other non-alcoholic drinks in this way. It is not carbonised, the others are. A head rises to it equal to Bass’s Ale and is just as pleasant to the taste, in fact we cannot speak too highly of it. What good may be in kindred drinks is ruined by the carbon used in the manufacture. Mr. James is one of two sole bottling; agents representing the manufacturers throughout the United Kingdom, and his exertions on behalf of the firm are carried on with the conviction that he is recommending a superior article. Quite apart from his prominence among the leading business men of the town, Mr. James is well known for the great interest he takes in local political life. He is also an enthusiastic Oddfellow, in which connection he has held nearly every important office in the Order, and takes special interest in the juvenile branch of Oddfellowship. In everything he undertakes Mr. James enters thoroughly, and it is the whole-heartedness of his proprietorship that has secured so marked a success in his business. the connection is very extensive, and among the permanent patrons of the Northgate Stores are many of the most influential residents in the town and district. On the 29th May, 1889, at a testimony-meeting, presided over by the Mayor and many other distinguished personages, a beautiful address and marble clock were presented to Mr. James.

G. T. DAVIS, BOOKSELLER, STATIONER, AND DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS,
MARKET PLACE, GREAT YARMOUTH.

AT No. 4, Market Place, hard by the parish church, there has for the past twenty-five years been conducted one of the best and most popular book and stationery depots in the town. Organised by Mr. T. P. George, the business was acquired in 1893 by its present capable and enterprising proprietor, Mr. G. T. Davis. The premises occupy a prominent position, the spacious shop, with its ample storage accommodation at the rear, is admirably appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically yet tastefully arranged to hold and to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment to meet the requirements of a large yet essentially superior class of trade. Books in all branches of literature, conspicuous amongst which are bibles, hymn-books, and works of a devotional character; plain, commercial, school, and fancy fashionable stationery and stationers’ sundries of every description; office requisites of every kind, newspapers and periodicals, which are punctually delivered at the doors of patrons, and a vast variety of fancy goods, cards, &c., incidental to a first-class emporium of the kind. In addition to the above, Mr. Davis holds a splendid stock of all kinds of photographic apparatus, materials, &c., in which he does a brisk business amongst professional and amateur photographers, for the use of the latter of whom he keeps up a well-equipped dark room. For the rest, the business in all its details is conducted with conspicuous ability and energy, and it is clearly Mr. Davis’s resolution that the high reputation he has won shall not only be well sustained, but steadily enhanced in time to come.

B. J. FOULSHAM, RESTAURATEUR,
11 AND 12, MARKET PLACE, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THE modern restaurateur and refreshment caterer nowadays fulfils a most important and much appreciated function in the everyday economy of all large communities, and in this connection the “ancient burgh” of Great Yarmouth of to-day is exceptionally well provided for by Mr. B. J. Foulsham, a valued member of the Town Council, who formed the nucleus of his present prosperous business twenty years ago. Occupying a commanding position, the commodious four-storeyed premises are divided into a splendidly-appointed double-fronted refectory entered at No. 12, and capacious wine and spirit stores and vaults at No. 11, Market Place, adjoining. The restaurant is heralded by a handsomely-appointed shop, the spacious windows of which are always invitingly arranged with cold joints, poultry, &c., and table delicacies of every kind; and here light refreshments of all descriptions are always available at moderate rates. On the floors above there are spacious well-furnished dining-rooms, and a splendid hall capable of seating five hundred guests at table. Mr. Foulsham makes a leading feature of a shilling dinner, which is served daily from 12.30 to 2.30, and includes a cut from joint, two kinds of vegetables, served ad libitum, and bread and cheese. All other meals are served at equally low tariff, and persons may here dine a la carte, or order special dinners of the most recherché description, from hors d'oeuvres through potages, poissons, entrees, rote, entremets, and dessert, with wines, etc., at moderate rates, with the assurance of perfect cooking and unexceptionable attendance. Mr. Foulsham, moreover, has won a widespread and well-merited renown as a caterer for banquets, dinner parties, weddings, soirees, picnics, and other festive functions; and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

ALDRED & SON, GOLD AND SILVERSMITHS, WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, AND OPTICIANS,
56, GEORGE STREET, GREAT YARMOUTH.

AN old-established and eminently reputable house in Great Yarmouth, extensively occupied in this line of business, is that of Messrs. Aldred & Son. This is the oldest establishment of its kind in the town, its inception dating back to the year 1795. The century of its existence is just being completed, and during the whole course of its prolonged career the house has occupied a prominent position in the trade, and been no less distinguished for the superior excellence of the goods handled than for the strictly honourable methods that have marked all its transactions. The present sole head of the firm is Mr. D. A. Aldred, a gentleman who has largely added to the prosperity and status of the house over which he now presides, and in whom the business finds a capable and upright exponent. The premises are admirably located, and are both spacious in extent and attractive in appearance. The two massive plate-glass windows form the principal feature in this locality, from the high-class excellence of the goods displayed and the tasteful manner in which they are arranged. The interior of the premises has been fitted up in an elaborate and elegant style, the appointments including many handsome and unique air-tight and dust-proof show-cases, which are filled to repletion with the most costly articles of jewellery and solid silver goods. The silver articles range from a dainty little tooth-pick to a massive presentation-cup, while various pieces of jewellery are rendered still more seductive by being displayed in morocco cases, with rich purple lining.

Mr. Aldred is thoroughly conversant with the trade in all its bearings, and is perfectly familiar with the best and most reliable sources from which to obtain his goods. The supplies include gold and silver watches for ladies and gentlemen, keyless watches and chronometers, chains in all the latest styles and designs; diamond, dress and mourning rings; necklaces set in pearls, diamonds, and other precious gems; brooches, bangles, bracelets, pins and studs, sleeve-links, and every article of personal jewellery of the best style and quality. Clocks, too, are made here in large variety and with signal success, and many of the public clocks in Great Yarmouth and the surrounding districts have been made and supplied by Mr. Aldred, notable among which stands the Yarmouth Town Hall clock. The house keeps on hand clocks of various kinds suitable for hall or dining-room, bed-room or kitchen, together with English chime clocks, and clocks in marble, gilt, brass, or wood. The display of solid silver and electroplated goods is especially fine, and embraces the latest productions of the best-known makers in Birmingham and London. There are exhibited splendid examples of breakfast and tea services, cruet-stands, spirit-frames, claret-jugs, silver and silver-mounted scent-bottles, cake-baskets, and some magnificent articles suitable for presentation purposes. the house holds also an ample and well-selected stock of spectacles and eyeglasses, opera, field, and marine glasses, and various scientific instruments. Special attention is given to meeting the particular optical requirements of each individual, and oculists’ and hospital prescriptions are faithfully carried out. Every description of repairs to watches, clocks, and jewellery is executed on the premises by skilled workmen, and good work and reasonable prices can always be relied on. Mr. Aldred is also proprietor of the Berlin wool and fancy needlework repository next door, and shows a large and beautiful assortment of these goods suitable for domestic use, ecclesiastical purposes, or bazaars. Both these shops are brilliantly illuminated by electric light, applied in a most effective manner. Mr. Aldred is a gentleman of influence and position in the trade, and held in the highest esteem for his ability, energy, and integrity.

A. J. PENNY, GROCER, TEA, COFFEE, AND PROVISION MERCHANT,
THE INDIAN TEA WAREHOUSE, 15, MARKET PLACE, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THE department of business operations undertaken by the modern licensed grocer and provision merchant finds an able representative in the person of Mr. A. J. Penny, who after three years of successful trading elsewhere recently acquired the thriving business which had been organised thirty years ago by his predecessor, Mr. Alfred Adams. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position facing the Market Place, “The Indian Tea Warehouse,” as it has suggestively been called, at the “Sign of the Golden Canister,” consists of a spacious double-fronted shop, handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style. The stock comprises all manner of everyday groceries together with the numerous sundries usually associated therewith: special lines in pure and choicely-blended Indian, Ceylon, China, and other teas and coffees of the most noted growths; British and Foreign tinned and bottled comestibles and table delicacies of the highest order; prime provisions of every kind in the way of hams and bacon, butter, and cheese, lard, and the freshest of eggs, and a select series of the noted wines, spirits, and liqueurs of Messrs. W. & A. Gilbey, of which an immense bin is held at the rear of the shop, are all fully en evidence at their best, and are all available at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. System and courtesy on the part of Mr. Penny and his staff of capable assistants, und the prompt and punctual delivery of all orders, are salient characteristics of this carefully conducted business, and the large and liberal town and country patronage enjoyed by Mr. Penny is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

F. J. LANE, FAMILY AND DISPENSING CHEMIST,
MARKET PHARMACY, 19, MARKET PLACE, GREAT YARMOUTH.

IT is particularly interesting to meet with a house of such old standing and high repute as the one which furnishes the theme of the present brief review. Reckoned to be the oldest established pharmacy in the town, the records of the undertaking prove that it was founded as far back as the year 1801; that for a period of sixty years the business was successfully promoted by a Mr. Mubson, who was succeeded in 1888 by the late Mr. Tutton; and that it was finally taken over, three years later, by its present talented and enterprising proprietor, Mr. F. J. Lane. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in the busy Market Place, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed throughout. the stock is composed of drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength; all the popular patent medicines of the day; choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites; medical and surgical appliances; and the numerous sundries incidental to a thoroughly first-class pharmacy. Mr. Lane is also the proprietor and preparer of a large series of well-known domestic medicines and specialities, which are in large demand throughout the countryside: and among these special mention may be made of Lane's Diarrhoea Mixture, Tutton's Cough Cure, Lane's Purifying Powders, Lane’s Red Ointment, Vitalising Effervescing Saline, Dr. Monk’s Tic or Tooth-ache Specific, Glycerine and Cucumber Cream, Tutton’s Hair Restorer, Dermoline, Chilblain Lotion, and so on, and so forth. In his well-equipped laboratory at the rear, Mr. Lane operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, including the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions and the compounding of family recipes, by reason of which he has won the esteem and complete confidence of all the leading local medical practitioners, and the liberal patronage of a very large and still rapidly increasing clientele, drawn, practically, from all classes of the community.

R. H. TUNBRIDGE & SON, PARAFFIN WAX, STEARINE, DIP CANDLE, TALLOW AND GREAVE MANUFACTURERS, PETROLEUM MERCHANTS,
MARKET ROAD, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THE above, one of the best known and deservedly prosperous houses in Yarmouth, is engaged in the manufacture of wax, stearine and tallow candles, and has for many years enjoyed the most enviable reputation for the superiority of its productions and its first-class business management. Operations were commenced in this direction in 1839, on the site still occupied by the firm, by the grandfather of the present proprietors, who developed his undertaking with marked energy, enterprise and success. On his retirement, he was succeeded in the management of the business by his son, the late Mr. R. H. Tunbridge. That gentleman filled several offices with considerable credit, and was for some twenty years a prominent and respected member of the Town Council. Some few months before his death, this body showed their appreciation of his services by electing him to the office of Alderman, an honour he lived but a short time to enjoy. The trade, at his accession, was almost confined to tallow candles, wax not then being in such general use as now; and it is worthy of note that, as the demand for them grew, Mr. Tunbridge at once laid down a large plant of machinery to cope with it. This has been added to from time to time, till, at the present time, the manufactory is the largest of its kind in East Anglia; the clients of the firm, however, being by no means confined to that province. It consists of the factory proper, fitted up with the latest type of machinery and appliances, boiler-houses, well-appointed warehouse, packing department and offices. Quite distinct from these is carried on the manufacture of tallow, and ground and whole greaves for pheasants, &c., in which a large trade is done. The articles turned out by the firm are well known for their uniform and reliable quality, and are great favourites with large and careful buyers—notably, their two leading lines, “White Rose” and “Norfolk Wax” candles. An increasing trade is being done in the coloured and decorated candles so popular at Christmas time, and a large stock of these is held in all colours and patterns. Extensive and well-selected stocks are held of every description of candle manufactured; wax, stearine and tallow, and orders of any extent are filled with promptness. The present manager of the firm, Mr. R. H. Tunbridge, is thoroughly conversant with the business in all its details, having assisted his late father in the management for several years. He takes on active interest in all the public movements and institutions of the borough, and has recently been elected to represent in the Town Council the ward in which his firm has such large interests, and the confidence of which his father enjoyed for so long a period.

THE DUKE'S HEAD HOTEL
(PROPRIETOR: MR. B. J. FOULSHAM),
HALL QUAY, GREAT YARMOUTH.

HISTORICALLY, socially, and commercially, the grand old Duke's Head Hotel at Great Yarmouth is, unquestionably, one of the leading institutions of East Anglia. The date of the first establishment of this splendid specimen of the old English inn it is impossible to fix. It was probably long before we have any recorded history of the place. As is not unusual in cases of such antiquity, there is a tradition to the effect that a subterranean passage leads from this point to Burgh, a small hamlet about four miles away. No archaeologist, however, local or otherwise, has yet succeeded in finding access to this legendary tunnel. There is no question, however, about the actual date of the present structure. It is 1609, as plainly as carved characters can speak, on the little stone which is let into the front of the building; and “1609” is certainly echoed by the magnificently carved oak appointments of the interior. It was, indeed, in the early days of James I.’s reign that the good burghers of Yarmouth quaffed strong ale, and in deep draughts pledged the landlord of the new hostelry, who, for the last seven years, has been worthily represented by its present proprietor, Mr. B. J. Foulsham.

A word or two must be said about the old oak, which is one of the glories of the place. In the bar is a handsomely carved oak mantelpiece, which is perfectly complete, and is, in every respect, a magnificent example of the carver's cunning. Upstairs, again, is a spacious dining-room which is completely panelled in oak. Here, too, at various intervals on the walls, are miniature Corinthian columns, also in oak, the carving of the capitals of which is exquisite. There is also a remarkably fine example of an old oak fireplace and mantelpiece. This room, whose dimensions are about sixty feet by twenty, may be divided into two apartments by means of an oak partition, which, when not in use, folds into a small compass, and being hung on hinges, rolls back against the wall. From this same quaint old room may be had one of the finest views which are to be obtained of the harbour, together with the bridge that joins South-town and Great Yarmouth; and, indeed, the Duke's Head Hotel is within three minutes’ walk of either the Southtown or the Vauxhall Railway Stations.

The hotel contains, in all, about twenty-six rooms, including coffee, dining, and commercial rooms, all of which are furnished in a style of luxurious comfort. There are also commodious stock-rooms, and special attention — as is no more than their due — is given to the particular requirements of “the ambassadors of commerce,” many of whom make the house their temporary home in Yarmouth. There are also well-equipped billiard-rooms, with a series of snug smoke-rooms. The sanitary condition of the bedrooms, as, indeed, of all other parts of the house, is excellent. Mention should be made, too, of a finely appointed bar, where the finest qualities of wines, spirits, and ales, and the choicest of cigars may always be obtained. In this connection, too, it must be recorded that the cellarage of the Duke's Head is said to be the finest in Yarmouth for maturing wines and spirits; and so it is if appearances go for anything, for it hangs, about a foot long, in fungus. The cuisine is most artistic and the table-service efficient; and nothing, indeed, is neglected which is necessary to increase the contentment of the visitor with these excellent quarters. The house is the headquarters of all the principal clubs in the town, and is, moreover, a very popular market house. At the rear is a very large posting establishment, with excellent stabling, where the visitor can always depend upon being accommodated with as good a mount or an equipage for driving as can be obtained in all East Anglia. Adjoining the hotel, and forming an integral part of the property, is the Corn Exchange, which is a veritable hive of industry on market days. It is a very spacious hall, and here Mr. Foulsham can comfortably seat five hundred persons at dinner. The hall is also frequently let for other purposes, such as balls, suppers, &c. Adjoining the Corn Exchange is the excellent tavern known as the Howard Street Vaults, the Exchange facing the thoroughfare of that name. It will be understood that the whole of this valuable property, including the Duke's Head Hotel, the Corn Exchange, and Howard Street Vaults, belongs to Mr. Foulsham. The large measure of success which attends the conduct of the business at these establishments is due, in a very large measure, to the fact that it is entirely under the able management of Mr. Arthur R. Palmer, who has achieved much personal popularity in the district. The firm are agents for the celebrated “Encore” blend of Scotch whiskey.

Mr. Foulsham devotes much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public, and he is an active member of the Town Council and Watch Committee.

WALTER BENNETT, GROCER, PROVISION MERCHANT, ETC.,
THE STORES, 111, KING STREET, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THIS eminent firm was organised as far back as twenty years ago, under the able auspices of its present enterprising proprietor, originally, in a comparatively small shop in St. Peter's Row. Owing to a rapid expansion of his trade, he found it imperative to remove to more commodious premises. These, in their turn, being found inadequate, Mr. Bennett, some six years since, again removed to his present extensive premises, which were entirely rebuilt to meet the exact requirements of his ever developing business. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in King Street, the handsome three-storied building extends backwards for about one hundred yards, to terminate in commodious warerooms at the rear. The spacious double-fronted shop is admirably appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically arranged to hold and to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the best markets and leading sources of supply both at home and abroad. All manner of every-day groceries, patent medicines, perfumery, and prime provisions of every kind in the way of hams and bacon, butter and cheese, meal and flour, lard, and the freshest of eggs, are all fully represented at their best, and customers are promptly and courteously served by a large staff of capable and attentive assistants. In addition to his ordinary business, Mr. Bennett has won a widespread renown as the inventor of “Bennett’s Patent Saffron Flour,” for which he has received the highest possible award at the Norwich Exhibition, May, 1894, viz., the gold medal; also a gold medal at the exhibition in his own town, September, 1894. This flour is used for making the exceedingly wholesome and palatable saffron loaves, saffron cakes, etc., now so universally esteemed by cognoscenti on dietetics, and he has also won a well-merited renown for his special blend called the “Pyramid Tea,” and his series of fine-flavoured non-alcoholic wines. Mr. Walter Bennett exercises a personal supervision overall the details of his large and still rapidly growing business, and his methods and principles of management are identical in nature with those which have in time past influenced and brought about a continuous increase and development in the resources and undertakings of his most noteworthy business.

H. E. KERRIDGE, BUILDERS’ AND FURNISHING IRONMONGER, BELLHANGER, AND GASFITTER,
185, KING STREET, GREAT YARMOUTH.

THE supply of select ironmongery and kindred goods, coupled with the crafts of the modern smith, gasfitter, and bellhanger, finds typical illustration in the “ancient” burgh of Great Yarmouth, at the hands of Mr. H. E. Kerridge, who opened his already prosperous business at 185, King Street but three years ago. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in that busy thoroughfare, the spacious shop is admirably appointed throughout, and is most methodically arranged to hold and to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock, representing the pick of the latest and best productions of the leading manufacturers of the day. In this way are exhaustively en evidence, all kinds of general and furnishing ironmongery goods; builders', joiners', and cabinet makers’ ironmongery; japanned hollow-ware, tin, brass, zinc, copper, and other metal goods; cutlery and electro-plated ware; tools for all trades, agricultural and horticultural implements, domestic woodware and turnery, and, in short, everything usually to be found in a thoroughly first-class ironmongery store. In his perfectly equipped workshops at the rear, Mr. Kerridge, himself a practical expert, retains the services of a picked staff of skilled and experienced craftsmen for the purpose of executing gas-fitting, bell hanging, and other work, by contract or otherwise, and his house stands high in the estimation of a very large and still rapidly growing connection, as much by reason of the reliability and exceptional excellence of his work, as for the moderation of his charges, and the sound method* and honourable principles which characterise his business transactions.

STAR HOTEL, COMMERCIAL AND FAMILY,
GREAT YARMOUTH;
PROPRIETOR: MR. H. J. LANE.

NO historical record of the business life of Great Yarmouth would be complete that was without special notice of the ancient and famous “Star Hotel.” According to archaeological authorities, the building was erected as a private residence in the latter part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and it is without doubt the oldest hotel in the town, its use for this purpose dating back to the year 1760. There is a popular belief that the Star Hotel was the property and residence of Bradshaw, the President of the Commission by which Charles I. was condemned and consigned to the scaffold, and a copy of the warrant is exhibited in the room in which it was supposed to have been drawn up. This, the principal historic apartment, is known as the Nelson Room. It contains a portrait of that great admiral, painted from life by Keymer, a native artist of considerable renown. The walls of this apartment are lined with wainscot. “They are panelled to the height of five feet, divided at regular intervals by fluted pilasters which support pedestals with terminal figures, alternately male and female, between which there is a series of ornamental panels, with flat arches richly carved. Between the panelling and the ceiling there is a fine moulded border or cornice.. The ceiling is divided by flat bands, like the cornice, into six compartments, which are adorned with ribbed mouldings and pendent fruit and flowers.” In the fireplace are some Dutch tiles, which were taken from an old house in Row No. 83. They are in splendid preservation, and the proprietor has refused a guinea each for them. It may be mentioned that there is here a curious collection of photographs of the “Nockoldonians,” the mysterious name of a society that met at the hotel rather more than twenty years ago, but what the object or aim of the federation was history sayeth not.

Of course, during its public career of more than a century and a quarter in duration, many changes have been made to enable it to meet the requirements of modern hotel life; but the establishment still presents many interesting and unique features to the antiquarian, and has afforded a subject for a learned and valuable paper read to the Norwich and Norfolk Archaeological Society, in the Nelson Room of the hotel, by C. J. Palmer, Esq., F.S.A. The address has been printed and can be obtained at the bar. The Star now possesses every desirable convenience for visitors. It is situated on the Hall Quay, close to the Town Hall and General Post Office. It is a fine, imposing block of three-storey building, with balcony to first floor supported on pillars. At the rear are extensive ranges of stables with loose boxes and lock-up coach-houses, forming the largest and most complete livery, bait, and posting yard in the town. The interior of the hotel comprises large sitting-rooms', commercial, coffee, and smoke-rooms, and spacious dining-rooms. The billiard-room stands at the back, detached from the house itself, entrance being obtained from the yard. Over the door is an opal lamp on which the worthy proprietor, Mr. IH. J. Lane, sua manu, has painted an emblematic device of two crossed cues with three balls “interspersed singly,” as indicating the use to which the room is applied. The apartment is substantially appointed, and furnished with two full-sized modern tables, complete with every accessory for playing the royal game of billiards, pyramids, or pool. Here is to be seen a rare collection of paintings and engravings, some seventy or eighty in number, and comprising works by Sir Godfrey Kneller, R. Westall, Sir P. Lely, Zuccarella, and other celebrated painters and engravers. The private apartments of the hotel, as well as the sitting-rooms and bedrooms en suite, are spacious in size, handsomely and even elegantly furnished, and replete with solid, home-like comforts. The sleeping accommodation is represented by some thirty beds, lofty, well lighted, and well ventilated. Nothing but the highest praise can be given to the cuisine, and the service and attendance are of an exceptionally excellent character. The wines, spirits, ales, and cigars are of the finest quality, being personally selected by the host, who is an acknowledged connoisseur in these matters. Mr. Lane has been the proprietor of this famous hotel for the past nine years, and during that time has made hosts of friends by his geniality, courtesy, and the skill he shows in the management. He employs a large staff, all of whom are well paid, and he spares no expense in meeting the demands of his influential and high-class connection, and keeps up the well-known traditions of the establishment in admirable style. Mr. Lane has had a long and valuable experience in hotel management, and was for some years the owner of the Jack Straw’s Castle, at Hampstead, a house much patronised by Dickens, Washington Irving, and other literary and artistic celebrities.

THE EAST NORFOLK PRINTING COMPANY,
GREAT YARMOUTH.
MANAGER: MK. ALFRED PICK.

ONE of the most notable factories in the modern economic history of Great Yarmouth has proved to be the establishment, eight jears ago, of the great industrial business conducted by the East Norfolk Printing Company. They occupy, at 29, Regent Street, convenient premises used for the conduct of the Company’s retail business, their factories being situated at Rows 62, 63, 63-and-a-half and 66, King Street. Their premises are very extensive, supplying ample accommodation for letterpress and lithographic printing; the manufacture of account books, envelopes, &c., relief stamping, paper ruling, bag making and other kindred processes. So rapid and steady has been the expansion of the Company's volume of business that it has recently been found necessary to carry out very extensive and convenient alterations and structural enlargements of the premises. Amongst other improvements which are conspicuous is the extension of the fine suite of well-appointed general and private offices which are furnished with telephonic communication. The industrial departments, which extend from Row 63-and-a-half to Row 66, King Street, include the printing works. Here are over a hundred machines of many different sorts, for as many different purposes, the mechanical appliances being driven by a recently constructed gas-engine. Here too are specially designed machines for lithographic and copperplate printing, for relief and die-stamping, for ruling, engraving, and embossing, with guillotines of the most approved modern type, for paper and label cutting. The working plant, indeed, comprises every requisite which matured experience could suggest. The apartments at Rows 62 and 63 are utilised as paper warehouses and packing- rooms. Very extensive stocks of paper of all varieties are held, and the Company have, with signal success, made a speciality of waterproof paper for bag-making. From eighty to ninety tons of paper are usually held in stock. The stores of general and commercial stationery are also very large. They comprise papers of all kinds, sizes, and grades, from the most noted mills of Scotland, as well as of England and abroad, together with every description of envelopes and other manufactured stationery required in the counting-house, the study, the schoolroom or the boudoir.

The high reputation which the Company have won as general printers has been materially enhanced by their excellent achievements as account-book makers, engravers, lithographers, and printers. They have surrounded themselves with every facility for printing of all kinds, and they are always prepared to execute work in accordance with any special style or design. Their numerous and representatively varied founts of typo are carefully selected from the most eminent British, Continental, and American typefounders. When special occasion arises, the Company cast their own type, as well as engrave crests, monograms, &c., whilst there is on the premises a thoroughly equipped stereotyping foundry. The composing-rooms are amongst the best in the eastern counties. The Company have gained a specially high reputation for gold blocking and catalogue work, and in the latter department they execute much beautifully produced work for florists and nurserymen. They also control a large business in the supply of trade labels, particularly for mineral-water manufacturers. A staff of highly-skilled artists is constantly engaged on the premises, and, altogether, the firm give employment to between fifty and sixty hands. In the publishing section of the Company’s business, too, there is much laudable activity. They have recently issued a popular novel entitled “High Jinks: a Tale of the Norfolk Broads,” and “The Anglers’ Guide,” while their successful “East Norfolk Annual” is in the eighth year of its issue. At the Company’s retail branch in Regent Street, there is a very comprehensive stock of general goods, and in particular, a fine assortment of magic lanterns with slides, arrangements being made on liberal terms for their exhibition at public entertainments. All the branches (including a large three-storey building, which is devoted to paper-bag making) are connected with the offices by telephone. During the last three years, Mr. Alfred Pick, the manager, has brought to the discharge of his duties a thorough technical knowledge of the trade, and strong administrative abilities which stand him in good stead. His commercial methods — and in particular the draughting of some of his business circulars — are admirably enterprising.

LOWESTOFT.

THERE are many noteworthy spots along the coast of East Anglia, but none to our mind more interesting than the fine seaport of Lowestoft, which combines the various features of a busy trading port with those of a favourite watering-place and holiday resort. In the latter respect several circumstances have contributed to the popularity of Lowestoft, notably its bracing and healthy atmosphere, charged with the invigorating tonic of the North Sea breezes; and to this recommendation must be added the beauty of its picturesque site and surroundings, and the ease with which visitors may from this point reach the famous Norfolk Broads. There is nothing just like “the Broads” anywhere in the world. They have a distinct individuality, these great lakes, with their many attractions for the yachtsman and the angler. The Norfolk wherry is a boat sui generis, and the wherryman is unapproached in that “skill and dexterity” which should characterise every “jolly young waterman,” whether in Norfolk or elsewhere. In short, people have come to recognise the fact that the Norfolk Broads offer very strong inducements to the holiday-maker who is fond of boating and fishing, and to reach the Broads with convenience one could hardly do better than make one’s headquarters at Lowestoft. On the whole, this ancient seaport is, therefore, a place of more than ordinary importance, and has quite outgrown the reputation it once had of being merely a fishing village. Then, it is still a great place for fish, but that industry is conducted upon a scale which commands respect, and the site of the fishing fleet at Lowestoft is not the least interesting scene presented to the visitor from inland parts. The great fish markets owned by the Great Eastern Railway Company are very interesting, and from Lowestoft enormous quantities of herrings, mackerel, solos, and other fish are despatched over that Company’s line to London and other towns. In fact, the fishing industry is an important factor in the life of the place, giving employment to a great number of men and boys on sea and ashore, not only in the capture of the fish, but in the preserving, packing, curing, and shipping of the same — for dried and tinned fish, as well as fresh, emanate largely from Lowestoft. There are many other trades and industries carried on here, and the nature of these will become apparent to the reader who peruses the articles we have compiled to illustrate the scope of Lowestoft’s commercial enterprises.

As to the aspect of the town in other respects, we have space for only a few words, but it may be truly said that no written description could do justice to a place which has been so well endowed by nature with those beauties in which land and sea unite to charm the lover of the picturesque. Lowestoft stands at a point on the Suffolk coast where the river Waveney enters the North Sea, and is about ten miles south of Great Yarmouth, fifty miles north-east from Ipswich, and 118 miles from London. As in the case of so many seaports dating from ancient times, there is an “old town” and a “new town,” the former standing upon a cliff which is surmounted by a lighthouse (built in 1874), 123 feet above the sea level. Another lighthouse appears on the Ness, which has the distinction of being the most easterly point in England. These beacons are indispensable to mariners on the stormy eastern coast, where many a gallant bark has succumbed to the fury of wind and wave, and where deeds of the most noble and devoted heroism have been performed by Norfolk and Suffolk men in the rescuing of shipwrecked seamen. The newer part of Lowestoft extends southward from the old town, and between the two lies the harbour, with its two substantial piers, stretching seawards for a great distance. The fine Esplanade is one of the attractions of Lowestoft, and is nearly half-a-mile long. There is an excellent dock, built in 1883, in connection with the harbour, and this should be of value in promoting the shipping trade of the port, which is of considerable importance. The handsome Pavilion of the New South Pier is another notable contribution to the enjoyment of visitors.

Of the public buildings of Lowestoft, those most worthy of attention are the Parish Church and the Town Hall. The latter has stained-glass windows which are much admired. In former times Lowestoft was celebrated for a peculiar species of China, which was made from clay obtained in the vicinity of Bellevue Park. Though the records of Lowestoft extend back to an early date, its history has not been very eventful, the chief incidents presenting themselves to notice being the occupation of the town in 1613 by Cromwell, its partial destruction by a great fire in the following year, and the defeat of the Dutch fleet in 1665, in a great naval battle which was fought within sight of the port, the victorious English squadron being commanded by the Duke of York, afterwards King James II. William Whiston, the great mathematician, was rector of Lowestoft. A sign of prosperity is the marked growth of Lowestoft in modern times. In 1801 its population was only 2,509, which little more than doubled itself by 1811. But in 1881 the number of inhabitants had reached 19,690; and by the Census of 1891 the municipal borough was shown to have a population of no less than 23,347.

MR. J. W. BROOKE, M.I.M.E., HYDRAULIC AND GENERAL ENGINEER, MILLWRIGHT, BOILER-MAKER, IRON' AND BRASS FOUNDER,
ADRIAN IRON WORKS, LOWESTOFT.

THE metal trade, comprising one of our most important industrial features, always attaches a special interest, and this is more emphatically the case when it is found flourishing in a town not of general manufacturing renown. Lowestoft is recognised as the great fishing centre, and with the exception of the importance surrounding this industry, it is not considered a great or representative trade centre. There are, however, several important works here, and any account of the industrial and commercial resources of the place would be singularly incomplete without special reference being made to the business conducted by Mr. J. W. Brooke. Its foundation dates back to 1866, and since it has been under Mr. Brooke's proprietorship it has been made one of the principal engineering establishments on the East Coast. Mr. Brooke has had a large experience, both manufacturing and commercial, an experience which stands him in good stead in the conduct of a very extensive and flourishing trade. A very large connection has been built up, and altogether the business has a most salutary effect on the engineering trade of the country.

The premises, known as the Adrian Iron Works, are very extensive, covering an area of eighteen thousand square feet. They are built in the form of a square, the ranges of workshops, stores, and offices enclosing a spacious yard. In the engine-house is one vertical and one horizontal engine of fifty horse-power, and from this place power is communicated with all parts of the works. The mechanical equipment of the place is very modern and valuable, and nothing that experience or a complete knowledge of the requirements of the trade can suggest has been omitted. An interesting department is the boiler-making and fitting shop, where many hands are occupied in the production of vertical and other boilers, in which Mr. Brooke has gained a sound reputation. In this place, among many machines and special contrivances, is a powerful steam-hammer, by means of which, with very little manual exertion, huge pieces of metal may be hammered and battered about in all shapes. Adjoining this is the engineers' and fitters’ shop, in which are fitted numerous lathes, boring, drilling, shaping, milling, and other mechanical tools, and here also there is always a large staff of workpeople busily engaged in the various operations of their department. In the iron and brass foundry a great deal of general work is being carried on, some large castings being turned out, as well as the numerous details for Mr. Brooke's patent specialities, of which brief mention will be made. The pattern shops contain a large number of patterns of details referring to all kinds of large and small goods made, and these are classified so as to be ready for immediate reference. There are also extensive stores for finished goods, while in the front of the works are handsome general and drawing offices, and a large deposit store.

In list form, the productions of the establishment comprise appliances for winding, hauling, and lifting vertical, horizontal, and marine boilers; builders' hoisting and other machinery, continuous lifts, cranes and crab winches, constructive and ornamental ironwork, chain blocks, pulleys and sheaves, single and double dinner lifts, gas, steam, and hydraulic elevators; hauling and winding engines, hoists of all kinds, hydraulic hoists, lifts and cranes, iron and brass castings of all kinds, lifting machinery of every description, overhead travelling and other cranes, pumping machinery for all purposes, portable combined engines and boilers, retorts and machinery for preserving works, self-sustaining lifts and hoists, steam engines of all kinds, steam capstans and winches, shafting, pulleys and gearing, tram wheels, axles, and general work; vertical and inclined cellar hoists, hand or steam wharf cranes, &c., &c., while all goods are manufactured in a careful and exact manner, the designs in each instance being made according to the most modern requirements of trade. There are several articles which have a special interest to which more than passing attention must be given. Mr. Brooke is a thorough engineer, and has from time to time given full evidence of this by introducing either entirely new goods or by improving on existing makes, and to a few of these it is proposed here to call the attention of the trade. The “Universal” Combined Hand and Power Friction Hoist (Brooke's patent). This is quite a new departure in hoisting machinery, and is the outcome of a long and varied experience with many types of lifting appliances. It is simple in its construction, absolutely safe and dependable, and is under the immediate control of the operator. The Clutch Hoist has received very favourable attention at the hands of the trade generally, and has been supplied to manufacturers and others in all parts of the country. At the Royal Manchester, Liverpool, and North Lancashire Show of 1892 it was awarded the silver medal, and its position among the chief implements of its kind thus assured.

Mr. Brooke makes another and more simple type of Combined Hand and Power Friction Hoist, which, while being quick in action and containing all the advantages of a thoroughly reliable hoist, is produced at slightly less cost, and is strongly recommended where ordinary loads have to be operated upon. In the same connection mention may be made of Brooke's Patent Self-sustaining Sack and Bale Hoist. This is made in both “single” and “double” types. It is a very popular style of hoist, and one of its chief attractions is that it is absolutely devoid of danger in use, the patent self-sustaining mechanism rendering it under the perfect control of the man operating. It is worked by means of an endless rope and may be fixed in any position. He is also patentee and manufacturer of The Patent “Universal” Clutch. Amongst the advantages possessed by the “Universal” Clutch is the simplicity and effectiveness of the mechanism embraced in its construction. All working parts are made of steel, and in the event of wear through neglect of oiling, or other cause, they can be easily replaced. By means of an elliptical expander a high degree of frictional contact is obtained with little or no leverage on sleeve; it can even be operated direct by hand, and can be started as quickly or as gradually as may be desired without shock or jar. It is not affected when working amongst dust or grit as the frictional surfaces are completely closed in, and can be applied to working grindstones and emery wheels. The clutch can be cast as part of a pulley or wheel, but it is preferable to have them separate, the boss of clutch being made long enough for wheels or pulleys to be keyed thereon. It is of great service in coupling turbines or water wheels to engine power, and no gas engine can be worked satisfactorily without a good friction pulley on engine shaft. It is particularly applicable for electric lighting, doing away with all shifting of broad heavy belts. The “Universal” Clutch is a great acquisition to belt-driven Hoisting and Lifting Machinery, as it can be set to lift a given weight. When that is exceeded it will slip. This clutch is invaluable for working all classes of machinery with an intermittent motion.

In quite a different department of trade Mr. Brooke has given much attention to the matter of cooking apparatus for large public institutions, and has succeeded in introducing to the trade what is known as Brooke’s Improved Cooking Apparatus, for boiling, roasting, stewing, broiling, bread and pastry baking, and supplying hot baths, with a single fire. It is necessarily a large article, and has a hot-plate range ten feet long by three feet wide. The fire required is but a small one, the heat being carefully and regularly generated over the whole. For hotels, cafes, restaurants, schools, colleges, hospitals, workhouses, barracks, and prisons this apparatus is invaluable, not only performing a large amount of work thoroughly and well, but doing so at a moderate cost after the initial outlay. Mr. Brooke is also the patentee and manufacturer of steam capstan engines and boilers, and he has a special equipment in the works to enable him to undertake steam-boat repairs, and to supply the fittings for steam trawlers and other boats putting out from Lowestoft.

In the various departments there are upwards of seventy hands employed, and besides having introduced an admirable system of departmental management, Mr. Brooke extends a constant supervision over the conduct of the entire business. He is a member of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and stands high in the estimation of engineers in all parts of the country. He is on the list of contractors to Her Majesty’s War Office, Admiralty, and Indian Office, and in addition to this very influential class of support he carries on a large general trade. In addition to his Lowestoft address he is established at 46A, Market Street, Manchester, his telegraphic address, in the latter city being “Paratus,” and for Lowestoft, “Brooke.”

MESSRS. LEE BARBER, LIMITED.
LOWESTOFT OIL MILLS, COMMERCIAL ROAD, LOWESTOFT.

APART from the fishing industry, which is paramount here, and which affords employment for several thousands of hands, the largest commercial enterprise in Lowestoft is that of Messrs. Lee Barber Oil Mills, Limited. This business has for many years been regarded as one of the leading centres of the oil-milling and seed-crushing industry, and a brief reference as to its capacity and to the methods adopted in the work cannot fail to be attractive in a work endeavouring to set forth the chief industrial and commercial interests of the district. The oil mills were first established upwards of forty years ago, by Sir Morton Peto, and were acquired by Mr. Lee Barber, who recently transformed the proprietorship into a limited company. The premises are very extensive, and comprise a large mill and warehouse with spacious malt stores adjoining. The mill and warehouse is an imposing structure, and is admirably adapted for receiving and storing large quantities of linseed, cotton-seed and rape-seed, besides being equipped with a very powerful machine plant used in the different processes of the business. The building adjoins the harbour, and has a wharf frontage of three hundred feet, where vessels of large tonnage and of deep draft can easily be moored. The ground floor of the place is partially occupied by the engine and boiler-house, and here is an engine of one hundred and fifty horse-power with two boilers twenty feet in length. It will be assumed that the machinery in use necessitating such great boiler power is very extensive. This is so, and it is estimated that the whole of the plant is valued at upwards of £40,000. The firm have spared neither pains nor expense in fitting out their mills in the most modern and complete form, and the mechanical arrangements of the place are as satisfactory as experience and a keen appreciation of the requirements of the trade can make them. The minimum of hand labour is employed, and even in face of this, large numbers of operatives are engaged in each department, the firm paying about £8,000 every year in wages alone.

Adjoining the engine-house and boiler-rooms are huge oil tanks, each containing some hundreds of tons of oil, which is produced at the average rate of twelve tons per diem. The mill proper is on the ground floor, and here are a number of presses for crushing linseed, and an equally large number for cotton-seed, machinery for grinding cottonseed, a number of steam kettles for heating linseed and cotton-seed after crushing, also several pairs of chilled rollers, screens, and elevators for the automatic removal of the material during the processes of manufacture, also two sets of presses known as box presses, for the manufacture of rape cake and compound cakes. On the ground floor is manufactured an article that has become known as quite a leading feature of the house. This is the “Lowestoft Feeding Meal,” composed of rich and valuable feeding ingredients with an admixture of malt. It contains a very large percentage of albuminous or flesh-forming properties and is specially adapted for cows and sheep. It promotes health among stock, and inducing a good appetite, it is valuable as a condiment. It is also a cheap food, and its manurial value is great, seeing that it contains a large amount of nitrogen. The “Lowestoft Feeding Meal” has met with strong support from an influential class of agriculturists, breeders, and graziers, and among the very many gratifying testimonials received bearing out the statements made here are those from R. Wortley, Esq., Suffield, Norfolk; J. Wortley, Esq., Frekenham, Norfolk; L. J. Peto, Esq., Somerleyton, Suffolk; C. S. Read, Esq., late M.P. for North Norfolk; J. L. Garden, Esq., Redisham Hall, Suffolk, and many others. It is made in very large quantities during the summer months in order to meet the winter demand. Within the last six months the Company have started the manufacture of a pure decorticated cotton cake, which has been expressly designed to meet the difficulties which are now characteristic of the American make. It is soft, and therefore easy of digestion; it is free from the highly objectional lumps so often present in the common kinds of imported cake; it needs no special precaution prior to use, while it is a cake of good composition, containing about twelve per cent. of oil with a very high percentage of albuminous substance, and nearly seven per cent, of nitrogen, which renders its manurial value higher than any other cake. On the second and third floors of the mill are huge stores of linseed, cotton, and rape seed, the entire stock reaching some thousands of tons. The upper floor is used for hoisting the different seeds in bags, where it is screened, and from where they are distributed over the building.

Messrs. Lee Barber, Limited, import very large quantities of seed, the linseed and rape coming principally from the East Indies, and cotton from Egypt. Some idea of the capacity of the place may be gathered from the fact that it requires upwards of three hundred tons of seed per week to keep the mill fully supplied. The productions of the mill are enormous, there being about twelve thousand tons of cake and three thousand tons of oil turned out every year. Large consignments of goods are being constantly sent by water to London and the Continent, and in order to directly control the home trade, the firm have two lines of rail laid down in the wharf in connection with the main lines, and by this medium goods are sent to all parts of the United Kingdom. It is needless to say that a business of this magnitude and importance is conducted with energy and enterprise. An admirable system of internal departmental management exists, and over the whole Mr. Lee Barber, still a director of the Company, extends a personal guiding influence. He is a native of Norwich, and has gained his position at the head of Lowestoft commercial life by sheer ability and energy, and by his distinct integrity in all business transactions. Mr. Crawley takes a most active part in the management of the business, and is ably assisted by the other directors, Messrs. F. H. Oates and R. W. Cox, managing director of the Phoenix Oil Mill Company, Limited, of Liverpool.

T. E. THIRTLE, GENERAL AND FURNISHING IRON-MONGER, AND BELLHANGER,
45, HIGH STREET, LOWESTOFT.

AMONG the men who have done much, and are still doing much, for the development and welfare of Lowestoft, a position of prominence is duo to Mr. T. E. Thirtle, who for many years has been closely mixed up with the progress of the town, and whose family has been influentially connected with the borough for the last hundred years. The business carried on, that of general and furnishing ironmonger and bellhanger, was founded by the father of the present proprietor between fifty and sixty years ago, and from its commencement has been controlled with exemplary energy and ability. Mr. T. E. Thirtle is one of the best-known men in Lowestoft, both as an enterprising tradesman and as a citizen indefatigable in the discharge of his public duties. The premises occupied are situated at 46, High Street, and were, in all probability, built for the private residence of some rich burgess about the time when Queen Anne ruled over the destinies of England. According to antiquarians, there is no doubt that George II. slept in the house, and a tablet is erected to that effect. The shop has a good frontage and a very considerable depth, and has been fitted up in the best possible manner for the control of a business of this description. There is a large well-appointed show-room, together with warehouse and store-rooms, all filled to repletion with the superior and varied goods offered by the firm. The stocks have been carefully selected from the best-known makers, and comprise general and household ironmongery, artificers’ tools of every description, patent kitchener, register, and other stoves; guns, ammunition, and a special display of Sheffield cutlery. The goods are invariably offered at the most moderate prices, and can always be fully relied upon to be the best of their kind procurable.

Special regard is paid to the requirements of the fishing trade. Mr. Thirtle has had a very valuable experience in this branch of the business, and can offer a selection of goods, coupled with advantageous inducements in price, which cannot be equalled elsewhere. He owns a large and well-equipped smithy in Whipload Road, where a number of hands is employed in repairing fishing gear. He is the owner, also, of a veterinary forge in the Old Market Place, where a good business is in operation. The sum of Mr. Thirtle’s business occupations is not complete yet He is the proprietor of four first-class smacks now fishing off Penzance, and of others engaged in the North Sea. His connection is widespread and valuable, and by his straightforward and honourable business methods and thorough reliability he commands the respect and esteem of all with whom he comes into business connection.

Mr. Thirtle, although so extensively and diversely occupied in industrial and commercial life, like most of our busiest men, finds time to engage largely in the municipal, charitable, and social affairs of the town. He has filled many important public offices with credit and distinction, gaining the admiration of his fellow-townsmen for his wonderful energy and disinterested labours. He is a member of the Town Council of Lowestoft, also of the School Board; he has been captain of the fire brigade for twenty-six years, and the vicar’s warden for Christ Church for fifteen years; he is, also, a member of the Burial Board and the Charity Board, and is prominent in every good cause where example, influence, support, and work are wanted.

J. FLOOD & SON, ARTISTIC AND GENERAL PRINTERS, STATIONERS, PAPER MERCHANTS, BOOKBINDERS, AND ACCOUNT-BOOK MANUFACTURERS,
93, HIGH STREET, AND “THE GROVE,” LOWESTOFT.

WHILE seeking to point out the chief industrial and commercial resources of Lowestoft, special attention must be directed to the business of Messrs. J. Flood & Son. It represents a branch of trade that is of prime importance in every community, and, as artistic and general printers, stationers, paper merchants, bookbinders, account-book manufacturers, &c., Messrs. Flood & Son enjoy a reputation which extends far beyond the limits of Lowestoft, and which is the result of a consistent endeavour on their part to produce high-class work, extending over a long period of years. There are few crafts that require more continuous study and care than printing. Every day something new is required from the typefounders, and each new fount of type or style of paper bristles with possibilities for improved work. The public will always find that the best printer is he who takes a delight in adding one more to his own special designs, and this will, in a measure, account for the pre-eminent position gained by the firm under notice, who are pregnant with new suggestions, and who exert themselves to the utmost for the elevation of the tone of the trade in general.

The business is the oldest of its kind in the town, and was established upwards of forty years ago by Mr. J. Flood. For many years it was conducted by him entirely, but although the founder still takes an active interest in its welfare, the management is principally in the hands of his son. Mr. W. Frank Flood has gained his knowledge of the trade in the best of schools. He is thoroughly practical in every branch of the trade, and besides his technical ability, acquired under the best conditions, he possesses in a marked degree a capacity for internal administration. That his management is of an energetic and enterprising character is manifest in every department, and it must be a matter of deep personal gratification to Mr. Flood, senior, to know that the business he has laboured at for so many years, may be safely left in the hands of one so capable of its proprietorship and of upholding its best traditions. The chief department of the business is, undoubtedly, that set apart for artistic and general printing, and it is the continued object of the firm to excel in producing the highest class of work. In old and in new styles of printing, in contrasts and in similes, in gold and colour printing, and in suggestions for genuine trade improvements, their productions are of a very superior kind, and all bear the impression of having emanated from a leading house.

The premises at The Grove are utilised exclusively for the mechanical departments of the business. They are almost new, having only been erected about three years ago. They are extensive and commodious, and having been purposely built for the firm, are admirably adapted to the special requirements of the trade. On the ground floor are the machine-room — a large department measuring seventy feet by twenty-two feet — the offices, and the general warehouse; while the upper floor has been well arranged into composing-room and paper-warehouse. A keen appreciation of the requirements of a high-class business is noticeable in the general arrangements of the works. In the first place, in order to ensure the best results in printing, the machinery must be perfectly rigid, absolutely free from vibration or oscillation of any kind, and in order to gain this rigidity, the floor of the machine-room is of solid concrete. Practical printers will at once see the benefit of this, and it at once ceases to be a matter of surprise that the firm have gained a reputation as high-class printers. They have spared no pains to obtain the best class of machinery in the trade, and at the time of writing this (May, 1894) they are engaged preparing an illustrated trade circular, setting forth the principles upon which their business is conducted, and giving a full description of the mechanical appliances in use at the works. We have been favoured with proof- sheets of this circular, and may, perhaps, without encroaching upon the favours already extended to us by Messrs. Flood & Son, obtain from it some assistance in describing a few of the special machines in use, and in referring to the resources of the various departments of the business. It may be well to notice by way of preface that each department is conducted on quite an independent basis, as, for instance, the composing-room is entirely separate from the machine-room, and the account-book making department is altogether another branch of the business. Light is a very important matter, and each room has been well considered and supplied in this direction.

The motive power for the general machinery is derived from a two-horse power gas-engine, by Furnival & Co. Messrs. Flood & Son displayed good judgment in the selection of this engine, as, producing neither smoke nor dust, it is particularly clean in working — an obvious necessity to ensure the turning out of high-class printing. The same firm — Furnival & Co., of Redditch and London — supplied one of their well-known large “Wharfedale” cylinder machines, weighing over five tons, fitted with an automatic double-inking motion, rendering it admirably adapted to poster work and illustrations. Messrs. Flood & Son use their “Wharfedale” principally for illustrated and other catalogues, posters, bookwork, price lists, annual reports, magazines, and similar classes of work, in each of which they operate largely. There is also another “Wharfedale” in use at the Borough Works, by the same makers, although smaller, and this has been specially designed to meet the requirements of the best commercial and artistic work. Dioramic and concert programmes, balance sheets, year books, trade lists, artistic colour circulars, and account-book headings are largely produced on this machine, while for the rapid production of hand-bills, bags, fish tallies, tobacco-papers, tickets, bottle-labels, wrappers, manilla-tags, invoices, &c., the firm find their two “Minerva” platen machines — otherwise the “Cropper,” named after its makers, H. S. Cropper & Co., of Nottingham — of great service. There is another platen machine in use at the works, from the works of Messrs. Furnival & Co., named the “Express.” which has many advantages and improvements, and this is reserved exclusively for the better class of colour and high-class work, such as ball programmes, menu cards, toast lists, trade and visiting cards, fancy labels, &c. The Guillotine cutting machine, fitted with a thirty-eight-inch knife, having an instantaneous diagonal cut, is a notable “implement” in the machine-room. and Messrs. Flood & Son find constant use for their treadle perforating machine, for perforating cheque-books, &c., by means of a series of small steel punches; their numbering and paging machine, an ingenious contrivance for numbering and paging cheque-books, tickets, &c., in any manner, changing automatically; treadle wire stitcher, for stitching pamphlets, magazines, and books of various thicknesses; and their Albion and Columbian hand presses. which are now used chiefly for the production of show-cards, window-bills, &c., when ordered in small quantities. From this brief reference to the mechanical resources of the Borough Works, it will be seen that the firm have laid themselves out to cover practically the whole ground of artistic and general printing, and that they have achieved a distinct success in this respect is evidenced from the fact of the constant and increasing demand that is being made upon the capacities of the establishment.

A very special department of the business is that set aside for the manufacture of account books, ledgers, day, and cash-books of all kinds, and to this the firm pay a close and constant attention. They produce their books in a variety of bindings and styles, the paper being, in every instance, of a superior quality, and the workmanship careful and well finished to a degree. Copperplate engraving is undertaken, and for this work a staff of capable and experienced artists has been engaged. Much attention is also given to bookbinding, the productions of this department showing evidences of careful handling, a superior class of work being produced at moderate charges. In each branch of work at the “Grove” establishment, a large and efficient staff of workmen is employed, and by exercising a constant supervision over the execution of all orders, Mr. W. F. Flood accepts the personal responsibility for the quality of their productions. At the High Street establishment a large and flourishing trade has been built up in fancy and general stationery. Here will be found an extensive and well-selected stock of the account-books made at the works, official, commercial, and court envelopes, ruled, note, and blotting papers, and — without attempting a detailed list — every description of commercial and general stationery, a high standard of excellence being maintained in each connection. In addition to these goods, which are comprised under the “eminently useful” class, there are several fancy articles, both for use and ornament, as well as a varied assortment of leather goods, view souvenirs, Bibles, Prayer-books, Church Services, wools and ladies' needlework.

From the foregoing remarks it will be at once seen that the business is of a very comprehensive kind, and it is a strong testimony to the principles that govern the proprietorship, that the members of the firm have the details of every branch “at their fingers’ ends” as it were. That a large and influential connection has been gained goes without saying, and Messrs. Flood & Son spare no pains to render the establishment worthy of a continuance of the gratifying support that has for so long been remuneratively enjoyed. They are well known locally, and in their different spheres — the distinction of age creating the difference — they are held in the highest respect and esteem, Mr. Flood, junior, reflecting the honourable and praiseworthy character, and the business-like and enterprising habits that has always been his father's chief characteristics.

RICHARD LEACH, HOUSE FURNISHER, ETC.
60 & 61, HIGH STREET, AND HARBOUR STORES, LOWESTOFT.

MR. LEACH is a native of Surrey, and his connection with the commerce of Lowestoft dates back for twenty-one years, when he established the business which in his hands has since grown and developed until it has become one of the largest, not only in the town, but probably throughout the entire county. It is of so comprehensive a character that to conduct it properly two separate establishments are necessary, and it is divided between premises at 60 & 61, High Street, and others, known as the Harbour Stores. The latter place comprises a large four-storey building, overlooking the outer harbour and adjoining the entrance to the inner harbour, or what is known as the Bridge. Here are the principal stores for carpets and general furnishing requisites. On the ground floor is a large and lofty double-fronted shop, containing a very choice assortment of all kinds of furnishing and household requisites, and amongst the many goods on hand are several specialities of which more than passing mention must be made. The floor-cloths on view here comprise a very extensive and comprehensive stock, and Mr. Leach has a great variety of stair coverings, oilcloths, linoleums, &o., in various widths, suitable for passages, halls, and rooms. On the same floor will be found a choice assortment of table, standard, and other lamps, in which are carried out the most recent inventions for increasing light and at the same time minimising the risk in use. Cane and wicker chairs in many designs are on hand, and the display of lace curtains is extensive and very valuable, the goods having been obtained from the leading manufacturers. On the first floor will be found a further supply of lace curtains, all kinds of carpets, mats, hearthrugs, linoleums, and every description of flooring material. In carpets Mr. Leach has been successful in obtaining many new and choice designs. Wilton, Brussels, Tapestry, Kidderminster, and other makes are on hand, and in every instance Mr. Leach is enabled to guarantee sound durable quality; various kinds of Persian, Indian, antique, bison, sheep, goatskin, and other hearthrugs are on hand, for dining-room, drawing-room, breakfast-room, and bedroom, at very low prices. The second floor contains a good assortment of bedsteads in all sizes in brass and iron, and a feature of the department is that cots, bedsteads, mattresses, &c., are lent on hire. These goods also come direct from the chief sources of supply, and are strong and well made in every particular. The third floor is partially occupied by a very special department of the business, viz., carpet-planning. All kinds of mats are made, and carpet-sewing is extensively carried on, for which purpose Mr. Leach has an ingenious machine in use, thereby saving a large amount of hand labour. On this floor also is a large stock of wall-papers, there being upwards of one thousand patterns in pulps, grounds, washables, satins, siennas, gold, &c., to select from. Household tinware of all kinds is also stored here, and a large miscellaneous stock of goods.

The High Street premises are extensive, and occupy a prominent corner position. They are principally stocked with oils of all kinds of a superior quality, colours, white lead, varnishes, sheet glass, brooms, brushes, and tinware, &c. At the rear are large warehouses extending some one hundred and fifty feet from High Street, in which very extensive stocks are held of the articles already enumerated. Mr. Leach is the leading cork merchant in Lowestoft, and he has warehouses for storing cork and facilities for manufacturing floats for fishing nets, in which branch of trade he operates largely. The entire business is conducted under the personal supervision of the proprietor, to whose energy and enterprise the marked success that has been achieved is directly traceable. In their combination the two businesses comprise the largest of its kind in Lowestoft. The system of management is simple and the appointments of each department enable the assistants and workpeople to do their work expeditiously, and to the satisfaction of the numerous and influential patrons of the establishment.

Apart from his position among the leading tradesmen of the town, Mr. Leach is a prominent mover in the public life of Lowestoft. He is a member of the Town Council, and has done much valuable work in that capacity. He is also a lover of the fine arts, and is the fortunate possessor of some fine examples of Crome, Vincent, Stark, Barker, distinguished artists of the Norwich school. The phase of his character which most directly appeals to us is his aptitude for all business matters. He has the faculty of confining his attention to any object immediately in hand to the exclusion of everything else, and by developing this gift — for gift it undoubtedly is — he has built up a very large business, with every detail of which he has the closest acquaintance. He is well known in Lowestoft, and commands the respect and esteem of all with whom he comes into contact.

MESSRS. L. WREN & SON, SADDLERS AND HARNESS MAKERS, AND MANUFACTURERS OF BEE APPLIANCES,
189, HIGH STREET, LOWESTOFT.

THE saddlery and harness-making industry is represented in Lowestoft, under the best possible conditions, in the well-ordered establishment of Messrs. L. Wren & Son, which is not only the most important, but the oldest established, of its class in the district. Its record dates back for about forty years, and has been of one steady and unbroken progress. The fine old-fashioned double frontage of the premises, which occupy a commanding position in the High Street, is altogether in keeping with the substantial character of the connection which the firm enjoy. The interior is ample enough to admit of the effective display, and the systematic classification and arrangement of the large and thoroughly representative stocks which are always held of saddlery and harness. The firm have gained a high and widespread reputation for the excellence of the workmanship which characterises all the harness which they produce, whether light or heavy, and whether for horses or for ponies. The collars which they manufacture are, in particular, regarded as of specially high quality. The stocks, too, include a splendid assortment of hunting and other saddles for special purposes; whips of the most approved descriptions, and in great variety; all sorts of bits, spurs, and other lorinary goods, rugs and aprons; together with brushes and other requisites for the harness-room and the stable. Here, too, are to be found all descriptions of harness compositions, oils, varnishes, blacking, &c.

A very considerable amount of business is controlled, also, in the supply of tanned garden netting, and raffia grass of the very best descriptions. As manufacturers of, or dealers in, all these classes of goods, Messrs. Wren & Son have gained the unreserved confidence of a very wide circle of customers, including many of the most influential traders in the Lowestoft district, as well as a large number of the most distinguished county families. Mr. Luke Wren, the senior partner, has gained renown all throughout East Anglia as an eminent bee-keeper, who has, with notable success, done much to popularise this occupation, and practically to recommend its adoption on a sound basis. He is the owner of an extensive apiary at Somerleyton, which is regarded throughout a wide area as a model establishment. It is thus that the firm have naturally added to their original industrial business, that of manufacturers, on an extensive scale, of bee appliances. In this department they conduct a very considerable trade, which is rapidly increasing in proportion as the profitable character of bee-keeping becomes known amongst agriculturists generally. “Bees, Hives, and Honey” is the title of the copiously illustrated catalogue of bee-keepers’ supplies, which is issued by Messrs. Wren & Son. A glance at its pages will convey some idea of the vast resources of the establishment in this department which, as already indicated, is under the special control of the senior partner. His son, Mr. Alfred William Wren, devotes his attention to the saddlery business, and in this respect fully maintains all the best traditions of the house. Mr. Luke Wren is gifted with strongly developed administrative powers, and he is thus enabled, notwithstanding the heavy claims which his own business makes upon his attention, to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. Thus he is an active Director of the Lowestoft Building Society; Treasurer of the British Schools; and one of the Managers of the Lowestoft Savings Bank.

MR. CLEMENT BURTON, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BUTCHER,
LONDON ROAD, THE BRIDGE, LOWESTOFT.

AN important factor in the commercial economy of Lowestoft is constituted by the admirably equipped establishment of which Mr. Clement Burton, wholesale and retail butcher, is the proprietor. Mr. Burton is a native of Lowestoft, and during the forty-four years which have elapsed since he began his business operations, his active and notably successful life has been associated closely with the history of the development in the material resources of the town of his birth. His business is the most extensive, as it is the oldest established, of its class in the town. The premises occupy a commanding position in the London Road, near to the Bridge, and their appointments are suggestive of the scrupulous propriety which is maintained in the conduct of the business. Here is always to be witnessed a splendid show of prime beef and mutton, together with veal, lamb, and pork in their due seasons, the last-mentioned commodity, however, being supplied only in the winter. Mr. Burton owns farms at Gisleham, Suffolk, upon whose rich pastures are grazed most of the animals used in the conduct of the business. At Gisleham, too, Mr. Burton is a breeder upon an extensive scale, and, in this connection, it should be mentioned that he is a constant, and very frequently successful, exhibitor at the local cattle shows, notably at Lotheringland. He has also extensive grazing-grounds in Norfolk.

A department of his establishment in Lowestoft is constituted by his large slaughter-house in St. Peter’s Street, where all the fittings and arrangements are in keeping with the most advanced practical teachings of sanitary science. The importance of Mr. Burton's financial position is emphasized by the fact that he is contractor to the Royal Navy, while he controls a large amount of business in supplying the requirements of smack-owners and others connected with the shipping trade. His establishment is well known to all the leading residents and visitors in Lowestoft and the surrounding districts, as one where they may always depend upon obtaining the finest of meat (exclusively British) at moderate prices. There is always, too, a fine supply of poultry in season, from Mr. Burton’s farm, and he has gained a special reputation for the excellence of the prime pickled tongues and South Down mutton which are always to be had. The conduct of the business in the summer season is facilitated by the aid of a large ice-house at the back of the premises in London Road. A considerable owner of real estate in Lowestoft, Mr. Burton has a fine private residence, known as Chester House, in Surrey Street, and another upon his farm at Gisleham. He and his family are prominent and active members of the congregation of St. John’s church, and several of his family have gained much well- deserved popularity in social circles as accomplished amateur musicians.

MR. A. COOPER, CABINET MAKER AND UPHOLSTERER,
RINK HOUSE, 100, LONDON ROAD, LOWESTOFT.

A BRANCH of trade which contributes largely to the internal welfare of every town is that devoted to the supply of household furnishing1 requisites of all kinds, and in this respect Lowestoft is very well placed. The local trade is in capable houses, and, among the most prominent businesses of its kind, a commanding position is occupied by that under the proprietorship of Mr. A. Cooper. It was originally established about thirty-six years ago at 166, High Street, where it was conducted for about a quarter of a century, its removal to its present address taking place about ten years ago. The premises are extensive, and occupy a prominent position at the comer of London Road and the Marina. They comprise a building three storeys high, having a handsome frontage on the London Road, and a depth of a hundred and ten feet on the Marina. The interior of the place has been well arranged to meet the requirements, and not only maintenance, but also for the display of stock, and the various departments are arranged in a convenient and attractive manner.

The whole of the shop and the two floors above, which have been arranged as show-rooms, are set apart for the purposes of a complete furniture stock, and they will be found to be replete with a choice selection of modern goods. In the bedroom department are single toilet tables, chests of drawers, and complete suites in deal, walnut, mahogany, and birch, while the drawing-room and dining-room furniture upholstered in various styles, sideboards, chiffonier cabinets, chimney glasses, fancy tables, and brackets of all kinds, form a very complete and representative stock. Kitchen furniture, Cornice poles, blinds and blind rollers, bedsteads and bedding, mattresses, blankets and quilts, carpets and rugs, mats and matting, painted baizes, floor cloths and linoleums, contribute their quota to the complete list of household goods dealt in. They, however, by no means comprise the stock, for Mr. Cooper has also on hand a very choice assortment of glass, china, and earthenware, cutlery, hardware goods of all kinds, and every description of kitchen ware, fenders, fire-irons, and brasses, and the closer the inspection given to the productions of each department, the more confirmed will be the conviction that Mr. Cooper has spared no pains to place before his patrons a selection of first-class goods at distinctly moderate prices. Special attention may be directed to the assortment of tea, dessert, and table spoons, dessert and table forks, cruets, tea and coffee pots in britannia metal, potosi silver, and electroplate, which, both in the matter of metal and well-finished workmanship, are highly commendable. In quite a different department, Mr. Cooper has a large stock of perambulators and mail carts, which contain all the newest improvements. He employs a competent staff of workmen for repairing and recovering furniture, making, fitting, and laying carpets, and fixing paperhangings, of which goods he has a large stock, containing all the newest and most artistic designs. He extends a constant personal supervision over the management of the entire business, which is a guarantee of its regular and systematic conduct. His ability and energy in the proprietorship have met with distinct success, and the holiness commands a large patronage among an influential class of residents.

D. S. & W. OVERY, SHIPWRIGHTS AND BOAT BUILDERS,
COMMERCIAL ROAD, LOWESTOFT.

QUITE at the head of the local shipbuilding industry are Messrs. D. S. & W. Overy. The business carried on by them has been established for upwards of a quarter of a century, and was founded by the present senior partner, Mr. D. S. Overy. He was born in 1827, at Shoreham, on the Sussex coast, about sixty-seven years ago, and it was at the old town west of Brighton that he first gained an insight into the trade of which he has since proved himself a very able exponent, and with which he has been connected all his life. He receives great assistance in the general management of his business from his son, Mr. W. Overy, who has also had a long experience in the trade, and together they carry on the largest ship-repairing trade in the town. The premises are well situated, adjoining the Graving Dock in the Commercial Road. They are extensive, and have been arranged in a manner that affords every facility for the prompt execution of all orders. There are lines of rail running at the front and back of the works which, having a frontage of a hundred feet and extending to a considerable depth to the rear, afford ample space for carrying on every branch of the trade. The various workshops are appointed in a very superior manner, all modern appliances for the purposes of the trade being at hand. Messrs. Overy constantly employ a large staff of hands, the average number being about sixty, many of whom are engaged in shipping in the harbour.

In the large yards is always on hand an extensive stock of timber of all kinds necessary for the trade, including oak, ash, elm, Swedish and other kinds of wood. All kinds of work in connection with shipbuilding are undertaken, and in building boats for ship’s use or for coast work the firm have an unequalled reputation. They also make masts, spars, blocks, and pumps, &c., and the success they have attained in each direction is largely accounted for by the constant personal supervision that they extend over all work done. By this means they are enabled to ensure not only a well-finished workmanship but also the prompt execution of all orders. They are always pleased to supply estimates of cost for general repairs, and their charges will be found to compare most favourably with those of any other firm on the east coast. The business connection is therefore large, and among all with whom they deal Messrs. D. S. & W. Overy are regarded as at the head of the boat-repairing trade in Lowestoft. They are well known locally and enjoy the confidence of the entire trade.

THOMAS RICHARDS, LICENSED AUCTIONEER AND FISH SALESMAN,
LOWESTOFT.

WHEN one thinks of the extent and importance of the Lowestoft fishing industry of to-day it can hardly be realised that there are businesses existing — at least one which we have in mind — which were associated with the sale of fish when it was conducted in keelers and huts. Long before the harbour or market was constructed — to be exact, in 1830 — a certain Mr. George Gowing sold on the beach the bulk of the fish that was brought to Lowestoft for disposal. This was the small beginning of the business now conducted by Mr. Thomas Richards. The business was first carried on by Messrs. Gowing & Balls, and the first change in its proprietorship brought Messrs. Balls, Barrett & Abigale to the head of affairs. Subsequently Messrs. Balls, Abigale & Richards were responsible for the maintenance of its position, and during the last eight years it has been under the sole proprietorship of Mr. Thomas Richards. This gentleman was born at Newlyn, a well-known centre of the Cornish fisheries, some forty-nine years ago, where now he has a branch establishment. The headquarters of his business are at Lowestoft, and are centred on the herring and mackerel market During the last three years he has also been associated with the trawl market, and the two businesses, combined with his many branch establishments in various parts of the country, place him among the principal fish salesmen in England. His branch offices are at Grimsby, Scarborough, Whitby, Plymouth, Newlyn, St. Ives, and Scilly Islands. He sells largely for the Cornish boats, especially those from Newlyn, Mousehole, Porthleven, and St. Ives. With regard to his operations respecting the Lowestoft boats, he sells for about forty trawlers and many more herring boats. He is also an owner of boats, and has numerous salesmen constantly employed in various parts of Great Britain. His operations then cover a very wide field, and demand the whole of his attention. The characteristic features of his proprietorship have always been those of ability, energy and enterprise; commercial qualities which have also been inspired in his chief assistant, Mr. Robert Browne, a native of Lowestoft, who has been in the fish trade all his life, and has been personally connected with Mr. Richards for the past nine years. In his capacity as a licensed auctioneer he does a large business in the sale of smacks, and herring boats, and fishing gear. Mr. Richards is well known locally and throughout the entire industry, holding the confidence and esteem of all with whom he comes in contact.

THE SOMERLEYTON WORKING DAIRY AND CREAMERY,
SUFFOLK TERRACE, LONDON ROAD, LOWESTOFT.

THE Somerleyton Working Dairy and Creamery forms, with its several departments, one of the most popular institutions in Lowestoft, and is probably the most extensive of its class in the Eastern Counties. Its popularity is the result of the confidence inspired in the public mind by the well-known fact that almost all the produce sold at this establishment is supplied from the farms of Mr. L. Peto, J.P., at Blundeston and Somerleyton. The headquarters of the Somerleyton Dairy business in Lowestoft occupy a commanding position in Suffolk Terrace, London Road, the best quarter of the town; also branch dairies at Kirtley. They comprise a four-storeyed building with a commodious and handsomely appointed sale-shop on the ground-floor. Here are displayed to the greatest advantage, samples of the several classes of farm produce which have made the reputation of the establishment, including milk, cream, butter, lard, hams, chops, bacon, cheeses of all kinds, poultry, eggs, &c. In the warehouses there is always a large stock of prime cured hams, tongues, chops, bacon, &c. Of these there are generally from three to four thousand pieces in stock. At the rear, and in the basement of the premises are various specially arranged rooms for the processes of separating cream, making butter and cheese, ham boiling, ham and chop curing, &c. There is, too, a cutting-up room, and mincing machines for the manufacture of various kinds of sausages, potted ham, bacon, pork, cheese, &c., the whole of these classes of articles supplied to the public being made on the premises. The equipment of these departments is a model of cleanliness, and the mechanical working plant, driven by steam power, is of the most approved modern type. The slaughtering of the dairy-fed pigs takes place upon the premises of the farms already mentioned, with which there is telephonic communication from the Suffolk Terrace establishment. Orders, therefore, for perfectly fresh poultry and other specially required goods, can be executed at the shortest notice. During the year enormous quantities of ducks, geese, turkeys, fowls, and eggs pasS through this house from the farms. The business in every department is in a flourishing condition, and bears testimony to the excellent management of Mr. Williams.

MRS. J. OVERY, DEALER IN OLD CHINA, ANTIQUE FURNITURE, CURIOS, ETC.,
17, COMMERCIAL ROAD, LOWESTOFT.

ESTABLISHED four years ago at Lowestoft, this important business stands to-day as one of the best of its kind in the Eastern Counties, and is largely patronised by collectors, antiquarians, and archaeologists in all parts of the kingdom. Having outgrown her original accommodation, Mrs. J. Overy some time since removed to her present eligible premises, which are favourably situated in proximity to the harbour. The spacious double-fronted shop is admirably appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically arranged to hold and to effectively display a stock that is remarkable for its great value, volume, and variety alike. Some notion of the contents of the store may be gathered from the following entry of some of the more important items there on sale:— A very fine collection of Lowestoft china, as first manufactured by Mr. Healen Luson, of Gunton Hall, Suffolk, four miles distant from Lowestoft, dating from 1756 to 1820, and comprising some very choice specimens, notably a large plate or dish, and tureen and cover, teapots, cups and saucers, etc.; many fine examples of Chippendale furniture, together with old English carved oak work in cabinets and other forms; geological specimens, including a fine collection of mammoth bones, brought to light by the fish trawlers from time to time; numismatic collections, especially of old East Anglian coins; works of fine art, including occasionally some very valuable pictures by the old masters, old cut glass, old wrought art metal work, etc.; et id genus omne. Mrs. J. Overy also holds a bureau de change for foreign money; gives the best price for old coins; undertakes commissions for the sale or purchase of antiques, valuables, and curiosities; and, in her large and well-equipped workshop at the rear, operates as an expert in repairs and renovations of every kind incidental to her business, which she continues to conduct with marked ability and energy, upon a thoroughly sound basis of honourable mercantile principle.

MR. GEORGE A. BARBOR, FISH MERCHANT,
CLAPHAM ROAD, LOWESTOFT.

ONE of the most interesting sights in Lowestoft is afforded by the very extensive business operations publicly conducted in the Fish Market, and one of the largest operators in this connection is Mr. George A. Barbor. This gentleman affords a strong example of what may be accomplished in commercial matters by steady and persistent combination of ability, energy, and enterprise. He commenced life with very few other than natural advantages, and his gradual rise to a pre-eminent position in his special trade is entirely due to his own unaided efforts. He was for some years a partner in the business of Messrs. Mummery & Barbor, and since he has had his business in his own hands he has become one of the largest independent buyers of trawled fish on the east coast, and is known throughout the wholesale trade in every part of the country. He occupies large premises in Clapham Road, which are used as warehouses for fish and salt, and which contain vats for upwards of a million herrings. He exports salted fish in large quantities, and is an extensive buyer of herrings and mackerel for the commission markets. He consigns in bulk soles, turbot, plaice, and other kinds of fish to London, Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham, Bradford, Stafford, and Brighton, and has agencies all over England. Mr. Barbor is ably assisted in the management of his business by Mr. Edward Thain, who has been connected with him for upwards of eleven years. Mr. Thain is very popular with the fish merchants, smack and boat owners of Lowestoft, having held the difficult and onerous position of Secretary of their Fish Rate Committee, during a critical negotiation with the Great Eastern Railway Company in 1893, with reference to a proposed increase or rearrangement of rates for fish carriage. These delicate negotiations were brought to a satisfactory conclusion, principally through the skilful diplomacy of Mr. Thain, who was presented with a handsome testimonial at a public meeting of the trade. Mr. Barbor extends a personal supervision over the entire management of his business, with every detail of which, he is thoroughly acquainted. He is known throughout the whole fish industry of the country, and is recognised as proprietor of one of the chief businesses on the east coast. Being of a very generous disposition he is very popular, locally, and many charitable and other institutions are benefited financially by him, and every movement which has for its object the benefit of the town and its inhabitants is sure of receiving his practical sympathy and support.

B. MUMMERY, FISH, GAME, AND POULTRY MERCHANT,
BRIDGE TERRACE, LOWESTOFT.

ANY record of the present aspect of the vast fishing trade interests of Lowestoft would, indeed, be sadly deficient, without due reference to the important part taken therein by Mr. B. Mummery, who for the past five-and-twenty years has vigorously conducted a business which was organised over sixty years ago. On the market, hundreds of tons of fish pass through Mr. Mummery’s hands annually, such as soles, turbot, brill, plaice, &c., and mackerel and herring. Mr. Mummery is largely interested in trawling smacks, and holds well-appointed offices on the quay. In his wholesale department Mr. Mummery operates on a vast scale, supplying buyers in all parts of the kingdom, notably co-operative stores at Eastbourne, Hastings, Brighton, St. Leonard's, Reading, and elsewhere, and also exporting largely to Ostend, Antwerp and Brussels. Other special departments of Mr. Mummery's extensive business include the supply of salmon, lobsters, and crabs in their respective seasons; the purveying of salt and of Lake Wenham ice — he being one of the principal shareholders in the Lowestoft Ice Company, Limited — and the sale of garden-netting of all sizes and of fish manure in bulk. In his spacious hygienically appointed shop at 6, Bridge Terrace, Mr. Mummery carries on what is reckoned to be the largest retail fish, game, and poultry business in the borough, his premises being always heavily stocked with an abundant supply of every esteemed variety in season, while he also sends basketfuls of fresh fish from the smacks, from 2s. 6d. upwards, to customers in all parts of England. Personally, Mr. Mummery, who, it may be mentioned, is a prominent member of the Conservative Club and a large owner of local real estate, is well known and much esteemed in both social and trade circles as an enterprising-, honourable and thoroughly capable business man, liberal and fair in all transactions, and well deserving of the substantial success he is achieving.

IPSWICH.

THE busy and flourishing borough of Ipswich, though for many years past it has filled a place of prominence in the commercial and industrial aspect of East Anglia, has not at any time been conspicuous in history. Its position has never been within the sphere of national and political turmoil, and in the comparative quietude it has thus enjoyed the town has been able to make good progress from early times in the arts and industries of peace. Ipswich, or Gippeswic, as it was called by the East Anglians of old, was evidently at ono time a Roman station, this fact having been attested by the discovery of certain remains and relics of masonry and pavements which were clearly of Roman origin. The first authentic record of Ipswich in history, however, appears to have reference to its capture towards the end of the tenth century by the Norsemen, who plundered the town, as was their practice, in the course of their invasions of the East Coast. Few other notable events have occurred here, if we except the several occasions upon which royalty have visited the borough. Edward I. visited Ipswich in 1297; Edward III. went there in 1350; Elizabeth made no less than three visits, in 1561, 1565, and 1578; and George II. honoured the town in a similar manner in 1737. The first charter granted to Ipswich was conferred by King John in 1199. At the present day the town is a municipal and parliamentary borough, and is represented in the House of Commons by two members. Its population in 1871 was 42,947. This had increased in 1881 to 50,213, and in 1891 to 57,360.

The situation of Ipswich (which is the county town of Suffolk), is in some respects a very favourable one for commercial purposes, and its natural advantages in this respect have been greatly enhanced by the public spirit and enterprise of the townsfolk and corporation. The borough is 68 miles from London by rail, and is built principally upon the left bank of the Gipping, a stream which is here merged into the estuary of the “princely Orwell.” There are not a few evidences of antiquity in the older parts of the town, and visitors will find much to interest them in some of the quaint remnants of ancient domestic architecture here to be met with.

But Ipswich has not been content to remain old-fashioned, and several fine public buildings testify to the progressive spirit of its people in modern times, and to the efforts they have put forth to make their town worthy in appearance of the municipal and commercial importance attaching to it. Many of the newer buildings noticed in a ramble through Ipswich would do credit to any town in England. There is, for example, the handsome Town Hall, erected in 1868 at a large cost. This imposing and really beautiful edifice presents a commanding appearance, crowned by its lofty and well-proportioned clock-tower; and the Post Office (dating from 1881), and the new Corn Exchange (opened in July, 1882), are fine structures, in which a similar style of architecture has been followed. The Museum, the Fine Art Gallery, the Mechanic’s Institute, and the Working Men’s College, are not only mentionable as public buildings, but also bear witness to the fact that in Ipswich due attention is paid to the arts, to archaeology, and to the requirements of social and educational improvement. The educational institutions of Ipswich are, indeed, remarkably good, and include, in addition to many other schools of all kinds and grades, a celebrated grammar school, founded in the reign of Edward IV. This historical academy received new foundation privileges from Queen Elizabeth, and the new buildings erected in 1851 are well adapted to the needs of the school, which is endowed with several valuable scholarships.

Ipswich has a number of ancient and interesting churches, most of them being built of flint, in the manner so general throughout the Eastern Counties. Some of these churches present attractive features to the traveller and antiquarian, and one of two of them have stained glass and wood carvings of more than ordinary merit. It was at the Ipswich Theatre that David Garrick made his debut in 1840. Some notable people have claimed Ipswich as their birthplace, including Cardinal Wolsey, William Butler, Bishop Brownrigg, and Clara Reeve. The British Association met at Ipswich in 1851, and the British Archaeological Association in 1864.

Commercially, Ipswich is the leading town in Suffolk, and is the busiest place in East Anglia with the exception of Norwich. Its railway and waterway facilities are excellent, and its trade has been greatly developed since the construction here, in 1842, of the fine Orwell Wet Dock, which has an area of over thirty acres, with a timber basin, and which cost about £130,000. Here there is every accommodation for vessels, with good quays, and other arrangements tending to continuously increase the shipping activity of the place.

A large trade is carried on in coal, cotton-seed, maize, linseed, barley, and iron, these being imported in considerable quantities; and, per contra, Ipswich exports wheat, flour, malt, and manures, besides a variety of manufactured articles produced within the limits of the borough. Of these latter, perhaps the most important are agricultural implements, for which Ipswich has the largest manufactory in Great Britain. Other notable local industries are shipbuilding, engineering, iron and bras founding, some textile manufactures, including rope-making, tanning, brewing, and the manufacture of artificial manures and fertilizers. In all their commercial undertakings, as well as in their municipal and social life, the people of Ipswich display and advancement which entitles their town to rank with the most promising and prosperous in the country, and they have, by their energy and industry, built up a large number of business concerns which possess a strong claim to the attention they receive in the following pages, by reason of the extent of their operations, the varied requirements they satisfy, and the conspicuous ability with which they are conducted.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

MESSRS. R. D. & J. B. FRASER,
CABINET MAKERS, ART FURNISHERS, DECORATORS, &c.,
MUSEUM STREET BUILDINGS, IPSWICH.

THE old and famous firm named at the head of this sketch conduct an establishment which, in its particular lines of trade, has few rivals and no superior in England. In saying this we make no hasty assertion, and draw no invidious comparison, but simply render to Messrs. R. D. & J. B. Fraser the credit that is due to them for having founded and developed in this busy town of Ipswich an emporium of high-class furnishings which would do honour to any British community, both as regards the completeness of its scope and the character of its specialities. This great concern is the outcome of a long period of steady development, for the business was founded as far back as the year 1833 by Mr. Roderick Donald Fraser, who retired about twenty years ago. His sons, the present senior partners, succeeded him, and to their energy, enterprise, and artistic instincts are due the remarkable advances made by the house in recent years. Every visitor to Ipswich finds something to admire in the stately block of buildings now occupied by Messrs. R. D. & J. B. Fraser, and this fine warehouse with its commanding frontages, its splendid window display, and its vast stock in the saloons and show-rooms within, constitutes undoubtedly one of the sights of the town, which the residents are proud to show to strangers und friends from a distance as an example of the sort of commercial enterprise that flourishes in this ancient and thriving borough.

The whole premises were rebuilt some twelve years ago upon lines specially suited to the requirements of the business, and in 1892 the last great addition up to date was made, when the old Ipswich Journal office was acquired and rebuilt, thus completing the block, and affording accommodation for the firm’s jewellery department, of which they have made a special feature, besides giving further show-room space for other departments. In their present form, then, the premises seem to us to leave nothing to be desired, either in commodiousness or in working organisation. The retail shops on the ground floor are large and handsomely appointed, and are set apart for the reception of customers making purchases in the furnishing, jewellery, hat, hosiery, umbrella, and other departments, in all of which there is a magnificent stock to choose from. The assortment of elegant and artistic goods in the jewellery department deserves special commendation, showing great taste and judgment in selection, and there is a very valuable stock of diamonds and other gems, mounted in the highest style of the jeweller’s art. A somewhat recent addition to this department is the optical section, with a fine stock of eye-glasses, spectacles, opera-glasses, &c. An experienced and qualified optician is always in attendance hero. The outfitting department is well accommodated and admirably stocked, hats and umbrellas in the latest styles being among the principal features here.

The upper floors of the block, three in number, contain handsome suites of show-rooms, the first floor accommodating the “Eastern Department,” which to many is the most charming and interesting section of this great business. Here are displayed all manner of rare and beautiful Oriental goods, suitable for furnishing and house decoration, these being brought from the best sources of supply through the firm’s own agencies at Algiers and Stamboul. One might spend hours in describing the specialities of this fascinating department, in which are found inlaid furniture from Cairo, Damascus, and Jerusalem; carpets from Turkey, Persia, and Syria; metal and woodwork of the most artistic and unique descriptions from Benares, Arabia, and Kashmir; and a wonderful variety of pottery, including all the noted wares of China, Japan, and India. Very beautiful, also, are some of the Russian, Armenian, and Turkish embroideries; and we noticed many fine productions in coffee tables, brackets, hanging lamps, inlaid pedestals, &c., very suitable for smoking-rooms, lounges, “cosy corners,” &c. These remind us that Messrs. Fraser are adepts in all manner of artistic fitments for houses of every kind and style, and their special designs in “cosy corners,” “ingle nooks,” and all such comfortable accessories of a well-appointed residence, are particularly attractive and well conceived. They always have specimen work of this nature on view in their show-rooms, enabling customers to judge of the results obtained, which are undoubtedly charming from a decorative point of view. Doorways and windows are treated most skilfully in the Anglo-Arab, Jacobean, and other styles, and by such devices as these the plainest and most matter-of-fact interiors can be converted into aesthetic palaces, the increase of comfort being not less noteworthy than the improvement of appearance. With regard to art furniture and decorations Messrs. Fraser are facile princeps in Ipswich, and their “Eastern Department” is an astonishing revelation of resources in this direction.

Turning to more utilitarian matters, we must say a word or two in praise of the firm’s splendid stock of general house furniture in cabinet goods and upholstery, carpets, linoleums, rugs, bedding, fenders, and fire-irons, and all kinds of textile fabrics for furnishing purposes. Those goods are of the newest design, best workmanship, and most reliable quality, most of them being made in Messrs. Fraser’s own admirably equipped factory in St. Mary Elms Street. From this stock a cottage can be furnished for £10 or £15, a villa residence for £50, an eight-roomed residence and hall for £100, or a large house or mansion for £500. And when we say “furnished” we mean “furnished.” It is one thing to “furnish” a house, and quite another thing to simply cram a house with furniture in a heterogeneous and tasteless fashion. The latter proceeding generally costs about twice as much as the former, and gives no satisfaction to anyone except the firm who had the pleasure of carrying out the “contract.” Messrs. Fraser do nothing of this kind. They afford their customers every facility for making a proper and harmonious selection of goods upon whatever scale of cost the furnishing is to be done, and they are always ready with advice, which, coming as it does from men of long and varied experience, is always valuable, and especially so to those who are furnishing a house for the first time. It “pays” distinctly to deal with a firm like this, whose goods are trustworthy, whose prices are moderate, and whose resources enable them to supply every requisite, great and small, and to meet in the most satisfactory manner the tastes and requirements of their customers. It is this conscientious and straightforward dealing which has brought Messrs. Fraser’s establishment into such high esteem, and which makes it a pleasure for their patrons to do business with them, even though it be the usually troublesome and frequently much-dreaded business of house furnishing. The many tormenting problems that present themselves for solution on such occasions lose most of their terrors when skill and experience are at hand to point the best way out of the difficulty, and when it is felt that whatever we do and whatever we buy under such circumstances is not likely to be regretted. From the carpets on the floors to the paper on the walls, from the kitchen to the attic, from the drawing-room to the nursery (and even to those remoter accessories of the nursery, the perambulator and the mail-cart), Messrs. R. D. and J. B. Fraser are prepared to do all that can be done by a “complete house furnisher,” and to meet their customers’ views in every matter of style, price, and quality. No house in the Kingdom can do more than this, and it is not every one that can do it as well and as satisfactorily as this enterprising and well-equipped East Anglian firm.

We need hardly say that Messrs. Fraser control a very large trade. Their connection extends all over the eastern counties, as well as to other parts of the Kingdom, and they are well known in London, where their specialities have been highly commended by expert writers in the ladies’ journals and in other organs of the press. Those who may be in quest of a house will be able to suit themselves through the medium of the important house and estate agency which this firm conduct in connection with their other business. Others who may perchance be contemplating removal can have that also attended to by Messrs. Fraser, who make a speciality of “removals by road, rail, or sea.” Finally, to the reader who has found the house he wants, and who naturally desires to live comfortably in it, we would say in the words of Shakespeare (who seems to have supplied “quotations” for every imaginable occasion!): “Fit it with such furniture as suits, according to the fashion and the time.” There are many ways of doing this, but we know of none more likely to yield satisfactory results than a visit to Messrs. Fraser’s warehouse in Ipswich, and a businesslike consultation either with the principals of that establishment or some member of their courteous and efficient staff. A house which is under the distinguished patronage of her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Germany is, obviously, one of high standing, and in these times it is good policy to deal with a firm that has a reputation too valuable to be sacrificed by anything in the shape of carelessness or loose principles. That Messrs. Fraser’s is an establishment of this class, sixty years of honest and straightforward trading have conclusively demonstrated.

Mr. Roderick Donald Fraser and Mr. Joseph Brownsmith Fraser and Mr. R. Fraser, junior, son of the first-named gentleman, and grandson of the founder of the house, are the present heads of the firm, the latter having been recently admitted into the partnership. The junior partner, therefore, represents the third generation in the proprietary in direct succession from the founder, and bears the same name. Personally the Messrs. Fraser are all highly respected in Ipswich, where they have long been leading members of the business community, and in the year 1993 Mr. R. D. Fraser, the senior partner, filled the high office of Mayor of the Borough with all the credit and distinction which it was fully anticipated would attend his occupancy of the Municipal Chair.

COCKSEDGE & CO., ENGINEERS, SCALE-MAKERS, ETC.,
EAGLE FOUNDRY, IPSWICH.

THE firm of Messrs. Cooksedge & Co. carry on a large and important engineering and iron-founding industry at Ipswich, and their well-known Eagle Foundry has a reputation extending throughout the Eastern Counties for the excellence and reliability of its products. The business of this firm was founded upwards of forty years ago by a Mr. Mason, and the late Mr. Cocksedge succeeded to the proprietorship in 1879. Since the death of the latter gentleman, in 1884, his son has ably directed the concern, and has considerably extended its operations by his enterprising management. The Eagle Foundry is centrally situated, close to the docks, with excellent facilities of transport, and is a large and admirably organised establishment, covering about an acre of ground, and comprising all the usual departments of a modern foundry and engineering works. The several shops are equipped with the most improved and effective machinery for the purposes of the industry carried on, and about sixty hands are employed on the premises. There is large warehouse accommodation in connection with the foundry, enabling the firm to hold extensive stocks in readiness for immediate despatch. A leading feature of the business is the manufacture of scales, weighing-machines, and weights, for which the firm have a branch establishment at Lowestoft. They repair and adjust all descriptions of scales and weights in accordance with the new Act, and undertake contracts for repairing and keeping weighing-machines in order in all parts of the country. New machines and weights are always in stock, and can be supplied on the shortest notice. Other specialities of Messrs. Cocksedge & Co.’s trade include castings in iron and brass, columns and girders, tanks, cast-iron fencing, smith work, engine and boiler work, shafting, couplings, pulleys, bearings, steam fittings, engine packing, and all repairs to engines, boilers, and machinery. This firm also make a special study of the requirements of shipping, and supply steering gear, windlasses and winches, copper pipes, hawse and side pipes, bollards and cleats, barge and ship pumps, forgings, rollers and sheaves, deck and chain pipes, &c. Agricultural machinery likewise comes within the scope of Messrs. Cocksedge & Co.’s operations, and they are noted for their oil-cake breakers and crushing-mills for oats, &c. The whole business is personally superintended by Mr. Cocksedge, and its working resources are highly developed. The connection extends throughout the Eastern Counties, and the firm have a number of travellers on the road. They enjoy the confidence of all their customers, and always have plenty of orders in hand — a circumstance which speaks for the general recognition their reliable work has obtained.

W. BOTWOOD, CARRIAGE BUILDER.
SHOW-ROOMS: CARR STREET (LATE ST. MATTHEW STREET);
WORKS: WOODBRIDGE ROAD, IPSWICH.

THIS business was founded twenty years ago by Mr. Botwood, the present sole proprietor, and has had a highly successful career, due, no doubt, to the fact that Mr. Botwood has always worked on progressive lines, and has identified his name with many notable improvements. He is inventor and patentee of landaus to open and close from the inside, of shafts to suit any size of horse, of the axle step to mount over high front wheels, of a simple mode of opening and closing carriage doors from the driver’s seat, of the new C-spring with double coupling joint and screw to raise two-wheel vehicles horizontally and easily from cob height to that of a sixteen-hand horse, and of the now famous “Queen” brougham and “Queen” landaulette, weighing from five and a-half cwt. Among his many other patents and inventions may be mentioned the kicking staples, to prevent wear and decay of shafts; india-rubber tyres cased with steel, rendering closed carriages more durable, pleasant in use, and nearly free from sound; the new Stanhope seat, to impart free access from back to front seats; self-acting seats to balance two-wheel vehicles when in motion, by a slight movement of the occupant, and without noise, trouble, or the use of screws or keys; and the neat and convenient C-spring “Barlow,” “Ipswich,” and “Graffham” carts. Mr. Botwood’s inventions have met with great favour, and have won for him valuable exhibition honours. His “Queen" brougham and patent “Ipswich” cart, which gained a gold medal and diploma of honour, are unsurpassed, perhaps unequalled, for lightness, moderate price, durability, and finish; and it is not surprising that such elegant and stylish vehicles should have obtained so large an amount of distinguished patronage. The Barlow Patent Cart is also a speciality reflecting high credit upon Mr. Botwood’s inventive powers. It has the patent balancing arrangement, and also the arrangements for altering length of shafts and height of vehicle, retarding motion and relieving the horse of weight in going down hill by his patent hub brakes, all of which features make it a supremely useful and desirable vehicle. We need hardly say that Mr. Botwood does a large business. His inventions have achieved an international reputation, and since 1875 he has sent vehicles not only to almost all parts of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, but also to America, India, China, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Italy, France, Germany, and Switzerland. His spacious show-room in Carr Street, Ipswich, always contain a representative display of his highly-finished productions, and his works in Woodbridge Road are fully equipped for every process of the carriage-building industry, a large staff of experienced workmen being there employed. Mr. Botwood is a thorough master of the trade in all its details, and personally superintends the operations of the flourishing business he has built up with such marked ability and enterprise.

GRIMWADE, RIDLEY & CO., WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, CHEMISTS, DRYSALTERS, PETROLEUM IMPORTERS, CONFECTIONERY MANUFACTURERS, AND EXPORT MERCHANTS,
PRINCES STREET, IPSWICH.

A REMARKABLY large and comprehensive business is carried on by Messrs. Grimwade, Ridley & Co., who hold a leading position in the Eastern Counties as wholesale druggists and drysalters, and enjoy a national renown for some of their specialities. The house was founded in 1820 by the late Mr. Henry Ridley, and has borne its present title since 1843. Mr. Grimwade, however, retired some years ago, and the whole business is now in the hands of, and under the control of, Mr. A. C. Ridley, in conjunction with his sons, Mr. H. Ridley and Mr. A. P. Ridley. The fine commanding corner block occupied by Messrs. Grimwade, Ridley & Co., affords every convenience for their extensive trade, having been specially built for the purpose six or seven years ago. There is a retail chemist’s shop on the ground floor, and also a retail oil and colour department, both of which are very largely patronised by the public. The main entrance to the wholesale department is in Princes Street, and the visitor is sure to be impressed by the excellent arrangements made to accommodate the immense stocks of drugs, chemicals, and drysaltery held by this firm in readiness for all demands. The tanks for oil storage particularly attract attention, and indicate the magnitude of Messrs. Grimwade, Ridley & Co.’s dealings in all kinds of mineral and vegetable oils. A. separate department is provided for acids, and others for soap, resin, -tar, &c., while elsewhere are found mills for grinding anti-corrosive paint, and close by a fireproof vault for storing petroleum. Other features of this great business command attention as we proceed through the premises, such as the new coffee-roasting machine in the basement, working on a novel and effective principle, and the oat-crushing machine and soda-crushing machine, all of which indicate the existence of important departments. All water used for manufacturing and other purposes is carefully distilled in a special boiler for that purpose. On each floor of the premises the arrangements are most convenient and the organisation practically perfect, every facility existing for the smooth conduct of the business.

Besides doing a vast trade in drugs and chemicals, general drysaltery and oilmen’s stores (including jams, provisions, sauces, pickles, oils, and bottled fruits'), Messrs. Grimwade, Ridley & Co. are famed for a number of excellent household specialities, among which their “Royal Orwell” baking powder, custard powder, and Royal Orwell sauce, are prominent. They also prepare a special list for veterinary surgeons, embracing all the drugs, chemicals, and patent medicines employed in that profession. Of agricultural specialities they have quite a number, including Bagshaw’s Foot-rot Dressing for sheep, and King's Patent Carbolic Dressing for seed corn, which effectually prevents the attack of game, rooks, and vermin. The firm’s trade in paints, oils, colours, lead, and glass is a most extensive one, and the same may be said of their operations in all kinds of oilmen’s stores. They are wholesale agents for Down’s “Farmer’s Friend,” Thorley’s Cattle Food, Cooper’s Sheep Dipping, Liebig’s Extract of Meat, Oakey’s Wellington Knife Powder, Margerison’s Fire Lighters, &c. We may mention en passant that Mr. A. C. Ridley, the respected senior partner, engages in sales, transfers, valuations, and arbitrations relating to chemists' businesses, not only in the Eastern Counties, but also in all other parts of the Kingdom. He has had considerable experience in this branch of the business, and is able to afford most satisfactory references, given by various clients for whom he has acted in this capacity. Finally, mention must be made of the confectionery department, which has its headquarters in the Orwell Steam Confectionery Works, nearly opposite the main building. The firm started this department only two or three years ago, but it has been exceedingly successful, and a high reputation has been gained for the purity and excellence of the goods produced. The works are equipped with the best appliances, and might stand as a model of neatness, cleanliness, and practical system.

Altogether, Messrs. Grimwade, Ridley & Co. control a business which is one of the principal commercial concerns in Ipswich, and the continued success of which for many years has amply testified to the ability and judgment with which it is and has been administered. The trade extends throughout the home and export markets, having especially a large and old-established connection on the West Coast of Africa; and the firm’s travellers cover all parts of the Eastern Counties, keeping constantly in touch with the old-established and valuable connection whose support this house has so long enjoyed.
Their telegraphic address is “Grimwade, Ipswich.”

WOOLNOUGH & GARDINER, MANUFACTURING CONFECTIONERS, ETC.,
45 AND 47, FORE STREET, IPSWICH.

IT is owing to the energetic enterprise of Messrs. Woolnough & Gardiner that Ipswich has gained a considerable reputation throughout the whole of the Eastern Counties, for the manufacture of high-class confectionery, and for the wholesale supply of foreign fruit. This excellently organised business was established about thirty years ago; and for a long period it has been in the hands of the present firm. The record of their business has been one of uninterrupted progress, the result of their having made, at frequent intervals, important new departures, involving valuable developments in the conduct of the trade. Mr. Woolnough has recently retired from the business, which is now conducted with unabated vigour by Mr. Gardiner, as sole proprietor. The firm’s premises were recently materially enlarged, as a necessary consequence of the rapid growth in the value of their business, by the addition to their original quarters of the adjacent building. The establishment as it now stands is centrally situated, and occupies a commanding position in Fore Street, with a fine frontage of about fifty feet. The ground floor of the original portion of the premises is used as a sale and stock room. Adjoining is a well-appointed office, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of business. The floor above is utilized as a warehouse and packing department. On the ground floor of the new premises large stocks are also held; and here, too, is always to be found a most interesting assortment of samples, representing the various descriptions of goods which they import. These include such dainties as American caramels, with chocolate and fancy goods from France and Germany. Here, too, are to be seen, in their proper seasons, fine displays of oranges in case), with bags of foreign nuts, in which Messrs. Woolnough & Gardiner are extensive dealers. It may be noted that, as a branch of their business, the firm control a very considerable trade in drysaltery.

To the rear is the commodious sugar-boiling house, where the cheaper classes of confectionery goods are produced. The floor above this room forms the department where the “starch goods” are manufactured. This class includes fondants, jujubes, and other crystallized confectionery. These goods require to be run in moulds of powdered starch, and, after the moulds have been placed in a room heated by hot-air apparatus up to the required temperature, they are crystallized. A subsequent drying process is performed, and the goods are then sent up to the packing department, where, along with other goods, they are packed by a staff of girls in boxes, bottles, and other receptacles. A numerous and experienced staff is always employed in the several industrial departments, as it is notable that, in the manufacture of confectionery, a larger percentage of the cost of production is represented by labour than in any other business. In addition to the valuable connection which the firm enjoy throughout the whole of the Eastern Counties, they conduct a considerable and rapidly increasing export trade. Mr. Gardiner personally supervises all the details of his extensive business, thereby ensuring the maintenance of the firm’s excellent and widespread reputation.

DAVID GOBEY, HAM AND BACON FACTOR,
47 AND 49, NORWICH ROAD, IPSWICH.

THE records of this representative undertaking show that it was organised at No. 47, Norwich Road, as far back as thirty-five years ago, by a Mr. Williams, but that about two years since it was taken over by its present talented and enterprising proprietor, Mr. D. Gobey, who had won his laurels in the trade, during a practical experience of ten years with Mr. R. Seager, of Ipswich, whose business is well known in all parts of the United Kingdom, as being one of the largest and best of its kind. Mr. Gobey has just completed extensive alterations to his premises, which now include the adjoining building; and the fine double-fronted shop is augmented at the rear by an elaborately equipped factory and smokehouses, where a picked staff of experts is engaged in the production, on a large scale, of Gobey's now famous specialities, in the way of primest Suffolk hams, delicious breakfast bacon, plump Bath chaps, potted meats of superior quality, pure home-made lard, and unrivalled pork sausages. The output of these choice delicacies is daily increasing by reason of their intrinsic merits and superior quality, Mr. Gobey, moreover, guaranteeing their absolute freedom from adulteration, and they certainly require no further recommendation other than that which one trial will serve to elicit. Under Mr. Gobey’s vigorously directed administration the business is rapidly making such headway as to offer every assurance that the time is not far distant when it will rank second to none in the kingdom.

ALFRED F. SAWER, FAMILY GROCER, TEA AND COFFEE MERCHANT,
28, NORWICH ROAD; 2, ORFORD STREET; AND ALSO AT 45, NORWICH ROAD, IPSWICH.

THE distribution of select general groceries, prime provisions, and all manner of kindred commodities to meet the demands of a very large and soundly-established connection, which extends, practically, to every part of Ipswich and its populous surrounding countryside, finds able representation at the hands of Mr. Alfred F. Sawer, who entered upon his prosperous career some twelve years since, by opening stores at 45, Norwich Road, which he still retains as a branch depot. In 1892 he took over the business of a Mr. Turner, which had been organised fifty years ago at the commanding corner site formed by 28, Norwich Road and 2, Orford Street, and has since then made these premises his headquarters. “The Granville Stores,” as they are called, consist of a spacious shop, with ample storage accommodation, and are handsomely appointed in the best modern style. All kinds of groceries, together with the numerous household sundries usually associated therewith; special lines in pure and choicely-blended teas and coffees; British and Foreign tinned and bottled comestibles and table delicacies of the highest order; and prime provisions of every kind in the way of hams and bacon, butter and cheese, lard and eggs are all fully en evidence at their best, and are all offered for sale, by civil and attentive assistants, at the lowest possible prices consistent with equitable trading. For the rest, the business is in a splendid condition of progressive development, and under Mr. Sawer’s vigorous, yet always prudent administration, the house promises to continuously eclipse its past successes in the bright prospect of still better times to come.

J. H. GRIMWADE, MERCHANT TAILOR, WOOLLEN DRAPER, HATTER, AND HOSIER,
CORN HILL, IPSWICH, AND AT ARNOLD HOUSE, CLACTON-ON-SEA.

THE well-known name of Grimwade ranks prominently among the representatives of high-class trade in Ipswich, and since its foundation by the father of the present proprietor as far back as 1844, the operations have, to a large degree, contributed to the prosperity of merchant tailoring, a branch of work in which he is well known to excel. The situation of the house is, from any point of view, the most favourable to the class of business represented. The firm's premises occupy a commanding position, and are substantial in appearance, and tastefully arranged and appointed, forming altogether a most pleasing feature of his busy thoroughfare. Here are exhibited all the latest fashions in first-class clothing for men, youths, and boys, either made to order or ready made; hats, caps, umbrellas, cardigan jackets, fancy vests, waterproof coats in every variety, hosiery, gloves, scarfs, collars, &c., of the best make, and gentlemen's outfitting goods generally, of every description. In the bespoke department are exhibited Scotch and Irish tweeds, West of England serges and worsteds, in all the newest designs, and drawn from the leading manufacturing houses in the kingdom; and there is an exhaustiveness and variety in the shades, textures, and patterns which afford ample choice to the most refined or most fastidious taste.

The premises are both spacious and commodious, and well adapted to the purpose of the trade, and with the aid of a staff of tailors whose skilful workmanship has greatly tended to enhance the renown of the house, the firm make up everything that comes within the scope of the high-class clothing and outfitting trade. Favoured by the support of long established connections, among whom are included many town and county families of importance, Mr. Grimwade devotes to the control of his business due tact and attentiveness. His liberality is indicated in the fact that everything is charged for at the most reasonable price consistent with the high standard of excellence maintained, and as a firm whose honourable standing is preserved by the constant observance of consideration for the requirements of a distinguished clientele, Mr. Grimwade holds a commercial position of which he cannot be dispossessed by any of the modern experts of clothing trade competition. He is also connected with another high-class tailoring concern, namely, that of Messrs. Grimwade & Cooper, the well-known clerical and military tailors of the Buttermarket. Few business men are better known publicly than Mr. J. H. Grimwade in Ipswich, he having been a member of the Town Council for St. Clement's for the last seven years; he is also a Guardian, takes a great interest in public affairs, and annually provides a dinner to twelve hundred and fifty of the poor children of the town. Mr. Grimwade has recently opened a branch establishment at Clacton-on-Sea, in a most prominent position, at the junction of Pier and Station Avenues, where his highly appreciated clothing can be obtained, and orders placed for future delivery.

MESSRS. TALBOT & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF AERATED WATERS AND CORDIALS,
CROWN STREET, IPSWICH.

MESSRS. TALBOT & Co., whose admirably organised business was founded under comparatively modest conditions in 1840, since when the firm has made continuous progress, until they have assumed the position of honourable prominence in the aerated water trade which they now occupy. At the present moment Messrs. Talbot & Co. are one of the largest manufacturers in East Anglia. Their premises are centrally situated in the immediate neighbourhood of Westgate Street. They extend from Hyde Park Corner a considerable distance along St. George’s Street, with a frontage of a hundred feet to the latter thoroughfare, and cover, in the aggregate, an area of half an acre. The offices are in Crown Street, and are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work incidental to a large business. The manufactory is fitted up with the most approved modern and labour-raving appliances, including every requisite which matured experience could suggest, and a judicious and liberal expenditure of capital could command. At the rear of Lady Lane, a short distance from the main works, there is a forge, as well as a covered van-shed, carpenters' shop, and other rooms devoted to box and case-making and general repairs. Those, with the stables, where there is fine accommodation for more than a dozen horses, cover an extra area of nearly a quarter of an acre. Messrs. Talbot & Co. have gained a reputation which is unsurpassed for the excellence of all their aerated waters, the water used for the productions having been declared, on analysis by Mr. James Napier, F.C.S., F.I.C., to be absolutely free from organic impurity. All the waters are very highly impregnated with carbonic acid gas of exceptional purity. The firm have also, with notable success, made a speciality of supplying their delightful fruit beverages, lime juice, orange, ginger, and aromatic champagne, put up in pint champagne bottles, tin-foiled and labelled. Messrs. Talbot & Co. likewise give special and most successful attention to the preparation of goods for export, and experts testify to the satisfactory manner in which they stand the exceptional heat of the Red Sea and other tropical regions. The firm are, too, widely known for the excellence of their ginger ale, which was awarded, in the open competition at the Brewing and Mineral-water Trades' Exhibition in 1888, the first prize — a silver medal. The valuable and ever-growing business connection of the firm extends over the whole of the district forming the region of the Great Eastern Railway Company’s system. Throughout the whole of that district they keep in constant touch with a wide circle of customers by the aid of an efficient staff of travelling representatives, whose efforts to extend the area of the house’s influence are much facilitated by its high reputation throughout the trade. The firm’s pru e-medal ginger ale commands a wide sale, and can be obtained throughout England, as well as in many continental countries.

P. BOWMAN, LADIES' AND GENTLEMEN'S TAILOR,
1, TACKET STREET, IPSWICH.

THE records of this representative tailoring business show that it was organised as far back as a quarter of a century ago under the able auspices of the late Mr. Bowman, at Providence Street. Upon the decease of the founder, which took place quite recently, his son, Mr. P. Bowman, in the capacity of an expert practical tailor and scientific cutter (who had previously been for seven years with the well-known firm of Messrs. Tumner & Sons), succeeded to the sole proprietary rights of the concern, and, having outgrown the original accommodation, removed to his present more convenient and commodious quarters at 1, Tacket Street. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in that busy thoroughfare, the spacious double-fronted shop, with its neat cutting-room adjoining, is admirably appointed throughout. In his well-equipped workrooms, Mr. Bowmsn, who personally attends to the cutting department, is valuably assisted by a picked staff of skilled and experienced hands in the production of gentlemen's fashionable attire for all occasions; ladies' costumes, habits, and jackets, &c.; and pays special attention to the making of cycling and shooting suits, he having just introduced a new form of shooting jacket, which permits of perfect freedom for the arms, whilst realising a true fit. Moderate in his charges, and prompt and punctual in the execution of all orders, Mr. Bowman has secured and retained the liberal support of a very large and sound middle-class clientele, and it is a true criterion of, and tribute to, his capabilities, that not only are patrons invariably satisfied with the results of his efforts, but that his valuable connection has been mainly called together through the potent agency of personal recommendations.

MESSRS. THOMAS PARKINGTON & SON, BUILDERS, CONTRACTORS, AND SANITARY ENGINEERS,
ST. MARGARET'S WORKS, 61 AND 63, CROWN STREET, IPSWICH.

IN the completeness of its equipment for the execution of all classes of work connected with the building trades, the well-ordered establishment of Messrs. Thomas Parkington & Son has no superior in the Eastern Counties. Mr. T. Parkington, senior, began his industrial operations in a very small way some thirty years ago; and by the aid of his thorough practical knowledge and exceptionally enlightened enterprise, he soon created a valuable connection which, ever since, he has constantly increased. The members of the firm are now the founder, and his son, Mr. T. Parkington, junior, whose scientific accomplishments enable him to render most important services in controlling the business of the establishment. The Messrs. Parkington’s premises, which are known as St. Margaret’s Works, are very extensive, and occupy a central position in Crown Street. A gateway, forming an important entrance, leads into a large yard. Here are well-appointed offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work, necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the firm. Adjoining are carpenters’, joiners’, plumbers’, painters’ and glaziers’ shops, with extensive warehouses and storage rooms. In addition to the above, the firm have a large timber and stock yard, nearly opposite, in Crown Street; while, in Carr Street, there are yet further stores, together with workshops, and ample stabling.

All the industrial departments are equipped with requisite appliances, of the most modern type, for the saving of labour, and the perfecting of results, in the several classes of operations which the firm conduct. These include, not only the erection of public and private buildings, but also repairing, cleaning, distempering, painting, papering, glazing, plumbing, and sanitary engineering work. In these several departments, the firm conduct a business which is unsurpassed in importance throughout the district. They have successfully completed the construction of many important public buildings, and have, indeed, very recently concluded the erection of the Public Baths, and also the Science and Art Schools, adjoining the Museum, additions to the Boro’ Asylum, New Engine-House for Corporation Waterworks, &c. The firm have, too, gained the unreserved confidence of many of the leading owners of property and house agents throughout a large area, for the promptitude and efficiency which they invariably display in the execution of alterations and general repairs. They employ a large permanent staff of skilled workmen, which includes several expert specialists, as heads of departments. The firm have gained a very extensive reputation as accomplished sanitary engineers; and they have especially distinguished themselves by the efficient manner in which they have executed a large amount of work in connection with the new sewers recently laid down in Ipswich. Mr. Thomas Parkington, senior, whose indefatigable efforts since the foundation of this extensive business have done so much to secure for it its present prominence and distinction, retired at Christmas (1894), in favour of his son, Mr. T. Parkington, junior. He has well earned the repose that should follow labour; and the known ability, energy and experience of the present junior partner afford an ample assurance of the worthy manner in which he will direct the future operations of the concern. We heartily congratulate the firm upon the success which has attended their efforts. Manifestly their resolution, perseverance, and strict integrity has secured a connection which has placed them to-day in a position of importance and value amongst their fellow-townsmen.

BUCHANAN SCOTT, MILITARY AND SPORTING TAILOR, &c.,
21 AND 23, OLD BUTTER MARKET, IPSWICH.

MR. SCOTT’S admirably-organised establishment was, originally, founded half a century ago by Messrs. Smith & Ellison. For the last seventeen years it has been under the sole control of the present proprietor, who has, in a marvellous degree, extended the influence of the house and the area of its operations. Mr. Buchanan Scott's premises occupy a commanding and central position in the Old Butter Market. They cover a considerable area, and the interior is appointed in a style of absolute good taste. The total absence of display which characterises the establishment is, indeed, strictly in keeping with the exclusively high-class nature of the business which Mr. Scott controls. On the ground floor is a commodious showroom, with a conveniently-equipped fitting- room adjoining. At the side is a hosiery department, where the stocks are classified and arranged in a most tastefully systematic manner. The floors above are utilised as cutting-out rooms and workshops, which are very spacious, and are thoroughly ventilated. Faultless design and fit are ensured by the employment of several expert specialists as cutters, in addition to a large staff of highly-skilled workmen. It is an integral part of Mr. Buchanan Scott’s successful method that the greater part of tailoring work should be executed on the premises, under the personal supervision of the principal, who is a past-master in the sartorial art. His valuable connection extends throughout the Eastern Counties, and amongst customers of high social distinction in every part of the United Kingdom.

Every facility exists in Mr. Scott's establishment for the production, under the best possible conditions, of riding habits, “breeches,” and pantaloons, together with ladies’ garments of various descriptions. The work executed in the last-mentioned department is invariably remarkable for the originality of design and for the excellence of the cut, finish, and workmanship. Large quantities of goods are frequently made and sent to military officers residing in India or in one of the British Colonies. The firm have, too, a large and most valuable connection amongst hunting and other classes of sportsmen; and it would not be an exaggeration to say that Mr. Scott has secured quite 75 per cent, of the hunting trade in East Anglia. In the hosiery department there is a varied stock of high-class goods, and also a fine selection of gentlemen's outfitting, including silk and felt hats by Tress & Co. and Lincoln & Bennett. The cultured, artistic taste which has been of the utmost value to Mr. Scott in the pursuit of his business, is present with him also in his hours of leisure and recreation. He has made it his favourite avocation to collect fine examples of both ancient and modern art, and he has in his possession a famous collection, numbering several hundreds, including some fine works of Constable, Crome, and other masters belonging to the several schools of early Flemish and English landscape.

PHILLIPS & SON, FURNITURE, CARPET, AND BEDDING WAREHOUSEMEN,
13 & 15, ST. MATTHEW’S STREET, AND GEORGE STREET, IPSWICH.

HOUSE-FURNISHING nowadays has been reduced to a matter of great simplicity, for there are, in all large communities, firms who make it their business to paint, paper, and decorate entire houses or suites of apartments, and to completely furnish them in any desired style to suit the means of all classes of persons. Such an institution is that of Messrs. Phillips & Son, the oldest furnishing establishment in Ipswich. The business was organised some sixty years ago under the able auspices of the father of its present enterprising proprietor. Over forty years has now elapsed since the business was transferred to its present eligible locate in St. Matthew’s Street, and during that period the original premises were enlarged and improved from time to time, the last addition having been made in 1890, when the adjoining premises were absorbed. As they now stand the premises have a fine facade of forty-five feet, and extend backwards for one hundred and fifty-six feet to commodious warehouses and a well-equipped factory at the rear, while the upper floors of the building are fully utilised as show-rooms. Messrs. Phillips & Son always maintain an enormous stock of soundly-made fashionable furniture and bedsteads and bedding of every kind, from which selections can be readily made (or goods not in stock ordered to be made) to completely furnish the cottage, the villa-residence, or mansion, in any desired style, at strictly reasonable prices. They hold a large selection of carpets, hearthrugs, floor-cloths, and linoleums, and all their bedding and upholstery work is executed upon the premises by expert craftsmen, under the personal supervision of the principal, who guarantees that all materials used therefore are purified by the most improved sanitary process. One of the largest and most varied stocks of paper-hangings to be found under any one roof in the Eastern Counties, may also here be inspected, and in connection with this department the firm undertake painting, paperhanging, distempering, and house decorating work in all their branches, with economy, high efficiency, and despatch. Lastly, at George Street, Messrs. Phillips & Son hold a large warehouse with special lock-up rooms for furniture storage, and undertake household removals, to any distance, in their own special service of removal vans, which are placed under the charge of reliable and experienced men, the firm taking all risks. Altogether, the business stands as one of the most reliable in its line in Ipswich, and it is manifestly Mr. Phillips’ resolution that the high reputation he has won, shall not only be well sustained, but steadily enhanced in time to come.

WHILLIER, MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT WAREHOUSE,
31, CARR STREET, IPSWICH.

IPSWICH has a historical reputation as one of the great English centres of musical culture, and when, four years ago, Mr. H. Whillier opened his music and musical instrument warehouse, he entered a field which was well prepared to appreciate his enlightened spirit of enterprise. He brought to his undertaking a thorough “up-to-date” knowledge of the methods by which the facilities for musical education and enjoyment can be brought within the reach of people who are not extensive capitalists. He has established such intimate and extensive relations with the best sources in London and elsewhere, from which cheap and good music and musical instruments are supplied on conditions which place them within the reach of the possessors of even the most moderately-lined purses, that he has been able to offer, during the period of his commercial operations in Ipswich, special advantages to the great music-loving section of its residents, which they never previously enjoyed. Like most ultimately successful innovators, Mr. Whillier began his work as an apostle of good and cheap popular musical education, under comparatively modest conditions. His original premises were in St. Nicholas 8treet, but the novel economic methods which he introduced soon proved so popular that he was constrained to find better accommodation for the requirements of his business. Thus he has recently removed to his present quarters, which occupy a commanding position in the principal thoroughfare of the town. Here the musical amateur will find a varied selection of violin outfits, comprising violin, bow, case, and extra set strings, together with resin, at prices varying from 15s. to 60s. Mr. Whillier’s choice of accordions is the largest and most representative to be found in Suffolk. A similar remark applies to his exhibits of auto-harps, zither harps, dulcimers, banjos, mouth-organs, flutes, flageolets, &c. But the principal service, perhaps, which Mr. Whillier is rendering to the musical residents in Ipswich and its vicinity, consists in the financial facilities which he offers to them of becoming the proud possessors of pianofortes, organs, and harmoniums, at easy terms to suit all buyers. His exceptional commercial aptitude has enabled him to divest the hire or purchase system of all its possible terrors for timid hirers or purchasers, by eliminating from it every possibly unjust condition. There is a great commercial future for Mr. Whillier in Ipswich.

MR. F. PAWSEY, STATIONER, NEWSAGENT, PRINTER, AND BOOKSELLER,
ANCIENT HOUSE, BUTTER MARKET, IPSWICH.

IN historically reviewing the doings of the noted trading concerns of Ipswich, it is particularly interesting to meet with a house of such old standing and extensive business connections as the one which has been chosen as the theme of the present brief sketch. The “Ancient,” or “Sparrowes” House, is a relic of the medieval age, and accordingly has been much commented upon by antiquarians in magazines and periodicals, as dating back to the year 1567; and as the names of its present tenants usually figure in all such disquisitions, the venerable building acts as a splendid advertisement for their business, which is now one of the best and largest of its kind in the Eastern Counties of England. Although but twelve years have now elapsed since the present style of Messrs. Pawsey & Hayes was assumed, the business has in reality been in the family of the present able and enterprising proprietor for about sixty years. On the dissolution of the partnership this year, the business reverted to Mr. F. Pawsry, now the sole proprietor. Eligibly located in the very centre of the town, the interior of the venerable building has of course been remodelled up to date for business purposes, without, however, resorting to any destructive “Vandalism.” The spacious shop, on the ground floor, is elegantly appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically arranged to hold and effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods composed of books in all branches of literature, many of which are handsomely bound and suitable for gifts or prizes; plain, educational, commercial, and fashionable fancy stationery; office requisites, and the numerous sundries incidental to a thoroughly first-class stationery emporium. At the rear of the shop there is an elaborately equipped printing and publishing office, with composing rooms on the topmost floor; and in this department the firm carry on an extensive business as printers and engravers, account book manufacturers, and bookbinders, and are publishers of many valuable works, the best-known and oldest established of which is “Pawsey’s Pocket Book” for each year, which is brimful of useful and interesting information and fine steel engravings, and circulates throughout the United Kingdom. On the first floor, lastly, is located the fine subscription library, established in 1791, which contains over seventeen thousand volumes, and is being constantly added to and kept up to date. The firm employ a staff of skilled workmen, assistants and others, and all the affairs of the house are directed by the proprietor in person.

S. H. COWELL, PRINTER, LITHOGRAPHER, STATIONER, AND ACCOUNT BOOK MANUFACTURER,
BUTTER MARKET, IPSWICH.

THIS is one of the old representative businesses of Ipswich, having a history dating back for fully a hundred years. During the whole of that period it has remained in the hands of the Cowell family, and has steadily increased from year to year until it is now one of the largest concerns of its kind in the Eastern Counties. The premises have been rebuilt, remodelled, and enlarged from time to time, and the last considerable alteration was effected as recently as 1892, when the front portion of the premises were entirely reconstructed, both internally and externally. The new buildings are of three storeys in height, and of handsome architectural design, and they comprise not only a spacious and well-appointed retail shop, with counting-house, wholesale department, and paper stock-room on the ground floor, but also managers' offices, drawing office, and stock-rooms for account books and envelopes on the first floor, and large and well-lighted work-rooms above. In these work-rooms many girls are employed in paper-bag making, and here also is the bindery, with its excellent equipment of modern machinery. Underneath the whole block extends a light, roomy, and well-ventilated basement, in which we notice a 12 horse-power “Otto” gas engine, supplying power for the electric light installation that lights the entire establishment. Here, also, is the large boiler for the hot-water apparatus whereby the building is warmed, and we also observe a fireproof strong-room for storing valuable goods of various kinds. The remainder of this basement accommodates a vast stock of brown paper and paper-bags.

Turning to the older portion of the buildings we find on the ground floor the boilers and engines for driving the machinery in the printing and other departments. Here, likewise, are two large and perfectly organised machine-rooms, containing twelve steam Platen machines, twelve Wharfedale machines, five litho. machines and twelve steam litho. presses, besides cutting machines, hot-rolling presses, bronzing machines, etc., etc. There is a department specially equipped for grinding litho. stones, of which the firm have a valuable stock. The floor above is mainly devoted to account-book making, and contains all the necessary apparatus for this work, including six steam-ruling machines, paging machines, etc. The top floor contains the principal composing room and the stereotyping room. The firm have a splendid stock of type for all purposes, from poster work to the finest book work, and including all the newest and most attractive “faces” from the best British, Continental, and American founders. The premises are fitted throughout with fireproof doors, whereby the several work-rooms can be isolated in any emergency, and all the departments have homocoustic speaking-tube communication, a great improvement upon the old-fashioned tubes. Altogether this might well stand as a model establishment of its kind, and it reflects equal credit upon its proprietor and upon the progressive town of Ipswich, which is never “behind the times.”

Some idea of the magnitude and importance of the business here carried on may be gathered from the fact that the firm give employment to upwards of three hundred hands in their various departments. They hold large and complete stocks of general and commercial stationery and account-books of their own excellent manufacture, and are noted for their superior productions in all kinds and sizes of paper-bags for every trade purpose. In the printing and lithographing departments high-class work is the rule, and equal success is achieved in everything turned out, from a visiting card to a trade catalogue, or from a billhead to the most elaborate show-cards in the highest style of chromo-lithography. The firm control an extensive rag trade with the chief paper mills throughout England and woollen manufacturers in the West Riding of Yorkshire; about fifty hands are constantly employed in this branch. A very extensive local trade is controlled, in addition to a widespread business in East Anglia generally, and the manner in which this old and noted firm's connection has been expanded is indicated in the fact that they find it necessary to maintain a London office at 19, Ludgate Hill, E.C. Toe whole business is in a condition of advancement and progress which speaks for the ability and enterprise brought to bear upon its administration both in past and present times

MESSRS. JOHN PRATT & CO., LINEN AND WOOLLEN DRAPERS, AND WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TEA DEALERS,
69 AND 71, ST. MATTHEW'S STREET, IPSWICH.

THE admirably organised business which Mr. Pratt conducts has a long and honourable record, having been originally founded by Mr. Cameron, upwards of thirty years ago, and ten years later it was acquired by Mr. Pratt, who has had over thirty years’ experience in the tea trade, and for the last twenty years has been in this business. A valuable trade connection for the sale of tea, and a speciality has been made, with signal success, of the supply of pure Scotch oatmeal. That connection was soon materially increased through the thorough technical knowledge of the business possessed by Mr. Pratt, combined with his exceptional commercial aptitude and his well-directed enterprise. The result has been a history of rapid and uninterrupted progress which has been characterised by several important new developments. Thus, about twelve years after establishing his business, Mr. Pratt make a bold and novel departure by opening out a high-class establishment in which the firm conduct a prosperous business as linen and woollen drapers, merchant tailors, &c.

By his practical application of sound commercial principles, and his discrimination in the selection of expert specialists as the responsible heads of departments, Mr. Pratt, in his new capacity, soon gained the unreserved confidence of a large number of influential families, resident in Ipswich and the surrounding districts. So material has been the expansion of the volume of his business that, within the last few years, Mr. Pratt has found it necessary very considerably to alter and extend his premises. These occupy a commanding position in St. Matthew’s Street, and comprise an extensive range of three-storeyed buildings. The exterior has a most attractive appearance in accordance with the popular methods which Messrs. Pratt & Co. have successfully adopted in the conduct of their business. The series of ample show-windows, with their tastefully arranged assortments of beautiful novelties in all varieties of textile fabrics, never fails to interest the by-passers. In the interior is a commodious and well-appointed sale-shop, with a handsome showroom to the rear — spacious enough, in the aggregate, to admit of the effective display, and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the vast, valuable, and varied stocks which are always held.

These include articles of every description belonging to the departments of general outfitting and linen and woollen drapery. There is a specially fine display of hats, caps, shirts, and hosiery, as well as of all sorts of woollen cloths suitable for making up into garments for gentlemen. In the production of these, to order and measure, a very large amount of business is done in the tailoring department. There are conveniently appointed cutting and fitting shops to the rear of the sale-shop. An efficient staff of skilled workmen is employed, including expert cutters, &c., while the bold new developments of Mr. Pratt’s business have proved signally successful. With all the best sources of supply for the various classes of goods in which the firm deal, the proprietor maintains such intimate and extensive relations that he is able to offer exceptionally favourable terms to his customers. Mr. Pratt is possessed of exceptionally well-developed administrative abilities, and is thus in a position not only to give his personal supervision to all the details in the conduct of his extensive business, but to bestow much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public as a member of the Ipswich Town Council and in other prominent capacities.

MISS DREWELL, ART DECORATOR AND NEEDLEWORKER, ETC.,
38, THE BUTTER MARKET, IPSWICH.

THE conditions of modern life have called into existence a number of artistic, delicate, and dilettante occupations, dealing more or less directly with art in various applications to the conveniences and luxuries of life. Many of these are especially suitable for the gentler sex, and indeed, it may be said, are practically monopolised by them. A very high class and representative establishment of this kind is conducted by the lady whose business is the subject of our present sketch. It was commenced only two years ago, and has already become established upon a sound commercial basis, with an influential and ever-widening clientele. The premises were very judiciously chosen, being centrally situated, and consisting of a spacious double-fronted shop, perfectly appointed and fitted with exquisite taste. There is a select stock of high class fancy and artistic goods, art needlework, wedding gifts &c., displaying extreme beauty of design and finish, and we imagine there are few ladies who could visit this establishment and resist the temptation to make a purchase. Hand-painting of various kinds is undertaken, such as painting on screens, stools, &c., for decorative purposes; ladies' needlework is mounted, and designs prepared and traced ready for working. We must not omit to mention that lessons are given in poker work, and the requisite instruments and materials are also supplied. Poker painting has recently become a very fashionable occupation, and consists in drawing designs on wood with the hot points of specially prepared tools, the work being pleasant and the result highly artistic. The teaching and the management of the business keeps Miss Drewell fully employed, and she may be congratulated upon the success that has attended her enterprise, and the ability and artistic skill displayed.

JOHN R. LUFF, PAPERHANGING WAREHOUSE,
43, UPPER BROOK STREET, IPSWICH.

FOR more than thirty years a leading and representative business in its special line in Ipswich, and one that owes its popularity and prosperity solely to the merits of the goods handled, has been to be found in that of Mr. John R. Luff, of the paperhanging warehouse, 43, Upper Brook Street. This noteworthy business was founded in 1860 by Mr. Randell, who brought to the development of his business the result of a long and valuable experience in every department of the trade, joined to indomitable energy and sound business habits. He soon laid the foundation of his enterprise on a secure basis, and succeeded in maintaining a steady progress with every passing year. Mr. Luff came into possession some three years ago, and under his well-directed control the prestige of the establishment has been fully maintained and an important addition made to the transactions in which the house is engaged. The premises occupied are of ample size, conveniently located, and fitted up with every convenience for facilitating the control of business and the effective display of the goods. A staff of experienced workmen is employed, and every description of painting, decorating, and paperhanging is taken in hand and carried out in a manner that is sure to give every satisfaction. A first-class business is in operation by the proprietor as a painter and decorator, and the constantly increasing demand made upon his services is ample proof that the character of the work turned out is giving every satisfaction.

More particularly in the upper walks of his trade, Mr. Luff enjoys a splendid name. His decorative achievements are always marked by boldness and grace of outline, good colouring, and effective harmony with surroundings. As a paperhanger he is highly successful, and his services are sought for, not only in Ipswich, but for a number of miles round. In this direction he carries one of the best-selected stocks in the whole of the Eastern Counties. The stock held has been chosen with much care and taste from the most desirable productions of the best-known makers, and include all the regular lines in rich profusion and the last and most appreciable novelties. There are extensive and first-rate supplies of every description of dark and white pulps, satins and satinettes, borders, grounds, monochromes, lustres, Lincrusta Waltons, French tapestries, Japanese leather papers, dadoes, centre pieces, &c. There are also ample selections of paints, colours, varnishes, brushes, and all other accessories of the trade. These goods are offered at the most reasonable prices, and afford customers a choice which cannot be equalled elsewhere. Mr. Luff is also largely occupied with the business of the house agent, and has always on his lists some of the most desirable and eligible residences. Landlords and property owners intrusting their affairs to his hands can rely upon their interests being thoroughly well looked after and all settlements honourably and promptly made. Mr. Luff is held in high repute as a merchant in superior goods, as a skilful workman, and a thoroughly reliable business man. He commands the respect of all who come into commercial relations with him, while he is well known and esteemed in public life for the active interest he takes in all movements having for their object the welfare and improvement of his fellow-citizens.

W. I. CURTIS, HAIRDRESSER, WIG MAKER, AND PERFUMER,
37, CARR STREET, IPSWICH.

IN noticing the many establishments of interest in Ipswich engaged in the various branches of industrial activity, one that deserves special mention is undoubtedly that of Mr. W. I. Curtis, hairdresser, wig maker, and perfumer, who was for many years manager of Mr. Green’s business in this town. Practical hairdressing, in the highest phases of its modern development, has of late years become an art; of which art Mr. Curtis may safely be considered a most able representative and exponent. Although the above house has only recently been established, it has already gained, and deservedly so, a very firm footing. The premises occupied at 37, Carr Street, comprise a well-appointed shop, the whole of which is tastefully arranged with a large stock of hairdresser’s goods, such as perfumery and toilet requisites for ladies and gentlemen—razors, strops, brushes, combs, sponges, etc., etc. At the rear of this elegant emporium is the gentlemen’s hairdressing room, and above is situated that set apart for ladies. Both these rooms are splendidly equipped with hair-cutting, shaving, shampooing, and other conveniences up-to-date usually to be found in establishments of this kind. A special feature is made of the manufacture of plain and ornamental hair, and wig-making of every description, and in this line Mr. Curtis’ long experience and careful study render it quite impossible for him to be equalled, far less excelled. In every department the business is carried on in the most superior style, and the proprietor caters for the patronage of a very large, distinguished, and high class patronage. Mr. Curtis is a man of good standing, and is widely known and respected in trade and family circles. He conducts his notable and successful business in person with marked ability and judgment, and his eminent professional skill and attainments are constantly apparent in the many superior operations and productions in the art and calling of the accomplished coiffeur.

H SUNNUCKS, HOSIER AND HATTER,
16, CARR STREET, IPSWICH.

FOR best value, latest novelties, lowest prices in ties, scarves, gloves, collars, underclothing, hats and caps, H. Sunnucks’, 16, Carr Street, Ipswich, is the noted house.

THE ISLE OF WIGHT.

THE position of the Isle of Wight, in relation to the mainland of England, is one which unites the advantages of insularity with those of easy and convenient access, and this circumstance has contributed in no small measure to its popularity as a pleasure resort, since, though it may be considered sufficiently remote from the “madding crowd” of our great cities to satisfy the seeker after rest and bodily recuperation, it is by no means difficult to reach. This unique and delightful island lies off the south coast of Hampshire, of which country it is territorially a part, and from which it is separated by the channels known as Spithead and the Solent, famed in the yachting world. Thus one may readily approach the Isle of Wight from Portsmouth and Southampton, and the means of communication by steamboat are highly satisfactory. From east to west the island measures about 23 miles in length, and its greatest breadth at the centre is a little over 13 miles. The area is upwards of 93,000 statute acres, and the population at the census of 1891 was 78,718, an increase of over 5,000 as compared with 1881.

From a scenic point of view the Isle of Wight may fairly be said to stand unsurpassed in England. In its own particular way it is incomparable. It presents an embodiment in miniature of almost every variety of characteristic English landscape and coast scenery, and from its remarkable fertility and luxuriant vegetation it has been well named the “Garden Isle.” On the northern side of the island the surface is generally undulating, frequently well wooded, and rising gradually from the coast towards the hills in the centre. Further south are reached the loftiest points in the island — St. Catherine's Hill and Boniface Down, both of which are over 770 feet above the level of the sea. The “back of the island” is the name popularly given to the south side, where are found the most characteristic features of the local scenery. Here are the precipitous and formidable cliffs which present such a bold front to the sea; here are the many “chines” or ravines peculiar to the land formation of this supremely picturesque locality; and here is the world-famous Undercliff, which is indescribable, and in which the islanders can claim to possess something perfectly unique.

Beauty of scenery, a balmy and salubrious climate, and a more liberal allowance of sunshine than falls to the lot of any other part of England, have combined to make the Isle of Wight a prime favourite among our health resorts, and to attract to its shores an enormous annual influx of visitors. A notable example in this respect has been set by the first lady in the kingdom to all and sundry her loyal lieges, and the Queens’ island home at Osborne is a demesne well worthy of the royal favour that it enjoys.

While nature is beneficent to the invalid visitor, there are not wanting equally potent attractions for those who may elect to see what the “Garden Isle” can offer to the mere pleasure seeker and holiday rambler. As the headquarters of English yachting, the waters of the Solent present an animated scene in the season, with their graceful freight of white-winged vessels; and at Cowes and Hyde a brilliant and distinguished company assembles annually to participate in the delights of this thoroughly British and supremely fascinating form of sport. Lovely walks and drives abound in every part of the Wight; a walking tour round the island is, indeed, one of the most enjoyable of holiday experiences, and brings the visitor into touch with many a quaint old-fashioned spot, and many a scene of unrivalled natural beauty. Coaching is largely in vogue, and affords a most agreeable method of touring from place to place under conditions favouring the quest of the picturesque without sacrifice of comfort.

For the home-loving Briton the romantic chines of this “ beautiful isle of the sea,” its quaint cliffs and sequestered dells, odd little caves, sandy coves, beetling crags, and wind-swept downs, must over possess an alluring interest; and we can only say that the tourist and holiday-maker who wishes to indulge the spirit of dolce fur niente in a manner alike creditable to his patriotism and beneficial to his purse and his health, will find a wondrous world of unconventional enjoyment awaiting him beyond the blue waters of the Solent.

RYDE.

THE most populous town in the Isle of Wight is the municipal borough of Ryde, which contained 10,952 inhabitants when the census of 1891 was taken. Finely situated on the acclivity of a hill sloping upwards from the Solent, this interesting port is opposite Stokes Bay and Portsmouth Harbour on the mainland, and is four miles distant from Southsea Pier, across the Solent, and 20 miles from Southampton. There is excellent and regular communication by steamer, while from Ryde it is an easy matter to reach any part of the Isle of Wight either by road or by rail. As far back as the latter part of the fourteenth century, when Ryde was called La Rye, the French appear to have thought it sufficiently important to be worth burning; but down to the dawn of its popularity as a seaside resort, viz., about a hundred years ago, it remained but a small fishing village. During the present century, however, Ryde has grown substantially, and has now become a handsome and thriving town, with a busy life of its own in addition to the activity caused by the arrival and departure of many visitors season after season.

Few English ports present a more picturesque appearance. The town rises in terraces from the sea, and at once impresses the visitor by its striking aspect when viewed from the decks of the incoming steamer. The impression produced is favourable, and is not disturbed by a more intimate acquaintance with the place, for Ryde is a clean, well-paved, and well-governed town, with not a few handsome buildings, and every evidence of municipal advancement. It has the advantage of an excellent water supply, and is well lighted by gas. The views in the neighbourhood are remarkably fine, and among the varied features of attraction to visitors must be mentioned the promenade pier, which is over half-a-mile long. The esplanade extends for nearly a mile, and there are well laid out public gardens, with ornamental water. In the yachting season Ryde is a great centre of fashionable life, and the Royal Victoria Yacht Club has its headquarters here. There is considerable maritime activity at Ryde, the dock accommodation being good; and the local yacht and boat builders have a high reputation for work of a superior class. The herring and lobster fisheries are also important and productive industries on this coast. Otherwise there are no industries which can be termed specially characteristic of Ryde; but all branches of general commerce and retail trading have their representatives, and the leading business establishments attain a high standard of completeness in organisation and resources. the town contains many fine shops, notably those in Union Street, a thoroughfare which would do credit to any community, both in appearance and in the character of the mercantile concerns met with therein. These establishments are manifestly well administered, and display a varied range of the newest goods in the market. Ryde has superior hotel accommodation, several churches and chapels, good schools, and numerous charities. There is a Literary Institute, a theatre, a spacious market, and a town-hall designed by J. Sanderson. The town was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1868. It is a favourite place of residence, and there are many fine houses in the environs.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE

A. J. & W. COOMBES, HOUSE FURNISHERS, UPHOLSTERERS, AUCTIONEERS, HOUSE AGENTS, VALUERS, ETC.,
CROSS STREET, RYDE.

FOR very many years the admirably organised business conducted by Messrs. A. J. & W. Coombes has, in its several departments, formed one of the leading factors in the commercial — and, it might be added also, in the social — economy of the Ryde district. The wide extent of technical knowledge possessed by the two gentlemen who are the members of the firm, combined with their energy and enlightened enterprise, as manifested in the prompt introduction of all approved novelties within the scope of their business, has gained for them the unreserved confidence and the continued support of all classes of the community, including the highest not only in Ryde, but to a large extent throughout the island. Their headquarters occupy a commanding position at 20, Cross Street, with a fine frontage whose attractive appearance is in keeping with the high-class character of the business which the firm control. The ample show-window, with its exhibits of artistically elegant household furniture, including a constant succession of beautiful new designs and patterns, constitutes a point of never-failing interest. The appointments and fittings of the interior are specially rich and tasteful, in harmony with the sumptuous character of many of the contents. It forms a series of elegant show-rooms in which is exhibited a splendidly comprehensive assortment of cabinet work and other articles of furniture. In this department the firm have gained a high reputation for the invariable excellence of the workmanship and the artistic merit of design which is apparent in all their productions. The stocks also include a fine selection of Oriental carpets, of specially designed Axminster and velvet pile carpets, of antique and modern rags, together with Venetian and art blinds, oilcloths, linoleums, cretonnes, and chintzes from the most noted English and foreign looms, Madras and ecru muslin curtains in great variety, and every description of domestic upholstery. At No. 18, Cross Street, the firm retain extensive stores, which are well lighted, perfectly dry, and most suitable for the storage of valuable furniture — the firm undertaking a large amount of this class of business. In the kindred department of removing they also perform, under the best possible conditions, work of every kind, the plant including a full complement of vans, and a competent staff of experienced packers and house fitters.

At 4 Monkton Street, and in East Street are situated the large works belonging to the Messrs. Coombes. In the workshops the equipment includes all the requisites for facilitating the operations of cabinetmaking and upholstery manufacture. Here a strong staff of skilled workmen is employed in the several departments, under the supervision of expert specialists. In their capacity as auctioneers, the Messrs. Coombes enjoy the confidence of a large circle of influential clients, including many of the leading owners of real property in the island. They have had ample experience in the sale, by auction, of land, houses, furniture, pictures and other works of art, &c. They are themselves extensive house agents and valuers, and their awards are regarded as fully authoritative. For the discharge of their professional duties in these several directions they have a well-appointed suite of offices at their headquarters in Cross Street, the registered telegraphic address being “Coombes, Ryde.”

Mr. A. J. Coombes, the senior member of the firm, being endowed with much administrative ability, devotes much of his valuable time and energies — notwithstanding the large amount of attention demanded by his own multifarious business — to the service of the public, and is an active member of the town council of the borough. He and his partner are much esteemed by all classes of the community, and their wide personal influence enables them to render excellent service to the London and Lancashire Fire and Life Insurance Company, for which the firm are agents.

H. PACK & CO., SILK MERCERS, MILLINERS, MANTLE-MAKERS, AND LADIES’ OUTFITTERS,
UNION STREET, RYDE.

RYDE possesses not a few business establishments which are equally creditable to the town and to their proprietors, and among these there is none more noteworthy than that of Messrs. H. Pack & Co. at the top of Union Street. This well-known and fashionable silk, drapery, and ladies' outfitting warehouse has been in existence upwards of forty years, and has during that period acquired a wide reputation in the Isle of Wight for the novelty and excellence of its specialities, the extent of its resources, and the many inducements it offers to the public in matters of price and quality. The premises occupied by the firm are admirably adapted to the requirements of the business, being of large dimensions, convenient arrangement, and having a commanding central situation. Their attractive external appearance, due to the splendid dressing of the windows, leads the visitor to expect much of the interior, and that expectation is in no sense disappointed, for the shop and show-rooms are laid out with the greatest taste, as well as with every regard for convenience, and they display a range of goods which would do credit to a leading London house. Countless novelties in drapery goods and all the varied requisites of ladies’ fashionable attire are shown in the spacious saloons on the ground floor; and in the show-rooms above there are even greater attractions in the shape of mantles, dresses, costumes, jackets and millinery, all exemplifying the latest fashions with equal fidelity and artistic effect. A special department is that for ladies' underclothing, in which goods of the choicest quality and finish will be found, and Messrs. H. Pack & Co. continue to maintain the high reputation they have so long enjoyed in connection with their wedding trousseaux and special outfits for India and other countries abroad. In dress and mantle-making this firm's high-class work is greatly admired, and they are not less famous for their productions in millinery, in which they adapt the newest Paris models to the tastes and requirements of their patrons. Another notable department is that for family and complimentary mourning. This is stocked with all the most approved fabrics and accessories, and is so well organised that orders can be executed with exemplary promptitude. To meet immediate requirements there is always a well-assorted stock of dresses, mantles, and millinery made up in the newest and most becoming styles, both for mourning and for ordinary wear.

In short, Messrs. H. Pack & Co. maintain a complete emporium of fashionable requisites, and cater so well to the needs of the ladies of Ryde and the district that no other local establishment of the same kind meets with or merits a larger share of public patronage. The firm are “up-to-date” in everything, and are in no fear of detrimental competition, since they have long ago made it clear to their customers that their rule of supplying the newest and best of everything in their line at the most reasonable prices is not merely a catchpenny commonplace, but is actually and continuously carried into practice. One of the secrets of Messrs. Pack’s success is, undoubtedly, the care they bestow upon their making-up departments, and we must compliment them upon the spacious and well-appointed work-rooms provided by them on their own premises for the skilful staff of dressmakers, mantle-makers, and milliners in their employ, many of the principal hands having been in the employ of the firm for many years. Almost all the goods are manufactured on the premises, ladies' and children’s outfitting being a distinct speciality. A large and select trade is controlled by the firm, and their patronage is drawn not only from the elite of society in Ryde, but almost all over the world. They have been honoured by the commands of royalty, and have many customers residing abroad, from whom they receive frequent orders.

W. & J. WOODS, MANUFACTURING AND FURNISHING IRONMONGERS,
26 AND 27, CROSS STREET, RYDE.

ONE of the leading factors in the commercial and industrial economy of the Isle of Wight is, and has been for many years, the admirably organised business of which Messrs. W. & J. Woods are the proprietors. Their well-ordered establishment dates back for nearly a hundred years, when it was founded by Mr. George Woods, the grandfather of the present members of the firm. At the present time the principals are Messrs. Arthur, Henry, and William Woods. These gentlemen are naturally proud of the traditions of the house and its old-established reputation, and they fully maintain its prestige. The major portion of their premises occupies the site of those in which the founder of the firm began his business, and have a commanding situation in Cross Street. About four years ago, to meet the requirements of trade in the present day, when goods for sale must be advantageously displayed to attract the purchaser, the premises were very materially enlarged in accordance with designs specially prepared by the Ryde Borough Surveyor, and they now comprise a handsome three-storey building, having a frontage of about fifty feet, and extending for a considerable distance to the rear, affording ample space for the effective display of the notably comprehensive stocks always held. On the ground floor and also on the upper storeys are spacious saloons in which are exhibited all descriptions of novelties, useful and ornamental, which are introduced here as soon as they are placed upon the market. Here is to be found a splendidly representative and well-selected stock of general furnishing ironmongery, such as baths, toilet ware, copper goods, wrought and cast iron hollow-ware, turnery, and every requisite for the kitchen, together with a great variety of artistic brass, iron, and other metal goods, also lamps, screens, candelabra, gasaliers, brackets, and fittings of every kind in bronze, brass, &c., with ornamental trays and waiters in polished brass, wood, &c. The stocks, too, include a fine assortment of choice door furniture of a highly decorative character. There is, moreover, a practically unlimited choice of electro-plated goods and cutlery, from the most eminent houses in London, Birmingham, and Sheffield.

Show-rooms are specially set apart for the display of grates, mantelpieces, and overmantels, many of which are arranged in designs suitable for different styles of architecture, each suite being complete throughout with grate, mantelpiece, hearth, fender, fire-brasses, rests, &c. The Messrs. Woods also deal extensively in bedsteads and bedding, including spring mattresses. In connection with this department there is a special show-room, in which upwards of twenty different kinds of bedsteads are fitted up with various descriptions of mattresses. The display of kitcheners, stoves, ranges, &c., is very extensive and exhaustive. The firm are the sole district agents for Flavel’s ranges, of which they hold a complete stock in all sizes. They are, too, the sole agents for Russell's well-known “Herald” ranges, and also for “Strange’s A 1 Crystal Oil.” At the rear of the show-rooms are extensive works, each department being thoroughly equipped with the requisite mechanical appliances for the various industrial processes carried on.

The Messrs. Woods control a large amount of business in the fitting up of electrical appliances, and have executed a large amount of work of this class in nearly all the principal hotels in the Isle of Wight. One of their industrial departments is specially devoted to the manufacture of garden seats and kindred classes of goods. Much attention is successfully paid to gas, hot water, and sanitary engineering, these departments being under the control of expert specialists. Adjoining are large stores, in which are held heavy stocks of building ironmongery, and also of bar iron, and nails of all descriptions. The extensive and well-equipped stables attached to the establishment are also at the rear, and there is a separate entrance to them from High Street. Messrs. W. & J. Woods conduct a considerable wholesale business amongst blacksmiths, builders, plumbers, shop-keepers (general), &c. Their retail connections are very extensive, as the relations which they maintain with all the best sources of supply enable them to offer specially advantageous terms to their customers. In their various departments they employ from thirty to forty hands, some of whom are descendants of men who were in the employment of the founder of the establishment. As he brought his sons up to the control of the business with a thorough technical knowledge of its requirements, so the workmen apprenticed their sons to one or other of the several industrial departments. No stronger testimony could be offered as to the excellent terms on which the employers and the employed have always lived in this excellently managed establishment. It should be added that the premises include a well-appointed suite of offices, and that their telegraphic address is “Woods, Ryde."

EDWARD SWEETMAN, Jun., BREWER, MILLER, FORAGE CONTRACTOR, &c,
16, JOHN STREET, RYDE, AND UPTON.

THE record of the numerous and extensive industrial operations of Mr. Sweetman, jun., goes back to 1870. Mr. Sweetman’s commercial headquarters are in John Street, and these premises also form the offices for the business of the Anglesea Brewery. This brewery has for a long time been one of the most popular institutions in the Island. Its equipment includes approved modern applications of mechanical science to the perfecting of results in the processes of brewing. The productions of the Anglesea Brewery include various descriptions — differing in respect to strength — of mild and bitter ales, and also nourishing stout and porter. These beverages are all noted for their brilliancy, delicacy of flavour, and appetising properties. Mr. Sweetman also controls a considerable business as a wine and spirit merchant, a portion of his John Street premises being admirably adapted to the requirements of this department. Here he holds stocks of excellent ports, sherries, clarets, hocks, Moselles, Burgundies, champagnes, &c., together with all descriptions of spirits and cordials. The scale on which Mr. Sweetman makes his purchases of these classes of goods, and his knowledge of the markets, enables him to offer exceptionally favourable conditions to his. customers. He is likewise the proprietor of the “Castle Hotel,” which occupies a commanding corner position at the junction of John Street with High Street, and is one of the leading houses of public entertainment in the town. Mr. Sweetman, too, controls the business of the extensive bait and livery stables which are attached to the hotel. In his capacity as a brewer and a wine and spirit merchant, Mr. Sweetman conducts a large trade, having a proprietary interest in many licensed houses in the district, and valuable connections all over the Island. The popularity of his Anglesea Brewery productions is, moreover, attested by their large consumption in private families. At 16, John Street, also, he conducts business as a wholesale and retail miller (his mill being at Upton), corn, hay, and straw merchant, and forage contractor, maintaining a large stock of each of these classes of commodities. In the several departments of his business he employs efficient staffs of experienced assistants; and one of the secrets of the success which he has achieved is, unquestionably, the promptitude and accuracy with which all orders are executed. This requires the exercise of organising and administrative abilities such as are possessed in a very high degree by Mr. Sweetman, who personally supervises all the working details of his extensive and many-sided business. He is able, at the same time, to interest himself in matters affecting the welfare of the community, and was, for a time, an active member of the Ryde Town Council.

HANSFORD BROTHERS, UPHOLSTERERS AND HOUSE FURNISHERS, DECORATORS AND PAINTERS,
9-AND-A-HALF CROSS STREET, RYDE.

IN the industrial and commercial economy of the Isle of Wight, an honourably conspicuous position has long been held by the eminent house of Messrs. Hansford Brothers, whose record goes back to 1830, and has been one of substantial and uninterrupted progress. The members of the firm at the present time are Mr. A. Y. Hansford and Mr. J. Hansford, who fully maintain the reputation of the house. The firm originally conducted their operations in George Street, whence they removed, in 1856, to their present premises, at 9-and-a-half, Cross Street. These were built by the firm to designs specially prepared to suit the requirements of their business. It is a singular practical paradox that this establishment, which has the largest frontage — over forty feet — in Cross Street, should have only half a number assigned to it, but the explanation is that the premises are built upon what was formerly a piece of waste land, belonging partly to No. 9 and partly to No. 10, in the street. They comprise a commanding block of buildings four storeys in height, in addition to a basement, and having a facade of very considerable architectural merit. Each of the floors is spacious, running back over fifty feet. The elegantly appointed interior forms a series of show-rooms forming a seemingly endless vista of dining and drawing-room furniture, with a practically unlimited variety of sideboards, couches, sofas, easy-chairs, &c. Here is also a fine display of drawing-room appointments of every kind.

Special attention is given to the upholstering department, which includes a splendid stock of carpets, with an excellent assortment of floorcloths and linoleums in new and artistic patterns. There is, too, a thoroughly representative stock of bedroom furniture of all varieties. At the top of the building are commodious workshops, furnished with all the requisites for the processes of cabinet and upholstery manufacture, &c., which are conducted by an experienced and highly-skilled staff — the manufacture of bedding of pure materials, from a sanitary point of view, being a speciality in this department. Messrs. Hansford Brothers also control an important business as decorators and painters, their operations in this department extending largely to yachts as well as to domestic interiors. The sound artistic taste which is always manifest in the firm's decorative work, as well as the promptitude and efficiency with which all orders are executed, has gained for the firm the unreserved confidence of many influential owners, both of house property and of yachts. The Messrs. Hansford, moreover, have had ample experience in the conduct of funeral ceremonies, and have every facility for undertaking their due performance in accordance with the most approved modern ideas of funeral reform. They have also gained a high reputation for the care and expedition which they display, by the aid of a specially trained and experienced staff, in the conduct of household removals. In connection with this department they have extensive and well-appointed stabling accommodation in the rear of Cross Street opposite to the warehouse. Here, too, they have ample space for the storage of furniture. The firm, however, are perhaps best known to the general public as conducting the largest business in the Ryde district in the supply of furniture on the hire-purchase system, from which, in their case, every element which is not consistent with absolute equity has been eliminated. The Messrs. Hansford, again, are the sole agents in the Isle of Wight for the useful and cheap material known as “Feltine,” which increases the durability of carpets by protecting them from uneven flooring, makes them feel thicker and softer to the tread, and raises the temperature of rooms in winter by preventing draughts coming through the flooring.

The members of the firm are both endowed with strong organising and administrative powers, and thus Mr. J. Hansford, notwithstanding the large amount of his attention which is monopolised by his own flourishing business, is able to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. Thus he is an active member of the Ryde Town Council, and of the Art and Science Council, and he is also president of one of the Ryde Building Societies. The Messrs. Hansford are held in much esteem by all classes of the community, and their extensive personal influence enables them to render valuable services as agents for the Royal Fire and Life Insurance Company, with which corporation their connection is historical. In the first year of this prosperous Company’s existence, Mr. Hansford, the father of the present members of the firm, became its representative in Ryde, and Messrs. Hansford Brothers are now amongst the oldest agents on the list of the Royal.

FRED P. MELLISH, STATIONER, BOOKSELLER, & PRINTER,
“THE POST OFFICE,” 43, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THE records of the representative busmen now under review show that it was established at Ryde as far back as thirty years ago. About ten years since, the business, then being carried on at No. 153, High Street, was acquired by its present talented and enterprising proprietor, Mr. Fred P. Mellish, who, three years later, in 1887, was appointed to the office of Postmaster, and under whose vigorous administration the business expanded so rapidly that be found it imperative to remove to his present more convenient and commodious quarters at No. 42, High Street two years ago. Conspicuously located opposite to Star Street, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically and tastefully arranged, and displays a large stock of goods including books in all branches of literature, rich in bibles, prayer, and hymn books, and works of a devotional character; plain, commercial, and fashionable fancy stationery, account-books and office requisites of every kind; stationers' sundries and fancy goods, photographs, artists’ materials, bric-a-brac, et id genus omni; a particularly large assortment of Messrs. Raphael Tuck's beautiful reproductions of pictures by the old masters, and the products of the Anglo-American Paper Bag Company, of Spitalfields, for which Mr. Mellish acts as the sole agent in the Isle of Wight. In his well-equipped works at the rear Mr. Mellish employs a picked staff of experts, and is thus enabled to execute letterpress and commercial job printing of every kind, in a highly creditable manner with due economy and despatch. Mr. Mellish is publisher of the hymns, &c., used at St. Michael’s Church, Swanmore, Ryde; and in all his duties, both public and private, brings such energy and ability to bear upon the work in hand that he has won the confidence and esteem of a very large circle of desirable patrons and friends.

THE CROWN FAMILY AND COMMERCIAL HOTEL,
PROPRIETRESS: MRS. H. T. HALSTEAD,
RYDE.

THE Crown Family and Commercial Hotel is probably one of the oldest high-class places of public entertainment in Ryde, although the records of its earlier history are rather general than definite. It is characteristic of the pleasant social conservatism, which has long obtained within its hospitable walls, that the late “Boots” of the establishment, when he recently retired, had filled that responsible position for upwards of forty- three years. The Crown occupies a most eligible position for the convenience of visitors, whether in pursuit of pleasure or of business, being within easy reach of the railway station and of the Pier, while it stands right in the centre of the commercial quarter of the town. It comprises a block of commodious three-storeyed buildings, whose ample frontage, with its deep bay windows, extending across its first floor, as well as the ground floor, has an appearance of comfortable antiquity which is delightfully suggestive of good old-fashioned English fare, and plenty of it. The proprietress, Mrs. H. T. Halstead, has controlled the establishment for the last twelve years, and, while she has fully sustained all the good old traditions of the house, she has, by the liberal introduction of modern conveniences, very materially extended the valuable family and commercial connection of the establishment. The internal arrangements, as to lighting, heating, and ventilation, are all in accordance with the most advanced scientific ideas.

The numerous apartments include coffee, dining, commercial, smoking, and billiard rooms, together with numerous bedrooms, all of which are furnished in most substantial and comfortable style. Mrs. Halstead has unquestionably succeeded in making the Crown one of the most popular hotels in the town. Special arrangements are made for the convenience of the “ambassadors of commerce” — as is, indeed, their due — the stock-rooms being undoubtedly larger and better equipped than those belonging to any other hotel in the Island. Mrs. Halstead has exceptional facilities for obtaining daily supplies of the finest meat, poultry, game, vegetables, fruit, and dairy produce, and the cuisine, without being unnecessarily elaborate, is thoroughly satisfactory. The cellars have a splendid reputation, which is fully sustained by the excellent judgment and the liberal expenditure of the proprietress. In particular we may mention that the house can supply the finest port to be obtained in Ryde. Nothing, in fact, is wanting to make thoroughly enjoyable a residence, temporary or otherwise, at the Crown.

W. H. LONG, PRACTICAL TAILOR AND SHIRT MAKER, HATTER, HOSIER, AND OUTFITTER,
9, CROSS STREET, RYDE.

THE higher branches of practical tailoring, shirt-making, and outfitting in general, find an able representative and exponent at the town of Ryde, in the person of Mr. W. H. Long, who for the past fourteen years has conducted with singular success a business which had previously been promoted by a Mr. Bartlett for a period of six years, and was originally organised by a Sir. Colenutt as far back as the year 186S. Occupying a prominent position in Cross Street, the spacious, full-fronted shop is neatly appointed and arranged throughout in the best modern style, and displays a representative stock of all the best and most fashionable tailoring fabrics and materials for the current season, together with silk and felt hats and caps, hosiery, gloves, and underwear, a very special line in pure linen shirts, made to order, and guaranteed to realise a perfect fit, the newest patterns and styles in scarfs and ties, and outfitting items of every description. In his well-equipped work-rooms, the cutting department of which comes under his personal control, Mr. Long employs a picked staff of skilled and experienced craftsmen in the production of gentlemen's fashionable attire for all occasions, stylish and durable boys' clothing, ladies' habits, jackets, and ulsters, servants’ liveries, and the like, and every garment so made possesses a correctness of style, a perfection of fit, and a faultless finish, that can only be imported by a thorough master of the sartorial art. The high reputation of this typical establishment has always been its best advertisement, and this, coupled with the efficiency and sound judgment that continue to mark the methods of its administration, has secured and retained for the house a patronage characterised by every attribute of desirability and distinction.

J. JOHNCOX, JUNIOR, BILLINGSGATE FISH, GAME, AND POULTRY STORES,
156, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

WITH the dawn of the year 1894 the fish, game, and poultry supply trade of Ryde received a valuable accession in the form of the already popular “Billingsgate Stores,” at 156, High Street, organised under the capable initiative of Mr. J. Johncox, junior, who, with the assistance of an expert staff of London salesmen and canvassers, has succeeded in securing a fair share of the best family patronage to be had in the town and its environs. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position, the spacious shop, with its modern hygienic appointments throughout, always presents a singularly neat, scrupulously clean, and wholesome appearance, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant and well-arranged stock there en evidence, which “speaks for itself” as having been consigned direct from the “toilers of the deep,” the rivers, lakes, woodlands, and farmyards both at home and abroad. All the esteemed varieties of “fish, fur and feather” in their respective seasons are here to be met with in the very finest condition. The supply of both wet and dry fish, the luscious oyster in its manifold varieties, and other molluscs and highly appreciated crustaceans, such as lobsters, crabs, prawns and shrimps, crayfish, &c., together with neatly plucked and trussed barn-door fowls and other poultry, pigeons and rabbits from across the “silver streak,” and all manner of seasonable English and foreign game, is undoubtedly one of the largest and best selected of its kind to be found under any single roof in the Island; while it is manifest that Mr. Johncox, junior, spares no effort to study the best interests of his customers, and to enhance the high reputation for liberal and straightforward dealing which he now so deservedly enjoys.

ALFRED HOLMES, TAILOR, HATTER, AND GENERAL OUTFITTER,
HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THIS notable business is carried on with great enterprise, to which fact its continuous growth is largely due, and it occupies a spacious double-fronted shop at the above address, the windows of which are rendered attractive by the fine display of novelties they present. Every characteristic of a first-class clothing and outfitting establishment is here noticeable, and we observe that at the present time the firm are making a special study of their tailoring department. In this connection the stock is replete with the newest and most fashionable cloths of every kind, selected from the output of the best manufacturers, and the standard of excellence maintained in the making-up is a high one. All garments are out by the most experienced cutters, and Mr. Holmes is enabled to guarantee perfect fit and best workmanship at prices which will compare favourably with those of any other house. Not only are all branches of gentlemen’s tailoring carried out with skill and taste, but the requirements of the rising generation are also amply provided for, and our boys can be as well and smartly dressed at this well-known Ryde establishment as they can in London, while in most cases the cost is less, when quality of material and workmanship are duly considered. Every novelty in style, pattern, and fabric is shown by Mr. Holmes from season to season, and special attention may be called to the inducements he offers in such matters as gentlemen’s jacket suits and morning suits, tourist and shooting suits, fashionable frock-coat suits, light dust coats, covert coats, &c., all of which are turned out very smartly at exceedingly moderate prices. The whole range of boys' and youths’ clothing is covered, all requirements for college, school, and general wear being studied with effect, and special attention is given to the juvenile department, in which some very “natty” and becoming styles are shown for boys of all ages and sizes, as well as a modification of sailor costume adapted for little girls, and well suited for holidays at the seaside. As to general outfittings, Mr. Holmes presents a fine stock to the notice of the public, including all the new styles in hats, ties, collars, shirts, &c., and the best makes of hosiery and underwear. In short, this is a complete outfitting emporium, with the exception of boots and shoes, and in each department an exceptional range of choice is offered, the stock being one of the largest and most complete of its kind in the Isle of Wight. The entire business, in all its practical and commercial details, is personally superintended by the experienced and energetic principal, who is to b« congratulated both upon the excellent organisation of his establishment and upon the widespread connection he has acquired in Ryde and the surrounding districts.

MR. J. A. PURNELL, COMPLETE HOUSE FURNISHER AND MANUFACTURING UPHOLSTERER,
6, 7, AND 8, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

IT is now upwards of sixty years since the late Mr. J. A. Purnell founded this well-known house-furnishing emporium, which has from the first been conducted in High Street, Ryde, and is still carried on under his name. The present premises were rebuilt by Messrs. Purnell, and constitute the finest furniture warehouses in the Island. They extend from No. 6 to No. 8 inclusive in High Street, with large store-rooms and show-rooms at the rear of Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8, and there is also a factory in Manor Gardens, the whole being comprised in one block. The establishment presents an attractive outward appearance, the large plate-glass windows being always well dressed, and displaying leading features in each department of the business. Internally the arrangements are excellent, the space at the firm’s disposal for showroom purposes being no less than eleven thousand square feet. Carpets form one of the principal specialities of this house, and there is a splendid display of the best English, Continental, and Oriental makes, together with an almost endless variety of rugs, mats, and mattings. The same comprehensiveness is noticeable in the department for curtains, curtain materials, and all kinds of upholstery fabrics and decorative textiles in tapestries, silks, velvets, plushes, cashmeres, cretonnes, chintzes, laces, and muslins. Turning next to the cabinet furniture, the visitor is impressed with the complete provision made for every requirement. Couches and easy chairs are shown in a great many attractive styles, and there are suites adapted for dining-rooms, drawing-rooms, morning- rooms, boudoirs, &c., in every fashionable design and material, besides hall, library, and bedroom furniture in the same extensive variety. The artistic beauty shown in the patterns of this furniture, as well as the highly finished workmanship, commend it at once to our approval, and speak for the resources of the firm as manufacturers. These resources may be judged by a visit to the works, which are equipped with every requisite in tools and machinery, and where a numerous staff is regularly employed. The firm are manufacturers of most of the goods they sell, including bedding, to which they devote special attention, using' only the beet and purest materials, and turning out goods of the most reliable quality.

Messrs. Purnell are funeral furnishers and cremators, carrying out orders in connection with the latter department at Woking Crematorium. which is the nearest one for this part of the country. They also do a large business as auctioneers and valuers, and have auction rooms at the rear of their premises, known as the Manor House Auction Rooms, where they conduct sales of furniture and other goods. They are agents for the Lancashire Fire and Life Insurance Company, an office of well-known stability, and are thus in a position to transact all insurance business upon the most favourable terms. Special facilities exist for conducting removals of household furniture; and Messrs. Purnell are noted as house decorators and repairers. Ball-room decorations come within the scope of their trade as a speciality, and they carry out the principal contracts for this class of work in Ryde and the vicinity. Messrs. Purnell are honoured by royal patronage both at home and at the German court. As well as supplying goods to the Queen and other members of the Royal Family at “Osborne,” they have quite recently forwarded goods to Her Majesty’s castle at Balmoral. They are upholsterers by appointment to the Royal Victoria Yacht Club. In all departments of their trade they are noted for high-class work, and complete house-furnishing contracts are executed in the promptest manner and at the most reasonable prices for goods of superior style and quality.

The business is administered with marked ability and enterprise by the Messrs. A. and J. Purnell, sons of the late Mr. J. A. Purnell (who, it may be remarked, was for many years a member of the Ryde Town Council); and the house continues, as in the past, to enjoy the support of a valuable and widespread connection, including nearly all the prominent families resident in this part of the Isle of Wight. Both the partners are well known in athletic circles, and Mr. J. Purnell was the originator of the present Ryde Football Club, of which he is now the secretary. He is also deputy-captain of the Ryde Rowing Club, and was one of the promoters and secretary to the first carnival held in Ryde, and we believe England, which took place about ten years ago with gratifying success. Our readers will find Messrs. Purnell's showrooms well worthy of a visit, and we recommend this course as the best means of becoming acquainted with the resources of an establishment which is distinctly a credit to Ryde as well as to its energetic and experienced proprietors.
Telegraphic address: “Purnell, Ryde.”

CLEMENT JACKMAN, GAS AND WATER FITTER, WHITESMITH AND BELLHANGER, TIN, IRON, ZINC, AND COPPER-PLATE WORKER,
GEORGE STREET, RYDE.

THE important and comprehensive business now under review was organised many years ago at No. 24, Union Road, Ryde, under the able auspices of the father of its present talented and enterprising proprietor. Upon his succession to the business Mr. Clement Jackman, whilst retaining the original premises in Union Road as his works, opened his fine shop and show-room in George Street about eighteen months since. Here he maintains a heavy stock of all manner of goods. Gas and hot and cold water fittings; every description of gas lamps, globes, and glasses; all kinds of household ironmongery, tin, zinc, brass, and copper wares; plumbers’, painters’, and bellhangers’ materials and requisites; modern sanitary appliances; paraffin, colza, and other oils; paints, varnishes, and enamels; paperhangings and house decorative items of all kinds are all fully represented up-to-date, and are offered for sale, both retail and wholesale, at specially advantageous terms. In hit perfectly equipped workshops in Union Road, Mr. Jackman retains the services of a staff of skilled workmen and others in constant readiness to proceed to any part of the Island for the purpose of executing work by contract or otherwise; undertaking coppersmith's work for yachts and private houses; the tinning of culinary utensils; ironmongery and other repairs; gas and water fitting, bellhanging, and whitesmiths’ work; tin, iron, zinc, and copper smithery; the painting, paperhanging, and general decoration of houses; and plumbing and sanitary engineering in all their branches; and his house stands high in the estimation of a very large, valuable, and widespread connection, as much by reason of the reliability and exceptional excellence of all his work as for the moderation of his charges, and the sound methods and honourable principles which characterise his business transactions.

THE YORK HOTEL,
GEORGE STREET, RYDE.
PROPRIETRESS: MRS. C. DRAKE.

THIS favourite family and commercial hotel was founded originally in the year 1847, and wag acquired in 1887 by the late Mr. A. Drake, who had previously been proprietor of an hotel at Tunbridge Wells, where he was a member of the Board of Guardians and also of the Local Board. Under his able management the York Hotel at Ryde added considerably to its reputation, and the success that has attended it is well maintained at the present time under Mrs. Drake, who has directed the establishment with marked ability since her husband’s death four years ago. Having an excellent situation in George Street, the York Hotel is very conveniently placed both for commercial gentlemen and for families visiting Ryde on pleasure bent. It is a fine three-story building with an imposing frontage, and a total of about forty rooms, making up some thirty beds, and affording excellent accommodation in every case at a moderate tariff of charges. This hotel is beautifully situated on the top of a hill, the principal sitting and bedrooms commanding extensive and uninterrupted views of Spithead and Southampton Water, and during the season good views may be obtained of the principal races of the Royal Yacht Squadron and Victoria Yacht Club. In the distance may also be seen the towers of Osborne House, the private residence of Her Majesty, also Portsmouth Harbour and Southsea, all of which are easily reached from this hotel, which is a most convenient centre for visiting all places in the island and neighbourhood, including Bournemouth and Southampton, whence there is a daily service of boats during the summer.

There are the usual coffee, commercial, smoking, and other public rooms, all of which are spacious and well furnished; and in addition to these the ladies' private coffee-room, reading and writing rooms, present all the attractions of handsome and appropriate appointments. Every modern refinement and convenience contributes to the comfort of guests at the York Hotel, and a first-class chef and excellent wines, spirits, and cigars are certainly not the least among its many recommendations. Visitors have every facility for obtaining horses and carriages, there being a capital livery and bait stable attached to the hotel, with ample accommodation in the shape of loose boxes, &c The York Hotel is a headquarters of the Cyclists' Touring Club, and also of the “Bachelor’s Club,” and of the Vectis Cycling Club. The York Hotel has been patronised by many illustrious personages, among them being the Empress of the French, who occupied apartments in the hotel after her escape from France in 1870. In the ladies’ coffee-room we noticed a fine oil painting representing the ‘Gazelle’ passing Whitecliffe Bay, and bearing the legend: “Escape of the Empress of the French, September, 1870, on board the ‘Gazelle,’ Sir J. M. Burgoyne, Bart.” A full and interesting description of the escape of Her Imperial Majesty was given in Temple Bar in 1873.

The York Hotel has always enjoyed a high-class patronage, and continues to do so, its general organisation and management leaving nothing to be desired. Mrs. Drake is an esteemed and popular hostess, amply experienced in all the details of hotel business, and the house will certainly lose none of its prestige and good repute under her careful and judicious administration.

WILLIAM SMITH, DISPENSING CHEMIST AND DENTIST,
21, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THERE is no high-class pharmacy in the Isle of Wight which has gained a larger measure of popularity than that which is conducted by Mr. William Smith. His establishment has an honourable record which goes back to 1840; and, during the period of twenty-one years which have elapsed since it was acquired by Mr. Smith, its valuable connection has been very materially extended. His premises occupy a commanding position and have an ample frontage, whose attractive appearance is in keeping with the popular methods which Mr. Smith has adopted in the conduct of his business. A splendidly ample show-window exhibits a constant succession of beautiful novelties in toilet requisites and other classes of goods. In the interior, which is elegantly appointed, there is an effective display of goods which include every description of drugs and chemicals which are invariably of absolute purity and in the best possible condition, together with surgical appliances, all the popular patent medicines and proprietary articles, and every requisite appliance for the sick-room, the nursery, and the toilet.

With the best sources of supply for all these classes of goods, Mr. Smith maintains relations of such intimacy and extent that he is able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to his customers, and he retails patent medicines at “Stores” prices. At the rear is the thoroughly equipped dispensing department, which receives the special attention of the principal. Prescriptions sire dispensed with fidelity and accuracy, and with the purest ingredients; the directions of the British Pharmacopoeia (which is the legal standard for the preparation of medicines in this country) are strictly followed, and thus the fullest intentions of the physician are faithfully carried out. As an operative dentist, too, Mr. Smith’s technical knowledge and skill, combined with his matured experience, have enabled him to create a large and ever-growing practice. In this department a large glass case exhibits a fine assortment of artificial teeth. The charges are as moderate as is compatible with the best of materials and workmanship. This comprehensive establishment also includes amongst its resources a homoeopathic department, where the dispensing of prescriptions and the attenuation of medicines are performed strictly in conformity to the rules of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia.

Family medicine cases, containing the principal tinctures or pilules in general use, are always in stock; and customers' cases are refilled. Mr. Smith has gained a reputation, which is very widespread, for a long series of specialities of which he is the sole proprietor and maker. Amongst these are “W. Smith’s Tonic Liver Pills”; his “Cough Elixir”; “Chilblain Remedy”; “Corn Eradicator”; “Quinine and Iron Tonic”; “Voice and Throat Lozenges”; “Mella Rose Balm” and “Balm of Glycerine and Camphor” for chapped hands, rough skin, &c; “Neroline Kalydor,” for sunburn, pimples, &c; “Milk of Cucumber”; “Chromo-Redivivus,” for restoring hair to its natural colour; “Scurf Pomatum”; “Cherry and Areca Nut Tooth Pastes”; “Cockroach and Beetle Food” are among the many proprietary articles prepared by him. The tastefully-produced card, in which the list of his specialities is set forth, has also a useful map of the town of Ryde.

T. M. CHIVERTON, PLUMBER, PAINTER, GLAZIER, HOUSE DECORATOR, &c,
ARTISTS’ REPOSITORY, 35, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

DURING the forty years which have elapsed since Mr. T. M. Chiverton began his commercial, industrial, and decorative work in Ryde, his extensive technical knowledge has enabled him to make his well-ordered establishment an important factor in the economic activity of the Isle of Wight, while in regard to one of its departments it has become a leading centre of artistic life in the district. His commodious premises occupy a commanding position, and have a fine double frontage. The show-windows, with their tastefully arranged and thoroughly representative exhibits, constitute points of never-failing interest. The interior is handsomely appointed, and effectively displays the comprehensive stocks which are always held. As an artist's repository, the establishment has justly attained a very high reputation. Here will be found a fully representative stock of colours by such eminent manufacturers as Winsor & Newton, with brushes, canvas, and paper; pencils by Rowney & Co., Wolff & Co., Winsor & Newton, and all other requisites for studio and sketching purposes. For decorative work Mr. Chiverton holds at all times a splendid selection of mirrors, porcelain and terra-cotta vases, white-wood goods, decorative pedestals and bowls, &c. He is, too, the principal agent in Ryde for the celebrated “Glacier” decoration for windows. The stocks also include a practically unlimited choice of paperhangings, together with requisites of all descriptions, for the several industrial processes which are carried on by the firm. To the rear are spacious workshops, equipped with all the appliances for facilitating the operations of picture-frame making, gilding, mount cutting, picture cleaning, &c Other shops, equally well-equipped in their way, afford accommodation to a large staff of skilled workmen, including plumbers, painters, glaziers, gas fitters, &c. The principal exhibits much artistic taste in the execution of the numerous and important contracts for house decoration which he undertakes. Mr. Chiverton is endowed with much administrative ability, and personally supervises all the details of his extensive business.

H. V. CARTER & CO., COACH BUILDERS,
37, UNION STREET, AND 8, UNION ROAD, RYDE.

THE extensive business of Messrs. H. V. Carter & Co., at Ryde, is a notable one in this interesting trade, and ranks with the leading concerns of its kind in the South. It was founded upwards of forty years ago by Messrs. Carter & Co., and in the hands of its present proprietor fully maintains the reputation it has long enjoyed for high-class work. The premises occupied by the firm in Union Street form a fine set of show-rooms, with an extensive frontage, and afford every facility for the display of vehicles. Both the ground floor and the first floor of this spacious three-storey building are devoted to show-room purposes, while the top flat is used as a trimming loft. At the rear, in Union Road, is a commodious two-storey building, which forms the factory, and here all manufacturing operations are carried on under the most favourable conditions, the skilled workmen employed being assisted in their labours by all necessary machinery and tools of the most modern type. For the making of the heavier parts of carriages there is a well-equipped smithy; and in the body-making and wheelwrights’ department, as well as in the painting and varnishing shops, and the trimming loft, an efficient staff is always at work, under the active supervision of the principal. The display in the show-rooms is a most comprehensive one, and serves to indicate the extent of the business, for here may be seen every style of vehicle in vogue at the present day for driving purposes, from the simplest village cart to the largest and most elaborate four-in-hand coaches.

The revival of coaching in these days has induced Messrs. Carter to bestow special attention upon the building of coaches in the most approved style, and some very fine specimens of their work may be seen plying upon the regular tourist routes throughout the Isle of Wight, and various places in the South of England. They have just recently sent a coach to Bournemouth, which is acknowledged to be the best one in that district. This firm have identified their name with some notable improvements in carriage building. Mr. Carter is endeavouring to promote the use of the pneumatic tyre in the island, and has a section of the premises set apart for illustrating and explaining its advantages. For some time this firm traded as G. H. Mulliss & Co., the partners being Mr. G. H. Mulliss and Mr. H. V. Carter. Mr. Mulliss has now withdrawn his name from the concern, and Mr. Carter is sole principal. Mr. H. V. Carter is a member of the Institute of Coachbuilders, and a thoroughly practical master of every detail of his trade. The firm's work is widely and favourably known for elegance, strength, and finish, and their ample resources enable them to undertake the building of every description of carriage to order, on the most moderate terms, and also to execute repairs effectually and promptly. This establishment holds the leading place in Ryde, and in all departments of the trade Messrs. H. V. Carter & Co. control a large and important business, and enjoy the support and confidence of a very valuable and influential connection.

JOHN DIMMICK, RYDE SEED WAREHOUSE AND NURSERIES,
175, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THIS is an old-established concern of very high repute in its line, and was founded upwards of fifty years ago by the father of the present proprietor. It has always been carried on upon the same site, but the original premises have been replaced by the larger and more convenient modern building now occupied. Here there is a fine spacious shop for the seed department, with extensive show-houses which are open to the public daily for the inspection of goods, while at the rear are the large nurseries, extending back to West Street. Mr. Dimmick, however, has other nurseries at Upper West Street, Pellhurst Road, and Ashey Road, all of which are favourably situated, being devoted to the rearing of trees, shrubs, flowering plants, hollies, ivies, conifers, &c., for park and garden purposes. In these productions Mr. Dimmick excels, and always makes a superb display, affording the widest possible range of choice for buyers. Another specially attractive feature is his magnificent rosery, in which every known variety of the “queen of flowers" is brought to perfection. Special attention is given to fruit trees, and great success has always attended the efforts of the firm in this department; while in the matter of trees for ornamental planting superiority is aimed at and achieved. To sum up Mr. Dimmick’s specialities briefly, they may be said to consist in vegetable and flower seeds of every kind, fruit trees, roses, evergreens, Dutch bulbs in season, hardy climbers, and all manner of ornamental shrubs and trees. Thus it will be seen that the whole scope of the seedsman's and nurseryman's trade is covered with the one exception of those seeds which are purely agricultural, such as pasture grasses, cereals, &c.

Besides all this Mr. Dimmick does a very large trade as a florist and floral decorator, and has a great reputation in this connection for bridal and hand bouquets, memorial wreaths and crosses, loose cut flowers for church and table decoration, and button-hole bouquets and sprays for the hair. The bouquets are made up with much artistic taste and skill, and in the case of bouquets, wreaths and crosses, boxes are provided so contrived that they can be sent in perfect condition either by rail or parcel post. We also noticed a large stock of porcelain wreaths and crosses, dried flowers, &c., in many new and beautiful designs. These have the advantage of permanence. Mr. Dimmick's stock in the High Street shop includes every requisite for gardening, such as fertilisers, chemical manures, insecticides, labels, &c., &c., and forms quite a horticultural emporium. For floral decorations this is a celebrated house, and Mr. Dimmick always carries out the decorations for the Victoria Yacht Club and for the Infirmary Ball, as well as for many private functions. He enjoys a large amount of distinguished patronage, often sending large quantities of shrubs to the royal gardens and grounds at Osborne; and his general connection extends all over the island, particularly around the east coast. Reliable workmen can be supplied on the shortest notice to set out new gardens and plantations, or to remodel existing ones. The whole business is under the personal supervision of the proprietor, who possesses the most ample practical knowledge and experience. The late founder of the house was a town councillor of Ryde, but the present Mr. Dimmick, his son, does not aspire to municipal honours, preferring to give his undivided attention to the large and exacting business over which he presides.

RICHARD COLENUTT, Jun., THE COUNTY STORES,
47 & 48, UNION STREET, RYDE.

A CHIEF centre of attraction in Union Street is the large establishment of Mr. Richard Colenutt, Jun., which ranks as a leading house in Ryde for the supply of groceries, provisions, confectionery, Italian and other foreign comestibles, oilmen's sundries, and various household requisites. It was in 1843 that this important business was founded by Mr. R. Colenutt, Sen., by whom it was very successfully conducted and energetically developed for over half-a-century. Quite recently the founder handed over the concern to his son, the present proprietor. The fine premises, spacious and commodious, and very handsomely appointed, afford every facility for the business, and present an appearance which would do credit to any London house. There are convenient offices, large storage accommodation, and all the accessories of a perfectly organised establishment, conducted upon the “stores” principle, but quite open to the patronage of all the public. To meet the requirements of an unusually large trade, Mr. Colenutt holds a vast and comprehensive stock. There is no necessity to speak in detail of the various departments of this stock, or to mention specialities where everything is of the best value and most reliable quality. Attention may, however, be drawn to Mr. Colenutt’s teas, which are a leading feature of the business, and it should be mentioned that he is sole agent for Ridgway’s teas in Ryde, and also for the Happoowella Ceylon Teas, which have met with great favour. Soups and preserved goods generally are also prominent items in the trade of this house, and Mr. Colenutt’s jams are all made specially for him.

Among the advantages offered by these stores to the local public are the following:—(1) No entrance fee or annual subscription; (2) no officialism or incivility, (3) the daily collection and delivery of orders free of charge; (4) weekly books treated as cash; (5) all articles not approved, exchanged or placed to the credit of customers; (6) no charge for price list, and no expense of postage incurred; (7) the advantage of being able to buy goods in one's own neighbourhood just when required, and of inspecting them before purchasing, without the trouble of remitting money to a distance, or of unpacking and returning empty packages. Deposit accounts are arranged to suit customers’ convenience, and the best possible delivery system is in operation, daily for Ryde and suburbs, and at frequent intervals for other parts. Mr. Colenutt supplies the best goods obtainable at prices calculated upon a very moderate margin of profit. Mr. R. Colenutt, Sen., the founder of the business, has long been a conspicuous figure in public life at Ryde, of which town he has been Mayor twice. He is at the present time an alderman of the borough and of the County Council, a member of the Fisheries Committee for Hampshire, and a prominent member of the Committee of the School of Arts.

ARTHUR S. MARLOW, COOK AND CONFECTIONER,
19, UNION STREET AND 3, MELVILLE STREET, RYDE.

MR. MARLOW formed the nucleus of his now prosperous business at No. 3, Melville Street, some fifteen years ago, but by reason of the rapid expansion of his trade, was led, five years later, to open new premises at No. 19, Union Street, still, however, retaining his original shop as a branch depot. It will suffice, for the purposes of this brief review, to give a concise descriptive sketch of the headquarters, and to supplement this with a few observations upon the nature of the operations there being carried on. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position, the spacious double-fronted shop always presents a singularly attractive appearance on account of the abundant and varied stock there invitingly displayed of plain and fancy breads and biscuits, toothsome cakes, pastry and confectionery, and tempting table delicacies and choice wines, ales and stouts. In addition to this light refreshment department, there is a comfortably arranged luncheon-room, and a splendidly appointed salle-a- manger, where daily menus a la carte are smartly served at moderate charges by a staff of civil and attentive assistants. Soups, fish, entrees, joints, rotes, entremets sueres, cheese, dessert, and wines and malt liquors, being tabled up to date, and testifying to the presence of a perfectly equipped kitchen, and accomplished culinary artists.

In addition to the production of supplies for his two establishments, and large daily round of regular family customers, Mr. Marlow has won an unsurpassed reputation for the exceptional excellence of his rich and aesthetically ornamented wedding, birthday and other special cakes; and he controls perhaps the largest business in the Island as a purveyor of recherche ball suppers, wedding breakfasts, banquets, &c, for which he is always open to provide for by contract, and to supply glass, china, plate, cutlery, and linen on hire, with or without experienced waiters and other attendants, «U such festive functions entrusted to his management being carried out with a careful competence which proclaims the supervision of a past- master in the art of successful refreshment catering. Personally, Mr. Marlow is well-known and much esteemed in all parts of the Island as an enterprising, honourable, and thoroughly capable business man, and he continues to conduct his establishment with the intelligence and spirited energy which have been the foundation-stones, so to speak, of his past and present prosperity.

J. COLDWELL & Co., THE RYDE CIVIL SERVICE AND CO-OPERATIVE STORES,
HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THIS establishment was originally founded by Messrs. Copnall & Adams, who were succeeded by Mr. Wintle. Five years ago it was acquired by the present proprietor, Mr. J. Coldwell, trading as J. Coldwell & Co., who brought to his undertaking a thorough technical knowledge of the business. The premises, which are known as the Ryde Civil Service and Co-operative Stores, occupy a commanding position in the High Street, and have a fine double frontage, running back for a distance of about 60 feet. The well-appointed interior admits of the effective display of samples and the classification of the stock held. The establishment throughout is admirably adapted for the conduct of a very extensive business in the supply of groceries, provisions, wines, spirits, beers, patent medicines, earthenware, china, glass, brooms, brushes, and ironmongery. At the rear are conveniently-fitted offices for the transaction of financial and other business. Here, too, are commodious store-rooms in which are held large stocks of non-perishable articles. In the grocery department a special feature has been very successfully made of the supply of China, Indian, and Ceylon teas. Mr. Coldwell has gained a deservedly high reputation as an expert tea-taster and blender, having had an extensive London experience, and being in touch with the primary sources of tea supply in Mincing Lane. The blends of tea which he offers for use in Ryde are specially prepared to suit the chemical characteristics of the local water supply, and by their use consumers therefore obtain very considerable advantages through the completeness of the infusion effected.

Special attention is also given to the provision department, which is supplied with the imported produce of the best American, Irish, and Continental markets. Large stocks are also held of patent medicines, earthenware, china, glass, brooms, brushes, ironmongery, lamps, travelling trunks, toilet soaps, perfumes, candles and night-lights, knife- boards, &c. The resources of the establishment are completed by the extensive stocks of wines, spirits, and malt liquors which are always held. These are of the best qualities and are invariably in excellent condition. The high class of the business controlled in this department is indicated by the fact that Messrs. Coldwell & Co. are agents for the well-known houses of H. R. Williams & Co., of London, wine and spirit merchants; the Anglo-Bavarian Brewery Company, as well as for the ales and stouts produced by such famous firms as Whitbread, Barrett, Long, the “Wickwar” Brewery, &c Mr. Coldwell's purchases are made in the best markets on a scale of great magnitude, and upon such favourable terms that he is able to conduct, under most satisfactory conditions, a considerable amount of wholesale business on his own account. He has also gained, through the invariable excellence of all the goods which he supplies the unreserved confidence of a large number of the most influential families resident in the district. The principal is assisted by an efficient and experienced staff. He is, too, endowed with such strong administrative ability that he personally supervises all the working details in the conduct of his extensive and ever-growing business.

EDMUND WARD, MACHINIST,
MONKTON STREET, RYDE.

THE domestic machinist, nowadays, fulfils a most important function in the economy of every well-regulated community, and in this connection there is no name that is better known than that of Mr. Edmund Ward, who formed the nucleus of his now prosperous business in Monkton Street, over a decade ago. Mr. Ward, who enjoys the distinction of Official Repairer by Appointment to the Cyclists’ Touring Club, is an expert mechanician, thoroughly well conversant with every modern improvement in cycles, sewing machines, bassinettes and mail carts, wringing and mangling and domestic machines of every kind, of which he always holds a very large stock from the leading manufacturers of the day, and especially noticeable are the celebrated “Quadrant,” “Referee,” and “Starley” cycles, and the “Vertical Feed" sewing machine, for all of which he acts as the sole local agent. All machines in stock are available for cash on specially advantageous terms, and machines may also be had on hire, or exchanges effected with mutual satisfaction. In his perfectly equipped workshop, Mr. Ward, with a skilled staff, undertakes the cleaning and repairing of cycles and domestic machines of every kind with economy, high efficiency, and despatch; and it is manifest that he spares no efforts to develop his business, by sedulously studying the wants and best interests of all those who favour him with their patronage.

W. R. JOLLIFFE, GROCER AND PROVISION MERCHANT,
THE TEA MART, 126, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

TWENTY-SIX years ago, the excellently-equipped establishment, of which Mr. W. R. Jolliffe is the proprietor, was founded by his father, and, ever since, the family record has been intimately associated with the important work of supplying the commissariat requirements of a large section of the population of the Ryde district. The energy and enterprise of the present proprietor have enabled him to extend the area of the valuable connection created by his predecessor. The premises have a fine frontage to St. John's Road and High Street, which is in keeping with the popular methods successfully adopted by Mr. Jolliffe in the conduct of his business. The entrance is at the corner, and the convenient arrangement of the interior admits of the effective display and the careful arrangement of the large stocks which are always held. The numerous fittings are substantial and the ample show-windows, with their tastefully-arranged displays of appetising comestibles, form points of unfailing interest.

The stocks include all descriptions of groceries and provisions, which, in each case, represent standard qualities. There is also a splendid assortment of such choice table delicacies as are to be found in Italian warehouses of the first class. Here, too, will be found in profusion all the requisites for the toilet and the laundry. With the beet sources of supply for all these classes of goods, the proprietor maintains relations of such long standing and extent that he is able to offer specially advantageous terms to his customers. The invariably excellent quality, and the prime condition of all the commodities which he offers for sale, has gained for him the unreserved confidence and the steady support of many of the leading families resident in the district. He has with signal success made a specialty of the supply of the finest teas, and is sole district agent for the famous Mazawattee tea. Another specially attractive feature in the conduct of this well-ordered business is the holding of large and fully representative stocks of Macfarlane, Lang & Co.'s biscuits and cakes. Mr. Jolliffe employs a numerous staff of experienced and courteous assistants; and he has created a thoroughly organised system in accordance with which families are waited upon daily by his representatives for orders. The principal has a large measure of administrative ability, and effectively supervisees all the details of his extensive business.

W. SARGENT, COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PRINTER,
CHURCH LANE, RYDE.

THE typographic art has for the last half century been admirably represented in the well-ordered establishment of which Mr. F. W. Sargent is now the proprietor, having succeeded Messrs. Gabell & Son four years ago. Mr. Sargent brought to his undertaking a thorough technical knowledge of letterpress printing. To this advantage the proprietor of the “Ryde Printing Works” (the establishment is known by this designation) adds a spirit of enlightened enterprise which he has so well directed that the resources of his establishment are now equal to the execution of any description of printing, and at the lowest possible rate of charges. His premises occupy a convenient position, and have been excellently adapted to the requirements of the business. They comprise well-appointed offices furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of clerical work. The machine-room is equipped for the facilitation of rapid and effective printing, and in the composing-room the assortment of modern type of all varieties is very comprehensive. Orders are quickly and efficiently executed for all descriptions of commercial and general printing, including “in memoriam” cards, programmes, menus, and wedding and invitation cards. The proprietor meets a recognised public want by regularly issuing, during the Ryde season — from June to September — his “Weekly Programme of Events,” of a local character. The considerable circulation of the “Programme” amongst the most select class of residents and visitors makes it a valuable medium for advertisements. He has also published the programme of the Ryde Royal Regatta. His working plant includes several founts of type sufficient in quantity to enable him to execute high-class book work and to issue several important magazines, including the “Holy Trinity Church Magazine,” the “St. John’s Church Magazine," and the “Congregational Home Messenger”; also the “Vectensian,” a publication issued each term and illustrative of the work of the Isle of Wight College. Mr. Sargent also controls a considerable amount of business in bookbinding. In the several departments an efficient staff of skilled workmen is employed under the supervision of the principal. His valuable and ever-growing connection extends all over the island. He is held in much respect by all who have business relations with him, and his extensive personal influence enables him to render valuable services to the well-known Phoenix Fire Office by acting as its sole representative in the town and neighbourhood.

E. H. TURTLE, THE ISLE OF WIGHT ART GALLERY,
23, UNION STREET, RYDE.

THE Art Gallery in Union Street, Ryde, of which Mr. E. H. Turtle is the sole proprietor, is the only one in the Isle of Wight; but it is a host in itself, and quite the finest and most complete we have seen on the South Coast. The building has a very attractive appearance from without, which is heightened by the splendid display always to be seen in the show-window, many valuable works being placed on view here from time to time, to the gratification of the artistic passer-by. Mr. Turtle gives the whole of his attention to his art gallery, which is the outcome of fifty years’ earnest and continuous work, and the appreciative visitor will readily admit that even half a century is none too long a period in which to gather together so many real artistic treasures as those presented to our notice here. The gallery is in a separate building of its own at the rear of the Union Street shop, but conveniently approached through the same. It possesses a capital light, and exhibits a very wide range of art works of genuine worth and merit, including a very liberal proportion of pictures by old masters of eminent repute. These, by reason of their age, authenticity, and characteristic features, represent the outlay of much capital, and possess a very high monetary value at the present day.

We do not propose to give even a superficial summary of the many notable paintings, &c, on view in this gallery. To do so would be difficult in a brief space, and would also discount the usefulness of the capital catalogue which Mr. Turtle has so carefully prepared, and in which he has incorporated much biographical and other information respecting the artists represented therein. When we say that paintings by Gainsborough, Murillo, Edward Petitte, Paul Potter, Spagnoletto, Barbalunga, Eeckhout, Niederhausenn, Frans Hals, Van Leemputten, David Teniers, Jean Baptiste Monoyer, Pietro Wouverman, J. V. D. Stoffe, Carlo Maratti, Cruickshank, E. Bird, R.A., Jan Steen, and many other distinguished artists of past and present times are exhibited in this gallery, the comprehensiveness and representative character of Mr. Turtle’s collection will be understood. He has some very fine examples of the Dutch and Flemish Schools of the seventeenth century, including works from the pencil of Teniers and Rubens; and among the finest modern pictures in the gallery are those of Van Leemputten, who is accounted the best painter of sheep in Europe, and whose “Moutons au Paturage” (No. 23), is a charming production. We noticed an interesting portrait of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales at the age of twenty-two years; and besides the oil paintings, there are numerous examples of water-colour drawing of a high order of merit. Not the least noteworthy features of the gallery are several capital paintings from the brush of the esteemed proprietor himself, for Mr. Turtle is an artist as well as a connoisseur, and has done much good work in his time, making a special study of highly-finished drawings in charcoal, which are his specialite as an executant. One of these beautiful works was very graciously accepted by H.R.H. the Princess Beatrice for the Balmoral bazaar.

Mr. Turtle has had many eminent artists and critics here to view his gallery, the fame of which has spread far beyond the confines of the “little Isle across the Solent.” In short, this gallery is a great credit to the all-round knowledge and judgment of its cultured proprietor, who regards it with justifiable pride, and displays the greatest enthusiasm in all matters connected with it. No visitor to Ryde, who can derive delight from the contemplation of a beautiful picture, should fail to pay a call of duty and pleasure combined to Mr. Turtle’s gallery. He will find his trouble amply repaid by what he will see there. The genial and courteous proprietor of the gallery, though now in his eighty-fourth year, is still mentally and physically active and well able to attend to the practical details of his profession. In proof of this he informed us that he had several water-colour drawings which had been touched by mildew owing to defective seasoning in the paper. He sent them to the artist, who pronounced them entirely spoilt; but Mr. Turtle determined to make an effort to save them. He brought all his inventive resources and practical experience to bear upon the matter, and has succeeded in taking out the mildew spots without injury to the drawings, and without leaving any signs of the operation. We mention this not only as an instance of Mr. Turtle’s undiminished practical skill, but also as a hint to anyone who may have water-colour drawings affected in a similar manner, and who may desire a remedy without being able to find one. Doubtless the best thing to do under the circumstances would be to consult Mr. Turtle and enlist his services.

THE ISLE OF WIGHT INDIA-RUBBER DEPOT,
185 AND 186, HIGH STREET, RYDE.
PROPRIETOR: MR. E. F. BROOK.

THIS business was started by its present proprietor, Mr. E. F. Brook, about seven years ago at No. 2, High Street, and in consequence of its rapid growth it was transferred, in 1890, to the commodious premises now occupied. The well-appointed show and sale-room contains as comprehensive a stock of rubber, gutta-percha, waterproof, airproof and leather goods as can be found in the South of England, the leading specialities including ladies’, gentlemen’s, and children’s waterproofs; carriage aprons and mats; hot water bottles, enemas, elastic stockings, Martin’s bandages, and nursing aprons; sponge bags, garden hose, gas tubing and sheet rubber; fishing tackle in great variety, and all kinds of leather goods, amongst which trunks, portmanteaus, bags, and dress cases figure prominently. Each section of the stock is replete with the newest and best goods, and special attention is given to waterproof garments of every kind; the requirements of yachtsmen and sportsmen in general being particularly well provided for in this connection. Horse clothing, cart and waggon covers, &c, are also largely stocked; and we noticed water beds, air beds, mattresses, cushions and pillows, bed sheeting, and other similar goods, all of which are of the moat reliable quality. Perhaps the chief speciality of the depot consists in ladies’, gentlemen’s, and children’s waterproofs. These are shown in the newest materials and patterns, and are of that neat and stylish cut which distinguishes waterproof garments of the present day from those ugly and uncomfortable productions which are now, happily, things of the past. The Isle of Wight India-rubber Depot is, in fact, thoroughly “up-to-date,” and reflects great credit upon Mr. Brook, who evidently understands every detail of the trade. Each season the stock is replenished with attractive novelties, and the establishment has worthily secured a large amount of local patronage in the island. Mr. Brook personally superintends the entire business, assisted by an efficient staff, and the promptitude with which he executes all orders is much appreciated by his widespread connection.

HENRY OSBORNE, DESIGNER, PRACTICAL ENGRAVES, PRINTER, STATIONER, &c.,
4, UNION STREET, RYDE, ISLE OF WIGHT.

MR. HENRY Osborne occupies a position of unique importance in the Isle of Wight as the only practical engraver resident in the island. In establishing himself in Ryde, where he has conducted a flourishing business since 1880, Mr. Osborne brought to his enterprise a London experience of sixteen years, combined with an ability to produce excellent work very quickly, a high degree of artistic taste, and much commercial aptitude. These advantages he has turned to such good account that he has created a most valuable connection, which extends all over the island. His premises occupy a commanding position in Union Street, and at the rear are extensive work-rooms, admirably equipped with all requisite mechanical and other appliances for facilitating the various artistic and industrial processes which are conducted on the premises. The sale-shop is extensive enough to admit of the effective display and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the valuable and comprehensive stocks which are always held. These include a choice selection of leather goods, including dressing-cases, writing cabinets, folios; also pocket cutlery, table-napkin rings, photograph frames, and a great variety of other fancy goods. As a practical engraver, Mr. Osborne’s services are in great demand in all parts of the island. The title of “The Isle of Wight Heraldic and General Engraving Office,” which is given to his establishment, is fully justified by the facts, and the proprietor adequately fulfils all the functions of designer, practical engraver, printer, stationer, brass- plate manufacturer, die sinker, die stamper, and illuminator. The designing and engraving of church brasses; the cutting of steel dies, and engraving work, arms, crests, monograms, &o., on gold, silver, ivory, stone, steel, and electro-plate, for jewellers, stationers, printers, ironmongers, or any trade requiring assistance. A large amount of important work passes through Mr. Osborne’s hands in the form of illuminating addresses and other artistic operations. As an instance of the rapidity with which large orders are executed in this department, it may be mentioned that he and his assistants painted, for the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, over eleven thousand small flags in five days. He also produces large wood letters. Much excellent lithographic printing, too, is executed on his premises. Mr. Osborne personally supervises all the working details of his business.

S. J. BISHOP, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
16, UNION STREET, RYDE.

A WALK, down Union Street, the leading business thoroughfare of the thriving town of Ryde, will reveal to the visitor not a few mercantile establishments that are equally creditable to the borough and to their proprietors. Among the number we doubt if any will be found more noteworthy than the fine shop conducted by Mr. S. J. Bishop. The large business here carried on has a local record of about thirty-five years and has been for the past eleven years under the proprietorship of Mr. Bishop. The premises in Union Street were specially built for the purposes of the trade and are of large extent, comprising offices, store and sample rooms, and fine cellars, the whole running back to Union Road, where we find the well-equipped bottling department provided with every working facility. Mr. Bishop’s stock is very valuable and comprehensive, and has been selected with the skill and judgment that might be expected from one of his long practical experience in the trade. Everything is obtained from the best and most trustworthy sources of supply, and in most cases the goods come direct from the growers. In ports and sherries Mr. Bishop has some particularly high-class specialities, while his clarets, burgundies, champagnes, hocks, moselles, and other wines, are all of well-known brands, and calculated to appeal to connoisseurs. Mr. Bishop has some very fine “Sandeman” ports, some natural sherries free from spirit, and several parcels of Messrs. Cossart, Gordon & Co’s celebrated madeiras (for which he is agent). All of these are highly recommended. He also gives due attention to the pure, nourishing wines of Australia, imported direct in original casks.

In the spirit department of his business, Mr. Bishop’s arrangements are equally complete and satisfactory for the supply of high-class liquors. He is direct agent here for Veuve Emile Siguin & Co.’s noted brandies, and also stocks Hennessey’s, Martell's, and other cased brandies of high repute. Scotch and Irish whiskies are represented by the products of several celebrated distilleries, and the special “Royal Glenury” Scotch whiskey has fine flavour and maturity. We also notice the famous “Old Bushmills” among the Irish whiskies. Rums, gins, liqueurs, and cordials are all largely stocked in superior qualities; and Havannah, Mexican, and British cigars are supplied both in wholesale and retail quantities. Mr. Bishop is agent for Bass's ales and Guinness’s stout in cask and bottle. He also supplies Burton and other ales in small casks, Pilsener lager beer, the finest Devonshire cider in cask and bottle, and Schweppe's and Randall's mineral waters, as well as the Royal Belfast mineral waters of Messrs. Ross. Altogether the business is thoroughly comprehensive, embracing every feature of the wine, spirit, and beer trade, and Mr. Bishop is in a position to supply families on the most advantageous terms, owing to the excellent connections he maintains with the best foreign houses. He makes free delivery of goods to any part of the island by his own vans, and sends wines and spirits carriage paid to all parts of England. Possessing a masterly knowledge of the trade, acquired in the course of his long London experience with Messrs. Tod & Bishop, of Idol Lane, Great Tower Street, Mr. S. J. Bishop has been successful in building up one of the best businesses of its kind in this neighbourhood, and the character of the patronage he enjoys is in itself an unmistakable evidence of the good quality of everything he supplies, and of the straightforward methods with which he has identified his name.

DEBENHAM & SONS, PORTRAIT, LANDSCAPE, AND MARINE PHOTOGRAPHERS,
28, UNION STREET, RYDE; 72, HIGH STREET, WEST COWES; AND HOLBEIN HOUSE, SANDOWN, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THE photographic art, which in recent years has made such remarkable progress, is nowhere in the Isle of Wight more skilfully exemplified than in the studios of Messrs. Debenham & Sons. This eminent firm have a reputation of thirty years’ standing as specialists in all branches of portrait, landscape, and marine photography, and their work is unsurpassed in finish, style and fidelity to the original. For twenty-four years Messrs. Debenham have occupied their present premises in Union Street, Ryde, where Mr. Arthur Debenham opened the studio of the firm in this town, and where he still remains as head of the concern. The premises are admirably suited to the requirements of a high-class photographic establishment, for, in addition to the studios and operating-rooms, printing-rooms, and other departments perfectly equipped for the actual practice of the art, there are spacious and elegantly appointed reception- rooms, which exhibit many superb examples of the firm’s talent. Here one may notice portraits painted in oils, others finished in crayon and water-colour, and some very beautiful ones on opal. The sizes range from miniature to life size, and every portrait is marked by the vivacity, tone, and natural pose and expression which stamp the work of the accomplished artist. Portraiture, it may be remarked, is the feature of the Ryde studios, while those at Cowes (under the management of Mr. A. W. Debenham), make a speciality of yacht pictures, and undoubtedly excel therein. At each of their establishments the firm show pictures of all the “crack” racing yachts, and those of the ‘Valkyrie,’ ‘Britannia,’ ‘Navahoe,’ ‘Vigilant,’ ‘Satanita,’ and other famous craft are among the finest work of the kind we have seen.

Messrs. Debenham have been honoured by the patronage of many illustrious and distinguished personages, including the Prince of Wales, the Princesses Maud and Victoria, Prince Henry of Battenberg, the Emperor of Germany, and the late Emperor and the Empress Frederick, some of whom “sat” to them during a recent yachting season at Cowes. We saw at the firm's studio some notable portraits, including one of the Prince of Wales, in a group with four admirals, one of the Duke of Hamilton, and one of the late Bishop of Winchester; and special interest attaches to an album containing portraits of members of the Royal Yacht Squadron. A similar album may be seen at the Cowes establishment. Altogether, this is a firm of photographers whose work has reflected credit upon an art which is equally beautiful and useful, and whose name is identified with the latest advancement in method, as well as the highest perfection in result. Mr. Arthur Debenbam, the respected head of the firm, is a thorough master of portraiture and general photography in every technical and artistic detail. lie exercises a watchful supervision over the entire business, but the skill and experience of his son, Mr. A. W. Debenham, enable him to leave the establishment at Cowes to the management of that gentleman, and thus to give his own attention more particularly to the studios at Ryde. The firm also have branches at Holbein House, Sandown, Isle of Wight; und at 69, Palmerston Road, Southsea, these testifying t> the widespread connection and far-reaching reputation they enjoy in their art.

ALBANY HOTEL,
RYDE.
PROPRIETOR: MR. J. E. VARDY.

A COMFORTABLE hotel, where the accommodation is good and the tariff of charges moderate, is a distinct advantage to any town, and is particularly so in a place like Ryde, where provision has to be made for the reception of a large annual influx of visitors. We have pleasure in calling the attention of our readers to the excellent hotel, the Albany (and the only one of that name in the Isle of Wight), under the proprietorship of Mr. J. E. Vardy, which was opened about twelve years ago. Mr. Vardy acquired the Albany Hotel and Restaurant in 1891. For eighteen years previously, however, he had conducted the Star Hotel here, and may therefore be said to possess not only a thorough knowledge of the hotel business, but also a special acquaintance with the requirements of Ryde in this respect. The Albany is situated directly opposite the entrance to the pier and port of Ryde. This position is obviously a most advantageous one, and not only is the railway station in close proximity, as well as the pier and harbour, but the site is quite central in the town, and coaches start from here for excursions to all parts of the island. The hotel contains a large number of rooms, including drawing, dining, sitting, and smoking-rooms. All these rooms are spacious, well-lighted and perfectly ventilated, while the appointments combine elegance with comfort. The visitors’ rooms face the sea, so that from each window there is an attractive prospect, and no better view of the pier can be had than that obtained from the windows of the Albany, which directly face it, and from the vantage-ground from which the best photographs of the pier are taken.

Among the many recommendations of the Albany, not the least consists in its excellent cellars, containing the choicest wines, spirits, and malt liquors. These are dispensed at the well-appointed bars, where the best tobaccos, cigars and cigarettes are also obtainable. We have already alluded to the good repute of the cuisine. In this, as in all other matters of administration, Mr. Vardy is most careful and precise. Nothing escapes his attention, and no trouble is deemed excessive when the good name of the house depends upon it. Only to mention one instance of his methods: he makes a practice of buying all his own poultry as chickens a month old, and then proceeds to rear them upon the most approved plan, preparing them for the gastronomic mission they are destined to fulfil. Thus, one may always depend upon a tender and toothsome fowl at Mr. Vardy’s table; and the same care is exercised with regard to other viands, and with equally satisfactory results. In short, we have here a hotel which is distinguished for comfort, cleanliness, an irreproachable cellar, and a table that leaves nothing to be desired. When we add that it is equally characterised by moderate charges, good attendance, and proprietary courtesy, we complete the list of merits that go to the making of a first-class modern hostelry. Mr. Vardy is a capital host, and a deservedly popular man in Ryde. He is a member of the committee for the Ryde Sports and Amusements, and takes a prominent part in the organisation and working of the Horse and Flower Shows. He is the right man in the right place at the Albany Hotel, and the house was never in greater favour than under his proprietorship.

EDWARD HOOPER & SON, FISH, GAME, POULTRY, AND ICE MERCHANTS,
9, 10, & 11, PIER STREET, AND 25, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THIS old-established and important business was founded nearly sixty years ago, and has long been regarded as a leading concern in this locality. Messrs. Hooper have always had their premises in Pier Street, and they built their present handsome shop about fifteen years ago with the object of securing the best possible accommodation for their large and growing trade. The establishment is spacious and admirably arranged in every particular. The walls of the shop are tastefully decorated with artistic tiles, and these, together with the marble slabs upon which the stock is displayed, and other appropriate fittings impart a cool and cleanly appearance to the place, which is just what one looks for in a depot of this kind. At the rear are the offices and the fish-cleaning department, and throughout the premises perfect cleanliness prevails. The well-lighted shop is so arranged that all goods are displayed to the beat advantages, thus facilitating selection by customers, and the stock is of the choicest quality throughout, all supplies being perfectly fresh and in prime condition.

The finest fish in their various seasons may here be obtained, including salmon, cod, turbot, halibut, hake, soles, whitebait, &c; and of shell-fish there is always a large choice, embracing native and other oysters of excellent quality, as well as crabs, lobsters, &c. Ae dealers in game, Messrs. Hooper also do a very large trade, and they receive direct supplies of grouse, pheasants, quail, partridge, blackcock, hares, and other objects of the sportsman’a gun in season; while for poultry of all kinds theirs is an establishment justly esteemed. At the rear of the premises is situated a well-stocked ice-house, and the firm are consequently in a position to supply their customers regularly with ice in any desired quantity. At 25, High Street, Messrs. Hooper have a branch establishment, similarly organised to the one in Pier Street, and doing the same class of trade. The firm maintain a very extensive and valuable connection, sending goods to all parts of the island, and besides conducting a large family trade, they supply the principal hotels in Ryde and the vicinity. Families are waited upon daily for orders, and no effort is spared to maintain the high standard of quality which has secured for this house the confidence of such a large and far-reaching circle of patrons. Mr. Edward Hooper and his son, Mr. H. Hooper, are the principals of the firm. Both gentlemen possess a sound practical knowledge of the trade and take an active part in the administration of the business, in which they are assisted by a thoroughly competent staff.

THE ALBION PRINTING WORKS,
PROPRIETORS: MESSRS. F. W. FLUX & CO.,
12, JOHN STREET, RYDE.

THESE admirably equipped works were, in 1893, acquired by Mr. F. W. Flux, who conducts the business under the above name, and whose enterprising management has greatly increased the scope of its operations. The premises are commodious, centrically situated in an important thoroughfare, and in every way adapted for a modern printing office. Machinery with all the latest improvements has been obtained. All orders are executed in a careful, workmanlike, and tasteful manner, strict personal supervision being given by the proprietor over every department. A speciality is made of concert and entertainment printing in all the latest and most artistic styles of paper, type, and ink. Nothing more need be said of the excellence of the results produced in this class of work than that programmes have, on several occarions, been here prepared for royal entertainments at Osborne. Trade printing of every description; auctioneers’ posters and work generally; magazine and book production; wedding, mourning, invitation, and visiting cards; relief stamping and book-binding are all undertaken and skilfully executed by an experienced staff.

W. LOCKE & SON, PORK BUTCHERS AND SAUSAGE MAKERS,
169, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THE records of this undertaking show that it was organised as far back as the year 1852, under the able auspices of its present senior partner, Mr. W. Locke, who developed his trade to such good purpose, that he found it expedient some years ago to entirely rebuild and remodel his premises upon modern lines, and subsequently to call in the valuable assistance of his two sons, Messrs. A. J. & C. A. Locke, as coadjutors in his fast-expanding business. The spacious double-fronted shop, with its well-ordered general and private offices adjoining, is handsomely fitted up in the best modern style, and presents a singularly neat, clean, and wholesome appearance, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant and varied stock there maintained. The firm employ a picked staff of experts to slaughter, dress, cure, &c., upon their premises, choosing none but splendidly-conditioned animals, bred specially for them by the leading dairy farmers in the island. There is a perfectly-equipped abattoir, while the premises set apart for sausage and lard-making are provided with an “Otto” gas-engine, for driving the sausage and other machines. Prime dairy-fed pork, home-cured pork, hams and chaps, home-made brawn and lard, and Wiltshire bacon, together with their far-famed sausages are turned out daily for sale in prodigious quantities, large supplies being regularly sent to London, and all parts of the country. The firm do not, however, permit their local trade to lapse even by one iota, for they sedulously cultivate their large family trade, and ensure the prompt delivery of all orders by employing a large staff of courteous and capable assistants. Mr. W. Locke — who, it may be noted, en passant, has been a valuable member of the Ryde Town Council for the past eight years — and his estimable sons, continue to exercise a constant personal supervision over all the affairs of the house, and their methods of management are identical in nature with those which have in times past influenced and brought about a continuous increase in the resources and undertakings of their now unique and most noteworthy business

C. J. DE LAUNAY, GROCER, AND PROVISION AND WINE MERCHANT,
120, HIGH STREET, RYDE.

THE admirably organised business which is conducted by Mr. C. J. de Launay has for twenty years formed an important factor in the commercial economy of Ryde. When it was acquired, three years ago, by the present proprietor, he brought to his enterprise a thorough technical knowledge of the requirements of the trade. His premises occupy a commanding position at 120, High Street, and have a fine double frontage, whose attractive appearance is altogether in keeping with the high class of the business which Mr. de Launay controls. The two ample plate-glass show-windows, with their tastefully arrayed exhibits of appetising comestibles and choice liquors, constitute points of never- failing interest. The interior is handsomely appointed, and is roomy enough to admit of the effective display of the heavy and comprehensive stocks which are always held. At the rear are the offices and also capacious stores, where are held heavy surplus stocks of non-perishable goods in readiness for all demands. Mr. de Launay controls an important and rapidly-growing business in the supply of all descriptions of groceries and provisions, and he maintains such intimate and extensive relations that he is able to offer specially advantageous terms to his customers, whose list includes many of the most influential families resident in the district. He has justly gained a high reputation as an expert tea-taster and blender. Of his knowledge and skill in this department his customers have the full advantage in the form of the excellent blends which he offers at very moderate prices. That which he retails at 1s. 10d. per lb., and which is especially popular, is a fine mixture of strong Indian and delicately flavoured Ceylon teas. The ample resources of the establishment are completed by the fully representative stocks which are held of the best brands of wines and spirits, and of the finest productions of several brewers of malt liquors, which are retailed both in cask and in bottle. Mr. de Launay is district agent for the eminent firm of Messrs. Kennaway & Co., wine and spirit merchants, of Exeter. In all departments of his business he makes his purchases in the best markets, and upon such favourable conditions that he is able to conduct a considerable and ever-growing wholesale business. He employs a large staff of efficient and experienced assistants under his own supervision, so that all orders are promptly and accurately executed.

M. E. ASHTON, LADIES’ DRESS MAKER,
73, UNION STREET, RYDE, ISLE OF WIGHT.

FOR fashionable dressmaking there is no establishment in Ryde with a reputation of longer standing than that of which Miss M. E. Ashton is now the proprietress. The history of the business here carried on can be traced back over a period of nearly a century, and for fully forty-five years prior to its acquisition by Miss Ashton it was conducted under the name of Pittman. The present proprietress assumed the sole control of the establishment about two years ago, but she had been connected with it as a worker for fourteen years previously, and can thus be said to possess a complete practical knowledge not only of dressmaking in general, but also of the work and clientele of this house in particular. Miss Ashton transferred the business to its present address from the premises formerly occupied at No. 72, Union Street. No outward display is made here, but the interior of the establishment at once stamps it as being of a superior character. The show-rooms and private fitting-rooms are elegantly and tastefully furnished; and when we turn to the work-rooms we find them well lighted, well ventilated, and in every respect admirably suited for the accommodation of the large staff of skilled workpeople employed. In the show-rooms we have many evidences of Miss Ashton's capabilities as an interpreter of the fashions of the day in ladies’ dresses. The several attractive and stylish designs for dinner, ball, and walking dresses which occupy prominent places in this lady's saloons present notable instances of the artistic feeling and taste which now enters into the work of the high-class ladies' costumier in such a marked degree; and the same may be said of the fine productions of this establishment in mantles and millinery.

Practically the whole range of fashionable feminine attire is comprised within the scope of Miss Ashton’s business, and in each department a remarkably high standard of merit is maintained. Court dressmaking is a branch in which Miss Ashton has been specially successful, and the house has obtained a considerable amount of distinguished patronage among the elite of the county. Her work in ladies' evening dress is considered equal to that of the leading London artists, and she makes a large proportion of the drawing-room or Court presentation dresses for ladies resident in the Isle of Wight. Miss Ashton's general clientele is of the highest class entirely, and no effort is spared to maintain the prestige of the establishment, the talented proprietress giving her personal attention to the wishes of each of her many patrons, and thus ensuring the most satisfactory results in the ultimate execution and completion of their orders.

R. MORRIS, GROCER AND PROVISION MERCHANT,
HIGH STREET, RYDE.

ESTABLISHED five years ago in premises located on the opposite side of the busy High Street, at Ryde, under the able auspices of its present proprietor, the records of this thriving general grocery and provision supply stores show that its commercial development became so rapid, that three years had barely elapsed before Mr. R. Morris found it imperative to remove to his present quarters. The spacious full-fronted shop is admirably appointed throughout in the best style, and effectively displays a complete stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment. All manner of select everyday groceries, together with the numerous household sundries, chandlery, brooms and brushes, &c., usually associated therewith, special lines in pure and choicely-blended teas and coffees, British and foreign tinned and bottled comestibles, and table delicacies of the highest order, and prime provisions of every kind in the way of hams and bacon, cheese and butter, lard, flour and meals, are all fully represented in the very finest condition. En passant it may be noted that Mr. Morris acts as the sole local agent for the Manchester Fire and Life Insurance Company, and is the secretary for the Isle of Wight district of the Shepherds’ Friendly Society. He employs a well-trained staff of assistants, and personally superintends his entire business in a manner and upon principles which have won for him the esteem and liberal support of a very large clientele.

COWES

THIS important town and fashionable watering-place comprises East Cowes and West Cowes, and occupies an advantageous situation on the banks of the River Medina, at the point where that broad and navigable stream flows into the Solent, viz., at the extreme northern apex of the Isle of Wight. East Cowes, the smaller of the two divisions, was only a very small village a few years ago; but has grown considerably of late, and now has a population of 2,872. It is an ecclesiastical parish in the parish of Whippingham, and is situated on the right bank of the river. West Cowes stands upon the opposite side of the Medina, in the parish of Northwood, and contains two ecclesiastical parishes, viz., St. Mary and Holy Trinity. The situation of West Cowes, which is upon the slope of an acclivity, is very picturesque, and it presents an attractive appearance from the water. Communication between the two divisions of Cowes is maintained by a steam ferry, and also by a floating bridge some little distance up the river. West Cowes has a population of 7,748, and, together with East Cowes, forms a very favourite and fashionable resort, and also an important seat of trade and industry.

Of the public buildings here, perhaps the most notable are the churches. St. Mary's, West Cowes, dates its history from the middle of the seventeenth century, but was rebuilt in 1868. Holy Trinity Church underwent enlargement about thirty-three years ago; and there is a Roman Catholic church, built in 1795, and dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury. In East Cowes is situated the church of St. James, notable for the fact that its foundation-stone was laid in 1831 by Her Majesty the Queen, who was then Princess Victoria.

A notable feature of West Cowes is the parade, a fine promenade, from which very attractive views are obtainable of the harbour, etc., with the varied scene of marine activity which is one of the charms of the place. A new esplanade, of great length, is also being constructed, and both West and East Cowes are well provided with public recreation grounds. As far back as the reign of Henry VIII. Cowes was deemed sufficiently important to have two forts erected for its protection at the mouth of the river, one on each bank. In one of these forts (called West Cowes Castle) Sir William Davenant, the poet and dramatist, was imprisoned for a time by the Parliament (1650), on account of his Royalist proclivities; and here he wrote part of his heroic poem, “Gondibert.” This historic edifice now forms the clubhouse of the Royal Yacht Squadron, and the fact reminds us that Cowes is the headquarters of English yachting. The Royal Yacht Squadron Club dates from the year 1812, and includes among its members many of the flower of the British nobility and aristocracy, who own some of the finest yachts afloat, with an aggregate tonnage of nearly 30,000. At West Cowes the London Yacht Club has a place also, and during the yachting season (May to October) the mouth of the Medina presents a scene of surpassing interest to all lovers of the finest form of aquatic sport. From a social point of view the “season” here is equally important, for the rank and fashion of Britain is numerously represented at Cowes what time the regattas are in vogue, and “society” is seen at its best in the pleasant functions of that period. At any time a visit to Cowes is enjoyable, but during the yachting season it is doubly so, the most characteristic features in the life of the place being then en Evidence.

Cowes has many excellent local institutions, and its business activity is unmistakable. Industrial enterprise is chiefly exemplified in the shipbuilding and engineering establishments along the banks of the Medina. Yachts are built hero in great numbers, and the Cowes yacht-builders are world-famous for the speed and elegance of their craft, to which fall many of the laurels of the racing season. All general trades connected with the life of a modern English town are also well represented at Cowes, together with a variety of useful arts and industries; and a very important branch of local business is the provisioning and fitting out of yachts with all stores and requisites for long or short cruises. The following articles will indicate more particularly the nature and scope of the representative trades of East and West Cowes, and the undertakings of various firms engaged therein.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

C. HANSEN & SON'S, SHIP, STEAM LAUNCH, & BOAT BUILDERS, ETC., ETC.
WEST AND EAST COWES, I.W.

IT is certainly something to be the oldest existing concern in a great national industry, and this distinction can be claimed by the eminent firm of Messrs. C. Hansen & Sons, who are probably the oldest yacht-builders in the world. The history of their famous business dates back as far as the year 1732, and for over a hundred years it has been carried on under the name of “Hansen.” The first of that family to connect himself with this business was the captain of the Concordia, which, in 1772, put into Cowes in a damaged condition. Captain Hansen married and “settled down” here, and being a shipwright by trade, he acquired this yard, which was then the possessor of a forty years' reputation. Under his control the concern rapidly increased, and its growth has continued from then until now, when it is reckoned as one of the foremost businesses of its kind in this part of England. The present partners represent the fourth generation from Captain Hansen, and are respectively Mr. Charles Cleaver Hansen, Mr. Henry Samuel Hansen, and Mr. Frederick James Hansen — all gentlemen of sound practical experience, and withal taking an active part in local affairs, as well as in the management of their flourishing business.

Messrs. C. Hansen & Sons carry on a very large and comprehensive industry. They are ship, yacht, steam-launch and boat builders, joiners, block and spar-makers, engineers, shipsmiths, brass-fitters, painters, and plumbers; and besides carrying out building contracts for almost all kinds of craft, they make a speciality of the execution of repairs of every description. The firm have at their extensive ship-yards and works three patent heaving-up slipways and gridiron. They also supply everything pertaining to ships' outfits, and manufacture a considerable proportion of such goods and requisites in their own large and admirably equipped workshops. Altogether, Messrs. Hansen employ about two hundred highly skilled hands in the various departments of their trade, and as yacht, ship, and boat-builders, they have a splendid reputation for high-class work. Their three yards, with the workshops connected with each, furnish resources of the most valuable character, for the expeditious carrying out of large contracts. “Point Yard,” at West Cowes, has a most convenient situation, and possesses splendidly organised building sheds and workshops, together with two of the patent heaving-up slipways already mentioned. “Goshawk Yard,” at East Cowes, affords every facility for building and repairing yachts and boats, the large and convenient sheds being adapted for the construction of yachts of all tonnages. This yard has a depth of about six hundred feet, with a good and clean gridiron, and there are here roomy yacht stores to let. The “Minerva Yard,” also at East Cowes, has a river frontage of one thousand feet, and a patent slipway seven hundred feet in length. There are good mud berths for any size of yacht, and accommodation for hauling up any number of yachts for winter drying, together with every convenience for fitting out.

As our readers are doubtless well aware, Messrs. Hansen have a world-wide fame as yacht-builders, and some of the best and fastest English yachts of modern times have been constructed at their yards. They are prepared to submit plans and specifications for building new yachts, or to build from gentlemen's own designs; and small orders receive the same care and attention as large ones. A list of the yachts built by Messrs. Hansen for their many distinguished patrons, would include the names of a large number of the most successful racing craft of recent years, and among them are noticeable some particularly large craft, such ae the ‘Goshawk,’ of 239 tons, the ‘Galatea,’ of 137 tons, the ‘Minerva,’ of 400 tons, the ‘Oceana,’ of 206 tons, and the ‘Lady Sibell,’ of 193 tons. They turned out during 1893 the ‘Lais,’ a fast 40-rater cutter yacht for Mr. John Gretton, junior; and in 1894 the ‘Asphodel,’ 20-rater, for Prince Henry of Battenberg, and the ‘Fleur de Lis,’ a very swift 5-rater, for Major Montgomery, the ‘Thelma,’ a 20-rater for Mr. A. Barclay Walker, the ‘Mystery,’ 2-and-a-half-rater, for the Hon. H. L. Mulholland, M.P., besides many other craft of various types, including steam, and torpedo pinnaces, and some hundreds of service boats. Not only do Messrs. Hansen build all these yachts, etc., but they also fully equip them, both for sail and steam power, and in every department of the industry they thus so fully exemplify, they turn out work which gives the highest satisfaction. The firm are contractors to the Admiralty, the War Office, The Trinity House Corporation, the National Lifeboat Institution, and Her Majesty's Colonies, and they are also marine Surveyors, Assessors and Insurance agents. Under the able and vigorous administration of the three co-partners named above, the affairs of this old and distinguished concern continue in a state of progressive prosperity quite commensurate with the unsurpassed reputation it has so long maintained in the interesting industry with which its name is identified.
Telegraphic address:— “Hansen, Cowes.”

R. ROWE & SONS, BLOCK AND SPAR MAKERS, BLACKSMITHS, &c.
MEDINA ROAD, WEST COWES.

SUCH a trade as that of Messrs. R. Rowe & Sons is particularly characteristic of Cowes, where yachting has its headquarters, and where so many sailing vessels of every type and size are fitted out with blocks, spars, and all the various items of their rigging and working equipment. The firm under notice is a leading one in its line, and has enjoyed a highly prosperous career ever since it was first founded in 1859 by Mr. R. Rowe, who eventually took his sons into partnership. The original premises soon became too small for the rapidly growing business, and the establishment as it now stands is the result of much enlargement and improvement. The different workshops, covering a considerable area of ground with a large frontage to Medina Road, are all admirably appointed, and the firm have a large plant of the most suitable modern machinery in operation, driven by steam power. Messrs. Rowe’s manufactures comprise blocks, spars, mast-hoops, cleets, deadeyes, handspikes, Sec., and they also execute all kinds of blacksmith’s work for ships and yachts, making a special feature of yacht work of the highest class. In this latter connection the firm are widely and favourably known, and enjoy a large amount of distinguished patronage. They have done important work for the Prince of Wales's famous and victorious yacht ‘Britannia,’ which so well upheld the national honour during 1894, and it is noteworthy that ever since the Prince has had a yacht, Messrs. Rowe have been honoured by the commands of his Royal Highness, and have been entrusted with such work as comes within the scope of their business. In addition to all they have done for the ‘Britannia,’ this firm have also executed a lot of work for other well-known yachts, including Prince Henry of Battenberg’s ‘Sheila’ and ‘Asphodel,’ and among others of note, the ‘Sunbeam’ and ‘St. George.’

As block and spar makers, Messrs. Rowe are at the head of their trade, and besides maintaining a valuable and influential local connection at Cowes, they send their productions in large quantities to Belfast, Birkenhead, Kingston, London, Gourock, Greenock, Glasgow, and many other great yachting and shipbuilding centres. Mention should be made here of a very clever appliance which Mr. Rowe, senr., invented a number of years ago, but which he unfortunately omitted to patent. This is a socket sheave made upon the principle of ball bearings, but having small rollers instead of the balls, these being found to serve the purpose best in this case. Wear and tear of pulleys is greatly saved by this clever ides, while the whole appliance is much easier to work than the old-fashioned ones, and the invention has undoubtedly been of great value to yachtsmen. Messrs. Rowe produced this socket sheave some twenty years ago. The ‘Valkyrie’ was fitted with the socket sheaves by Messrs. Rowe, prior to her last voyage to America, and it is generally admitted that no racing yacht is capable without them. The firm have a lot of very important work in hand as we write, and are busy in making the blocks and supplying the ropes for the new patent boat disengaging tackle, which is being supplied to nearly all the Continental governments. Mr. A. W. Rowe is now the sole principal of this eminent firm. He is a thoroughly practical man, well known and esteemed in yachting circles, and the active supervision he bestows upon every detail of his extensive business tends to fully maintain the distinction this house has so long enjoyed in its important branch of trade.

JOHN MORGAN & SONS, TAILORS, COSTUME, AND HABIT-MAKERS, AND YACHT OUTFITTERS,
COWES.

A HOUSE of European renown in all the higher branches of ladies’ and gentlemen's tailoring, is named at the head of this article. It is now upwards of seventy years since the firm of Messrs. John Morgan & Sons commenced operations at Cowes. They began with one shop — No. 47, High Street; and at the present time they occupy, in addition to that, Nos. 46, 48, and 49, in the same thoroughfare, giving a street frontage of about one hundred and fifty feet, with three entrances, and forming probably the finest establishment of this particular kind in the South of England. In fact, Messrs. Morgan's business has progressed concurrently with the increase of Cowes in fashionable prestige, and as this town is the headquarters of yachting for England (and we might say for Europe), so the firm under notice are regarded as leaders in the supplying of fashionable and correct yachting outfits, which form the specialite of their business. At the same time other branches of sartorial art are most efficiently exemplified, and one has only to remember what a throng of notabilities in the social world betake themselves to Cowes for each yachting season, to perceive that a select and high-class tailoring house of this description has a large and important mission to fulfil in catering for a clientele that is in every respect worthy of its skill and resources. Glancing for a moment at the arrangement of Messrs. Morgan's premises, we find at No. 46, general show-rooms, with offices; at No. 47, separate show-rooms for the ladies' and gentlemen's tailoring departments; and at Nos. 48 and 49, special and exclusive accommodation for the yacht outfitting branch. The entire place is splendidly appointed, and bears the unmistakable cachet of distinction in its handsome fittings, and its magnificent stock of high-class goods.

In these days, when the injunction, “Place aux dames!” is more imperative than ever, the ladies’ department of such a business as Messrs. Morgan's is one which commands a special amount of attention. Artists of talent are retained to develop and create designs appropriate to the period, and the styles thus produced in ladies’ attire are all that can be desired. Nowadays it is de rigueur that costumes, jackets, &c., of tailors’ make shall be worn by every lady who aspires to be considered perfectly and smartly dressed. On this point every requirement is studied and satisfied by Messrs. Morgan, who must be classed with the foremost London firms as exponents of ladies’ tailoring in its most advanced and artistic aspects. They produce a great variety of becoming designs in all kinds of ladies’ costume, and are particularly successful in riding, yachting, boating, travelling, and walking attire, which call for such special skill, care, and invention in treatment, in order to secure a tasteful, harmonious, and original ensemble. It is not too much to say that this firm’s costumes for ladies are veritable works of art, showing in their production the employment of every resource and qualification which tends to perfection in result. Moreover, ladies can always depend upon finding at this establishment the all-important “something new,” which is in constant request; and coupled with this element of novelty they are assured of the highest excellence in style, fit, workmanship and finish. The fair sex are severe critics, and it is therefore a true criterion of Messrs. Morgan’s superior work that ladies are invariably pleased with the results of their efforts.

The satisfaction afforded to gentlemen customers is no less complete, and is equally appreciated. There is a splendid stock of the best and newest materials for gentlemen’s tailoring, and the work produced meets with the highest approval. As to the yacht outfitting department, it is perhaps the most notable feature of the business — certainly in this branch of their trade Messrs. Morgan have the largest connection of any English firm, and a glance at their ledgers will reveal the names of most, or one might say almost all, of the leading yachtsmen of the day. At the time of our visit we were shown the fine equipment for the sailors manning the ‘White Heather,’ an outfit representing no less than £250 in outlay. Messrs. Morgan regularly fit out the crews of about one hundred yachts each year, and the extent of their turnover in this department will be seen when we say that the cost of an outfit for the sailors of a modern yacht of the class attended to by this firm ranges from £50 to £500. A very large business is also done in yachting caps, which are sent all over the world, and we were shown a manufacturer's bill for these goods amounting to considerably over £500, and this for only three months' purchases.

All Messrs. Morgan’s work in ladies' and gentlemen's tailoring and yacht outfitting is done on their own premises, in spacious, airy, and beautifully clean work-rooms; and they employ in each department a large staff of tailors of the highest skill. Some of the firm's workmen have been with them for close upon forty years, and there are others holding responsible posts in the establishment who entered the service of the house many years ago as errand-boys. All this speaks well for the friendly relations maintained between the firm and their employees. Messrs. Morgan's trade, we need hardly say, is entirely of a high-class character, and their patronage is drawn from the elite of the social world at home and abroad. They are specially honoured, by warrants of appointment to Her Majesty the Queen, T.R.H. the Prince and Princess of Wales, H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, and H.I.M. the Empress Frederick; and they are under the immediate patronage also of the Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lorne), the Duke and Duchess of Connaught, Prince and Princess Henry of Battenberg, Prince and Princess Christian, and H.I.M. the German Emperor, besides holding special appointments to the Royal Yacht Squadron, the Royal London Yacht Club, and the Imperial and Royal Yacht Squadron of Austria. In the ladies’ show-rooms at Cowes are to be seen the Royal Warrants of Appointment to the Queen (dated 1869 and renewed in 1885), to the Princess of Wales (1870), and to the Empress of Germany (1870). The gentlemen’s show-rooms display the warrants of appointment to the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Duke of Westminster (as Master of the Horse, for liveries), the Austrian Yacht Squadron, &c.

Messrs. Morgan have a London branch in Regent's Street, with which they maintain the closest communication, and where they conduct a trade identical in character with that at Cowes. Mr. Charles Morgan has charge of the London house, and at Cowes Mr. Henry Morgan is in command. Mr. Henry Morgan was at one time a somewhat prominent figure in local public life, but of late he has abstained from those affairs. It may be added, in conclusion, that Messrs. John Morgan & Sons never advertise, but depend entirely upon their splendid connection and unblemished reputation for the further development of a business which has few equals and no superior among similar concerns in Britain.

G. & E. WATTS, PLUMBERS AND DECORATORS,
MEDINA ROAD, WEST COWES, ISLE OP WIGHT.

THE exceptionally enterprising firm of which Messrs. G. & E. Watts are at the present time the members, has a record which extends back to 1809, and which, in a large measure, forms an epitome of the history of the developments which have taken place in the industrial resources of Cowes, especially those resulting from the greatly increased popularity of the harbour as the headquarters of the yachting world. Both the members of the firm have a thorough technical knowledge of the trade, and their acquaintance with the modern applications of hygienic science to sanitary engineering is complete. At the same time their cultured taste in artistic decorative work has been of the greatest service in securing for them the confidence and the continued support of many leading yacht proprietors. The original quarters of the firm were in High Street, but they have occupied their present commodious premises in Medina Road since about 1830. These comprise extensive warehouses, stores, and general and private offices, all well-appointed and appropriately equipped. At the rear of the offices are extensive workshops.

The valuable and comprehensive stocks held by the Messrs. Watts comprise paints and enamels of all colours and of every description; also varnishes, including enamel, copal, oak, and pine; brushes, glue, glass, &c.; all kinds of sanitary appliances: patent anti-fouling compositions, 4c. The firm have surrounded themselves with every facility for the prompt and efficient execution of orders of all descriptions coming within the scope of their business, and they are employed regularly by many of the most influential owners of house property in the district. But the special characteristic of their business consists in the sanitary fitting up and the painting and decorating of yachts. In regard to this department of their business the firm hold the leading position in Cowes — which, having regard to the specialists class of the work, is saying a good deal. During the season of 1894 the firm were at work on board all the leading yachts; and their valuable connection in this direction is constantly extending.

The members of the firm are both endowed with strong administrative abilities, and are thus in a position, personally and efficiently, to supervise all the details in the conduct of the business. Mr. G. Watts is also enabled to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the community. He was formerly chairman of the Local Board. He is also a member of the Board of Guardians, and was for some time churchwarden of St. Mary's Church.

C. SIBBICK, YACHT AND BOAT BUILDER,
ALBERT YAED, COWES.

COWES being the headquarters of English yachting, the building of yachts and sailing-boats generally is one of the chief characteristic industries of the place. In this important trade Mr. C. Sibbick, whose business was established about five years ago, has come rapidly to the front, owing to the excellence and improved character of his work, which has met with prompt recognition. Mr. Sibbick was one of the first to give special attention to the building of small raters and fast cruisers; and this branch of the industry developed considerably about three years ago, since which time he has turned out several “crack” vessels. He continues to make this class of work his speciality, and is, we believe, the only builder in Cowes who has done so. Small raters and cruisers owe much to Mr. Sibbick for the efforts he has made in their improvement, and his work is marked by so many important features of excellence that it is not difficult to understand the success that has attended his business.

His yard, known as “Albert Yard," and situated in Thetis Road, is admirably organised and equipped for the purposes of the trade, and gives employment to a large number of skilled workmen, who perform their duties under Mr. Sibbick’s immediate supervision. Besides the offices, designing rooms, sheds, and building shops, there are here four hauling-up slips, which are a great convenience. Fast-sailing centreboard boats and steam launches are built to order in the best, style and upon the most approved lines, and there are several yachts, &c., always on hand for sale or hire. Mr. Sibbick's small raters are built from his own special designs, and are immensely successful. Last year (1893) the ‘Maiko,’ belonging to Prince Henri de Bourbon (built by Mr. Sibbick), took prizes in the racing at Pola, winning both of the two races in which she was entered. Speaking of this contest, the ‘Yachting World’ of May 4th, 1894, said: “To Prince Henri of Bourbon fell the laurels of the Pola Regatta. He won the cruisers’ race with the ‘May,’ while the ‘Maiko’ carried off two races. The second victory of the latter was of the highest interest to the yachting world. It showed clearly that in the ‘Maiko’ we have found a boat of the first order. We have in her a boat that shapes equally well in a light wind or a good breeze.” After beating the noted one-rater ‘Sacharissa’ in the first race, the ‘Maiko’ proved her superiority by showing a clean pair of heels to all her competitors in the second encounter, despite the fact that she was delayed a little by grounding near the first buoy off Point San Pietro. Subsequently, however, she steadily increased her lead to the finish, and the result of the race was never in doubt.

During 1894 Mr. Sibbick has built fifteen more raters (first class), the principal of these being: ‘Tartar II.’ (owned by Mr. Hewitt), which has won twenty-six prizes out of thirty starts; the ‘Romara,’ winner of twenty-three prizes out of twenty-five starts; and the ‘Shrimp,’ which is reckoned the best of all, having captured fifteen prizes in fifteen runs. At the time of our visit to Mr. Sibbick’s yard ‘Tartar II.’ was in dock there, and also the ‘Tortoise,’ belonging to the Earl of Harrington. The two-and-a-half-rater, ‘Yvery,’ owned by Philip Percival, Esq., was recently lengthened and improved by Mr. Sibbick, with the result that she immediately surpassed all expectations, winning in nine matches four “firsts” and five “seconds.” Mr. Sibbick has just built a yacht for Count Andrassy, one for Baron Biedermann, two for the Clyde, and three for Kingstown, among others. He has also done work for Lord Dudley, and many other distinguished yachtsmen, and has an extensive connection among members of the Royal Yachting Society. Just recently he has been favoured with an order from Lord Wolverton for a two-rater yacht to race in the Mediterranean. He is undoubtedly a leading man in his particular line, and himself takes a keen interest in yachting, being a member of several well-known yacht clubs, and of the Town Regatta Club of Cowes.

CHARLES BROWN, GROCER AND WINE MERCHANT,
130, HIGH STREET, COWES.

WITHIN the space of five years Mr. Charles Brown has built up at the above address one of the best businesses of its kind in the Isle of Wight, and has organised an establishment which compares favourably with any in Cowes for attractive appearance and complete equipment. Bringing to bear upon his venture a thorough knowledge of the grocery, provision, and wine and spirit trades, Mr. Brown has accentuated his success by a conspicuous spirit of enterprise, and has won support and inspired confidence by the prompt and careful attention he bestows upon his customers' varied requirements. His premises in High Street have been admirably arranged to suit the purposes of the business carried, on, and comprise a fine double-fronted shop, with three large plate-glass windows which display the goods to great advantage, while the interior is spacious and well appointed. The offices are at the rear of the shop, and beyond these are extensive stores and packing departments, the former containing large reserve stocks of goods, while the latter usually present a very busy scene, especially in the yachting season, when many orders are daily got ready for despatch. It should be noted that Mr. Brown, besides catering to a large and growing family connection, has acquired a great amount of valuable patronage in yachting circles, and pays special attention to the provisioning of yachts for voyages to any part of the world. This latter department calls for exceptional knowledge and experience, of which Mr. Brown has proved himself the possessor, to the complete satisfaction of his customers. His resources enable him to provision yachts at very short notice, but, of course, he is in a better position to guarantee satisfaction when yacht-owners give him sufficient time to allow of the meats, soups, &c., being specially preserved and tinned for the particular voyage in view.

It is part of Mr. Brown’s business to furnish correct estimates of stores required for any voyage at a few hours' notice, on being advised of the number of persons and length of cruise. As the provisions necessary for a cruise in the Arctic seas are so widely different from those required in the tropics, it is obvious that his experience is of great use to yacht-owners in assisting them to a proper organisation of their stores. Mr. Brown issues two printed lists in connection with his business, one giving a comprehensive detail of yachting requisites of every kind, while the other is a general list of groceries, comestibles, teas and coffees, wines, spirits, beers and mineral waters, which, for scope and completeness, would do credit to any leading London house. The whole range of the purveying trade is covered by his exhaustive stock, which embraces not only the finest growths of teas and coffees, the most reliable standard articles of grocery and general provisions, and the choicest wines, spirits, and malt liquors, but also an infinite variety of those preserved and portable table delicacies which are almost as indispensable to the modern household as to the yachtsman and traveller. To attempt an enumeration of these goods would be to make a catalogue of all the recognised specialities of an Italian and French warehouse of the highest class, and we must, therefore, refer the inquiring reader to Mr. Brown’s published price list, which contains all information, conveniently and concisely set forth.

In Cross Street, Cowes, Mr. Brown has his large bottling stores, and also his department for the supply of forage, an important item in his trade. He has erected special machinery for roasting coffee on his premises in High Street, enabling him to supply this article in the finest condition; and we note also that he deals largely in Devonshire butter of a particular quality which cannot be obtained elsewhere in Cowes. Probably the largest stock of ales and stouts in screw-stoppered bottles to be found in this neighbourhood is held by Mr. Brown, who is also noted for his fine old Scotch whiskey (fourteen years old), and for his specialities in the famous sherries of P. Domecq & Co., for whom he is agent. Mr. Brown is also agent for the Phoenix Fire Office. He ships bonded stores duty free for yachts, &c., outward bound, and conducts an exceedingly large and constantly increasing trade, being supported by a great many leading families in the Isle of Wight, as well as by his numerous yachting patrons. He holds the honour of being a purveyor by special appointment to Her Majesty the Queen, the German Emperor, the ships of the German navy and of the United States navy; and his business may truly be pronounced one of the most flourishing and rapidly progressive in this part of the Kingdom.

With the control of such an important concern on his hands it is obvious that Mr. Brown must be an exceptionally busy man. Nevertheless he has found opportunity to make himself favourably known in other spheres, and particularly in that of politics. He is a very prominent and active Conservative, a vice-president of the Cowes Conservative Club, and a member of the Conservative Association of the Isle of Wight. As a member of the Local Board of Cowes he renders good public service, and is most diligent in the discharge of all the duties of office, now an urban District Councillor. Mr. Brown is a Freemason, a Forester, and also an Oddfellow, of which society he is Deputy Provincial Grand Master for the Isle of Wight.

PARKINSON (& LONGMAN, CHEMIST TO THE QUEEN),
94, HIGH STREET, WEST COWES, ISLE OF WIGHT.

A CONSPICUOUS factor in the social and commercial economy of Cowes has for many years been the admirably equipped establishment of Messrs. Parkinson & Longman. The prosperous business has a long record, extending back to 1823 — a record of uninterrupted success and substantial progress, culminating in the appointment, as chemist to Her Majesty the Queen, of Mr. S. Harman Longman, who, until May, 1894, was the sole proprietor of the establishment. At that date Mr. I. Parkinson became a member of the firm, and Mr. Longman, while retaining an interest in the business, ceased to take any active share in its control. Mr. Parkinson brought to his enterprise a thorough knowledge of the business on its commercial side, and a wide technical and professional experience, which he has turned to the best advantage. The commodious premises which the firm have always occupied have a commanding position in High Street, and comprise a full-fronted sale-shop, the attractive appearance of whose exterior is altogether in keeping with the high class of the business which the firm control. The interior is admirably appointed and elegantly fitted. The stock includes drugs, whose absolute purity and efficacy are guaranteed; and here, also, are to be found all the popular patent medicines, and every modern requisite for the sick-room, the nursery, and the toilet. Messrs. Parkinson & Longman have gained more than a merely local reputation for the invariable efficacy of the various specialities of which they are the sole proprietors and manufacturers. Of these numerous specifics mention maybe particularly made of their “African Dentrifice”; of “Parkinson’s Cremolanine," for all eruptions of the skin caused by wind or sun; of the firm’s “Phosphorised Bark and Iron Nerve Tonic”; of “Parkinson's Anti-Neuralgic Tabloids,” Dandelion, Cascara, and Camomile Elixir; Carbol Eucalyptus Sawdust; Digestive Saline; Parkinson's “Rose Cream” for shaving; Parkinson's Anti-Tussine, the infallible cough cure, &c. At the rear of the premises is the dispensing department, which is the leading feature of the establishment. The firm, in this department, maintains — as it has long held — the unreserved confidence of the leading medical men and the most influential families in the district. They also control a large business in the fitting up and the refitting of medicine chests for ships’ use. the high respect in which the firm are held by all classes of the community — their business connection includes many members of the most distinguished social circles in the United Kingdom — enables them to render useful services as agents to the Scottish Union and National Insurance Company.

H. GUY, ENGINEER, BOILER-MAKER AND MILLWRIGHT, STEAM LAUNCH AND BOAT BUILDER,
107, HIGH STRBET, COWES.

ONE of the most important and successful industries in Cowes is conducted by Mr. H. Guy at his Solent Steam Engine and Boiler Works. This extensive business has been established upwards of thirty-two years, starting under the name of H. Guy, and ultimately resuming that title after a period of eight years passed under that of Guy & Hunter. Mr. Guy remains solo proprietor of the concern, and continues the energetic policy by which he has made it a leading business in its line. The works cover a considerable area of ground, and include well-appointed offices, draughtsmen's offices and private rooms, in addition to the various workshops. The latter are admirably organised, and contain a valuable plant of the most improved and powerful modern machinery adapted to the purposes of the industry. Every branch of engineering, millwright’s work and boiler-making, is carried on in accordance with the latest principles, and a leading feature is the manufacture of marine engines, for which this establishment has long been noted. In this connection mention must be made of Mr. Guy’s patent surface condenser, which enables the tubes of surface condensers to be cleaned in much less time than hitherto, and consequently permits of the cleaning being more frequently performed, and of the engines being maintained in a correspondingly higher state of efficiency than was formerly possible. This valuable invention is so contrived that the whole of the tubes can be removed from the casing bodily, together with the two tube-plates in which they are fixed. This not only facilitates the work of cleaning, but also simplifies the construction of the condenser, and renders the use of ferrules, packings, and glands unnecessary. The invention is suitable for steam boats of all descriptions. It can also be applied in converting any old form of condenser, and is especially advantageous in cases where sufficient room is not left to draw the tubes, Mr. Guy’s patent permitting the tubes to be used in two lengths. Very noteworthy, also, are Mr. Guy’s patent slide valve arrangement for tandem engines, and his patent steam and exhaust pipes. These form a source of economy and efficiency, besides facilitating disconnection for examination or repair, and they have consequently met with a very favourable reception.

Steam launch and boat building constitutes another branch of Mr. Guy’s business, for which special accommodation is provided in Medina Road. Here the firm have every possible facility for their work, and we saw on the premises a fine specimen of their capabilities in the shape of a steam launch, built entirely on these premises, and supplied with machinery from the works in High Street. The superior finish of this handsome little craft at once commands admiration, and indicates the high-class nature of the work which Mr. Guy habitually turns out. Such excellent results speak volumes for the resources of the establishment, and could only be obtained by employing the most skilful workmen in each department and using the highest quality of material. Sail-making also forms a branch of this extensive business, so that Mr. Guy can not only build a boat, but fit it out completely, either with engines and machinery or with sailing gear, as may be required. Upwards of twenty-five experienced workmen are employed in the various departments of the business, which includes the making of oars, sculls, and spars, in addition to the work already mentioned; and special facilities exist for the execution of repairs of all kinds. The house has been honoured by the patronage of royalty, and has been entrusted with much important work by leading yacht and launch owners. At the time of our visit to the works we noticed a yacht in course of construction for Major Shuttleworth. A very large trade is controlled, with a high-class connection, and the whole business is under the personal supervision of Mr. Guy and his sons, all of whom have had the most extensive practical experience, and have acquired a complete mastery of the trade in its every detail.

DROVER’S MARINE HOTEL,
COWES.

THE famous Marine Hotel at Cowes, now known as Drover's Marine Hotel, is supposed to be the oldest hostelry in the Isle of Wight. The present proprietress has records which date back over two hundred years, and there is every reason to believe that the hotel was in existence as an inn as far back as the reign of Henry VIII. At all events, it is one of the most notable houses of its kind in the country, and has been honoured by the patronage of the most distinguished visitors to Cowes for many years past. Everybody is familiar with the four-storey embattled building which forms the structural habitation of this celebrated hotel, and from year to year one may note continued improvements in the arrangements for the accommodation of guests, which show that the proprietress is not allowing the house to rest on its own laurels, but is bent upon keeping it thoroughly up to the standard of modern requirements. The electric light has lately been installed, and this is a modern innovation which meets with every approval, especially as the light is very clear, brilliant, and steady, the steam engine and dynamo being on the premises. At present the Marine Hotel is alone at Cowes in possessing the electric light, and the large arc lamp suspended outside the hotel is, when lighted, a constant attraction to the purely local population.

The Marine Hotel has a splendid situation on the Parade, with a fine outlook over the Solent. It contains about one hundred rooms, including spacious dining, drawing, smoking, and other public rooms, besides the numerous bedrooms and private apartments en suite. The proprietress also has command of about a hundred rooms outside of the hotel, but during the Cowes season the patronage is so large that even these extensive resources frequently prove insufficient for the accommodation of the many visitors. At the Marine Hotel the cuisine has always been a special feature, and continues to receive the most careful attention, while the old-time renown of the house for a perfectly stocked cellar is fully maintained. Thus even the oldest institutions are often found leading the way in matters of modern enterprise. Among the many illustrious personages who have patronised the Marine Hotel may be mentioned H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, the late Emperor of the French and the Empress Eugenie, the Comte de Paris, the Duc de Chartre, the Crown Prince of Saxony, and many others. The hotel has also been greatly favoured by the foreign embassies, and a few years ago it was patronised during one year by the diplomatic representatives of almost every Continental country. Last year the Turkish and Portuguese embassies were among the guests. Drover’s Marine Hotel also enjoys the most select private patronage, and numbers the elite of the social world in the large circle of its fashionable clientele. For upwards of twenty-five years it has been conducted under the name of Drover, and the present proprietress, Mrs. Drover, possesses every qualification of experience, tact, and judgment calculated to sustain the prosperity of the establishment under her direction.

HEWITT & SON, YACHTING, EXPORT, AND FAMILY GROCERS, FRENCH AND ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMEN, WINE, SPIRIT, ALE, AND PROVISION MERCHANTS,
WEST COWES.

The house under notice is the oldest of its kind in the Isle of Wight and dates its history from the year 1790, when it was founded by Mr. Jacob Hewitt, grandfather of the present proprietor. The latter gentleman, Mr. Alf Hewitt, has his son, Mr. Fred Hewitt, in partnership with him, so that the third and fourth generations in direct succession from the founder are now represented in the firm. The premises occupied are situated in the High Street, and are very spacious and commodious. The tasteful manner in which the windows are dressed, coupled with the evident good quality of the wares displayed therein, combine to make this one of the most attractive business establishments in Cowes, and suggest at the same time the magnitude and select character of the trade carried on. At the rear of the premises are large warehouses and packing-rooms, running down to the water's edge, where the firm have a capital quay for landing and shipping goods. This is particularly convenient when we remember that they have a very large and influential connection in yachting circles.

The goods dealt in by this firm embrace every staple article and every luxury pertaining to the trade of the grocer, provision dealer, and French and Italian warehouseman, and among the many specialities we note in the comprehensive price-list issued by the house, perhaps none is more important than tea. In this department the firm supply the choicest growths of China, India and Ceylon, and have a special feature in their “Royal Osborne Mixture,” of which the late Emperor of Germany remarked that it was the best he had tasted, and forthwith ordered a quantity for his household. Coffees from the most celebrated Eastern plantations are also stocked in large quantities, and there are cocoas, chocolates, sugars, preserved milk, spices, condiments, biscuits, &c., all of the choicest quality. Toilet and household soaps, brushes and turnery, and all manner of domestic sundries find a place in this establishment, and among the various goods which may properly be classed as delicacies we observe soups, invalids’ preparations, all kinds of potted meat and game, entrees, hams, tongues, sauces, pickles, essences, jams, jellies, preserved vegetables, bottled fruits, dried herbs, dried fruits, and all the comestibles usually found in a perfectly organised Italian warehouse.

The wine and spirit department is stocked with the best brands and vintages, selected with great care and judgment, and the firm have always a full supply of the leading makes of aerated waters, fruit syrups, cordials, &c. They are sole agents in Cowes for W. & A. Gilbey's celebrated wines and spirits, and have also the agencies for Bass & Co., Allsopp & Co., Ind, Coope & Co., Garton & Co., the Anglo-Bavarian Brewery Company, Guinness & Co., Pilsener Lager Beer, and Schweppe’s mineral waters: while, in another department of their trade, they represent Messrs. Wood & Co., the noted coal merchants. Stores for yachts are selected and put up specially, and the firm can ensure satisfaction in this connection, having had long experience in packing goods so as to ensure their keeping properties in all climates. When sufficient notice is given, bacon, hams, and other provisions are specially cured and dried. Wines, spirits, tobaccos, tea, &c., are shipped duty free to yachts and other vessels sailing to foreign ports, and all goods are packed and delivered on board on the shortest notice.

It may be mentioned also that this firm are agents for the Norwich Union Fire, Life, and Accident Associations, and can effect insurances on the most favourable terms for their clients. Messrs. Hewitt & Son hold special warrants of appointment as purveyors to Her Majesty the Queen, and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and they are also honoured by the distinguished patronage of the Duke of Edinburgh, the Marquis of Lorne, the King of Denmark, and the Empress Eugenie, while the late Emperor of Germany and the late Emperor of the French (Napoleon III.) were also among their illustrious patrons. They are purveyors to the Royal Yacht Squadron, and many of the most prominent yachting men of the day are constant customers of this house for provisions, groceries, wines, spirits, and other stores. Having always supplied the finest quality of goods obtainable in the home and foreign markets, Messrs. Hewitt & Son have long enjoyed the confidence of a most influential connection. They are regularly patronised by the leading local families, and do, a large trade, their own vans being kept for the delivery of goods to all parts of the neighbourhood. As we have already said, Mr. Alf Hewitt and his son, Mr. Fred Hewitt, are the co-partners in this notable firm. The senior partner is one of the best-known men in Cowes, and has done good public service, sparing considerable time for the diligent discharge of his duties as a member of the Local Board of Health, of which he has been twice chairman.

DEAR & MORGAN, FAMILY AND YACHTING GROCERS, FRENCH AND ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMEN,
WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS,
90 AND 91, HIGH STREET, COWES.

THE foundations of this business were laid about a century ago, and it has always been carried on at the above address in the interesting High Street of Cowes. The premises, however, have been much extended and improved from time to time, and have been adapted to the needs of a business which has never ceased to develop since its inception. The establishment now presents a very attractive appearance, heightened by the fine display of goods in the large plate-glass windows. In arranging their premises, Messrs. Dear & Morgan have found it convenient to devote No. 91, High Street, specially to the wine and spirit department, and here they stock a very large assortment of choice growths and vintages in foreign wines, together with the best brands of Irish and Scotch whiskies, French brandies, liqueurs, &c. We note important specialities in all these, as well as in the most celebrated natural and manufactured mineral waters; and special attention is called to the famous and unsurpassed brandies of John Exshaw &c Co., for which eminent firm Messrs. Dear & Morgan are agents at Cowes. They are also sole agents here for R. Fry & Co.’s celebrated Brighton mineral waters. At the rear of the wine and spirit department are situated the firm’s well-appointed offices.

Passing into No. 90, High Street, we find this spacious and handsome shop devoted to the grocery and Italian warehouse branch of the business. The display is exceedingly tasteful in arrangement, every article being carefully selected from the best sources of supply. Here are teas and coffees of the choicest varieties, sugar, spices, cocoa, dried fruits, and all manner of groceries; and in addition to these there is one of the finest stocks of preserved comestibles and table delicacies to be met with anywhere, embracing soups, turtle, Brand’s famous specialities, all sorts of tinned and potted meats, fish and game, pies, hams, tongues, bacon, sausages, pickles, sauces and condiments, fruit juices, essences, jams and jellies, marmalade, preserved vegetables, bottled fruits, dessert fruits in syrup, dessert fruits crystallised, glace, and dried, &c., &c. Cheese, butter, and other dairy produce are also largely dealt in, and the firm have a separate department for corn and flour, in which they do an extensive trade. They are sole agents at Cowes for Brand & Co.'s preserved provisions, soups, entries, &c., which are indispensable to yachtsmen and travellers. Messrs. Dear & Morgan hold a very eminent position as purveyors of stores and provisions to yachts going en voyage to every part of the world. Cowes is the great headquarters of supply in this respect, and the firm under notice play a leading part in the trade. They publish a most exhaustive list of stores suitable for yachting cruises, and carry out all orders for the supply of the same with the greatest care. The requirements of any kind of voyage can be properly provided for, the best results being assured when customers give the firm sufficient time to specially prepare the requisite articles for the cruise contemplated. Spirits, tobacco, tea, &c., are supplied to yachts and shipping duty free from Messrs. Dear & Morgan's Bonded Stores in Medina Road, West Cowes, and no charge is made for customs agency.

At the rear of their shops the firm have extensive warehouses and packing departments, and as their premises run down to the waterside, they possess good quay accommodation, from which they load and unload goods with every facility. Messrs. Dear & Morgan keep a great stock of all kinds of household, kitchen, and cabin sundries, and they also have a special department for patent medicines, proprietary articles, perfumery, and toilet requisites. Altogether, this business is one of the foremost concerns of its kind in the South of England, and its support is drawn from the most distinguished circles. A very large wholesale and retail trade is controlled, delivery of goods being promptly made to any part of the Isle of Wight by the firm's own carts and vans; and there is also an extensive export to the Mediterranean, Italy, and the Continent generally. The house has an excellent name in yachting circles, supplying many of the leading yachtsmen; and its connection extends amongst the most prominent local families as well, while special warrants of appointment are held authorising the firm to style themselves purveyors to Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Buke of Connaught, the German Emperor and Empress, and the Empress of the French; and we may add that the firm have actually supplied Her Majesty with groceries and provisions during the whole period of her reign, and before then to the Duchess of Kent; whilst upon their books are the names of many of the most influential members of the aristocracy connected with the yachting world.

Mr. Morgan died nine years ago, and Mr. Dear’s death occurred a year later. The business was then acquired by Messrs. Thomas Edward Barnard, John Wright Brown, and Joseph Bunnell May, who constitute the present personnel of the firm. All three gentlemen are well and favourably known in Cowes, and Mr. May has been a member of the Local Board, from which, however, he had to retire on account of ill-health. The entire business is under the able personal supervision of the principals, and we may regard the marked success that has attended its long career as not only creditable to the enterprise governing its administration in the past, but also prophetic of the prosperity that will, it is safe to predict, be a conspicuous feature of its history in time to come.

HENRY BANNISTER & CO., COWES STEAM HEMP AND WIRE ROPE WORKS,
COWES.

SUCH an establishment as the Cowes Steam Hemp and Wire Rope Works affords a striking exemplification of the state of perfection at which rope manufacture has arrived, and of the resources that are now brought to bear upon this important industry. The works in question have been in existence since 1820, but the business itself was founded by the father of the late Mr. Henry Bannister over a hundred years ago, at a time when all rope was made by hand. Since 1820, a large plant of machinery has been laid down, and the works greatly extended by the addition of saw-mills, and later of grinding and gristing mills, making the establishment in its entirety the largest industrial concern of the kind on the island. As rope manufacturers the firm confine themselves to a high-class trade, and make a very special feature of ropes for yachts. In fact, in this department they hold the leading position, and their yacht ropes are sent to all parts of the world — even to Belfast, Dublin, and Gourock, which are themselves noted rope-making centres. They also supply many rope manufacturers with these special yacht ropes, which are acknowledged to be the best it is possible to procure. So great, indeed, is the fame of Bannister's ropes, that designers of yachts frequently specify that the ropes must be Bannister's make. Of these yacht ropes it may be said that they are made in all sizes and for all purposes, and are a product of the finest Manilla, Russian hemp, Italian hemp and flax. In finish and every detail of quality and manufacture they are unsurpassable.

The house of Bannister has always pursued a most enterprising policy, and was, we believe, the first to introduce wire rope as a superior substitute for hemp in vessels’ standing riggings. This firm were also among the first to take up Good's Automatic Spinner, an American patent for making manilla yarns, and they conceived the idea of superseding cotton belting by manilla rope for driving the machinery in cotton mills, chiefly, an idea which has been largely carried into effect at Oldham and elsewhere. In short, the late Mr. Henry Bannister was one of the most progressive men in the trade, and his death, which occurred in 1893, was widely regretted. The premises have twice suffered from fire, and as they were almost wholly reconstructed after the last outbreak in 1871, they are at present both substantial and commodious. There are two rope-walks — the chief one being one thousand feet long, while the smaller one is for making cords and twines. There is also a walk for hand-spinning for very special purposes, and when it comes to this class of work there are few firms that can approach Messrs. Bannister. The plant of rope-making machinery, both for hemp and wire, is very extensive, and embraces the most improved apparatus driven by steam power. The tarring shop and other departments all present features of interest, and combine to make this ropery one of the best in the Kingdom for equipment and organisation. Vast stocks of raw material are held in the shape of bales of hemp and flax from all the chief sources of supply.

The specialities of the firm’s manufacture may be briefly stated as follows:- Fine yacht rope and hawsers, fine bolt rope, extra fine bolt rope, tarred and white manilla rope and hawsers, extra fine manilla rope, bleached flax rope, coir rope and warps, merchant rope and hawsers, medium rope and hawsers, superfine bolt line and Hambro’ line, yacht spun-yarn, houseline and marline, engine spun-yarn, hand lead lines, deep-sea lead lines, log lines, twines, box cords, wire ropes of all circumferences, wire cord, copper cord for lightning conductors, wire seizings, and fencing strands. In all the above-named goods a widespread and very important trade is carried on; also in flexible steel wire rope and hawsers, and estimates are given for outfitting ships and yachts, and for fitting rigging, &c. We have mentioned the saw-mills and gristing mill which are run in connection with these works. In both cases the equipment is excellent, and the firm do a large amount of grinding and crushing for farmers and the trade, besides conducting a business in English and foreign timber. They have also a wharf and stores at Solent Wharf, Medina Road, West Cowes, and a patent slip where small boats and launches may be laid up. Altogether about fifty hands are regularly employed in this flourishing business.

THE MISSES J. & H. PEGG, MODES ET ROBES,
GLOSTER HOUSE, COWES, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THIS important business was founded about twenty years ago by Miss Cole at Shooters’ Hill, Cowes, and was acquired some eight years since by the present proprietresses. The Misses Pegg brought to their enterprise a thoroughly cultured taste in reference to artistic dressmaking and millinery, combined with an ample technical experience which their exceptional aptitude has enabled them to use to the greatest advantage. They have thus very materially extended the valuable connection which was created by their predecessor, and have gained the unreserved confidence and the continued support of many of the most illustrious and distinguished amongst the periodical visitors to the Isle of Wight. As a result of the rapid growth in the volume of the business, the Misses Pegg, eighteen months ago, removed from their original quarters to the conveniently situated and commodious premises which they now occupy. These, which are known as Gloster House, occupy a commanding position in High Street. In order to suit them for their present requirements, the premises have been considerably altered, and the front portion, indeed, has been practically rebuilt. They comprise a full-fronted sale shop and show-room; an ample show-window, with its tastefully arranged exhibits, forms a point of unfailing attraction. The interior is decorated and appointed in a style of substantial and unobtrusive elegance which harmonizes with the sumptuous splendour of the contents.

The artistically industrial operations of the firm are absolutely restricted to dress-making and millinery. The work-rooms, which are spacious and well ventilated, are on the first floor, and here is employed a large staff of highly skilled experts, including several specialists for particular classes of work. Here, too, as, indeed, throughout the whole of the establishment, the operations are under the assiduous supervision of the principals, who are endowed with well-developed administrative abilities. The stocks, which are carefully selected by the aid of the intimate and extensive relations which the principals maintain with the best markets, include all the newest and most attractive textile fabrics in the most approved colours and patterns. The supply of these is as prompt, and the representation of the latest and most artistic ideas is as complete as can be found in the best appointed establishments in the West End of London or in Paris. The millinery department, too, is replete with every new attraction in hats, caps, and bonnets, feathers, flowers, and other trimmings. It is appropriate to the character of the local attractions that the Misses Pegg should, with signal success, have made a speciality of the production of yachting gowns and coats in perfection - and, indeed, everything else requisite for a yachting outfit. The splendid connection which the firm now enjoy enables them to number in their list of clients many members of the royal family, and other illustrious and distinguished persona gee visiting at Osborne, as well as other members of the highest social circles making a temporary stay at Cowes. It is doubtful, indeed, if any other establishment in the locality can be credited with holding a more prominent position in the trade.

W. JONES & SON, YACHTING, SHIPPING, AND GENERAL SMITHS, ETC.,
NEWPORT ROAD, WEST COWES.

THE well-equipped establishment which is now the property of Messrs. W. Jones & Son has, for many years, constituted one of the most important factors in the industrial resources of Cowes. The firm, whose business originally was that of general smiths, has an honourable record extending back to 1849, when it was founded by Messrs. J. and W. Jones, in St. Mary's Street. The rapid increase in the volume of the firm’s business necessitated a removal almost immediately to the more commodious premises which have served to form the nucleus of the present establishment. Some four years ago the firm assumed the style and title of W. Jones & Son, its members being Mr. W. Jones and his son. Both of these gentlemen have a thorough technical knowledge of the several departments of their business. They have recently created an engineering department, which is under the supervision of Mr. J. Jolliffe, who has taken a share in the business, and having had considerable experience in engineering, both ashore and afloat, the firm is capable of doing any kind of repairs that may be required on any vessel, sail or steam, so that the premises now comprise a very extensive smithy, with five forges, a steam hammer, lathes, &c. The working plant, indeed, is so complete that it represents all the most approved modern applications of mechanical science to the saving of labour and the perfecting of results in the various processes which are conducted on the premises.

The Messrs. Jones give constant employment to a dozen or more highly skilled workmen, under their own assiduous supervision, and they are surrounded with every facility which matured experience could suggest. The firm give special attention to the execution of repairs of all kinds, and to the production of castings, which are made to pattern, drawing, or specification. They have an excellent reputation for the rapidity with which they execute ship work, and, with signal success, they have made a speciality of supplying yacht fittings. In this connection they have many and important transactions with the leading yacht builders in Cowes, and it may be noted that the Messrs. Jones have executed a considerable amount of work on the ‘Britannia,’ the famously successful yacht which is the property of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, in addition to many other principal yachts. It should be understood, however, that general smiths’ work continues, as of yore, to constitute the staple business of the firm. In this respect they are the occupants of a uniquely useful position in the town, inasmuch as other firms in the locality who execute smith work, do so, for the most part, simply to meet their own industrial requirements. Messrs. Jones & Son have patented a capstan which gives increased power and saves a great deal of labour. They have received many flattering testimonials from yachtsmen who have had their boats fitted with these capstans. The Messrs. Jones are personally well known and are held in high esteem by all classes of the community.

J. H. CORY, FAMILY AND DISPENSING CHEMIST,
84, HIGH STREET, COWES, ISLE OP WIGHT.

A STRONG, local and professional interest of a two-fold character belongs to the admirably equipped establishment of which Mr. J. H. Cory is now the proprietor. The business itself dates back for upwards of fifty years, having been established more than half a century ago, by Messrs. Weeding & Son. Mr. Cory succeeded in 1892; but before his advent in Cowes, he had for nearly thirty years successfully conducted an important pharmacy in Newport, having succeeded his father in the business, which was founded about a hundred years ago by his grandfather. Owing to his ill-health, he was compelled some time ago to retire into private life, his brother succeeding him in the conduct of the Newport business. Having settled in Cowes, and happily recovered his health, he acquired his present business at the period already indicated. The thorough technical and professional knowledge, and the wide experience which he brought to his new enterprise have been turned to such excellent account that he has already materially extended the excellent connection which was created by his predecessors.

His premises occupy a commanding position in High Street, and comprise a three-storeyed building, having a full-fronted shop, a portion of which is utilized as a show-room, while the remainder forms a dispensing laboratory. The exterior, with the tastefully arranged exhibits in the ample show-window, has an attractive appearance which is altogether in keeping with the high-class of character of the business which Mr. Cory controls. The stock includes all descriptions of drugs and chemicals of absolute purity and in the best condition, together with surgical appliances and all the most popular patent medicines, as well as a splendidly varied assortment of requisites for the sick-room, the nursery, and the toilet. The stocks also include a practically unlimited choice of mineral and aerated waters, the artificial descriptions being manufactured by such eminent firms as Mumby & Co., Randall, Sloper & Co., and others. Mr. Cory has gained more than a merely local reputation through the invariable efficacy of some of his own specialities which he has successfully introduced to the trade and to the public. Amongst these may be mentioned his tonic neuralgic pills, his quinine and iron tonic, and his effervescing fruit citrate. These are all in large and increasing demand. Very special attention is given by the proprietor to the dispensing department. During the period of Messrs. Weeding & Son’s proprietorship of the establishment they received the distinction of being specially appointed chemists to H.M. the Queen. The traditions of the house are being maintained by the patronage which Mr. Cory continues to receive from members of the Royal Family, as well as from distinguished members of Her Majesty’s household at Osborne.

Notwithstanding the heavy demands which have been made upon his attention by his extensive business concerns, Mr. Cory has been in the habit of devoting much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. Whilst resident in Newport, he was an active member of the Town Council, and he was also churchwarden for the late Canon, afterwards Dean, Connor, of Windsor, now deceased.

W. WHITE & SONS, ENGINEERS AND BOILER-MAKERS, STEAM-LAUNCH AND YACHT-BUILDERS, IRON AND BRASS FOUNDERS, ETC.,
VECTIS WORKS, WBST COWES, ISLE OF WIGHT.

ONE of the oldest and best-known industrial establishments in the Isle of Wight is that known as the Vectis Works, at which Messrs. W. White & Sons carry on their extensive operations. For the history of this notable concern we have to go back as far as the year 1804, and was for many years conducted by the late Mr. W. White as an iron and brass foundry. It was commenced at the present address, but the premises here have been considerably enlarged to meet the increased requirements of the trade, and they now form a very extensive and commodious establishment, comprising store-rooms, show-rooms, and offices, with spacious yards and sheds for boiler-making, in addition to the busy workshops which were the nucleus of the place, and in which the business was originally started. The Vectis Works can show a very complete equipment of improved modern machinery, and their resources are amply attested by the excellent work they turn out.

In the show-rooms we saw several fine models of yachts and other vessels, for which the firm have gained medals from the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, London, and these remind us that Messrs. W. White & Sons have distinguished themselves as steam-yacht and launch builders, not less than as engineers and boiler-makers. Their shipyard, which is a little way from the works, but is still in High Street, was acquired in 1878. It was formerly the property of Mr. Michael Ratsey. Here the firm have every facility for their important yacht and boat-building trade, and they are in a position to turn out any kind of craft, for sport, pleasure, or traffic, though their speciality is in steam-yachts and launches. Among the noted yachts built by Messrs. White may be mentioned the steamships ‘Paulina,’ three hundred and seventeen tons; ‘Vista,’ ‘Linotte,’ ‘Bronzewing,’ ‘Goshawk,’ ‘Zaroslavna,’ ‘Insect,’ ‘Luna,’ ‘Marchessa,’ ‘Mena,’ ‘Moonbeam,’ and many others. In racing yachts, among others, the ‘Ghost,’ ‘Stephanie,’ ‘Dolphin,’ ‘Bairn,’ are equal for beauty and speed to any in the yachting world.

Messrs. W. White & Sons have always enjoyed distinguished and valuable patronage, both as engineers and as yacht-builders, and they have done a large amount of work for Osborne. The name of this firm is associated in the public mind with work of a high-class and reliable character, and the reputation it has so long enjoyed is as well maintained to-day as at any period in the past. For this circumstance, credit is due to the very able and judicious administration of the present sole principal, Mr. Edwin White, who personally superintends the entire business. Through him the house retains the confidence of its widespread and influential connection, and shows continuous development in its trade from year to year. Mr. White takes an active part in public life at Cowes, and is a County Councillor and a member of the Local Board, in both of which capacities he has found time and opportunity to render good service, despite the many and exacting claims made upon his energies by the large business of which he is the head.

G. H. MAY &CO., FURNISHING IRONMONGERS, SMITHS, BRASSFOUNDERS, YACHT-FITTERS, &c.,
126 AND 127, HIGH STREET, AND ARCTIC ROAD, COWES.

THIS is a leading firm in the Isle of Wight, not only for the supply of all kinds of furnishing ironmongery, but also for yacht-fitting, brass-founding, bell-hanging, copper and tin-plate working, and gas and water-fitting in all its branches. The business has been established upwards of thirty years, and for twenty-seven years it has been in the hands of the present proprietor, Mr. G. H. May, trading under the title which heads our sketch. From the first the firm has occupied its present premises in High Street, and these are easily discerned by anyone in search of them, owing to their fine frontage and very attractive appearance. There is also another establishment at Arctic Road. The establishment has been much altered and improved from time to time, and is now admirably adapted to the requirements of the business. The handsome frontage is the most recent addition, and has immensely increased the value of the premises for commercial purposes. At No. 126, High Street the place extends back to the water’s edge, a distance of about two hundred feet, and here are the various workshops of the firm, admirably equipped, and presenting a busy aspect, a large staff of experienced workmen being employed. In all cases the best class of work is turned out, and the reputation of the house for reliability is thus amply sustained.

Special attention is given to yacht-fitting, and in this department the firm are particularly well known and largely employed. Their shop and showrooms contain a splendid stock of nautical instruments of all kinds, including compasses in great variety, binnacles, adjusting instruments, verifiers, log-glasses, fog-horns, cabin and engine-room lamps, gauges of every description, and everything in the shape of cabin fittings. These articles ore all of the highest quality, and bear the names of the most noted makers. Messrs. G. H. May & Co. also manufacture the R.Y.S. (Royal Yacht Squadron) stoves and cooking ranges, which embody many improvements, rendering them specially adapted to yachting requirements; and in (heir show-room for goods of this class they display a fine general stock of stoves, ranges, grates, tiled hearths, and furnishing ironmongery of all kinds. The principal trade, however, is in yacht stores and yacht fittings, and this comprises a wide range of work in iron, copper, brass, tin, and other materials, whereby the firm's skilful staff is kept busily employed. The workshops have the best modern appliances for their several purposes, and the whole business, in both its industrial and its commercial aspects, is under the personal supervision of the sole proprietor. The firm, by their energetic methods, promptitude, and straightforwardness, have acquired the support and confidence of a widespread and representative connection amongst yachtsmen and the public generally.

GEORGE DROVER, MERCHANT AND SHIP AGENT,
HIGH STREET, COWES.

THE business over which Mr. Drover presides was founded by his father, and is undoubtedly one of the oldest and most important concerns of its kind in the Isle of Wight. The offices are conveniently situated, and comprise a commodious suite, affording every facility for the transaction of business. Mr. Drover has long maintained a valuable and influential connection as a ship agent and broker, and has always been favourably known for his prompt and careful attention to all business entrusted to him in this department. He has also successfully developed a large commission trade in various classes of merchandise, and particularly in coal. Acting as agent for the leading collieries, he is in a position to supply steamers with the best quality of coal on the lowest current terms. Mr. Drover is also agent for Messrs. Charles Francis, Son & Co., West Medina Mill, Newport, Isle of Wight, one of the best-known firms of cement manufacturers in the south of England. Underwriting receives Mr. Drover's most careful attention, and he has distinct advantages therein as representative of some of the leading underwriters in Great Britain and the Continent. The subject of our sketch has had an unusually wide and comprehensive experience in commercial and financial transactions, and especially in shipping circles; and those who know him speak of him as a keen business man, straightforward and practical in method, and watchful of his clients’ interests, which he rightly looks upon as identical in a measure with his own. Mr. Drover consequently has the support of a capital connection, and stands high in the confidence of all with whom he has business intercourse.
Telegraphic address: “Drover, Cowes.”

R. H. MATTHEWS & SONS, GROCERS, IMPORTERS OF WINES AND SPIRITS, CORN, HAY AND STRAW MERCHANTS,
SHOOTERS’ HILL, COWES.

THIS extensive business was founded as far back as the year 1782 under the name of Johnston, and has always been carried on upon its present site. Over sixty years ago it came into the hands of the late Mr. R. H. Matthews, and under that gentleman’s very able and energetic administration the house became a leading one in its line. Its high position is fully maintained at the present day, and its name continues to be identified with goods of the finest quality, and business methods of the most honourable character. The premises, which have been partly rebuilt, are situated at Shooters’ Hill, and comprise a large and handsomely fitted double-fronted shop. Connected with the shop by speaking tubes are large stores, situated at the rear of the premises, and containing heavy reserve stocks of all goods dealt in by the firm. As general grocers, and wine and spirit merchants, Messrs. R. H. Matthews & Sons control a very extensive family trade. Besides catering to the leading families of Cowes and the district, Messrs. Matthews make a speciality of yacht stores, and give estimates for the provisioning of yachts for cruises to any part of the world. Long experience has given them many advantages in this matter, and they are well known for the accuracy and completeness with which they provide for all requirements, as well as for the superior quality of everything they supply.

The firm hold a most comprehensive stock of groceries, provisions, preserved meats, jams, tinned fruits, and all manner of specialities in comestibles suitable for home use or for the requirements of yachts. They also keep one of the best stocks of choice wines and spirits in Cowes, and are sole agents here for Raggett’s Nourishing Stout as supplied to Her Majesty the Queen. All Messrs. Matthews’ wines and spirits are selected with the greatest care from the best shippers and distillers, and before being offered for sale are matured in their own bonded stores at Medina Commercial Wharf, whence yachts and shipping going abroad can be supplied duty free. Messrs. Matthews are part proprietors and managers of this wharf, which contains large accommodation for cargoes. It is the landing place for H.M.'s troops; bonded warehouse for wet and dry goods. Large coal stores both for house and shipping. Another very important department of this fine old business is that for the supply of corn, hay, and straw, and it should also be noted that tobacco and cigars of the best makes form a considerable item in the trade of the house. Altogether the business is a thoroughly representative one, admirably organised, and sustaining its long-established reputation with unfailing vigour and efficiency. This is the result of the able manner in which Messrs. A. J. and F. W. Matthews, the present principals, have adhered to the recognised policy of the concern, and maintain the approved methods of its administration. Both are gentlemen of the best practical experience in their trade, and both give careful attention to the details of the business.

Mr. A. J. Matthews is also well known as an active and zealous County Councillor and member of the Local Board; and Mr. F. W. Matthews throws his energies into his work as a business man. As our readers are doubtless for the most part aware, Messrs. A. J. and F. W. Matthews are sons of the late Mr. R. H. Matthews, whose death, which occurred very recently, was so much regretted in the neighbourhood. The deceased gentleman was born in 1807, and was the son of Thomas Matthews, and grandson of Commander Robert Haven, R.N., who had command of the several ships of war that lay in Cowes harbour for the reception of prisoners during the long continued French war in the latter part of the last century. It was in 1832 that the late Mr. R. H. Matthews acquired the grocery business we have here briefly noticed, and he remained an active partner therein up to the time of his death, which took place, from the effects of a chill, in the present year (1894). He reached the great age of eighty-seven, and took a lively interest in business and public affairs to the last. In his younger days he figured prominently in local life, and was a member of the old Town Commissioners, a member of the Local Board of Health, a shareholder of the Commercial Wharf Company and Legal Quay, one of the founders of the Gas Company, Ferry Company, and Waterworks. For many years he represented the parish of Northwood on the Board of Guardians. He was highly esteemed as he was prominent, and his death was mourned as the loss of one who had always had the interests of the town and its people at heart, and who had done much for the prosperity of Cowes. Of his sons, the present heads of the firm, it may truly be said that they have proved themselves worthy of their father, and have displayed in all their work those habits of industry and application which were characteristic of him throughout his long career.

We may add two other items of interest to our brief account of this noted firm — (1) Messrs. Matthews were the last windmillers in Cowes, and (2) they used in former times to supply goods to Lady Blashford, who, it will be remembered, occupied the old Osborne House, prior to the acquisition of that beautiful demesne by Her Majesty the Queen, who caused to be erected the present noble mansion.

E. SLADE & SONS, FAMILY BUTCHERS, POULTERERS, AND ICE MERCHANTS,
9 & 52, HIGH STBEKT, WEST COWES.

HAVING been deemed worthy of the patronage of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and H.I.H. the Empress Eugenie, this typical business holds itself in worthy prominence among the principal purveying establishments of West Cowes. The business was organised as far back as forty years ago under the auspices of Mr. W. Slade, sen., and has since 1880 been carried on by his sons, at the two addresses, Nos. 9 & 52, High Street, West Cowes. Both shops, with their substantial fitments, always present a particularly neat and clean appearance, which tends most emphatically to enhance the inviting appearance of the stock maintained, in the form of expertly dressed carcasses, sides, joints, and cuts of meat, large supplies of country poultry and rabbits, and pure ice for refrigerating purposes, and kitchen and table use. Home-fed ox beef and wether mutton, veal and lamb in their seasons, together with choicely corned beef, prime pickled tongues, are all fully represented in the very finest condition for consumption. Messrs. E. Slade & Sons, in addition to their large, aristocratic, family connection, have also sedulously cultivated a large yachting, shipping, and hotel trade, and they continue to conduct their business in a manner and upon principles that cannot fail to preserve and even enhance the high reputation they have so long and so deservedly enjoyed.

THE GLOBE FAMILY HOTEL,
THE PARADE, WEST COWES.
PROPRIETOR: W. J. KEEPING.

THE Globe Family Hotel still maintains its prestige and position among the leading caravanserai of Cowes, and during the past twelve months has been fortified and much popularised through its passage into the hands of Mr. W. J. Keeping, as its genial and courteous proprietor. The substantial three-storied building facing the Parade commands an uninterrupted view of the Solent, and presents a singularly pleasing and attractive exterior. All that ingenuity and money can do to render the hotel comfortable has been done. There are twenty-two large, well furnished apartments in form of dining and smoke rooms, sitting-rooms, and scrupulously clean and tidy bed-chambers; while the kitchens and domestic offices are equipped strictly up-to-date. The cuisine is all that could be desired, the attendance is unexceptional; moderate charges characterise the tariff of the establishment in all respects, and under the judicious management of the host, Keeping, “The Globe” promises to sustain its past popularity in the favour of the public, as one of the most desirable of “homes away from home” to be found in the Isle of Wight.

EDWIN WAY & CO., CORN, HAY, STRAW, FLOUR, MEAL, AND SEED MERCHANTS,
38, HIGH STREET, WEST COWES.

ESTABLISHED in the year 1876, this typical business is now under the sole proprietary control of Mr. Joseph Maynard (trading as Edwin Way & Co.), whose sagacity and experience in relation to all matters connected with the corn, flour, meal, seed, and forage providing trade should win for him the liberal support of a very large and valuable local connection, strongly developed among yachts and ships, the firm supplying the Royal Yacht Squadron with all their needs and requirements in this line. Favourably located in a conspicuous position in the High Street, the spacious double-fronted shop is well fitted up with bins, &c., for containing adequate supplies of such various commodities as corn, flour, beans, and meals; toppings, pollards, and bran; Hungarian, English and American self-raising flour; corn-flour, semolina, tapioca, oatmeal, barley meal, Indian meal, &c.; potatoes, peas, haricots, split peas, &c.; linseed and linseed meal, groats and lentils; hunters’ and horse condiment, rock salt; Thorley's food and calf meal, Chapman’s Royal oils, Spratt’s biscuits and foods of all sorts; cage-bird seeds and foods, and china and glass sanitary appliances for birds; aviaries, breeding, show and other cages; reliable vegetable seeds, guano, manures, &c.; seeds for birds and poultry, dog-biscuits, &c., and hay, straw, moss, litter, and the like, the firm acting also as sole local agents for Messrs. Chapman & Son's cattle oil-cakes and Carter’s bird-seeds, &c. Messrs. Edwin Way & Co.’s resources and facilities are, indeed, of a distinctly superior character, enabling them to offer many special advantages to regular customers and large buyers, and to execute all orders, however large or urgent they may be, in a prompt and satisfactory manner. Personally, Mr. Joseph Maynard is well known and much esteemed in local and yachting circles as an enterprising, honourable and thoroughly capable business man, liberal and fair in all transactions, and well deserving of the substantial success he is achieving.

JOHN ABRAHAM, OUTFITTER, HATTER, HOSIER, AND THE NOTED LITTLE BOYS’ CLOTHIER,
WEST COWEB CLOTHING HALL, 3, SHOOTEBS HILL, WEST COWES.

MR. JOHN ABRAHAM, after many years of the soundest practical experience in all tranches of the modern clothiers' and outfitters’ trade, entered into business operations at Cowes, in the year 1887, as the proprietor of the now popular establishment known as “The West Cowes Clothing Hall.” Occupying a commanding position on Shooters Hill, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style, and displays a stock of goods, all of which have been chosen with great care and judgment; and may be accurately described as typical of stylish ready-made suits and single garments of every description for men, youths, and boys; a speciality, for which he has won a widespread and well-merited renown, being Mr. Abraham’s clothing for little boys. The stock, moreover, includes silk and felt hats, and caps; gloves and hosiery, shirts and underwear, ties, scarfs, collars, cuffs, braces, studs, and outfitting items of all kinds up-to-date; all goods being offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. For the rest, the business under Mr. Abraham’s vigorous and tactful management has grown to be immensely popular; and it is clear that Mr. Abraham spares no effort to study the best interests of his customers, and to sustain the high reputation which he now so deservedly enjoys.

NEWPORT

THIS busy municipal borough is the capital of the Isle of Wight, and is situated on the River Medina, near the centre of the island. Newport is a place of considerable historical interest, and possesses several noteworthy institutions dating from past times; among these must be mentioned the Grammar School, founded in 1612, and the endowed school for girls, which was started in 1761. the town is pleasant and attractive, with not a little agreeable quaintness in some of its features. It is a flourishing place in a commercial sense, and has railway communication with Cowes, Ryde, Sandown, and other local centres. Its position in medias res, so to speak, makes it an advantageous point from which to carry out a tour to the various places of interest in the Island, and many visitors make it their headquarters. By way of Cowes or Ryde, and thence by steamer to Portsmouth or Southampton, communication with the mainland is easy.

In a commercial sense Newport is a prosperous town, a large amount of business being necessarily transacted in supplying the requirements of a resident population of 10,216, which is, of course, greatly augmented at certain seasons of the year by the large influx of visitors from all parts of the United Kingdom. In addition to the trade of domestic supply, actively carried on by the local shops, there is a considerable commerce in such commodities as corn, malt, timber, and flour, which are exported to various quarters.

The manufacturing industries of Newport are not numerous, but some of them display a condition of much advancement, such as the brewing, milling, and brush-making trades, and there are notable firms engaged in engineering and metal working, lace and mat making, and the production of mineral waters. The surrounding districts depend largely upon Newport for their general supplies, and the principal local houses in the grocery and provision, wine and spirit, drapery and clothing, and kindred trades, have valuable and extensive connections for a good many miles round the island capital. Their business operations all impressed us as being conducted with marked ability and enterprise, and certainly the merchants and traders of Newport are in no respect behind their brethren elsewhere is those qualities of progressive energy which are the chief factors in modern commercial success.

No account of Newport, however brief, would be complete without some mention of the historic castle of Carisbrooke, of which we give an illustration. This ancient fortress is close to the town; indeed, Carisbrooke may be called a suburb of Newport, and a very charming suburb it is, with a church eight centuries old. The castle stands upon a hill, and dates from Danish times. It has been a place of great strength, and possesses a strikingly beautiful gateway. From the castle magnificent views are obtained, and within it are many features of interest to the visitor, including the rooms occupied by Charles I. when a prisoner here, the window out of which he attempted to escape, and the chamber in which the young Princess Elizabeth died, within a year after the execution of her unhappy father, the king. Another noteworthy object at Carisbrooke Castle is the ancient and remarkably deep well, the water from which is of very fine quality. Here a patient, but not too willing, donkey works a species of large treadmill, by the action of which the water is raised. The well is said to be nine hundred years old, and is over 130 feet deep. Altogether, Carisbrooke Castle is one of the most interesting monuments of the past in the Isle of Wight, and amply repays the attention of the visitor. The following articles deal with some of the representative firms of Newport, and indicate the character and extent of their various operations.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

EDWARD MORRIS, UPHOLSTERER. CABINET-MAKER, AND CARPET WAREHOUSEMAN,
28 AND 39, HIGH STREET, NEWFOKT.

No business in Newport has made greater progress in the same length of time than has that of Mr. Edward Morris during the ten years which have elapsed since its foundation. His premises at 39, High Street, Newport, comprise a commodious corner establishment with a fine frontage and a long rearward extension. Here there is every facility for carrying on such a business as that in which Mr. Morris is engaged, and the arrangements for the display of goods are excellent. As to the stock itself, it is one of the best in the Island, embracing every class of modern furniture, and showing many very attractive specialities in goods of superior design and workmanship at remarkably moderate prices. One can completely furnish a house from Mr. Morris's stock with every requisite, from the carpets and mattings to the overmantels, bedding, tapestries, and curtains, and including, of course, suites of cabinet and upholstered furniture in any desired style for every apartment, from drawing-room to bedroom. Being an actual manufacturer, Mr. Morris is in a position to ensure workmanship and material of a thoroughly reliable character. He has workshops in Mill Street, where he employs a competent staff of cabinet-makers and upholsterers, and with these resources at his command he is prepared to execute all orders with the utmost promptitude and accuracy. But Mr. Morris's characteristic enterprise has not permitted him to rest content with the successful development of this one business. Some eighteen months ago he built the extensive premises at 28, High Street, Newport, which he now occupies as a glass and china warehouse. This is a fine three-storey establishment, with a splendid shop 50 feet long, and spacious store-rooms at the rear. The shop is literally packed with goods from floor to ceiling, and the display is beautiful and interesting, there being here a most comprehensive stock of fictile wares of every kind, both decorative and utilitarian. We noticed many new and handsome designs in dinner, dessert, breakfast, and tea services, in all the fashionable and artistic tints and colouring! now in vogue; and Mr. Morris makes a brilliant show of English, Belgium, and Bohemian glassware in infinite variety. He also displays a choice assortment of art pottery, and has developed a business which, for completeness of organisation and thorough advancement, is highly creditable to the town, as well as to himself, as its proprietor and director.

In addition to all this, Mr. Morris has added a department for portmanteaus, travelling trunks, hand-bags, writing-desks, work-boxes, and toys of every description, and he holds a stock of these goods which embraces everything that is new and noteworthy in the several lines mentioned. He also has a branch establishment at 9, Birmingham Road, West Cowes, where business is conducted upon the same comprehensive lines as at Newport. Mr. Morris also holds at his Universal Stores an extensive stock of ironmongery, including brass and iron kerbs and fenders, fire brasses and irons, Oxford hip baths, galvanised and wrought-iron goods, cutlery, electro-plated goods, kitchen utensils in copper and iron, brushes, brooms, mats, &c. He has been entrusted with orders from, and regularly supplies, the officers of regiments stationed at Parkhurst, and also the escort to Her Majesty at East Cowes Barracks.

From what we have said concerning his extensive commercial undertakings it will readily be understood that Mr. Morris is an exceedingly busy man. The demands of his widespread connection make exacting calls upon his time and energy, especially as he is a firm believer in the importance of personally supervising all the details of his trade. Nevertheless, he has found opportunity to render useful public service at Newport, where he takes a keen interest in all local affairs. He is a Guardian of the Poor, and was for six years a member of the Town Council. Both in public life and in business, Mr. Morris is much respected for his straightforward methods, whereby he has gained the confidence of the community.

WOOD & HORSPOOL, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL IRONMONGERS, HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT MAKERS, ETC,
114, PYLE STIET, NEWPORT.

AMONG the representative business houses of Newport this large ironmongery establishment is at once one of the oldest and one of the most prominent. Its history dates from the year 1760, and it is generally regarded as the leading house of its kind in the town. The present title has been borne since 1882, but Mr. Horspool is lately deceased, and the present partners are Mr. Arthur Wood and Mr. E. H. Tame, the latter having taken Mr. Horspool’s place. At the above address in Pyle Street, Messrs. Wood & Horspool (as the firm is still styled) occupy very commodious premises, having a frontage of about 75 feet. The stock is remarkably attractive and comprehensive, embracing every description of goods pertaining to the modern ironmongery trades. The firm make a leading feature of household ironmongery, particularly in the shape of new and artistic designs in goods for furnishing purposes; and they have a splendid display of chandeliers, grates, tiled hearths, fenders, &c. One portion of the premises is devoted to this class of goods, together with what is termed “general ironmongery,” while the remainder is set apart for heavy goods, agricultural implements, &c.

The furnishing department is replete with every description of metal ware which enters into the equipment of a modern house, including both decorative and utilitarian articles, and also a large variety of domestic machinery of a labour-saving kind. The latest improvements are shown in ranges, gas-fittings, &c., and it is evident that Messrs. Wood & Horspool are in a position to execute from stock at the shortest notice all orders for furnishing requirements, from a service of the finest electro-plate to the varied items of a complete kitchen outfit. In all manner of builders' and general ironmongery their stock is equally complete, while in the department of agricultural implements and horticultural engineering they have manifestly made special provision to meet the largest and most varied requirements. As to the character of their goods in this latter connection, it will suffice to say that they are sole agents here for such celebrated firms as Messrs. Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies, Ipswich; Messrs. J. & F. Howard, Bedford; Messrs. R. Hornsby & Sons, Grantham; Messrs. R. Hunt & Co., Earl's Colne; and Messrs. Samuelson & Co., Banbury.

At the rear of their premises, Messrs. Wood & Horspool have spacious and well equipped works, where they employ a numerous staff in the manufacture of entrance-gates, hurdles, palisadings, strained wire fencing, &c., and are agents for the best and most renowned makers of portable and fixed steam-engines, threshing-machines, &c., for all of which they have a large sale and a high reputation. They also deal in guns, revolvers, ammunition, and other sporting requisites, and execute orders for bell-hanging, electric-light fitting, sanitary work of all descriptions, &c. Oils and colours form another feature of the firm's trade, which, it will be seen, is thoroughly exhaustive of the important branch of commerce to which it appertains, nothing being omitted from it which could properly be classed as or with ironmongery. In every instance (unless made by themselves) Messrs. Wood & Horspool's goods are selected from the best sources of supply. All orders are executed with the utmost promptitude, and skilled workmen are kept in readiness to proceed anywhere at. a moment’s notice to carry out the instructions of customers. They hold a Royal Appointment to Her Majesty the Queen, granted in 1891, and enjoy the support of a widespread and influential connection in Newport and all parts of the Isle of Wight.

A. C. WHITTOME & CO., ENGINEERS, MILLWRIGHTS, IRONFOUNDERS, SMITHS, &c.
VECTIS IRONWORKS, ORCHARD STREET, NEWPORT.

THIS large and important business ranks as one of the leading industrial concerns of Newport, and was founded upwards of a hundred years ago. For a long period it was carried on by the firm of Messrs. Way & Minns, but for the past twelve months the present title has been borne, Mr. A. C. Whittome being the principal. The Vectis Ironworks, as the firm's premises are called, cover a large area of ground, and comprise iron and brass foundries, smiths’ shops, erecting shops, and all the incidental departments of a large modern engineering works, and are fully equipped with the best and most improved machinery for every purpose of the industry engaged in. Messrs. Whittome devote special attention to the manufacture of plant for mills, cement works, gas works, and breweries, and are highly successful in this class of work, their machinery being characterised by many valuable features of improvement. Other productions for which the Vectis Ironworks are now especially noted, include agricultural implements, steam, oil, and gas engines, boilers, windmills, water-wheels, turbines, pumps, rams, lifts, tanks, water mains, pulleys, shafting, gearing, &c. All these are either supplied new, or repaired, and in every instance the work turned out is of a very superior character. Messrs. Whittome hold a large and comprehensive stock of engineers’ and general mechanical sundries, and are usually able to execute orders without the least delay. Agricultural implements are among their specialities, and they have the beet facilities for executing repairs to all kinds of farm machinery, &c., with economy and despatch. Their well-equipped foundries also enable them to turn out iron and brass castings of every description to order. Milling engines and plant, and well-work in all its branches may perhaps be regarded as the most prominent features of this large and well-organised business. Messrs. Whittome are sole agents in the Isle of Wight for Crossley’a celebrated oil engines, and are district agents for Messrs. Wallis & Stevens, the noted agricultural implement makers, of Basingstoke. A large staff of hands is employed, and the firm control a widespread trade. Mr. Whittome fully maintains the reputation of the concern, and conducts it upon lines calculated to greatly enhance its prestige in the trade.

THE VECTIS STEAM WHEEL AND WAGGON WORKS.
PROPRIETOR: MR. JAMES GUY, SENR.
OFFICES:— 162, LOWER HIGH STREET, NEWPORT, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THESE notable works were started as far back as the year 1850 by their present respected proprietor, Mr. James Guy, senr., whose name has thus, for over forty years, been associated with the wheel and waggon trade at Newport. The works are situated close to the railway viaduct, taking in several of the arches of that structure, and having offices which front upon High Street. They cover a considerable area of ground, and are admirably appointed for the purposes of the trade carried on — the smithy, machine shop, waggon-building shop, and other departments being equipped with every appliance to facilitate the progress of the industry. In the machine shop wo were particularly struck with an invention of Mr. Guy’s for cutting the tongues of spokes. By this clever apparatus the spokes of an entire wheel can be cut in the very short space of three minutes, and with a great saving of labour. Another of Mr. Guy’s inventions is also in use here, viz., a contrivance for wheel binding, by which the necessity of hammering the tyre on to the wheel is quite obviated, and better results are obtained. These appliances indicate the thought and study Mr. Guy has brought to bear upon his industry, every department of which is conducted in a manner tending towards continuous progress and improvement. We believe that Sir. Guy was the first builder to turn out spring vans and light spring trolleys, and these have always been a noted speciality of his works, as also are all kinds of waggons and tradesmen's carts, in which he combines the merits of strength, lightness, and neat appearance in a marked degree, and are made from thoroughly dry-seasoned timber. All Mr. Guy’s work is favourably known for superior finish, as well as for solidity, and he maintains his reputation in these respects by careful personal supervision. Repairs of every description are carefully carried out, and having an efficient staff of skilled workmen in his employ, Mr. Guy is in a position to execute all orders entrusted to him with promptitude and satisfaction to his customers. His work can always be relied upon, and his prices are the lowest, consistent with good quality — two circumstances that have won for him the support and confidence of a large and valuable connection.

C. J. DASHWOOD, CARISBROOKE BREWERY,
NEWPORT.

THE Carisbrooke Brewery has been since 1878 in the possession of Mr. C. J. Dashwood, who has pursued a very enterprising and successful policy since he assumed the proprietorship. Mr. Dashwood’s first move was to bring the brewery “up-to-date,” and to place it upon a footing enabling it to hold its own against the keen competition prevailing in the trade. To this end he considerably enlarged the premises and fitted them with much new plant and apparatus. Subsequent improvements have increased the general efficiency, and the brewery is now second to none in point of equipment and working organisation. No effort has been spared to bring everything into line with modern ideas, and the result of Mr. Dashwood's enterprise is seen in the excellent quality and character of his products. The brewing department is under the supervision of an expert; the best selected malt and hops are used, together with water of good quality, and the beers turned out will compare favourably with any produced in this part of the country for purity, brilliancy, and fine flavour. In mild and bitter ales Mr. Dashwood is particularly successful, and his double stout is also an article meriting high commendation. Any of the Carisbrooke Brewery beers are delivered free of carriage throughout the island, and the prices are subject to » discount of five per cent, for cash within one month of delivery, when the delivery is made by the firm's own vans. In connection with the brewery there is a well-equipped public bar, and a large trade is also conducted in wines and spirits, which are carefully selected, and of a character commensurate with the high standard of merit maintained in the matter of malt liquors. Mr. Dashwood has a very extensive and valuable family and general connection in Newport and many other parts of the Isle of Wight, and there are several well-known houses belonging to, and exclusively supplied by, the Carisbrooke Brewery. Without neglecting his business (which receives his constant personal supervision), Mr. Dashwood has found time to play an active and useful part in local public life, and he is a diligent and useful member of both the Newport Town Council and the County Council of the Isle of Wight.

FRANK COOPER, GRANITE, MARBLE, AND STONE MONUMENTAL MASON, AND SCULPTOR,
SHOW-ROOMS AND WORKS: 44, ST. JAMES' STREET, NEWPORT.

THE important and interesting art industry of the monumental sculptor and mason is carried on in all its branches at Newport by Mr. Frank Cooper, who has been established here since 1876. Originally, Mr. Cooper occupied premises in Union Street, but about eight years ago he removed to his present address in St. James’ Street. He turns out every description of monumental and architectural sculpture in granite, marble, Portland and other stones. In all cases his productions are characterised by artistic design and faultless workmanship, and he is prepared to submit photographs to guide his customers in their selection, or to carry out special designs to order in any style or material. Memorials are, of course, a speciality of the establishment, and these are produced in the greatest variety of designs to suit any requirement, and are fixed in all parts of the Kingdom, distance being no object. Monuments are skilfully restored, old inscriptions re-cut, and new ones engraved. Mr. Cooper submits estimates and sketches free of charge for all monumental work, and is prepared to carry out his patrons' instructions with absolute accuracy in the shortest possible time. He has gained the full confidence of a widespread and influential connection, and has recently sent off a fine piece of memorial work to Gibraltar. Mr. Cooper is a thorough master of his art, and a sound business man as well. His establishment at Newport is well worth a visit, and those who inspect the show-rooms will note among the many features of interest there exhibited a choice assortment of wreaths and crosses, beautifully wrought in artificial flowers, of which Mr. Cooper always keeps a select stock.

J. E. SNELLGROVE & SON, PLUMBERS, GLAZIERS, HOUSE DECORATORS,
67 & 68, UPPER ST. JAMES' STREET, NEWPORT, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THE large business here carried on was founded in 1852 by Mr. J. E. Snellgrove, who afterwards took his son, Mr. A. J. Snellgrove, into partnership. These two gentlemen constitute the firm at the present time, and both take a very active part in the administration of its affairs. The firm’s premises present what is, to our mind, the prettiest and most Attractive frontage in the town. Connected with the shop are roomy workshops, well appointed with every facility and appliance for the practical departments of the trade. Messrs. Snellgrove deal very extensively in paperhangings, and claim to have the largest stock of these goods in the Island. They certainly show a most attractive and varied assortment, which seldom falls below an average of twenty thousand pieces, and which always includes the newest and most artistic patterns, offering a wide range of choice at all prices. The firm also stock everything essential to the other branches of their trade, including the latest designs in gas-fittings, plumbers’ requisites and sanitary appliances, baths, lamps, oils, paints, dry colours, varnishes, brushes, and every description of plain and fancy glass for glaziers’ work. They carry out all orders for plumbing, gas-fitting, glazing and decorating in the best style, and with the utmost promptitude and judicious economy, devoting special attention to sanitary plumbing, for which they are specially qualified. In each department first-class workmen are employed, including a decorative artist of special skill and ability, and experienced men can be sent to any part of the island on short notice. Messrs. Snellgrove have obtained the large and important contract for painting and decorating the new asylum now in course of erection — a proof of the confidence in which they are held. They are sole agents for “Duresco,” an excellent patent distemper for walls, &c.; and Mr. A. J. Snellgrove is agent for the Scottish Union and National Fire and Life Insurance Companies, and sole agent for the Vectis Plate-Glass Insurance Company. Both the principals of this firm are locally well known and popular, and stand high in the esteem of a large and valuable connection. The senior partner was, for thirty-one years, a prominent figure in public life at Newport—eighteen years as a Town Councillor, and two years as Alderman; and he only withdrew from this sphere of activity on account of ill-health, which prevented him discharging the duties of office with his wonted energy and diligence.

MR. THOMAS JENKINS, BUILDER AND CONTRACTOR, ETC; SLATE AND CEMENT MERCHANT, MONUMENTAL AND GENERAL MASON,
49, UPPER ST. JAMES' STREET, NEWPORT.

THE business now presided over by Mr. Thomas Jenkins, builder and contractor, and slate, cement, &c., merchant, monumental and general mason, has been prominently before the public since 1826, and has been in the possession of the present proprietor for the last fifteen years. Mr. Jenkins is a man of wide experience and has succeeded in raising his house to a position of eminence it never before occupied. The headquarters of the firm are at 49, Upper St. James' Street, and comprise well-appointed private and general offices, together with workshops, sheds, and extensive yards in Orchard Street and on the Town Quay. A large staff of bricklayers, masons, joiners, carpenters, plumbers, slaters, plasterers, &c., is employed, and every department is kept in the highest state of efficiency. Extensive stocks are held of slates, cement, lime, stoneware goods, fire goods, whiting, laths, hair, plaster, tiles, paving-stones, sanitary appliances, &c., and a glance at these supplies is enough to convince the observer of the fact that a business of more than common importance is being carried on here. The character of his work is well-known and can be thoroughly relied upon. The extensive resources at his command enable him to carry out whatever he undertakes in a prompt and efficient manner. Several of the local contracts have been secured by him, amongst which may be mentioned the building of the Jubilee Clock Tower, Schools, and the New Swan Hotel, additions to the Literary Society, &c.

As a merchant in slate, cement, and other building materials, he supplies the best class of goods procurable, and has always on hand ample stores to meet all emergencies. Being the sole agent for Messrs. J. Bayley White Bros., the well-known cement manufacturers, he can offer their specialities in large or small quantities. Mr. Jenkins is also doing a large business as a monumental mason, and in his spacious show-room may be seen a first-class collection of tombs, head-stones, crosses, monuments, tablets, fountains, and every description of sculptured work. In this, as in other departments, a splendid connection is maintained, and the satisfaction being given is plainly indicated in the constant increase in the transactions. Mr. Jenkins is controlling his business with admirable energy and a careful consideration of the wants and wishes of patrons, and he commands, as he deserves, the respect and esteem of all who come into relationship with him.
Telegrams should be addressed, “Jenkins, Newport, Wight.”

WHEELER & HURST, IRON AND BRASS FOUNDERS AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT MANUFACTURERS,
33, HOLYROOD STREET, AND 3, SEA STREET, NEWPORT, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THIS important industrial concern was founded in the year 1859 by Mr. C. Wheeler, who was joined about three years ago by Mr. W. Hurst, the present firm name being then adopted. The business carried on is a large and comprehensive one, and the premises occupied in Holyrood Street are devoted to the purposes of offices and show-rooms, to which they are admirably adapted, having been at one time a church, and being therefore very spacious and commodious. The stock held in these show-rooms embraces a great variety of iron wares, such as panel- fences, gates, railings, sash weights, furnace bars, drag-shoes, bakers’ oven works, forge backs and troughs, and all kinds of kitcheners, ranges, stoves, &c. Besides these goods there is a large display of machinery specially adapted for agricultural requirements, and including steam and horse power chaff-cutters, corn and other mills, horse-gears, corn and seed separators, corn-dressing machines, turnip cutters, root pulpers, harrows, etc., etc. In all such machinery as the above, Messrs. Wheeler & Hurst show valuable improvements, increasing the utility and durability of the article, and rendering it additionally serviceable to the farming community. The same may be said of all this firm’s manufactures, and particularly of their kitcheners, stoves, and similar apparatus, which embody many new and excellent features. Messrs. Wheeler & Hurst's works are in Sea Street, and are of considerable extent. The various workshops are fully equipped with the most effective appliances for their several purposes. The iron and brass foundries are very efficiently organised, and the firm are in a position to turn out castings of every description to order on the shortest notice. Employment is given to a numerous staff of hands, and these works are kept constantly busy by the demands of Messrs. Wheeler & Hurst’s extensive trade. Besides supplying their own manufactures to a wide circle of customers, this firm are sole agents here for H. Bamford & Son’s agricultural implements, and are also agents for several other well-known and highly reputed manufacturers of farm machinery and appliances. The business is ably and energetically conducted under the personal supervision of the experienced principals, and is one of the leading concerns in Newport, Isle of Wight.

DABELL & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL GLASS AND CHINA MERCHANTS,
57A, HIGH STREET, NEWPORT.

IN connection with the glass and china trade of the Isle of Wight, there is no house that is possessed of a higher reputation than that of Messrs. Dabell & Co., who formed the nucleus of their extensive wholesale and retail business five years ago. Messrs. Dabell & Co. act as the accredited local agents for most of the principal British and Foreign manufacturers of glass, china, earthenware and kindred goods; and in their spacious double-fronted showroom and warehouses maintain an enormous up-to-date stock of goods, conspicuous amongst which may be seen many recherché examples of fashionable breakfast, dinner, tea, toilet and other sets; vases and art pottery, &c., bearing the celebrated marks of Royal Worcester, Crown Derby, Copeland, Minton, Wedgwood, Sevres, Limoges, Doulton, Dresden and other wares, together with fine cut and engraved table, and ornamental, plain and coloured glass, and useful stoneware, earthenware, and the like. A special department, which the firm have sedulously cultivated, and in which they do the largest business on the Island, consists in the hiring out of glass and china for public banquets, balls, &c., at reasonable rules: they being prepared, at the shortest notice, to supply goods for a complete change of five hundred covers at table at a time. Messrs. Dabell & Co.’s resources and facilities are indeed of a distinctly superior character, enabling them to execute all orders in a prompt and satisfactory manner; and their house stands high in the estimation of a very large and widespread connection.

THE SWAN HOTEL,
PROPRIETOR: MR. JAMES KERFOOT,
HIGH STREET, NEWPORT.

THIS well-known and highly-esteemed family and commercial hotel has been established since 1643, and is one of the oldest hostelries in the Isle of Wight. In days before the railway came it was the principal posting house in Newport, and even now its posting business is a very valuable one. Mr. James Kerfoot, the present proprietor, bought the freehold a few years ago, and entirely rebuilt it, making it one of the best hotels in the island for commodiousness and excellence of appointment. The building in its new form is a lofty and handsome four-storey building fronting on High Street, and extending a long way to the rear. It contains upwards of twenty-two rooms, comprising dining, drawing, smoking, billiard, and commercial stock-rooms, and in all cases the furnishings are of the most appropriate character, everything being provided to ensure the comfort of guests. The billiard-hall is one of the finest in the South of England, measuring twenty-five feet by sixty-five feet, and containing three tables by Burroughes & Watts, with all accessories and fittings of the best description. We believe that the “Swan” is the only hotel in Newport which has a complete arrangement of hot and cold-water baths, and this “modern convenience,” we need hardly say, is greatly appreciated by visitors. There is a well eighty-five feet deep connected with the hotel, holding ten thousand gallons of water and overflowing from four hundred to five hundred gallons daily. The house also has a reputation for the excellence of its cuisine, and for the efficient and courteous attendance furnished by its well-trained staff of servants. There is a perfectly fitted bar, at which wines and spirits, malt liquors, cigars, &c., all of the choicest quality, may be obtained. First-class stabling, loose boxes, and lock-up coachhouses are also notable features of this establishment, and there is a carriage drive back and front. Mr. Kerfoot personally superintends everything connected with this old and noted hotel, which, under his able direction, has secured an increased share of the influential and desirable patronage it has enjoyed for many years past.

ALBERT MIDLANE, FURNISHING IRONMONGER, GAS-FITTER, LOCKSMITH, &c.,
29, UPPER ST. JAMES’ STREET, NEWPORT.

MR. ALBERT MIDLANE has been established in Newport for upwards of forty-four years, and has during the whole time occupied the same premises, 29, Upper St. James' Street. The establishment is capitally located in a conspicuous corner position, and the windows always display an extensive and attractive selection of ironmongery goods. The interior comprises shop and storerooms and is well appointed with every description of goods belonging to this class of trade. Mr. Midlane gives the business the full benefit of his close personal attention, and his stocks are large and comprehensive, comprising the best class of articles procured from the best-known and most eligible sources. They include general and furnishing ironmongery, carpenters’, masons', and joiners’ tools in great variety; lamps, brackets, chandeliers, ranges, cooking stoves, tin goods of every description; cutlery from the leading Sheffield houses; brushes, and all kinds of kitchen and dairy utensils. There are besides ample stores of benzoline, paraffin and colza oils, and pitch, tar resin, and glue. The house holds the agency for Willcox and Gibbs’ Silent Sewing Machine, and also for Strange's A 1 Crystal Oil.

This firm do the largest trade on the Island in paraffin oil, which is sent round in their own vans to customers all over the Island, and they were the first to introduce this system, over twenty years ago. Mr. Midlane is the largest tin-plate worker in Newport, and has well-appointed works in another part of the town, where a numerous body of workmen is employed. All kinds of repairs are taken in hand and carried out promptly and satisfactorily. Water is laid on, pipes and taps put in order, gas-fittings erected, and bells hung by experienced operatives. By supplying only the best class of goods, and executing all orders in an efficient and thoroughly business-like manner, a widespread and valuable connection is being maintained. Mr. Midlane is well-known in the district, and everywhere held in respect for his upright and honourable methods of dealing. He is a gentleman of culture and literary taste, and is the author of “There’s a Friend for Little Children,” which has been translated into almost every language in every children's hymn-book over the world; “Elizabeth Stuart, the Faded Flower of Carisbrooke Castle,” and of “The Days we Still Remember, or the Robin of the Chine,” which contains many interesting reminiscences of Leigh Richmond and his “Annals of the Poor.” In addition to many other equally interesting poetical and prose compositions, several of which have received the notice and approval of Royalty, may be mentioned his “Catechism of Carisbrooke Castle,” his “Vecta Garland,” “Leaves from Olivet,” &c.

ARNELL BROTHERS, THE WATER AND STEAM ROLLER MILLS,
NEWPORT.

THE great advantages of the “roller system” in its best form are strikingly exemplified at the large mills of Messrs. Arnell Brothers, who have been established at Newport upwards of half-a-century. This firm have always moved with the times, whenever so doing meant progress of a valuable nature, and they have always been among the first to recognise and adopt new methods which have emerged successfully from the test of practical experience. As a result, their mills are equipped to-day with the most powerful and effective roller plant and accessory machinery known in the milling trade, and the latest improvements have been adopted in each department with eminently satisfactory effect. The aim of the firm is to conduct all processes at the highest rate of speed consistent with excellence. The corn ground by Messrs. Arnell Brothers is of the choicest growth and is obtained direct from the principal sources of supply at home and abroad. This material being ground and dressed according to the best methods now prevailing in the trade, a flour of distinct superiority is the result. For this flour, in its several grades (adapted to different requirements), and for all the secondary products of their industry, Messrs. Arnell Brothers have a very large sale, their connections extending all over the Isle of Wight and the neighbouring mainland. The business is admirably organised in every respect, and, with the ample resources of production they possess, Messrs. Arnell Brothers are enabled to execute all orders with the greatest promptitude. They have excellent delivery arrangements by means of their own vans, and supply the varied requirements of their large clientele in a manner that meets with high approval.

Mr. W. T. Arnell is now the sole principal of this important concern, and personally superintends all its operations. He takes a deep interest in the volunteer movement and is himself an active and popular officer, being captain of “E” Company in the local corps. Captain Arnell is a well-known figure at the annual meetings of the National Rifle Association at Bisley, where he has won important prizes, and has on four occasions been selected as a member of the English Twenty to shoot for the National Challenge Trophy.
The firm's telegraphic address is “Arnell, Newport, Wight.”

W. GUBBINS & SON, BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, PIANOFORTE AND MUSIC WAREHOUSE,
43, HIGH STREET, NEWPORT.

THIS large and important business has been established upwards of half a century, and enjoys the support of a widespread and valuable connection in and around Newport. It was formerly, for many years, carried on as J. & W. Gubbins, but that title has now been replaced by the firm name of W. Gubbins & Son. The premises are situated in a very favourable position in High Street, and, being double-fronted, they possess two handsome show-windows, which always contain a fine display of the firm’s specialities in the book, stationery, and music trades. The appointments are excellent, and the arrangement of the large and comprehensive stock is thoroughly conducive to the convenient transaction of business. Messrs. W. Gubbins & Son keep a full range of everything in the shape of commercial, general and fancy stationery, besides books, and stationers' sundries in the greatest variety; and they show one of the best selections of British and foreign fancy articles in the town, comprising many attractive novelties in leather and brass goods, writing-desks, work-boxes, etc., etc. The firm are sole agents here for the Ordnance Survey maps, and always have a stock of these on hand. In addition to the stationery trade, they conduct one of the leading local businesses in music and musical instruments. A very extensive stock of pianofortes, harmoniums, American organs, violins, flutes, and other musical instruments is on view in the warehouse, and these may be had upon the most liberal terms for cash, or on the three years’ system if desired. Second-hand instruments are also available at greatly reduced prices. All the best makers of pianofortes, etc., are represented, and all the general routine of a large musical instrument business is attended to, including repairs and tunings. Every accessory for instruments is also supplied, and the firm do a large and constantly increasing trade in sheet music. This stock is always being added to and replenished, and all new music is sold at half the marked price. Altogether, great enterprise and sound practical knowledge are displayed in the administration of this old-established business, and the firm retain the confidence of the public by their straightforward methods and unfailing promptitude in the execution of orders.

SAMUEL GUY, CORN, SEED, AND FLOUR MERCHANT, LID,
115 PYLE STREET, NEWPORT.

AS the centre of a very large and important farming and agricultural district, the town of Newport is peculiarly well adapted as a locus from whence to control a brisk business in corn, seeds, and kindred commodities, and in this connection the trade finds no abler representative than Mr. Samuel Guy, who formed the nucleus of his extensive wholesale and retail business in Pyle Street, as far back as eight-and-twenty years ago. Occupying a conspicuous position, the spacious shop is substantially fitted with bins and other fixtures, and ample storage accommodation for the maintenance of an enormous stock of carefully selected produce in the way of household and other flours, meals, &c., corn, barley, oats, beans and other farinaceous seeds, all manner of agricultural seeds of tested germinating power and special strains; hay and straw, Thorley's food and spice for cattle, bird seed and poultry foods, dog biscuits and the like. Mr. Guy’s resources and facilities are, indeed, of a distinctly superior character, enabling him to offer many special advantages to both regular customers and large buyers, and to execute all orders, however large or urgent they may be, in a prompt and satisfactory manner, and his house stands high in the estimation of a very large local and rural connection, by reason of the moderation of his prices, and the sound methods characteristic of his business transactions.

A. W. ABRAHAM & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PORK PURVEYORS,
98 & 99, UPPER ST. JAMES' STREET, NEWPORT.

ESTABLISHED as far back as the year 1852 by a Mr. Sheath, this thriving business was acquired some four years ago by Mr. A. W. Abraham, and under his able administration has been strengthened and expanded into one of the most important concerns of its kind in the island. Occupying a conspicuous position in Upper St. James' Street, and supplemented by a detached slaughter-house and curing department, the spacious double-fronted shop, with its adjoining office, modern fitments, and hygienic appointments, always presents a singularly clean and wholesome appearance, which tends most emphatically to enhance the inviting character of the abundant stock there effectively displayed. Only Isle of Wight meat is sold, the animals being slaughtered, dressed, cured, and otherwise treated by a staff of experts, to be offered to the public and trade in form of fine dairy-fed carcases, prime home-cured hams, bacon, chaps, &c., refined lard, and genuine all-meat pork sausages, freshly made day by day. Mr. Abraham's principles of business may be summed up in but a few words. He has always made it a hard and fast rule to supply meat of one quality only, viz. the best; to fix his charges according to the fluctuations of the market at the lowest, and to execute all orders in a prompt and satisfactory manner, by the employment of a staff of thoroughly efficient assistants, and it is doubtless largely due to a knowledge of these facts that his house has become so widely popular, and that such an extensive and thriving business has been developed.

EDWARD J. AIRS, LADIES’ AND GENTLEMEN’S TAILOR,
46, PYLE STREET, NEWPORT.

THE higher branches of ladies’ and gentlemen’s tailoring find an able representative in the person of Mr. Edward J. Airs, who organised his present prosperous business over seventeen years ago. The premises occupy a conspicuous position, and the spacious shop is handsomely appointed throughout, effectively displaying a particularly large and varied stock of all the best and most fashionable of tailoring fabrics and materials for the current season; together with silk and felt hats and caps, hosiery and gloves, shirts and underwear, ties, scarfs, and outfitting items of every description. In his executive department, Mr. Airs, himself an expert practical tailor and scientific cutter, is valuably assisted by a picked staff of skilled and experienced craftsmen for the production of gentlemen’s fashionable attire; and he has won quite a special reputation for his skill in the department of ladies’ tailoring; he has sedulously cultivated a large connection among the principal families resident in Newport, and his house stands high in their estimation, as much by reason of the exceptional excellence of his work, as for the moderation of his charges. Mr. Airs, it may further be mentioned, takes a deep and beneficial interest in all matters musical, and is now the popular secretary of the Newport Orchestral Society.

FRANCIS A. CORY, DISPENSING & FAMILY CHEMIST,
132, HIGH STREET, NEWPORT.

THIS is probably the oldest established pharmacy in the Isle of Wight, having been in the hands of the Cory family for fully a century, and the present proprietor, Mr. Francis A. Cory, ably maintains the reputation of the house as a first-class concern. Handsome and commodious premises are occupied, and the windows of the well-appointed double-fronted shop are rendered highly attractive by the choice display of goods they contain. The stock is very comprehensive, and includes everything essential to the modern chemist's trade in the shape of pure drugs and pharmaceutical requisites, together with proprietary articles, toilet preparations, surgical appliances, &c., all of undoubted excellence and reliability. Amongst these various articles are many specialities with which Mr. Cory’s name is associated. He issues a list of these, explaining their nature and properties, but limits of space oblige us to refrain from more than the mere mention of some of the most important, such as Cory’s Althaean Cough Elixir, Cory’s celebrated Corn Cure, Cory’s Little Sugar-coated Granules, Cory’s Effervescing Fruit Saline, Cory’s Restorative Hair Wash, Spring and Autumn Medicine, Hop Tonic Bitters, Quinine and Iron Tonic, Stomach and Liver Pills, Toothache Essence, Chilblain Liniment, and Nervine Tonic Pills — all of which have worthily established themselves in public favour.

This establishment is a depot for photographic chemicals of all kinds at London prices, and foreign natural mineral waters, aerated waters, horse and cattle medicines, sheep dip and farm requisites are also largely supplied. All proprietary articles are sold at makers’ prices for cash, and many preparations of a useful nature may be had here at prices very much lower than those charged for articles of similar composition manufactured out of the Island. Mr. Cory is an Associate of the Pharmaceutical Society, and personally superintends the business in all its details. The dispensing department is a very special feature, and has for years past enjoyed the patronage of the local medical faculty, as well as of the principal families resident in the town and district. In this connection none but the finest drugs and chemicals are employed, and the greatest care is taken to compound them in accordance with the prescriber’s intentions. The scale of charges is arranged at the lowest rate consistent with the use of the purest articles, and travellers from abroad may be glad to know that Mr. Cory prepares the prescriptions of foreign physicians according to the formulae of their respective countries. He is also specially-appointed agent for Cowley's celebrated Pills and Rheumatic Embrocation.

E. & M. BEACH. HAIRDRESSERS. PERFUMERS, WIG MAKERS, STATIONERS, AND DEALERS IN FANCY GOODS,
48, HIGH STBEET, NEWPORT.

TONSORIAL art finds a capable representative in the person of Mr. F. Beach, the present sole proprietor of a business which was organised over half-a-century ago by the late Mr. W. Beach. The spacious shop is elegantly appointed throughout, and displays a various assortment of high-class goods, composed of many beautiful examples of fashionable coiffeurs, wigs, fronts, scalps, scalpettes, fringes, &c., and all kinds of ornamental hair work made up on the premises, together with a splendid series of Mr. Beach's celebrated preparations for the hair, and a particuarly fine assortment of combs, brushes, sponges, soaps, razors, perfumes, and choice toilet requisites and articles de luxe of a kindred character. Mr. Beach, moreover, holds a very large but select stock of fashionable stationery and stationers' requisites, artistic fans, fancy glass and china, and fancy goods of every kind in leather, wood, metal, ivory, &c., most suitable for wedding and birthday presents, and they probably hold the largest stock of fancy goods on the Island. His hairdressing saloon is replete with every modern improvement and appliance; and here he operates in every branch of ladies' and gentlemen's hairdressing, and undertakes his specialty in ornamental hair-making. Moderate in his charges, and exhibiting exceptional skill in all departments of his work, Mr. Beach has won the full confidence of a very large yet select clientele, and with regard to the present condition of his business it may be stated that all its characteristics are those of a house whose nature has been influenced, and whose methods have been formed, by a constant connection with an essentially superior class of trade.

BROWN BROS., BUTCHERS,
HIGH STREET, NEWPORT.

THE purveying of fresh meat of exclusively the best quality, finds able representation at the hands of Messrs. G. W. & D. Brown, the proprietors of a business which they jointly formed in the year 1883. Mr. G. W. Brown — who it may be mentioned, inter alia, is an enthusiastic sportsman, and noted as the possessor of the finest breed of shooting spaniels on the island — and his brother, Mr. D. Brown, are both of one mind in so far as the value of perfect ventilation and sanitary measures is concerned, and their spacious shop, with its tiled walls and neat appointments throughout, tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant stock displayed. Home-fed ox beef and wether mutton, house lamb and veal, in their respective seasons, together with prime pickled tongues, and choicely corned beef, are all fully represented in the very finest condition for consumption, and are all offered for sale at the lowest current market prices. Families are waited upon daily for orders and all commands are promptly and carefully delivered by the staff of polite and attentive assistants; and it is clear that both partners strive to do their utmost, not only to sustain, but to steadily enhance the high reputation which they now so deservedly enjoy.

E. F. WRAY, WATCHMAKER AND JEWELLER,
124, HIGH STREET, NEWPORT.

PRACTICAL horology and the kindred crafts of the modern working jeweller, silversmith, and scientific optician find an able exponent in the person of Mr. E. F. Wray, who, at the fall of the year 1893, acquired the thriving business which had previously been carried on in the High Street for a period of about thirty years. Occupying a conspicuous position, the shop is elegantly appointed throughout, and displays a varied stock of goods. Gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture, including the celebrated Waterbury watches, for which Mr. Wray acts as the local agent; clocks and timepieces of every description, together with artistic bronzes and articles de vertu; fashionable gold, silver, and gem jewellery, and fancy bijouterie; sterling silver and electro-plated ware; spectacles and eye-glasses to suit all sights; opera and field glasses, barometers, thermometers, and optical instruments of every kind are all well represented up to date. In his executive department, Mr. Wray, as a practical expert, undertakes the cleaning and repairing of watches and clocks, plate and jewellery, with economy, efficiency, and despatch; and his house stands high in the estimation of a very large and widespread town and countryside connection by reason of the sound methods and honourable principles which always characterise its business transactions.

J. E. COLE & CO., FAMILY GROCERS AND PROVISION MERCHANTS,
THE CASH SUPPLY STOBES, 106, HIGH STREET, NEWPORT, ISLE OF WIGHT.

ESTABLISHED over thirty years ago, this representative grocery and provision supply store was acquired some three years since by Messrs. J. E. Cole & Co., who have so far expanded the business that it now ranks high among the principal trading concerns of Newport. Occupying a prominent position in the busy High Street, the spacious shop is admirably appointed and fitted throughout, displaying a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have been chosen with great care and judgment from the best sources of supply. All manner of select everyday groceries, together with the numerous household sundries usually associated therewith; special lines in pure and choicely blended teas and coffees; British and foreign canned and bottled comestibles and table delicacies of the highest order; all the popular patent medicines and kindred proprietary articles of the day; and prime provisions of every kind in the way of hams and bacon, butter and cheese, lard, and the freshest of eggs, are all fully represented at their best. The business in all its details is energetically promoted with marked ability and enterprise; and under Messrs. Cole & Co.'s careful administration the house promises to continuously eclipse its past successes in the bright prospect of still better times to come.

VENTNOR

THIS beautiful resort, “the pride of the Undercliff,” and perhaps, the most salubrious spot in the Isle of Wight, presents a forcible illustration of the manner which some of our finest and most esteemed watering-places have grown up from a positively insignificant beginning. As recently as 1825 or 1830, Ventnor was an obscure and tiny fishing village, with nothing to recommend it save the rare natural beauty of its situation, and the remarkable mildness and geniality of its delightful atmosphere. These advantages, of course, soon became recognised, and in a very few years the place was transformed from the rude seaside hamlet to the pleasant and popular resort of holiday-makers and seekers after health, rest, and change of air. An esplanade was constructed in 1848, and in 1872 the pier was opened, this latter structure being much improved in 1887. Gradually the metamorphosis of Ventnor proceeded, and to-day we find it a singularly pretty and well-built town, climbing up and down the slopes and terraces of its sheltering cliffs and downs, which amply protect it from all Borean blasts, and presenting from the pier-end one of the most picturesque scenes imaginable.

Ventnor is ten miles south of Ryde, with which port it is connected by the Isle of Wight Railway, thus possessing very satisfactory means of communication with the mainland. The town is well governed by a Local Board of eighteen members, and has a public recreation ground, gardens, and the usual institutions of a thriving modern community of nearly 6,000 inhabitants, including excellent schools, and several places of worship. The facilities for amusement and recreation generally are abundant, and those who are fond of sea-bathing will obtain it in perfection here, the beach at Ventnor being an ideal one of yellow shingle, and; undoubtedly one of the best in the country for bathing. Many curious fossils and mineralogical specimens are found here, notably at Ventnor Cove, whence a steep path up Boniface Down leads up to the well-known Wishing Well.

The climate of Ventnor loaves nothing to be desired by even the most fastidious. The mistaken idea prevails in some quarters that Ventnor is very hot in summer. We have it on the authority of the residents (who ought to know their own climate) that they never experience extremes either of heat or cold. Hence the value of residence here to anyone suffering from chest or lung complaints. While the immense bulk of the Down completely shelters Ventnor from the cold airs of winter, and its southern exposure gives it the benefit of all the sunshine of this favoured region, it is kept cool in summer by the refreshing sea breezes, and oppressive heat is practically unknown. The National Consumption Hospital is here, a fact clearly betokening the beneficial character of the air; and Ventnor is probably freer from rain and damp than any other place in England. For the wild and romantic beauty of the scenery along the Undercliff, in the best part of which Ventnor is situated, we must leave Nature herself to speak. Words are powerless to convey an idea of the aspect of this unique tract of coast — the visitor must see it for himself, and marvel, as all his predecessors have done before him.

There is excellent hotel accommodation at Ventnor, and visitors will find an abundance of comfortable and well-conducted boarding-houses. The shops in the town display a variety of goods fresh from the best markets, and are managed by their proprietors with undoubted skill and judgment. They supply in a satisfactory manner all the requirements of residents and visitors. About a mile to the east of Ventnor is the very picturesque village of BONCHURCH, a favourite winter resort, very mild, dry, and salubrious, sheltered in winter, and cool in summer. WROXALL is two miles north of Ventnor, and is a growing place.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

FREDERICK CORBOULD, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL WINE AND SPIRIT IMPORTER, ALE AND STOUT BOTTLER, ETC.,
HIGH STREET, AND ESPLANADE, VENTNOR.

THIS admirably organised business, of which the present proprietor is Mr. Frederick Corbould, was founded in 1840. The premises which constitute his headquarters occupy a commanding situation in High Street, and he has also a well-equipped branch establishment on the Esplanade. The High Street premises have a most attractive frontage, which is altogether in keeping with the high class of the business which the proprietor controls. On the ground floor is a well-appointed sample-room. The telegraphic address is “Corbould, Ventnor.” To the rear are very extensive warehouses and cellarage. There are, indeed, two ranges of cellars, one above the other, extending backwards for about two hundred feet, the lower range being devoted to the holding of the stocks of the choicest wines. Here the fungus-crusted walls and bins, and the dust of a generation of many of the bottles are suggestive of the splendid maturity of much of the liquid treasure of these cellars. They are notably dry, and are, in every way, well suited to the preservation of wines and spirits in the best possible condition, and also to the processes of bottling malt liquors, in which the proprietor controls a very extensive business.

Some idea of the vast resources of this establishment may be gained from a reference to the “special list of wines, spirits, liqueurs, ales, and stouts,” which is periodically issued by Mr. Corbould. His wines are either imported directly by himself, or are obtained at first hard from the great shippers who are the sole agents in this country for special brands. The champagnes in stock include, for example, unsurpassed parcels of such grand wines as Heidsieck's Dry Monopole and Irroy’s & Roederer's. Mr. Corbould is able to supply the excellent “Carte Noire” of the “Duc de Montebello” brand at the moderate price of 60s. There is a fine choice of sparkling and still hocks, including in the latter class the magnificent “Dom Dechaney” hockheimer. The “Scharzberger” in the list of moselles, as also the “Domaine de la Mothe,” which is amongst the sauternes, is quoted at 96s. It is of the vintage of 1869. There is an excellent selection of Burgundies, and, amongst the Bordeaux shipments, are found such specialities as the Pontet Canet of 1885, and the Chateau La Rose, twenty-five years old. Amongst the ports are included shipments of Grahams, in 1878; Hoopers, 1870; and other choice parcels, going back to 1847 and 1834, these being quoted, respectively, at 192s. and 240s. The sherries, too, comprise a pale, rather dry, description, thirty years old, and a magnificent old wine of 1853 at 144s. The spirits are all of high quality and thoroughly matured. The whiskies, especially, can be recommended as blends of the choicest old malts, unsurpassable for delicacy of flavour, and of guaranteed age. Mr. Corbould’s enterprise manifests in the constant introduction of such novelties as the remarkably cheap and sound California wines, Big Tree brand. He is also the specially appointed agent for the ales of Messrs. Worthington & Co., Limited; for Bass's and Guinness's ales and stouts, for Canadian Club and Glen Grange Scotch whiskies, for Pilsener lager beer, and for Devonshire champagne cider. He also deals largely in Schweppe’s and other mineral waters, and in Lambert & Butler’s tobaccos and cigars.

E. C. MARTIN, CARRIAGE BUILDER,
ALBERT STREET, VENTNOR.

THE carriage-building industry, which is necessarily of exceptional importance is a district so much frequented by tourists as the Isle of Wight, has been represented in Ventnor by the admirably organised establishment of Mr. E. C. Martin, ever since he established it in 1853. His spacious premises are conveniently situated in Albert Street, and comprise a commodious show-room with every facility for the inspection of the numerous beautifully finished vehicles of various descriptions which stand here. To the rear are the industrial departments, including the workshops severally devoted to the operations of body-making, painting, upholstering, and smiths’ work. The equipment of these shops is so complete as to include most of the latest approved appliances for the perfecting of results in the several processes of carriage-building. So excellent, indeed, is the working plant, and so competent the large staff of expert workmen whom Mr. Martin employs, that he is able to compete in the production of carriages of all descriptions with any house in the United Kingdom, and that upon the most favourable terms. He has surrounded himself with every facility for the manufacture, to pattern, drawings, or specifications, of any and every class of carriage, from a fully-equipped coach to a rustic cart. Orders for repairs, too, are executed at his establishment with such promptitude and efficiency that he has gained the unreserved confidence of many of the leading families resident in the district. Mr. Martin, who has a large measure of administrative ability, supervises all the details of his extensive business. He is personally well known throughout a wide area, and is much respected by all classes of the community for his unsullied integrity and the spirit of liberality which animates all his business transactions. We may add that he is ably assisted in the management of the business by his sons.

JOLLIFFE BROTHERS, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENTS, AND COAL MERCHANT,
5, PIER STREET, VENTNOR, AND BONCHURCH.

THIS firm was founded in 1836 by Mr. Jonathan Jolliffe, the father of the present proprietors; and the family record since has formed an epitome of the notable development of the district in which their transactions have been conducted. The founder, full of years and honourable commercial distinction, retired six years ago, and was succeeded by his two sons, Messrs. H. Way Jolliffe and Albert Edward Jolliffe, who fully maintain the prestige of the house, while, by the wise direction of their spirit of energetic enterprise, they are constantly extending the sphere of its influence. The business was originally established at Bonchurch, where a well-equipped branch establishment is still maintained. The headquarters of the firm, however, were removed seven years ago to Ventnor, where the premises occupy a commanding position in Pier Street. The firm is the oldest in Ventnor engaged in the business of house and estate agents, and the lead which they have gained they steadily maintain. Thus they are entrusted with the letting or selling of the principal houses, estates, farms, &c., throughout the district of which Ventnor is the centre, and in the conduct of this class of business their activity, zeal, and absolute accuracy have acquired for them the unreserved confidence of a large number of the leading property owners within the area. For the convenience of visitors to Ventnor, the Messrs. Jolliffe keep a list, which is corrected daily, and which may be implicitly relied on. They do not issue printed lists which would, in a large measure become obsolete almost as soon as published, but any one wishing to be furnished with particulars concerning any special kind of property may obtain the information by applying to the Messrs. Jolliffe, who will send a list of all such available property on hand.

The firm have also a high reputation as coal agents, and representing several of the most noted collieries in the several coalfields of the country, they are able to offer specially advantageous terms to their customers. They are, in particular, agents for the Caradoo Wallsend Company’s coals, as supplied to H.M. the Queen. In this department their operations are on a very large scale, and are both wholesale and retail. They have depots at the railway, where they constantly hold stocks of from sixteen to seventeen hundred tons of coal, and their carts may be seen any day delivering coal in Ventnor and throughout the surrounding districts. The Messrs. Jolliffe are also the specially appointed agents for the Dominion Line of Steamships, and for Messrs. Burden & Co’s steamship service between London, the Isle of Wight, and Poole. Both the members of the firm are endowed with a large measure of organising ability, and give their special and personal attention to all matters affecting the interests of their clients. Mr. H. Way Jolliffe is thus enabled, notwithstanding the large amount of his attention which is absorbed by his own business, to take an active interest in public affairs, and Mr. A. E. Jolliffe takes a lead in the promotion of athletic sports. Both these gentlemen are held in high esteem by all classes of the community, and their extensive personal influence enables them to render valuable services as agents to the Commercial Union, Fire, Life, and Marine Insurance, the Mutual Life Assurance, and the Crown Accident Insurance offices.

THE ROYAL MARINE HOTEL,
VENTNOR, ISLE OF WIGHT.
PROPRIETORS: MESSRS. BUSH & JUDD.

EVERYONE who has visited Ventnor is familiar, by sight at least, with the Royal Marine Hotel, perched upon the cliff-side one hundred and fifty feet above the level of the sea, and overlooking all that is beautiful and interesting in this most delightful of seaside resorts. The Royal Marine Hotel has been in existence considerably over half a century, during the whole of which period it has been practically under the same proprietary — a fact which has had much to do with its uninterrupted success. Since the first commencement of the present premises in 1840, the establishment has been greatly extended from time to time, and it is now the largest, as well as the most famous, hotel in Ventnor, with an unrivalled situation facing due south, and commanding magnificent views of the sea and all the picturesque beauties of the Undercliff.

The internal structure and arrangement of the Royal Marine Hotel fulfil the promise held forth by its fine external appearance. The entrance-hall is of imposing size, and is fitted up as a conservatory and lounge, the decorations being charming. On the left are the reception-room and the hotel office, and passing thence we reach the spacious coffee-room, and the large drawing and sitting rooms, all of which are handsomely furnished in a style both tasteful and luxurious. On the right of the entrance-hall we note the hydraulic elevator for passengers and luggage, and observe that it is of the newest and most improved type. Here also is another noble reception-room and drawing-room, and adjoining is the finely-appointed smoking-room, adorned with a number of very valuable and interesting old sporting prints. There are lavatories, perfectly fitted in every detail, and supplied with hot and cold water.

The Royal Marine Hotel possesses some very fine apartments en suite for the accommodation of families and gentlemen visiting Ventnor for long or short periods, and these display the same refined elegance in their furnishings as we have noted elsewhere in this admirably appointed hotel. No expense has been spared in matters of decoration and general equipment, and nothing has been left undone which could increase the comfort and satisfaction of guests. The many bedrooms are models of what a proper sleeping chamber should be — beautifully furnished, faultlessly neat, and as airy and cheerful as the most fastidious visitor could desire, the panels of the bedroom doors being inlaid with hand-painted decorations specially executed in London. All the public-rooms of the Royal Marine Hotel are upon a scale of great excellence and commodiousness, and particularly the fine dining-room, which has accommodation for a large number of guests, and is undoubtedly one of the handsomest salles-a-manger in the Isle of Wight. The kitchens are entirely separate from the hotel, being in another building, and the necessary means of conveyance is furnished by a specially constructed kitchen tramway. The advantages of this are obvious, and so well is the plan contrived that there is not the smallest chance of any odour of cooking entering the hotel and annoying sensitive olfactory organs. The cuisine at the Royal Marine Hotel is unsurpassed, being under the supervision of an accomplished chef; and the same high commendation may be justly bestowed upon the cellars of the house, which contain a stock of wines, amongst which are some of the choicest vintages of the century.

In short, the “Royal Marine” realises our ideal of a perfect modern hotel, and justifies the favour in which it is held by the most distinguished circles. It is under the patronage of H.R.H. Princess Beatrice (whose arms are by special permission displayed), and also of other members of the English Royal Family. It has also been patronised by Continental sovereigns, members of several royal and princely houses of Europe, and many of our more prominent American visitors. We ought to add that there are bath-rooms in each wing, and that a large saloon is available to visitors for entertainments, dances, &c. Fire-extinguishing appliances by the well-known firm of Messrs. Merryweather are placed on all floors of each wing of the hotel, and a fire escape is fixed on the outside, which can be used at a moment's notice. The sanitary arrangements of the hotel are upon the latest principle, and may be pronounced perfect. Finally, the pleasure grounds lead direct to the shore and overlook the esplanade and pier; carriages can be had by visitors at moderate charges; and coaches and chars-a-banc leave the hotel every morning (Sundays excepted) during the season for Freshwater, Alum Bay, Carisbrooke, Newport, Cowes, Whippingham, and other places of interest in the island. Mr. W. Bush Judd has succeeded his father in the control of this high-class hotel, and directs its affairs with conspicuous ability and success. Mr. Judd, senior, though he has retired from the management of the hotel, still takes an active part in public affairs, and is much respected in Ventnor.

THE QUEEN’S HOTEL,
THE ESPLANADE, VENTNOR.
MANAGER: MR. GEORGE P. WOOD.

SPLENDIDLY situated on the Esplanade, in the midst of the most attractive features of Ventnor life, the Queen’s Hotel enjoys exceptional advantages which have made it a great favourite with visitors to this charming watering-place. Its history dates back over a period of thirty years, and it is now in the possession of a company, of which Mr. T. H. Urry is Chairman, the management being in the very capable hands of Mr. George P. Wood, late of the Hotel Metropole, London. “The Queen's,” as it is familiarly called by its many patrons, is close to the pier, and while it commands a splendid view of the “front,” the sea, and most of everything that is interesting in Ventnor, it may be recommended for quietude and genuine comfort. The hotel busses ply to and from the railway station, and visitors will find that every arrangement is made to promote their convenience. The Queen's Hotel is select without being expensive, and the tariff of charges has been carefully calculated upon a moderate basis. The spacious and commodious premises, forming a substantial four-storey block, present an imposing appearance, and have been splendidly arranged for hotel purposes. All the public rooms are large and handsomely appointed, and there is an especially fine dining-room capable of seating fifty guests. The sitting and drawing-rooms present the same excellence of equipment, and there are smoking-rooms and ladies' and gentlemen's coffee-rooms, all most appropriately fitted up. The numerous bed-rooms are beautifully furnished—in fact the whole character and organisation of the establishment bespeaks liberality on the part of the proprietary, and attests the care and efficiency of Mr. Wood's management. The incandescent light is among the several improvements that have brought this fine old house quite “up-to-date,” and placed it upon a level with the best seaside hotels in England. The cuisine and wines leave nothing to be desired, and a word of special praise is due to the attendance, which is always prompt and courteous. The Queen’s Hotel is purely a family hotel of a high class, and is patronised by a very superior clientele. Whole suites of rooms are frequently called for by visitors to this establishment, and are constantly held in readiness to meet such requirements. Mr. Wood has been very successful in his management of “The Queen’s.” He has carefully sustained the character of the house upon those lines which have won approval in the past, and has brought to bear upon the routine of the administration the fruits of a varied and extensive experience, whereby he has become acquainted with the requirements and preferences of different guests, and with the best means of meeting their wishes. Under his direction this excellent hotel should be even more prosperous in time to come than at any former period of its successful career.

CHARLES A. SMITH, DISPENSING CHEMIST,
3 AND 76, HIGH STREET, VENTNOR.

FOR very many years one of the most popular of the commercial institutions in Ventnor has been the admirably equipped establishment of which Mr. Charles Albert Smith is now the proprietor. Its record dates back to 1836, when it was founded by Dr. Gawthorpe. Since Mr. Smith, some thirteen years ago, became proprietor of the establishment his sound and extensive professional and scientific knowledge has enabled him very materially to extend the valuable connection created by his predecessors. The premises suggest, by their very attractive appearance, externally and internally, the high-class nature of the business which Mr. Smith controls. They occupy a commanding position at 3, High Street, and comprise a handsome building of three storeys with an extensive frontage. Of this the stonework is inlaid, to the extent of a large space, with highly ornamental Doulton tile work, and the pediments are of the same material. The spacious interior is elegantly appointed, and with its numerous and conveniently disposed fixtures, it admits of the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the large stocks which are held, and which include everything which might naturally be looked for in a chemist’s establishment of the highest class. The chemicals and drugs comprise everything which finds mention in the British pharmacopoeia, and they are invariably of absolute purity and in excellent condition. Here, too, are to be found all kinds of requisites, offering a practically unlimited choice of requisites for the sick-room (including surgical appliances), the nursery, and the toilet.

Mr. Smith has gained a reputation which is much more than merely local for a variety of popular specifics of which he is the proprietor and sole manufacturer. These include his digestive or live-long candy, his quinine and iron tonic, effervescing saline, quinine and rosemary lotion for the hair, cleansing household ammonia, cockroach and beetle food, which is quite harmless to domestic animals, and Smith's bog oak marking ink, which remains perfectly fluid, flows readily from the pen, requires no heating or preparation, and is perfectly durable, no matter how frequently washed. Of these and other specialities Mr. Smith publishes a list on a handsome card, which also contains useful and trustworthy information with regard to the local train and postal services. He has, too, with signal success, made a speciality of the supply of photographic requisites of all descriptions, including chemicals, cameras, and other apparatus, his stocks embracing everything which might be required by either a professional or an amateur photographer. For the use of customers there is a “dark room” at the rear of each of his establishments.

At 76, High Street, he has a well-equipped branch, with which he has established telephonic communication from his headquarters. The circumstances under which he did so illustrate Mr. Smith’s energetic character, and his practical knowledge of applied science. When he opened this branch establishment direct and rapid communication with it became a necessity. There was, however, no one in the town competent to fit up electrical apparatus, and so Mr. Smith proceeded to execute the work himself. He did so in such a satisfactory manner that several firms in the locality requested him to perform similar services for them; and electric telephone fitting has now become an important department of his business. He has, indeed, in this class of work, executed several important contracts in various parts of the island. In this regard his position amongst the chemists in the Isle of Wight is unique. He fully recognises, however, that dispensing is the chief and most responsible duty of the chemist, and gives the closest attention to every detail connected therewith. None but skilled assistants are employed as dispensers, and the prices charged are as moderate in all cases as is compatible with such guarantees. In this department he has gained the unreserved confidence of the leading members of the medical profession in the district, and in his general business he commands the steady support of the most influential families resident in the district.

HENRY PEARSON, TEA DEALER AND GROCER,
24, HIGH STREET, VENTNOR.

THE grocery and provision trade in Ventnor finds an old-established and thoroughly responsible exponent in Mr. Henry Pearson. Mr. J. Fowler successfully laid the foundation of this business a quarter of a century ago, and raised it to a position of considerable prominence. He was succeeded in 1889 by Mr. E. T. Simpson (of Devizes), who was succeeded three years ago by the present sole proprietor, Mr. Henry Pearson, under whose experienced and energetic management the prosperity and influence of the house have been materially augmented. The premises have a handsome frontage, and the large plate-glass windows display a choice selection of high-class groceries, Italian goods, and provisions. The interior is thoroughly well-appointed and arranged for the accommodation and exhibition of the large and varied stock. Every department is stocked with a first-class selection of goods, including tea, coffee, preserved fruits, spices, biscuits, and confectionery, all the leading proprietary articles, and toilet and laundry requisites, as well as hams, bacon, butter, lard, and every kind of provisions. There are also large assortments of mats, brushes, household utensils, and general turnery goods. The whole of these supplies have been carefully chosen from the best-known sources, and, buying as he does in large lines direct, the proprietor is in a position to offer his customers the finest class of goods at the lowest possible prices. The house is specially noted for its tea, the supplies in this branch being the largest and most important in the district. Blending is done on the premises, and the firm's well-known mixture of Indian and Ceylon teas as offered at 2s. per pound is recognised as being the best value for money procurable. Special attention is given to the prompt execution of all orders, under the immediate supervision of the principal himself. The business relations of the house are not confined to Ventnor, but extend for a considerable distance in the vicinity among the leading and most important families and the principal hotels. Mr. Pearson is recognised as an enterprising and reliable business man, and is much respected both in trading and social circles.

R. H. TOLMAN, RESTAURATEUR, COOK, PASTRYCOOK, AND CONFECTIONER,
HIGH STREET, AND 27, PIER STREET, VENTNOR.

IN their youth Mr. R. H. Tolman and his confrere in the trade, Mr. Bolland, were both apprenticed to the same firm of high-class confectioners at Clifton, Bristol, and both have now attained to the highest distinction as caterers to the “creature comforts” of the community. It was in the year 1866 that Mr. Tolman formed the nucleus of his now noted restaurant in the High Street at Ventnor, with a branch establishment at No. 27, Pier Street. Both of these popular high-class refectories are conducted upon precisely similar lines. Eligibly located in a commanding position, the spacious double-fronted shop, with its fine salle-a-manger adjoining, is luxuriously furnished in the best modern style, and always presents a particularly inviting appearance, by reason of the abundant and varied stock of pure household breads, and plain and fancy biscuits, including Tolman's own celebrated Scotch biscuits, and genuine biscuit powder, muffins, crumpets, noted sally-lunns, &c., there en evidence; together with toothsome cakes, and French and ornamental pastry, Horniman's teas (for which Mr. Tolman is the local agent), hothouse and other luscious fruit in season, and tempting table delicacies of every kind. In the restaurant, visitors are promptly served by courteous attendants with dishes a la carte, the menu comprising a very large selection of soups (including genuine turtle soup), removes, entrees, entremets sucres, ices, and dessert, all of which proclaim the presence of many accomplished masters of the culinary art. In his magnificently equipped kitchens and hygienic bakery, Mr. Tolman employs a picked staff of chefs, bakers, and others, for the preparation of his famous invalid and clear and thick turtle soups, and the making and artistic ornamenting of his rich bride cakes, according to the formula from which the celebrated Chester wedding-cake, supplied to H.M. the Queen, was made. Mr. Tolman, moreover, enjoys an unsurpassed reputation as a high-class refreshment contractor, in catering, in his usual style of elegance, for banquets and wedding breakfasts, recherché dinner parties, routs, ball suppers, and other festive functions; and is prepared, at the shortest notice, to send skilful men cooks to dress dinners and turtles, and well-trained waiters to serve at the tables of his patrons in all parts of the country. Personally, Mr. Tolman is well known and much esteemed in local circles as an enterprising, honourable, and thoroughly capable business man; and the manner in which he has guided the course of his business has met with an approval that is amply attested by the liberal patronage accorded to his house by a very large number of the best families resident in, or on a visit to, the Isle of Wight.

FRANK WINTER, PRINCE OF WALES' WINE, SPIRIT, AND BOTTLED ALE AND STOUT STORES,
VENTNOR.

THIS well-known establishment has a reputation of half-a-century for reliable goods in all departments of the wine, spirit, and beer trade. It is one of the leading concerns of its kind in Ventnor, and has been especially successful under the management of Mr. Frank Winter, who has been its sole proprietor for the past five years. Extensive and convenient premises are occupied, and every facility exists for the proper conduct of the premises in both its wholesale and its retail branches. The warehouses and cellars contain large and carefully selected stocks, all of which are obtained from the most trustworthy sources of supply, and there are several specialities which deserve a word of individual mention. One of these is Mr. Winter's celebrated “Isle of Wight” Sloe Gin (registered), which enjoys a great reputation as a pure and wholesome stimulant, highly beneficial to the liver and kidneys, as well as a very agreeable liqueur. This is prepared only from sloes procured on the island, and is of very superior quality. We also note that Mr. Winter is agent here for the “Real Mountain Dew” Scotch Uam Var whisky, and for the “Glen” special Irish whisky, while he also supplies the best of the other favourite brands in both Scotch and Irish whiskies.

In wines he has a stock worthy of the attention of connoisseurs, and embracing genuine old wines of a fine character at low quotations. Other specialities include a choice selection of cordials, Stone’s ginger and orange wine, the various foreign liqueurs, and all mineral and aerated waters in general demand. Malt liquors receive careful attention, and ales and stouts are supplied in prime condition, both in four and a-half, nine, eighteen, and thirty-six gallon casks, on draught and in bottle. This is the agency for the Anglo-Bavarian beer, which now enjoys great and well-merited popularity. Altogether, Mr. Winter’s business is thoroughly comprehensive, and is splendidly organised in all its departments, being under his own constant personal supervision. A high standard of uniform excellence is maintained in everything supplied, and a very extensive wholesale and retail trade is controlled with a valuable connection in all parts of Ventnor and the neighbourhood. Mr. Winter enjoys considerable personal popularity in the town, where he is well known and respected — born in London, has been connected many years with London establishments, Mr. Winter has also travelled in many parts of the globe, including Africa, where be spent some years up country. His ideas are strictly progressive.

J. S. COX, PURVEYOR OF MEAT,
77 AND 78, HIGH STREET, AND CHURCH STREET, VENTNOR.

THIS important and first-class business was established upwards of fifty years ago, and has been in the hands of the present proprietor for the last twelve years. Mr. J. S. Cox has, during his whole term of proprietorship, conducted his concern with marked ability, and has succeeded in raising it to a point of prominence among similar local establishments. The principal shop is both extensive and handsome, with fine imposing frontage and spacious interior admirably appointed. The walls are faced with artistic tiles, and the appearance of the place in its tout ensemble is very bright and pleasing. At the rear of the shop are the offices. Mr. Cox has always on hand a large and varied stock of the primest class of meat. He spares neither expense nor pains in providing the choicest of everything he handles, and his facilities for so doing are unsurpassed. Home-fed oxen and sheep and Welsh mutton are the leading lines with the firm, a special item being also made of the finest pickled tongues. The status of the business carried on by Mr. Cox is. demonstrated by the fact that his house has been patronised by Her Majesty the Empress of Austria, by H.H. the Sultan of Johone, and many of the British nobility, and that, with one single exception, he supplies the whole of the hotels in Ventnor and the district. An efficient and attentive staff of assistants is kept, and patrons can always be sure of prompt and polite attention, and of having their orders delivered punctually to the time stated. Mr. Cox is highly regarded both in business and private life, and is justly looked upon as a representative man in the branch of trade with which he has been so long and honourably associated.

HILLSIDE PRIVATE BOARDING ESTABLISHMENT,
VENTNOR.
PRINCIPALS: MR. AND MRS. G. H. MITCHELL.

THIS beautifully situated house possesses a special interest as having, at one time, been the residence of the late John Sterling, a man of letters, well known in the forties, and of whom both Archdeacon Hare and Thomas Carlyle (who were his personal friends) wrote biographies. Subsequently, the late Captain Newall, C.B., lived here, and after his death the house remained closed and unoccupied for about two years. It was thon (some eighteen years ago) taken by Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Mitchell, and opened by them as a private boarding establishment. The house is a three-storey building of very attractive external appearance, and has a charming situation on the most desirable part of the Undercliff. It stands in its own prettily laid-out grounds, and is within five minutes’ walk from the railway station. There are upwards of fifteen bedrooms in the house, in addition to the dining, drawing, sitting, and smoking rooms. The requirements of indoor amusement are met by an excellent pianoforte and a first-rate bagatelle board, while outside there are splendid croquet lawns, tennis courts, greenhouses, conservatories, &c. Very fine views of the town and of the sea may be had from the windows of “Hillside,” and the house forms one of the most agreeable and pleasant places of residence that a visitor could desire. Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell do not confine their attention to promoting the comfort of their guests within the house only. They study their convenience and entertainment in various other ways, and at one o'clock each day they send a private conveyance down to the Esplanade, so that any of their patrons who may prefer driving up the hill to walking, may do so, free of charge. This is only one of the many evidences displayed of careful consideration for the interests and comfort of guests. The cuisine and attendance at “Hillside” are excellent, and a liberal table is provided, many delicacies being served in season. In short, “Hillside” may be strongly recommended as a first-class boarding establishment, where every homo comfort awaits the visitor. With a reputation extending over eighteen years, this house, we need hardly say, is well and favourably known, and it enjoys the patronage and recommendation of a very select and influential connection.

ARTHUR J. POTTS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL IMPORTER AND WAREHOUSEMAN,
THE WAREHOUSE, 13, PIER STEEET, VENTNOR.

THE comprehensive business which now calls for favourable consideration as one of the most extensive of the trading concerns of the Isle of Wight, was organised at its present eligible quarters in Ventnor some seventeen years ago, under the able auspices of its present estimable and enterprising proprietor, Mr. Arthur J. Potts. Occupying a commanding position in Pier Street, the spacious handsomely appointed double-fronted shop is admirably arranged to effectively display, in special departments, a vast and varied assortment of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the latest productions of the leading manufacturers of the day, both at home and abroad, while at the rear there is a lofty store-room, covering an area of fifty feet by twenty feet, and filled to repletion with surplus stock, for the supply of wholesale buyers. A goods entrance from Town Road leads to the warehouse, where there is every facility for the safe packing and prompt despatch of goods to customers and trade buyers not only in all parts of the Island, but throughout the United Kingdom and even abroad, brisk business being also done in the supply of glass and china for public banquets, private parties, &c. Within the artistically arranged show-room, the glass and china department is rich in every class of fashionable toilet, dinner and kitchen-ware, cut and plain table glass, recherche ornamental glass, and the productions of Royal Worcester, Minton’s, Doulton's, Sevres, Limoges, Dresden, and other ware; Bretby art pottery, Clark's fairy lamps, &c.; the “Warehouse” being the sole depot for the Royal Worcester Porcelain Company, and for Herr F. Goldscheider’s Vienna porcelain busts, figures, in the Isle of Wight.
In the fancy department Mr. Potts holds an enormous stock of plain and fancy stationery and stationers' sundries, bags and purses, superior cutlery, Japanese and Indian productions, and every novelty as soon as produced. Mr. Potts, who employs an adequate staff of courteous and capable assistants, is eminently reputed among his private patrons and trade clients alike as a dealer in goods of thorough reliability and excellence, and his house stands high in the estimation of a widespread home and appreciable export connection, by reason of the sound methods and honourable principles which have always characterised his business transactions.

J. SANDERS, GROCER, TEA DEALER, PROVISION FACTOR, AND WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
THE TIGER TEA WAREHOUSE, 17, PIER STREET, VENTNOR.

NINE years have now elapsed since Mr. J. Sanders formed the nucleus of his now thriving licensed grocery store, which is eligibly located in a prominent position in Pier Street. The spacious double-fronted shop is admirably appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically, yet tastefully, arranged to hold and to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the best markets. All manner of select high-class groceries, together with the numerous household sundries usually associated therewith, all the best and most popular brands of wines, spirits, and bottled beers, including Messrs. Kennaway & Co’s Exeter wines and spirits, Bass and Co.’s beer, and Guinness's stout in cask and bottle; British and foreign canned and bottled comestibles, and table delicacies of the highest order, prime provisions of every kind in the way of hams and Wiltshire bacon, butter and cheese, lard, and the freshest of country eggs, and special lines in pure and choicely-blended teas and coffees are all fully represented at their best, and are all available at the lowest store prices for cash. As an expert tea-taster and blender, Mr. Sanders enjoys a widespread and well-merited renown. He blends his teas on the premises with extreme care, and makes a speciality of his “Tiger” blend of rich Indian and Ceylon teas at 1s. 10d. per pound, for which there is a very large local and general insular demand, while his special pure China tea has been highly recommended by the late Sir Andrew Clarke. Mr. Sanders employs a staff of courteous and capable assistants to execute and deliver all orders with promptitude and care, and the sound and straightforward principles which characterise all his business transactions, have met with an approval that is amply attested by the liberal patronage accorded to his house by many of the leading families resident not only in Ventnor, but throughout the Isle of Wight.

ALFRED J. SHARPE, GENERAL DRAPER, ETC.,
CLARENCE BUILDINGS, 4, HIGH STREET, VENTNOR.

ESTABLISHED in the summer of 1893, under the able auspices of its present enterprising proprietor, this excellently conducted drapery business has already become one of the most popular and liberally patronised of the trading concerns in the busy High Street of Ventnor; and doubtless the most effectual way in which to indicate its true character, scope, and aims would be to give a concise descriptive sketch of the establishment as it now stands, and to supplement this with a few observations upon the nature of the operations there being carried on. Eligibly located at No. 4, High Street, familiarly known as Clarence Buildings, the spacious full-fronted shop, with its ample storage accommodation, is handsomely fitted and appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically, yet tastefully, arranged to hold and to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the latest productions of the leading manufacturers of the day, and is particularly rich in fashionable novelties and articles of standard worth and excellence. All manner of everyday drapery goods for both persons] wear and household use, including dress stuffs and materials for the season, and carpets, floorcloths and linoleums, fancy drapery wares in charming variety, and haberdashery of every conceivable kind, together with complete ranges of Messrs. Briggs & Co.’s celebrated embroidery silks, transferring designs, and art needlework materials, are all fully represented, and are all available at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading, while special attention is devoted to the exemplification of the latest London and Paris fashions in millinery and dress and mantle making, by a staff of expert modistes on the premises, with due economy, high efficiency, and despatch. For the rest the house develops continuously in all its resources and operations under Mr. Sharpe's careful yet always energetic and enterprising direction, and a very large trade of a sound medium-class character is done. Mr. Sharpe's valuable connections extending practically to all parts of Ventnor and its surrounding countryside.

GILES AND PONDER, THE MUSIC WAREHOUSE,
15, HIGH STREET, VENTNOR.

THIS representative music warehouse was organised in Ventnor in the year 1881 by Messrs. Giles & Ponder, but some seven years later it passed into the hands of Mrs. Knight, who placed the entire business under the capable managerial control of her son, Mr. Wavell Knight, who is well known in local musical circles and amongst entertainment entrepreneurs who visit Ventnor as one of the most tactic and successful of business managers in the arrangement of concerts and public amusements. Trading under the old style and title, Mrs. Knight has been exceptionally fortunate in securing the commanding premises she occupies. The commodious warehouse is arranged in form of a handsomely-appointed suite of show-rooms, wherein may be inspected and tested side by side the latest and best pianofortes of such celebrated makers as Erard, Bechstein, Brinsmead, Broadwood, Kirkman, Collard & Collard, Rogers, and other leading manufacturers of the day; together with the best yacht pianos, American organs, and stringed, reed, brass, and other musical instruments; while the collection of sheet and book music is perhaps the largest and best selected of its kind in the Island; Mr. Knight making it his duty to secure the music direct from the publishers as soon as issued, so that his stock is kept not only rich in standard pieces, but strictly up-to-date. A skilled practical staff is retained on the premises to undertake tunings and repairs; a pianoforte practice room is courteously open to patrons: and many special advantages are offered to those who wish to purchase instruments for cash or on the easy payment system, or to hire or exchange goods. For the rest the business is indeed a conspicuous example of substantial success worthily achieved; and all its characteristics are those of a house whose nature has been influenced and whose methods have been formed by a constant connection with an essentially superior class of trade, principally drawn from the resident aristocracy and gentry of the Island.

CHARLES MITCHELL, AUCTIONEER, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT, SURVEYOR, VALUER, ETC.,
CHURCH STREET, VENTNOR.

DURING the twenty years which have elapsed since Mr. Charles Mitchell began his operations in Ventnor, his services in connection with transactions of various kinds, in both real and personal property, have become increasingly appreciated by a very large and influential section of the community. His premises occupy a convenient situation in Church Street, and comprise a suite of well-appointed offices. An efficient staff of clerks is employed. Mr. Mitchell controls a considerable amount of business as an auctioneer. He is, moreover, a surveyor and valuer, and is in the habit of making valuations for transfer, probate, &c. His special attention, however, is, above all, given to the conduct of his large and comprehensive business as an estate agent. He has a thorough acquaintance with the characteristics and the value of all the landed and house property within a wide area, most of it having, at one time or another, passed through his hands. There is, therefore, no better authority on the subject, and Mr. Mitchell's vast store of experience and information is always at the service of his clients. In connection with this department of his business, he issues monthly his “Isle of Wight Property Gazette and Register.” He also places at the disposal of all interested his very copious and carefully corrected (day by day) list of apartments to let in Ventnor and its vicinity. The “Property Gazette” is to be seen at many of the leading hotels throughout the United Kingdom. Mr. Mitchell is well known and is much esteemed by all classes of the community, and his great personal influence enables him to render valuable services to the Rock Life Insurance Company, the Scottish Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and the Caledonian Fire Insurance Company as their district agent. Mr. Mitchell makes a speciality of sanitary surveying, having been engaged with the firm of D. & D. Stevenson, of Edinburgh, who acted for the Corporation in the drainage of Leith and the new town of Edinburgh. Mr. Mitchell was four and a-half years sanitary surveyor to the Borough of Ventnor, and now has a large private practice in this line.

WALTER HAMMOND, GENERAL DRAPER AND FURNISHER,
PROVIDENCE HOUSE, 101 AND 103, HIGH STREET, VENTNOR.

IN 1880 an important addition was made to the resources of the high-class drapery business in Ventnor by the commencement of what has proved to be the very important and successful operations of Mr. Walter Hammond. His premises occupy a commanding position in High Street, and comprise two adjacent houses, three storeys in height, numbered 101 and 103. The original premises, at 101, were specially constructed for the purposes of the business. Some three years ago, as a result of the rapid expansion in the volume of Mr. Hammond's business, the extension was made, the new portion of Providence House, as it is called, constituting a series of elegant show-rooms. There is now a very spacious frontage, with three ample show-windows of plate-glass. The interior is handsomely appointed, stretching back for about sixty feet, and affording ample space for the effective display of the comprehensive stocks which are always held. A mere enumeration of the different departments, each of them being adequately stocked, into which the establishment is divided, is justly suggestive of its great resources. These departments are devoted respectively to calicoes, prints, sheetings, blankets, flannels, quilts, table-linen, table-covers, curtains, cretonnes, dimities, window hollands, carpets, rugs, oil-cloths, mats, French and English dress materials, black and coloured silks, costumes, skirts, mantles, hosiery, gloves, ribbons, flowers, feathers, lace, silk ties, handkerchiefs, gentlemen's hosiery, wool goods, stays, underclothing, baby-linen, trimmings, haberdashery, straw goods, &c. The proprietor has, with signal success, made a speciality of the supply of Swiss, Scotch, and Madeira work, and customers can be supplied with bedsteads and bedding at wholesale prices.

To the rear of the showrooms is a large building, altogether devoted to the production of dresses, costumes, mantles and millinery, large staffs of expert workers being engaged, under the supervision of ladies who have received a thorough professional training in their several departments. Visitors to this well-ordered establishment will be impressed by the evidence which is afforded on every side of the high class of the business which Mr. Hammond controls. The pleasure of a visit to the establishment is much enhanced by the courteous zeal manifested by the staff of experienced assistants in seeking to meet the special requirements of each customer. All the working details of the extensive business are under the personal control of the principal, who is endowed with a very large amount of organising and executive ability. Outside of his own business, this has been notably illustrated by his successful efforts in the creation of the Isle of Wight Mutual Plate Glass Insurance Society, Limited, an admirably managed institution, of which he was for many years chairman, and which, under his wise control, and that of his fellow directors, is rapidly extending the area of its useful operations.

DEAR & SONS, STORE GROCERS, ITALIAN AND FRENCH WAREHOUSEMEN, &c.,
5 & 8, HIGH STREET, VENTNOR: AND SHANKLIN AND NITON.

THIS eminent firm dates back to 1840, and the family record since then constitutes one of the most important and interesting pages in the history of the Isle of Wight. The members of the firm at the present time are Mr. C. Dear, the founder of the establishment, and his two sons, Messrs. Maurice and Henry Dear. These gentlemen, by their splendid energy and enterprise, are constantly extending the area of their valuable connection, and their business is now so comprehensive that, in respect to supplying the requirements of the household, its resources are equal to those of the so-called “Stores” in the largest centres of population. Their headquarters are at No. 5, High Street, while at No. 8, which is right opposite, they conduct a large business as pork-butchers and provision merchants, &c. They have also admirably equipped branch establishments at Shanklin and at Niton. The premises at No. 5 have a very handsome and imposing appearance, which is altogether in keeping with the high-class character of the business which the firm control. The interior is handsomely appointed, and is commodious enough to admit of the effective display of the vast and comprehensive stocks which are always held. It is impossible, within the necessarily brief limits of this notice, to convey an adequate idea of the enormous resources of the establishment, of which some notion may be obtained by a reference to the copious and voluminous “Current Price List” which is periodically issued by the firm. It should be noted, however, that the stocks include all descriptions of the best grocery and provision goods, together with such table delicacies as might be looked for in an Italian and French warehouse of the highest class in the West End of London.

A special feature in the conduct of the business consists in the daily roasting of coffee, the firm having special plant for the purpose, manufactured by T. Fletcher, of Warrington, and driven by a gas-engine of 2 horsepower. Here, too, is to be found a very large and varied assortment of teas, mineral waters, patent medicines, and proprietary articles, drugs and chemicals of absolute purity and in the best condition, household and toilet brushes, mats, stable requisites, baskets, wicker and rush goods, woodware, and many other articles of daily use. In the perfumery department, again, the stocks include all the most popular specialities of the leading manufacturers for the hair, teeth, and skin. At the rear of the sale-shop, and approached by a flight of stairs, is the Japanese department, which is filled to overcrowding with choice Oriental goods of all descriptions. At the head of the staircase stands a pair of splendid Florentine agate vases and their pedestals, handsomely carved. At the rear of this department are the well-appointed offices, furnished with telephonic communication. Below there are extensive cellars, in which are held stocks of wines and spirits, the Messrs. Dear being agents for W. & A. Gilbey, both in Ventnor and in Shanklin. The firm have, too, extensive stores, and a large warehouse kept at a uniform temperature of sixty degrees, to maintain, in prime condition, a large store of bottled goods.

The premises on the other side of the street are double-fronted, and the fittings of white enamelled tiles convey the pleasant idea of scrupulous cleanliness which absolutely prevails throughout the establishment. It is fitted up with every convenience for making a splendid display, while underneath are extensive pickling, salting, and other stores. This department has a high reputation for the quality of the sausages which are sent to various parts of England and Wales, and the same may be said of their excellent pork. They slaughter in their own houses, and make their own Strasburg potted meat, rearing their own pigs and poultry, and killing them as required. They employ a staff of between twenty-five and thirty young men under the supervision of the principals. Mr. C. Dear is now far advanced in years, but still devotes a large portion of his valuable time and abilities to the service of the public, having been a member of the Local Board, and is now a director of the Gas Company, and the local Secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, &c. Mr. Henry Dear has charge of the Ventnor establishment, while Mr. Maurice Dear is in charge of the Shanklin branch.

RAYNER’S COMMERCIAL AND FAMILY TEMPERANCE HOTEL,
15, 17, 19, 21, and 22, VICTORIA STREET, VENTNOR.

THIS admirably conducted and commodious hostelry has been established upwards of twenty-four years, and has always enjoyed a well-merited reputation. The hotel premises are very extensive, with a long and attractive street frontage, and the internal arrangements are those of a first-class house of entertainment where the satisfaction of guests is an object carefully held in view. Facing south and west, the hotel is fully sheltered from east winds, and its situation is a very pleasant one. There are good tennis-courts and pleasure grounds open to the sea, only one minute’s walk from the hotel. Having been several times altered and enlarged, Rayner’s Hotel is now replete with every appointment consistent with modern requirements. It contains upwards of fifty rooms, among which are a handsome and spacious coffee-room, with good pianos; a fine room suitable for large parties, who can be provided with dinners, teas, &c., on the shortest notice: and several tastefully furnished suites, arranged as private apartments for families and gentlemen. “Rayner’s” is a great favourite with commercial men, whose wants are specially studied, and for whose convenience there are large stock-rooms, bath and smoke rooms, &c. Indeed, the proprietor leaves nothing undone which may conduce to the comfort and satisfaction of all under his roof, and his personal popularity is not less marked than that of his well-ordered hotel. This is, we believe, the largest and cheapest temperance hotel in the island. All kinds of mineral waters and the best cigars are supplied; the cuisine is excellent, and the tariff of charges very moderate throughout. Perfect cleanliness and efficient attendance are also very satisfactory features of this house. An omnibus meets all trains at the station, and the hotel is a starting point for daily excursions to all parts of the Isle of Wight. In short, “Rayner’s” may be appropriately described as “a home away from home,” and the most fastidious traveller could not desire a higher recommendation than that.

T. H. LOOSEMORE, FAMILY GROCER,
THE MADEIRA ROAD BRANCH POST OFFICE, VENTNOR.

THIS business was established more than twenty years ago, and was acquired close upon four years since by the present proprietor, under whose able management it has been considerably developed in all directions. The premises occupy a commanding position at the corner of the Madeira and Trinity Roads. They comprise a handsome and commodious double-fronted shop, elegantly appointed throughout. At the rear of the shop is a compact office, &c. Mr. Loosemore is thoroughly conversant with the trade in all its branches, and is indefatigable in his endeavours to obtain the best of everything to put before his customers. The supplies embrace tea, coffee, fruits, spices, biscuits in great variety, all the best-known proprietary articles, a choice and varied selection of Italian goods and table delicacies, extracts and essences, jams, jellies, preserved meats, sauces, &c. the extensive stock of provisions includes hams and bacon of prime quality, the best kinds of English, American, and Continental cheese; fresh country and imported butter, lard, and eggs. Bacon is made a leading speciality with the house, Mr. Loosemore being the local agent for Messrs. Charles and Thomas Harris & Co., Limited, the celebrated Wiltshire bacon curers, who carried off the gold medal at the Paris Exhibition in 1880, and have the honour of regularly supplying the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and the other members of the royal family with their superior breakfast delicacy. This establishment is also the depot for the Midlothian meal, that is so largely recommended by the medical faculty. A competent staff of assistants is employed, and customers receive the most prompt and courteous attention. The business in all its details is managed, personally, by Mr. Loosemore, end the establishment is patronised by one of the largest and most influential connections in Ventnor. The Madeira Road Branch Post Office is conducted on the same premises.

HENRY A. IVES, STATIONER, BOOKSELLER, BOOKBINDER, AXD NEWSAGENT,
FANCY REPOSITORY, MAYFIELD HOUSE, 26, PIER STREET, VENTNOR.

THIS representative business was organised at its present eligible quarters in Pier Street, Ventnor, in the year 1884, under the able auspices of its present estimable proprietor, Mr. Henry A. Ives, who is a valued member of the Committee of the Ventnor Literary Institute, and was ono of its most active agents in the formation of the Free Library. Mayfield House, as it is popularly called, presents a handsomely appointed, spacious ground-floor shop, facing Pier Street, every available inch of space within which is utilised for the storage and effective display of a vast and varied stock of goods. Books, in all branches of literature, including bibles, hymn and prayer books, and works of a devotional character; plain, commercial, school, and fashionable fancy stationery, and stationers’ sundries of every description; account books and office and library requisites of all kinds; all the leading local, London, and other newspapers and magazines; and a vast assortment of souvenirs and fancy articles, games, toys, et hoc genus omni are all fully en evidence; while a special feature is made of picturesque photographs, many of them exquisitely coloured by hand, by artists on the premises, the collection of which, in sixteen large albums, is said to be the largest and best of its kind in the Island. In his executive department, Mr. Ives undertakes bookbinding in all its branches, die-sinking, embossing, crest and monogram printing, and fancy printing of all kinds. He is printer by appointment to the Local Board. Mr. Ives has been an ardent stamp-collector for over twenty years, and has the largest and most comprehensive stock of foreign stamps in the Island. He does a large trade in this direction with the foreign visitors to the Isle of Wight, and the liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

WROXALL.

W. FLUX & SON, CORN MERCHANTS, MILLERS, AND BACON CURERS,
WROXALL, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THIS well-known and enterprising firm originated about thirteen years ago at Wroxall, and were at first corn merchants and millers only. Subsequently they added the department of bacon-curing, which has become one of the most important features of their extensive business. The premises occupied are conveniently situated, and comprise a large four-storey block, well arranged as mills and warehouses, with detached premises set apart for offices. Extensive stocks of corn from the best sources of supply are held in the warehouses, and by thus carefully selecting their material, using the best machinery, and employing skilled labour only, Messrs. Flux & Son are enabled to ensure the constant production of the finest quality of flour. For this product they have a very large and increasing sale. The firm under notice possess the distinction of being the only bacon curers on a large scale in Hampshire, and their works for this department, inaugurated ten years ago, was the third bacon factory started in the United Kingdom. The curing houses were specially built adjoining the mills, and were further enlarged about two-and-a-half years ago. They are substantially constructed and laid out upon a convenient plan, while their equipment is in accordance with the best methods for economising labour and ensuring perfection in the work done. This place is known as the “Isle of Wight Bacon Factory,” and the extent of its operations may be gathered from the fact that an average number of one hundred pigs arc here slaughtered and dressed every week. The firm have, however, facilities for dealing with as many as three hundred a week if necessary. The pigs are all “natives,” only Isle of Wight porkers being dealt with, and the bacon turned out is of a superior quality which has commended itself to the favour of the trade and the public wherever it has become known. Messrs. Flux & Son have extensive and valuable connections in London and Portsmouth, and their “Isle of Wight Bacon” is sent to practically every part of the United Kingdom. Both in flour and in bacon this firm send out goods of prime quality only, and in both departments they control an immense wholesale trade, which is supplemented by important dealings in salt, in which commodity they are large merchants.

The principals of the firm are Mr. W. Flux, and his son, Mr. W. A. Flux, both taking an active part in the management of the business. The senior partner is also well known in local public life, and has rendered much valuable service therein. He is Chairman of the Parish Council, Chairman of the Newchurch School Board and of the Parochial Committee, and a Commissioner of the Parish of Newchurch, where he has also been an Overseer of the parish for the past six years. Mr. Flux and his son are both greatly respected in this neighbourhood, and are as favourably known in business for their straightforward methods as for their spirited and progressive enterprise.

AUGUSTUS BULL, GROCER, BAKER, PROVISION DEALER, PORK BUTCHER, MEALMAN, AND IRONMONGER,
RAILWAY STATION, WROXALL.

THE comprehensive business now under consideration was organised over sixteen years ago by its present enterprising proprietor, who has succeeded in raising his business to its present eminent position. Located hard by the Railway Station, the premises in reality constitute a large general «tore. The ample accommodation provided is divided into a series of distinct departments, of which it may collectively be observed that they are all stocked with goods, fairly exhaustive in each department In this way are represented select general groceries, prime provisions, and kindred goods; fresh farm-fed pork, flour, corn, seeds, &c.; patent medicines, crockery, meal — in which he does a very large trade — and ironmongery wares of every kind, together with domestic hardware and the like; and a baker’s department with well-equipped bakery attached. Mr. Bull’s own vans deliver bread daily to regular consumers dwelling throughout the Wroxall and Ventnor districts, and also convey orders sent to any of his other departments; and he acts as the Wroxall agent to the City of London Fire Insurance Company. The business is indeed in a splendid condition of progressive development, and, under Mr. Bull’s personal supervision, the house promises to continuously eclipse its past successes in the prosperity of still better times to come.

BONCHURCH.

MESSRS. J. G. & W. JOLLIFFE, BUILDERS, UNDERTAKERS, SANITARY AND HOT WATER ENGINEERS, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENTS, ETC.,
BONCHURCH, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THE excellently equipped establishment of Messrs. J. G. & W. Jolliffe has for many years constituted one of the principal factors in the industrial and commercial activity of the Bonchurch district. The business was established some sixty years ago by the father of the present proprietors. The premises comprise commodious offices which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of business, and adjoining are commodious yards and workshops, the former affording space enough for the systematic arrangement of the heavy and valuable stocks which are held. The workshops, too, are excellently equipped, and the working plant includes all the requisites of the most approved modern type, for the perfecting of results in the processes of wood-working. An efficient staff of skilled workmen is permanently engaged in making window-sashes, frames, doors, and other appliances required in the execution of building contracts. For the due performance of such contracts the firm possess every facility; and they possess a wide and successful experience in controlling, by the aid of experts, the several processes of plumbing, glazing, painting, decorating, and other branches of the building trades. A speciality of this house is sanitary and hot-water engineering, and many important contracts have been carried out in this direction.

The Messrs. Jolliffe have gained a well deserved reputation for invariably using materials of the best quality; and the promptitude and efficiency with which they execute all orders for repairs have gained for them the unreserved confidence and the steady support of the most influential owners of house property throughout the district. In the interests of the same class of clients, as well as of the public in general, the firm maintain a valuable and ever growing connection, and control a very large amount of business in their capacity as house and estate agents and valuers. Their lengthened experience in dealing with real property of all descriptions in Bonchurch and the surrounding district renders their services in this department of unique utility. The firm are accustomed, moreover, to undertake the entire conduct of funerals. Both the members of the firm take a direct and personal interest in the conduct of the business in all its details; and, at the same time, their exceptionally strong administrative powers enable them to devote a considerable amount of their valuable time and energies to the service of the public. Thus Mr. J. G. Jolliffe holds the responsible office of clerk to the Parish Council, Assistant Overseer of the parish of Bonchuroh, while Mr. W. Jolliffe is Parish Councillor and one of the Overseers for the same parish.

DANIEL DAY & SONS, BUILDERS, UNDERTAKERS, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT8, ETC.,
BONCHURCH, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THIS business was established upwards of sixty years ago by Mr. Daniel Day, the father of the present members of the firm — Messrs. Daniel and Alfred E. Day — and the long family record, during the interval, forms an epitome of the development, material and social, of the district throughout that period. The firm conduct an extensive business, and their premises include spacious yards in which are held stocks of timber, stone, and other building materials. Here, too, is a series of workshops, equipped with all the requisite appliances for cutting and connecting wood, stone, marble, &c. They have gained a high reputation as builders, and are surrounded with every facility for the execution of contracts of any extent. The members of the firm have always kept themselves in touch with the great developments which, in modern times, have been made in practical sanitary science and in decorative art, and they have thus been able to retain the unreserved confidence and the steady support of a wide circle of influential customers. They have, too, had a large experience in the conduct of funerals, and have at their disposal all the appliances for the performance of obsequies, in accordance with the most advanced ideas of funeral reform. As monumental masons, they hold stocks of marble, and other suitable stone, carefully selected for the purpose, and most of the churchyards and cemeteries within a wide area contain evidences of their artistic skill and excellent taste.

The Messrs. Day employ a permanent staff of skilled workmen end the number is increased indefinitely in accordance with the exigencies of contracts. In intimate connection with their operations as house builders and repairers, they control a large and ever growing business as house and estate agents and valuers, and in this department of their business they have an ample experience. In their capacity as market gardeners, they cultivate extensive grounds in Upper Bonchurch, where they grow vegetables, fruits, and flowers. Both the members of the firm personally supervise all the working details in the several departments, and, at the same time, are enabled to devote much of their time to the public interest. Mr. Daniel Day is an Overseer of the Parish of Bonchurch, Parish Councillor, and assessor and collector of taxes. He and his brother are much esteemed by all classes of the community, and their extensive personal influence enables them to render valuable services as sole agents, in the Bonchurch district, for the Royal Fire and Life Insurance Company.

SANDOWN

ONE of the finest sites in the Isle of Wight is that occupied by Sandown, which is beautifully placed at the head of the bay of the same name. This noble bight of the Channel, likened by not a few travellers to the Bay of Naples in beauty of contour, extends from the Culver Cliffs in the west, rearing their lofty summits 600 feet above the sea, to the promontory of Dunnose in the east, and has a width of about five and a-half miles from point to point. The beach is unsurpassed for bathing purposes, and this circumstance has been a potent factor in assisting the growth and prosperity of Sandown as a watering-place. Other notable advantages have contributed to its rapid increase in modern times, and to the popularity it now enjoys as a seaside resort. The scenery in the neighbourhood is charming, embracing many of the most picturesque features of the landscape along the southern shores of the island; and the climate is not less delightful, the atmosphere being of that balmy and salubrious nature which tempts both the invalid and the pleasure-seeker from more vigorous regions to spend long or short periods here both in summer and winter.

When the northern parts of Britain are fast bound in the clutches of the frost king, when the hardy Scot wades knee-deep in snow, and even Londoners shudder in the gloom of leaden skies, and wonder what could ever have induced Charles Kingsley to write an ode to the east wind, sunny Sandown. revels in a climate more suggestive of the Riviera than of these islands of ours, and the broad waters of its splendid bay, reflecting the sapphire of the cloudless vault above, assume a depth of blue that might well turn the Mediterranean “green with envy.” And then in summer, when the dwellers in our great inland towns and cities swelter in dust and heat, and even the fields and lanes of the rural districts have more than enough of ardent Sol and his oppressive rays, breezy Sandown cools itself in the soft sea airs, to breathe which is to inhale new life at every inspiration. Happy the place that can charm alike in January and in July, and happy the people who can call it “home”!

Sandown is six miles south of Ryde, with which it has good railway communication. It is thus easily accessible, and a more enjoyable holiday resort it would be hard to find. One can visit many interesting places from here. Shanklin and Ventnor are readily reached by rail; and Bembridge, with its pretty bay, and Brading, with its church, and the Roman villas not far distant, can be visited by road, the drive being a thoroughly delightful one. There is plenty to do at Sandown itself, where the bathing is unexceptionable, the boating excellent, and the town itself not by any means devoid of interest. The population is 3,120 here, and a Local Board of Health, consisting of fifteen members, in whose hands the government of the place is all that can be desired, judging from the progress that has been made in various directions during recent years. There is a capital pier, erected in 1878, besides a sea-wall and promenade. For the most part the houses of the town are built upon rising ground, well above the sea, and the views command many a picturesque prospect.

Sandown’s ecclesiastical parish was formed in 1847, out of that of Brading. The parish church of Christ Church was erected in 1845, and there are several other churches and chapels. The Town Hall dates from 1869, and new Local Board offices were added six or seven years ago. Near the shore of the bay stands “Sandown Cottage,” once the residence of John Wilkes.

Accommodation has to be provided at Sandown for a large influx of visitors-from a distance, and this requirement is well met by the local hotels and numerous boarding-houses, which are comfortably appointed, and have the reputation of being admirably conducted. Not a few of these establishments are charmingly situated, and within easy access of all the most enjoyable features in the life of the place. As to the commercial aspect of Sandown, that is, of course, secondary, the raison d’etre of this pleasant resort being evidently to afford as much pleasure and physical benefit as possible to the many who journey hither in quest of health, rest, and quiet recreation. At the same time it is impossible to overlook the considerable amount of business done in this growing town; chiefly, of course, in supplying the requirements of residents and visitors. The general trades of a modern community are well represented, and the local shops, well stocked with everything in their several lines, are enterprisingly managed. Though, in a sense, “far from the madding crowd,” they are in no respect behind the times, and cater to the wants of their patrons in a highly satisfactory manner.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE

YELF & CO., WINE MERCHANTS,
15, HIGH STREET, SANDOWN, AND 53, UNION STBEET, RYDE.

THIS is one of the oldest firms of wine and spirit merchants in the Isle of Wight, the history of the house dating back as far as the end of the last century. During the more than four-score years that have elapsed since then, the name of Yelf has always been favourably known to residents in the island for the high quality of the goods with which it is and has been associated; and at the present day this excellent reputation is fully maintained, the firm doing a very large and high-class trade, both at Sandown and at their old establishment, 53, Union Street, Ryde. The premises at Sandown are very extensive, comprising offices, order and bottling department, extensive stores, cellars, &c., affording every facility for a business of this kind. The stocks held are upon an equally large scale, and are more than ordinarily comprehensive, embracing every description of wines and spirits now in general demand.

Messrs. Yelf & Co. are in a particularly favourable position for meeting the requirements of connoisseurs in such standard wines as Ports, Sherries, Clarets, Burgundies, Champagnes, Madeiras, Hocks and Moselles. Having the entree to the best sources of supply, they are enabled to make highly satisfactory selections in these wines, and their stock is thoroughly representative of the best growths and vintages. They also stock the leading brands of Italian, Australian, Hungarian, and Californian wines, which have become so popular by reason of their purity and fine natural properties. In Brandies, Scotch and Irish Whiskies, Rums, Gins, and all the favourite liqueurs and cordials, the same high standard of excellence is maintained; and a very extensive trade is done in bottled ales and stouts from the most celebrated brewers. The firm, of course, supply the famous “brews” of Bass, Allsopp, and Guinness, and in addition to these they have the sole bottling agency here for Raggett's Nourishing Stout, and are also agents for the much esteemed “St. Pauli” lager beer. Genuine Devonshire cider, hop bitter beer, and the best aerated waters, in bottles and syphons, likewise form an important feature of their widespread wholesale and retail trade. The Ryde establishment is devoted wholly to the ale, wine and spirit trade, but at Sandown the firm have an additional department as agents for Lipton’s celebrated teas; and here also they act as house and estate agents, having offices ad-joining those for the wine and spirit business. The whole concern is ably and enterprisingly conducted under the personal supervision of the principal, and, as we have already intimated, Messrs. Yelf & Co. stand high in the confidence of an influential connection, many of the local gentry and leading families being among their regular customers. We have much pleasure in according recognition to a business so admirably organised as this, and which has for so many years maintained an honourable position in the trade.

E. W. HILLIER, CORN AND FLOUR MERCHANT, HAY AND STRAW FACTOR,
WILKES ROAD, SANDOWN, ISLE OF WIGHT.

MR. F. HILLIER founded his establishment some twelve years ago; and, by his knowledge of his trade, he has created a valuable connection, which now constitutes one of the leading commercial factors in the Sandown district. His headquarters occupy a commanding position, the interior of which is well appointed, and, with its numerous and conveniently disposed fittings, it is ample enough to admit of the effective display of samples, and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the large stocks which are always held. These include corn, flour, agricultural and garden seeds, bird seeds and poultry foods, oatmeal, potatoes, &c. The proprietor also retains extensive stores in Grafton Road, where great quantities of com, hay and straw are always held. The stocks held here also comprise all the celebrated dog biscuits and other articles usually found in such establishments. With all the best sources of supply for the various descriptions of commodities in which he deals, Mr. Hillier is able to offer exceptionally favourable terms to his numerous customers. He has gained a well-deserved reputation for invariably supplying goods of standard quality, and he has thus gained the unreserved confidence and the steady support of many of the most influential families resident in the neighbourhood. The prompt and accurate execution of all orders is ensured by the constant supervision of the principal.

JOUH BUNT, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT, AND VALUER,
SANDOWN, ISLE OF WIGHT.

AN important and influential branch of business is that represented by Mr. John Bunt as indicated above. Operations were begun in this direction upwards of twenty years ago, and from the first have been conducted with notable ability. A steady progress has been maintained in the extent and value of the transactions engaged in, and the house is in every respect entitled to be regarded as one of prominence. The premises occupied comprise handsomely appointed private and general offices, and every convenience for the despatch of a business of this nature. As an estate agent, Mr. Bunt has had a wide range of experience, and has an intimate knowledge of the value of residential and business property in the island, so that intended investors can place the utmost reliance upon his judgment and advice. The property committed to his care receives his close personal attention. He provides suitable and responsible tenants, effects every description of repairs in the most economical manner, and collects rents. Prompt and satisfactory settlements are made in all cases, and the name of the house is synonymous with everything that is straightforward and honourable in this important branch of business. His lists contain the most eligible property to be let or sold in the district, and during the season his register of apartments will be found of the utmost service to visitors. Mr. Bunt is doing a large business us a valuer, and no more qualified or reliable person can be found to carry out this difficult and responsible operation, whether it be for probate, legacy duty, transfer of business, or compensation claims. His decisions are the result of careful examination joined to sound knowledge and integrity of character, and invariably commend themselves to the judgment of both parties. Mr. S. R. Bunt (trading as Messrs. Bunt A Co.), Old Broad Street, London, is Mr. John Bunt's uncle, and undertakes all his auctioneering business. Mr. John Bunt is the sole agent in this district for the well-known Guion, Orient, Castle, Dominion, and American Steamship Companies, as well as for the Alliance Fire and Life Insurance Company and the Railway Passengers' Insurance Company. He is also largely occupied as a coal merchant, and has large yards attached to his premises which are always well stocked. He represents the well-known Caradoc Colliery Company, and orders in this department are promptly filled at the lowest current prices. Mr. Bunt’s standing in trading and financial circles is of the highest, and the success he is enjoying has been well earned by the industry and probity that have marked his career.

J. DORE, WATCHMAKER, JEWELLER, OPTICIAN, ETC.,
27, HIOH STREET, SANDOWN.

TECHNICAL horology, and the kindred crafts of the modern working jeweller and scientific optician, find an able exponent in the person of Mr. James Dore, who for the past twenty years has conducted a business which was founded as far back as the year 1860. About seven years ago, Mr. Dore took a now departure by adding a special photographic branch to his business, his private studio and workshops being located at the rear of his shop in the High Street; and here he operates as the patentee and maker of the “Dore Printing Frame” for photographers, and aa a manufacturer on a large scale of superior photographic lantern slides, for which the Medal and Diploma were awarded at the World’s Fair, Chicago, 1893; and Prize Medals at the Crystal Palace Photographic Exhibition, 1890; at Edinburgh, Cardiff, and elsewhere. The spacious shop at 27, High Street is elegantly appointed, and is most methodically arranged to effectively display a stock of goods that is remarkable for its volume and variety alike. Gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture, clocks of every description, jewellery of the best and newest designs in great variety, electro-silver plate, both useful and ornamental, table cutlery, spectacles, folders, telescopes, field and opera glasses, etc., are all fully en evidence. The photographic department is the depot for photographic plates, papers, cameras, and other apparatus; while magic lanterns and slides are supplied at makers' list prices. In his well-equipped workshops, Mr. Dore, with expert assistants, undertakes the repairing and adjustment of all kinds of watches, clocks, musical boxes, photo-apparatus, and complex mechanisms, the making of jewellery to order, jewellery and plate repairs, gilding, etc., the making of spectacles to suit any sight, and replating work, etc., with due economy, efficiency, and despatch; and the patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

MARTIN’S LIBRARY,
SANDOWN AND SHANKLIN, ISLE OF WIGHT.

THIS important and comprehensive business was inaugurated at the former place about sixteen years ago, the establishment at Shanklin being opened eight years later. The Sandown premises are situated in the High Street, and comprise a large and handsome corner shop, fronted by several plate-glass windows, and having a spacious room at the rear, which is used by Mr. Martin for the purposes of his well-known circulating library. This is conducted in connection with Mudie’s, and maintains a large and constant supply of books for all readers. It numbers upwards of four thousand volumes, and embraces works of history, biography, travel, adventure, fiction, &c., with a special department of books for juvenile readers. Some twenty of the leading London periodicals are also obtainable at this library monthly, as soon as published. The library arrangements are excellent, and it is very largely patronised by visitors and residents at Sandown and Shanklin. Mr. Martin does a very extensive trade in photographs, of which he holds an immense and superior stock, together with a choice selection of photograph albums, and Frith’s new “Opaline” views, which have met with great favour. A very special feature is the stock of books held, the largest, by a long way, in the island, and which embraces all the leading standard works, and includes a large selection of books for boys and girls.

As a pianoforte and music warehouse this establishment is likewise well known to the public, and the stock in this department is very complete. Pianofortes by the leading makers may be had at the lowest prices for cash, or upon the three years’ system, and they may also be hired for any period. American organs, violins, guitars, banjos, and all instrumental accessories are kept in stock, and in every instance good value is guaranteed, and liberal terms are offered to cash purchasers. The stock of sheet and volume music is a very large one, and includes all the newest vocal and instrumental compositions of the day. New music is sold at a discount of twopence in the shilling from the “nett” price. We ought not to omit mention of the excellent pianofortes of the Music Trade Association of Great Britain, which are a speciality with Mr. Martin. These are really first-rate instruments, selling at the moderate price of forty guineas, and equalling in tone, touch, and other essential features many instruments at half as much again.

Mr. Martin keeps a fine stock of general stationery and stationers' fancy goods, and he is also well known for the excellence of his specialities in artists' materials, of which he holds a large assortment. Another important department is that for printing, all kinds of plain and fancy work being turned out in capital style at moderate prices, new ideas and excellent finish forming a special characteristic of this branch of the business. Mr. Martin, in conjunction with Mr. George Brown (who was the founder), publishes the “Sandown Almanack and Handbook,” which has reached its twenty-fifth year of issue. This is a remarkably useful publication, containing a great amount of valuable local information, and enjoying a very large circulation. Altogether, Mr. Martin’s business is one of the first in its line at Sandown and Shanklin, and is conducted with great ability and enterprise by the principal in person, who spares no effort to keep his establishments thoroughly “up to date,” and to retain the full confidence and continued support of his large and influential clientele. He attributes his success in a great measure to his guiding principle of supplying the wants of his patrons so completely in assortment, quality, and reasonable charges, that they should be satisfied of the needlessness of going or sending to any of the large towns for anything in his way of business.

Mr. Martin deserves special credit for the part he has taken in initiating a genuine early-closing practice at Sandown and Shanklin one day in each week. On Wednesdays his shops are closed at 1.30 P.M., with the laudable object of giving his numerous assistants a real half-holiday. We believe be is the only tradesman in Sandown or Shanklin who closes at this early hour on Wednesday; and while his staff undoubtedly appreciate the consideration thus shown to them, his customers in general have also signified their approval of this liberal measure by readily falling in with the arrangement, and transacting their business with him on the morning of the day in question.

F. CANTELO, FURNISHING AND BUILDERS' IRONMONGER,
81, HIGH STREET, SANDOWN.

THE well-ordered establishment, of which Mr. F. Cantelo is the proprietor, was founded twenty years ago, and was, for a long period, successfully conducted by Mr. E. W. Cantelo. Since the present proprietor assumed control, some three years since, the ample technical knowledge which he brought to his enterprise, combined with his vigorous and well-directed energy, has enabled him materially to add to the valuable connection. Mr. Cantelo's premises occupy a commanding position in High Street, with a fine frontage. The ample plate-glass show-windows, with their tastefully arranged displays of useful and decorative hardware goods, include a constant succession of the latest novelties. The commodious interior is handsomely appointed, and well admits of the effective display, and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement, of the large, valuable, and notably comprehensive stocks, which are always held, of furnishing and builders' ironmongery. The premises also comprise commodious workshops, which are equipped with all the requisite working plant, of the most approved modern type, for facilitating the operations of the firm as plumbers, locksmiths, gas, water, electric bell, and telephone fitters, and bell-hangers, and general metal workers.

Special attention is given to cycle work, a large quantity of parts necessary for repairs being kept. Mr. Cantelo holds the appointment of official repairer to the Cyclists' Touring Club. An efficient staff of skilled workmen in all departments is employed. Mr. Cantelo is, also, a shoesmith, and the shoeing establishment, in connection with his business, occupies extensive workshops in Bridger Street. The stocks of goods held in the warehouse include splendid assortments of general ironmongery, suitable for domestic purposes, and artizans’ cutlery of the best quality, electro-plated goods in great variety, Britannia metal goods, washing and wringing machines, weighing machines, sewing machine*, lawn mowers, axes and hammers, spades and shovels, tools for carpenters, joiners, cabinet-makers, and engineers; bedsteads and spring mattresses; stoves, ranges, and kitcheners; ropes and twines; varnishes, oils, colours, and glass; and electric bells and telephone appliances and fittings. Bicycles, tricycles, mail-carts, and perambulators are stocked, and either can be hired by the hour or any longer period. Mr. Cantelo also controls a considerable amount of business in lubricating and lamp oils, including colza, linseed, paraffin, sweet, sperm, and other varieties. The proprietor maintains relations of such extent and intimacy with all the best sources of supply, that he is able to offer to his numerous and ever-growing circles of customers, the best that the markets can supply, and upon exceptionally advantageous terms. Mr. Cantelo bestows his personal and assiduous supervision upon all the working details of his extensive and flourishing business, with the result that all orders are executed with the utmost punctuality and accuracy. He is well known throughout a wide district, and is held in much esteem for the strict commercial principles and the spirit of liberality which animate all the business transactions of the house.

THE KING'S HEAD HOTEL,
SANDOWN.
PROPRIETOR: Ms. GEORGE H. CONQUEST.

AMONG the hotels of Sandown the King's Head is the oldest, and the reputation it has so long maintained marks it as one of the best. It occupies an excellent situation — none could be better for the purposes of a first-class hotel — and is a handsome four-storey building, standing in its own grounds on the Parade, and commanding uninterrupted sea views. There is a second entrance, also, in High Street, which is quite as much used as the Parade entrance. Mr. George H. Conquest, the present proprietor, acquired the hotel a few months ago, and he has made important alterations which are undoubtedly great improvements. The premises have been extended, the grounds better laid out, and arrangements made to build a fine conservatory as an additional attraction to the place. This work is in progress, and by next season the King’s Head Hotel will be immensely improved in many ways. Meanwhile, the interior of the hotel has received first attention, and the whole place has been elegantly refurnished and substantially fitted up with everything essential to the perfect comfort of guests. All the rooms now show handsome appointments, and the whole establishment may be said to have been brought thoroughly up to date, thanks to Mr. Conquest's liberal enterprise.

The King's Head may be justly termed the leading commercial hotel of Sandown. It offers capital accommodation to business men and travellers, and is only about five minutes' walk from the railway station. Busses meet all trains. Among the notable features of this house are the ladies’ drawing-room, private sitting-room, billiard-room, luncheon and dining-rooms in connection, hot and cold baths, and a well-appointed bar, where only the best wines, spirits, cigars, &c., are served. The cuisine is excellent, and the table d'hote dinner, served at separate tables, is a speciality upon which Mr. Conquest may be heartily congratulated. Another speciality is the moderate inclusive terms for Saturday to Monday visits, which includes table d'hote dinner on Saturday; breakfast, luncheon, and dinner on Sunday; and breakfast Monday morning. We commend this well-ordered hotel to those who like substantial comfort at moderate charges, within easy access of everything that is interesting at Sandown; and it is easy to foresee that the already extensive and valuable clientele of the King's Head Hotel will be notably increased under the genial and courteous regime of the present proprietor, who has made himself thoroughly popular during the few months that have elapsed since he assumed the position and responsibilities of “mine host.” It may be added, for the information of some of our readers, that the King’s Head is a well-known posting establishment, and is fully equipped in this particular.

W. PENNELLS, TAILOR, HOSIER, AND OUTFITTER, BOOT AND SHOE WAREHOUSE,
REMBRANDT HOUSE, 103, HIGH STREET, SANDOWN.

POPULARLY known in Sandown as “Rembrandt House,” by reason of its having been originally occupied by a photographic artist, this noted tailoring and outfitting establishment was opened as such about twelve years ago. During the fall of the year 1893, the business was acquired by its present proprietor, Mr. W. Pennells, under whose management it has taken permanent rank among the principal trading concerns of the town. Eligibly located in the High Street, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style. Mr. Pennells holds a very large and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment. Stylish ready-made suits and single garments for men, youths, and boys in all standard sizes; silk and felt hats and caps for all occasions; boots and shoes for both sexes, in a great diversity of styles, shapes, and sizes; gloves and hosiery, shirts and underwear, ties and scarves, collars, cuffs, braces, studs, handkerchiefs, and outfitting items of every description, are all fully represented at their best, and are all offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants at the lowest prices, consistent with equitable trading. Mr. Pennells and his staff of expert cutters and tailors devote special attention to the making of gentlemen's, youths' and boys’ fashionable attire to measure, from exclusively the newest and best fabrics and materials for the current season, and every garment so made is turned out in a state of perfection; and it is a true criterion of, and tribute to, Mr. Pennell's capabilities that not only are patrons invariably satisfied with the result of his efforts, but that his large and still rapidly increasing connection has been mainly called together through the influence of personal recommendations.

SHANKLIN.

NOWHERE are the characteristic beauties of the Isle of Wight more conspicuously displayed than at Shanklin, a watering-place which has attained extraordinary popularity in modern times among those visitors who appreciate the scenic loveliness and climatic advantages of the south coast of the island. Shanklin has an unrivalled situation, and has grown very rapidly in recent years as the result of public recognition of its unique attractions. Half a century ago it contained about forty houses and less than two hundred inhabitants. To-day it is quite a thriving little town, with a population of 2,750, and many of the elements which constitute a favourite seaside resort. It stands on the coast, three-and-a-half miles north-east of Ventnor, seven miles south-east of Newport, and nine miles south-west of Ryde, and has good railway communication. The older part of the town nestles snugly beneath the shelter of the vast bulk of Shanklin Down, which rises to a height of seven hundred and seventy feet above the sea, and commands magnificent views. The fashionable quarter is found on this elevated ground, than which there could hardly be a more charming site for a residence. Shanklin has the inevitable pier, and from the end of that structure one may survey the coast-line for a distance to right and left. Eastward extends the fine sweep of Sandown Bay, with its splendid beach and unsurpassed bathing facilities. This carries the eye as far as the Culver Cliffs, and oven beyond that to the distant coast of Sussex. Westward, the first notable object is Shanklin Chine, with Luccombe Chine beyond; and the view in this direction is bounded by Dunnose Head, the scene of the wreck of the training-ship Eurydice, which foundered here in a squall on March 24th, 1878, with the loss of three hundred lives.

Shanklin Chine, which may fairly be termed the chief of the local natural attractions, is one of those remarkable fissures common on this part of the coast of Wight. It commences about half-a-mile from the sea, and pursues a serpentine course shoreward, gradually widening and deepening as it proceeds, until at its mouth it attains a width of one hundred and eighty feet and a height of two hundred and seventy feet. Through this romantic chasm flows a stream of water, making a delightful little cascade towards the upper end; and the stupendous walls of the gorge are thickly clothed with shrubbery, softening all its ruggedness, and imparting to the scene an indescribable sylvan loveliness. A writer thus speaks of this marvellously picturesque ravine: “So thick is the foliage here that in certain parts it is quite dark, but still here and there little arrows of sunlight shot their way through the intertwining and interlacing branches overhead, or in places great sudden glories of sunlight, dazzling and brilliant, greeted the half-blinded, bewildered pilgrim. And this sunshine revealed here and there old grey rocks, upon which grew in rich profusion the dark green moss, damp and glistening. Gnarled old trunks of trees reared themselves proudly over my head, whose topmost branches I could now and again catch a glimpse of as they tossed and waved in the rising breeze. But it was not until I had gone some distance up the Chine that the most romantic view was obtained, where the boldness of the windings of the chasm, a picturesque stone bridge, green and grey, and apparently hoary with dim antiquity, though doubtless it is really new, which here and there crosses the deep ravine, the soft murmur of the tiny waterfall, and the exclusion of all prospects, combine to produce the highest effect of all. Here is a pretty little fountain upon which Longfellow wrote some charming lines, which I quote:

“O traveller stay thy weary feet,
Drink of this fountain pure and sweet,
It flows for rich and poor the same.
Then go thy way remembering still
The wayside well beneath the hill.
The cup of water in His name.”

Luccombe Chine is another beautiful spot about a mile to the southward of Shanklin, and here the visitor encounters yet another natural marvel, the Landslip. This extends from Luccombe to Bonchurch, forming the beginning of what is known at Ventnor as the Undercliff, and it was created, they say, in a single day some two centuries or more ago, when several miles of the lofty cliff or down slipped seaward and, so to speak, “set up for itself” on a less exalted level. No pen can describe the sublime grandeur of the scene here presented — the result of one of those tremendous and awe-inspiring performances in which Nature ever and anon manifests the gigantic forces at her command, and mocks the relatively puny achievements of the “lords of creation.”

Turning again to Shanklin town (which comprises the parish of Shanklin and part of that of Brading), we may note that the government of the place is in the hands of a Local Board of nine members, and that considerable enterprise is displayed both by this authority and by the inhabitants in general in the making of arrangements calculated to render the stay of visitors agreeable and beneficial. There is excellent hotel and boarding-house accommodation at Shanklin, and the town possesses the indispensable libraries, and also a Literary and Scientific Institute, with reading-room and a hall for entertainments. There are several places of worship, both for adherents of the Established Church and for Nonconformists; and among the interesting features of the parish church of St. James is a curiously carved oaken chest, the gift of Prior Silksted of Winchester in 1512. The delights of a sojourn at Shanklin are accentuated by the fact that visitors can satisfy their requirements for the time being at the local business establishments, which are well conducted and well stocked, and of which we shall have something to say in the reviews now placed before the notice of the reader.

ALBERT TOVEY, A.P.S., DISPENSING CHEMIST, THE MODERN PHARMACY,
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

PRACTICAL pharmacy finds an able and enterprising exponent at the town of Shanklin, in the person of Mr. Albert Tovey, who recently (in the summer of 1894) opened his already popular establishment, appropriately called “The Modern Pharmacy,” in the busy High Street. Occupying quite a commanding position, the spacious shop is elegantly appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically arranged to effectively display a thoroughly representative stock of goods, composed of an exhaustive series of drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength; all the popular patent medicines of the day; a select series of useful domestic medicines and chaste pharmaceutical preparations, compounded by Mr. Tovey, such as his famous “Tonic Liver Mixture.” Here also may be obtained “Phosphated Quinine and Iron,” “B.P. Quinine Wine,” “Iodized Sarsaparilla Mixture,” &c.; choice toilet, nursery and sick-room requisites, all manner of medical and surgical appliances, spectacles and eye-glasses to suit all sights, and a special line in Tovey’s celebrated quarter-pound packet teas. Moreover, Mr. Tovey makes a leading specialite of choice perfumery, in which department he has always been very successful.

Besides manufacturing several deservedly popular perfumes, including the celebrated “Shanklin Zephyrs,” the “Riviera Bouquet,” Old English Lavender Water, &c., he bottles all the favourite perfumes, as Opoponax, Wood Violet, Stephanotis, &c., &c., which are imported direct from the celebrated distilleries at Grasse, and guaranteed “ bottled as imported,” and has constantly on hand a choice selection of the productions of the first perfumers of the age, including “Atkinsons,” “Piesse & Lubin,” the “Crown Perfumery Company,” &c. All perfumes and toilet articles are sold by him at popular prices. A novel feature of the business is that Mr. Tovey issues a monthly aesthetically printed publication called “Tovey’s Shanklin Referee,” which provides an accurate railway time-table for the Isle of Wight, a tide table showing high water at Shanklin, and concise information respecting his business, and some of the most useful medicines and preparations which he makes. In his perfectly equipped laboratory at the rear Mr. Tovey operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, devoting the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physicians' prescriptions and the compounding of family recipes, and his skill and accuracy in this responsible department has already won for him the confidence of all the local medical practitioners and the liberal support of a large clientele.

THE MADEIRA HOTEL,
SHANKLIN.
PROPRIETOR: MAJOR C. BROACKES, EX-PROVOST-MARSHAL OF THE ARMY.

ESTABLISHED upwards of twenty-five years ago, the well-known house named above has long been acknowledged to be one of the leading hotels in Shanklin, and its recent acquisition by Major Broackes is a circumstance which augurs well for its continued success and popularity. Moreover, no less than a thousand pounds has lately been expended upon the premises in making alterations and improvements which will tend to greatly enhance the comfort and convenience of visitors. The Madeira Hotel stands in the most quiet and select part of Shanklin, and, at the same time, it is only five minutes' walk from the railway-station, two minutes from the sea, and five minutes from the famous “Chine.” It is a three-storey building, and has the appearance of a private residence, possessing a handsome porticoed entrance with pleasant verandahs which are rendered very attractive by a profusion of plants and creepers. There are also grounds and conservatories belonging to the house, admirably laid out, and contributing to its charm as a place of residence.

The entire establishment has undergone complete renovation quite recently, and the large expenditure above alluded to has produced highly satisfactory results. New cellars have been built, a new public bar has been added, and everything calculated to render the house better adapted to the purposes of a high-class hotel has been done. In addition to the dining, drawing, smoking, and reading rooms, there are numerous bedrooms. and private suites are available for those who desire them, the furnishing and decorations being in every instance most elegant and tasteful. The incandescent light is now being fitted throughout the house. The kitchens have been thoroughly overhauled, and the most approved modern culinary arrangements adopted, with a view to increasing the reputation long enjoyed by this establishment for its excellent cuisine. Only the finest qualities of wines and spirits are served, and Major Broackes has already been justly complimented upon the fine character of his ales. There are good stables in connection with the hotel, and a capital tennis-lawn affords facilities for amusement. Families are taken en pension, and commercial gentlemen and cyclists will find the accommodation at the Madeira Hotel equal to the best, while the charges in all cases are moderate.

Major Broackes is a genial and painstaking host, whose efforts to ensure the satisfaction of his guests are sure to win increased favour for the Madeira Hotel. He has only lately assumed the proprietorship, but already there are evidences of a master-hand in the routine of the establishment, and one cannot help thinking that Major Broackes's habits of military regularity and system will prove of great value to him in the conduct of a house where provision has to be made for the constant arrival of visitors requiring accommodation and attention. The past career of Major Broackes has been one of more than ordinary prominence, and to Army men his name will long be familiar in connection with his arduous and difficult work at Aldershot. Born at Bristol, he entered the Army in 1858, and remained with the 4th Dragoon Guards until 1874, when he proceeded to Curragh Camp as first assistant in the Mounted Provosts, and in 1881 he was appointed Assistant-Provost-Marshal at Curragh Camp. He saw active service in Egypt in 1882, having been called upon to form a troop of Mounted Police for that campaign, and was much complimented upon his work there. In 1885 he became Provost Marshal of the Army and Commanding Officer of the Military Police Corps at Aldershot, with the honorary rank of Captain; and a year later he carried out the important task of forming a Foot Corps of Police by order of the War Office. On the occasion of the review at Aldershot in the Jubilee year, he had the honour of conducting Her Majesty about, and was complimented upon his arrangements in this important matter, subsequently receiving from the Queen the Jubilee Medal and a letter from Windsor. He was afterwards gazetted honorary Major. Throughout his career at Aldershot Major Broackes displayed those qualities of tact, judgment, and administrative ability which are absolutely indispensable in the occupant of such a position as he there held; and when he retired from the Army (on account of the “age clause”) in the present year (1894), he left his post sincerely honoured, respected, and regretted by all. Moreover, he was presented with an address and a purse of one hundred pounds by the inhabitants of Aidershot as a token of their appreciation of the services he had rendered to the town by his courtesy and consideration to all with whom he came in contact, and by the assistance he had given, through the force under his command, to the civil police and others engaged in the preservation of order and discipline in the town and neighbourhood. The many officers and soldiers of Her Majesty’s Service who know and respect the ex-Provost-Marshal and Commanding Officer of the Military Police Corps will assuredly be glad to hear of the success of the popular Major in the new sphere of life into which he has entered at Shanklin with the most encouraging prospects.

W. WARNE, BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURER, JOB AND POST MASTER, &c.
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

MR. W. WARNE began his industrial and commercial operations as a boot and shoe manufacturer, in Shanklin, upwards of twenty-four years ago. His original quarters were in Station Road, but some twenty years ago his rapidly growing business induced a removal to the present premises which now form one of the most popular establishments in the district. These have a fine double frontage, with ample show-windows, and the well-appointed interior, with its numerous fittings, affords ample accommodation for the display of the large and notably comprehensive stocks which are always held. Mr. Warne successfully caters for all classes of the community, and his stocks therefore include every description of boots, shoes, slippers, and kindred classes of goods for ladies, gentlemen, and children. There is in particular a practically unlimited choice of high-class medium and heavy boots and shoes. His specialities include, too, representative stocks of the well-known “Hardwear” and also the “Electric” boots, together with examples of the manufactures of the famous firm of Hewlett and White. With all the sources of supply for those goods not produced on his own premises in which he deals, Mr. Warne maintains such intimate and extensive relations that he is able to offer exceptional advantages as to prices to his numerous customers, amongst whom are many of the most influential families resident in the district. Many of them, however, prefer to have their boots and shoes made specially to order and to measure on the premises. Mr. Warne is himself a thoroughly accomplished boot and shoe maker, with a complete technical knowledge of the trade, and he employs a competent staff of highly-skilled workmen, who are also always available for the prompt execution of repairs of all kinds. He is, likewise, the sole district agent for Mortimer's Plymouth Dyeing and Cleaning Works, which are celebrated for superiority of workmanship, prompt execution of orders, and moderate charges. Some five years ago Mr. Warne made an important new departure by opening, for the business of a job-master and livery stable proprietor, the St. John’s Mews, which are conveniently situated just off High Street. Here Mr. Warne has created a valuable posting business, and carriages of all descriptions, including cabs, dog-carts, phaetons, &c., are let by the day, hour, or job, at strictly moderate charges. The stock of vehicles includes a large break, for picnic and other parties. Mr. Warne is gifted with much administrative ability, and personally supervises the working details of all the departments of his extensive business. He is much esteemed by all classes of the community, and is assistant superintendent at the Congregational Chapel School.

K. GRAY, BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER, PASTRY COOK AND CONFECTIONER,
SHANKLIN HYGIENIC BAKERY, HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

THE records of this representative business show that it was organised in premises on the opposite side of the High Street some two-and-twenty years ago under the able auspices of the late Mr. F. B. Gray. The superior merits of his productions led to such a rapid increase in demand that barely three years had elapsed before Mr. Gray found it imperative to remove to the present eligible quarters, where, after his decease, the business has been vigorously continued by Mrs. Gray, trading under the style and title designated above. Occupying a commanding position, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most invitingly arranged to display an abundant and varied stock of plain and fancy breads and biscuits, including hot breakfast-rolls and Scotch scones; genuine brown, Coburg, germ, whole-meal and Vienna breads, and the celebrated “Hovis” and Dr. Allinton's breads, for which Mrs. Gray is the sole local agent; together with Pascall’s famous malted sweets, Cadbury’s and Suchard’s chocolates, toothsome cakes and confectionery; high-class pastry, and tempting table delicacies of every kind — a few neat round tables being provided for the accommodation of customers desirous of partaking of light refreshments. In her perfectly equipped bakery, everything is maintained in a state of spotless cleanliness and purity, and only the finest of ingredients are used by the staff of expert bakers, patissiers, and confectioners there employed. With every modern facility and convenience thus at her command, Mrs. Gray operates on an extensive scale. She also undertakes the making and artistic ornamentation, to order, of special rich wedding, christening, and birthday cakes, pastry, confectionery, &c., for all of which she enjoys a widespread and well-merited fame, and her house stands high in the estimation of a very large and valuable connection.

FRED. G. BAKER, WATCHMAKER, JEWELLER, AND OPTICIAN,
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

PRACTICAL horology and the kindred crafts of the modern working jeweller and scientific optician find an able representative in the person of Mr. Fred. G. Baker, who entered upon his present prosperous career as far back as the year 1860, originally at Sandown. In 1873 Mr. Baker removed to his present eligible, quarters in Shanklin, and the premises occupy a conspicuous position, the spacious full-fronted shop being elegantly appointed and most artistically arranged to effectively display a large stock of goods. Gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture, clocks and timepieces of every description, together with fashionable gold and silver jewellery, silver and electroplated ware, suitable for gifts and presentations; spectacles and eyeglasses to suit all sights, and opticians’ goods of all kinds are all duly represented up to date. In his perfectly equipped workshop, Mr. Baker has won a special reputation as an expert craftsman of the highest standing; and undertakes the cleaning and repairing of watches, clocks and complex mechanisms, plate and jewellery, with due economy, high efficiency and despatch, and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

T. HODGKINSON, PORK BUTCHER,
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

IN illustration of the English high-class charcutier’s special branch of business, no better example could perhaps be afforded than the one which has been selected as the theme of the present brief review, Over seventeen years have now elapsed since Mr. T. Hodgkinson entered upon his present prosperous career as a purveyor of pork and porcine products of the highest order. Advantageously located in a prominent position, the spacious shop, brilliantly illuminated after dusk by Cowan gas lamps, and handsomely appointed and equipped in accordance with advanced hygienic principles, always presents a singularly clean and wholesome appearance, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the stock there displayed. In addition to a large supply of prime dairy-fed pork, in the form of expertly dressed carcasses, sides, joints and cuts, the stock includes choicely cured hams, bacon and chaps, pure lard, delicious breakfast bolognas, together with the high-class raised pork pies and superior all-meat sausages freshly made day by day, with which Mr. Hodgkinson’s name has become so closely and creditably identified throughout the Isle of Wight. He does a large trade in butter, and undoubtedly has the largest sale in Shanklin for this commodity. Mr. Hodgkinson, moreover, is the sole agent in Shanklin for the celebrated brand of “Kattiwarree Tea,” in which alone he does a very brisk local business. A full staff of assistants come under Mr. Hodgkinson’s personal directions in the service of customers and in waiting regularly upon families and hotels for orders, which are promptly executed, and the entire business continues to be vigorously conducted upon principles which cannot fail to sustain and steadily enhance the high reputation of the house as the leading one in its line at Shanklin.

G. J. HAWES, FANCY AND GENERAL DRAPER,
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

ALTHOUGH barely over two years have elapsed since this business — which had previously been in existence for some years — was acquired by Mr. E. J. Hawes, it has already taken permanent rank as one of the leading drapery depots in Shanklin, and has grown to be immensely popular amongst gentlewomen in search of fashionable drapery goods in general and select under-garments in particular. The spacious double-fronted shop, with its elegant mantle and millinery show-rooms at the rear, is appointed in the best modern style. General and fancy drapery goods for both household use and personal wear are exhaustively represented. Specialities are made of ladies’ lingerie and trousseaux, baby-linen sad layettes, mantles and millinery, hosiery and gloves, Irish table-linens, calicoes, sheetings, and heavy Manchester wares of every kind; and a staff of expert modistes is retained on the premises to exemplify the latest London and Paris fashion fancies in millinery. An adequate staff of polite and attentive assistants wait upon patrons in a prompt and satisfactory manner; and the entire business, under Mr. Hawes' personal supervision, is conducted in a manner which cannot fail to sustain and even enhance the high reputation and liberal select support it now so deservedly enjoys.

RUSSELL BROTHERS, FAMILY BUTCHERS,
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

THIS well-known and important business was established twenty-three years ago, and has been in possession of the present proprietors, Messrs. Russell Brothers, for the past seventeen years. During the whole period the concern has been vigorously managed, and has been gradually developed from comparative small beginnings into one of the leading and most influential businesses of its kind in the town. The premises occupied are prominently located, and both in size and arrangement are well adapted to the control of a first-class butchering trade. The interior walls are lined with white enamelled tiles, and the aspect of the place throughout is one of neatness and perfect cleanliness. The shop is beautifully lighted by the incandescent light. The latest sanitary inventions have been utilised in the construction of the slaughtering houses, and Messrs. Russell spare no trouble nor expense in providing the best of everything, and their facilities for so doing are unsurpassed by any of their competitors. They have always on hand a choice selection of the primest beef, mutton, lamb, veal, and every kind of meat according to the season. The specialities for which this establishment is most widely known are Southdown mutton, Welsh mutton, prime corned beef, scalded calves' heads and feet, pickled tongues, &c. The proprietors slaughter their own stock, and the meat offered can always be relied upon to be fresh killed and of the primest quality. An adequate staff of assistants is kept, and orders of any magnitude are delivered punctually by own traps to any part of Shanklin and the suburbs. The connection is of a superior character, and lies mainly among the principal families, hotels, and restaurants. The individual partners are Mr. R. Russell and Mr. W. Russell, both of whom have had a long and valuable experience as meat purveyors. They give their close personal attention to the business in every detail, and are anxious at every point to uphold the excellent name their house has so long enjoyed. They are energetic, straightforward, and obliging tradesmen, and command the respect of all who have dealings with them.

F. W. PROUTEN, FISHMONGER AND POULTERER,
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

DURING the comparatively brief period of six years, Mr. F. W. Prouten has succeeded in securing a very large share of the best family, boarding-house, and hotel custom to be had in the rapidly rising resort of Shanklin, by reason of the fact that his is generally acknowledged to be the cheapest house in the fish, poultry, and game trades, when quality is taken as the criterion of cheapness. Mr. Prouten's resources and facilities are indeed of a very superior character, enabling him to get the pick of the markets, and thus to stock an abundant fresh daily supply of all the esteemed varieties of fish and game in season, together with farm-fatted poultry and pure ice for both kitchen and table use. The stock is always most invitingly displayed in his spacious appointed double-fronted shop in the High Street, where everything is maintained in a scrupulously clean and neat condition. A capital oyster-bar is open to customers who desire to partake of the toothsome bivalve at its best. Mr. Prouten employs none but courteous and capable assistants, and retains a special outdoor staff to wait upon families, hotel-keepers, and others daily for orders, which are promptly and satisfactorily executed, while the business in all its details comes under his constant supervision, and is promoted with an ability and energy that cannot fail to strengthen the high reputation it has hitherto so worthily sustained.

FLUX & CO., CORN, HAY, STRAW & SEED MERCHANTS,
HIGH STREET, SHANKLIN.

THE excellently organised business conducted by Messrs. Flux & Co. has a record extending back for close on twenty years, having been established by the late Mr. Edwin Way. Mr. W. Flux, the principal of the present firm, was, indeed, for many years manager of the important department of Mr. Way’s extensive business which now constitutes the well ordered establishment of which he is at the head. Upon Mr. Way’s decease he acquired the business, bringing to his enterprise a thorough technical knowledge of the trade. Messrs. Flux & Co.’s premises occupy a commanding situation in the High Street. The interior is specially commodious, running back for a considerable distance, and it is fully adapted throughout to the special requirements of the business. There are in particular ample facilities for holding very extensive stocks of such bulky goods as hay and straw. The stocks also include corn and agricultural seeds of every description, potatoes, oatmeal, flour, and bird seeds of all kinds. A very extensive business, both wholesale and retail, is maintained by the firm, their customers including many of the leading proprietors of hotels, posting stables, &c., throughout a wide area. Mr. W. Flux, who is the sole proprietor, has gained by his genial courtesy, and the spirit of fairness and liberality which characterises all his transactions, a large degree of popularity amongst all classes of the community. He is the local secretary of the Oddfellows' Society, is on the Committee of the Chrysanthemum Show, and takes an active part in promoting the interests of other horticultural societies. At the same time, his great organising powers enable him to personally supervise all the working details of his extensive and growing business.

W. FORTEATH, PLUMBER AND IRONMONGER,
STATION ROAD, SHANKLIN.

MB. W. FORTEATH began his operations AS A plumber and ironmonger, in Shanklin, in 1882, and as the result of his thorough knowledge of the business he has succeeded in making his admirably equipped establishment a leading one in the district. His premises occupy a convenient position and comprise two spacious warehouses, one of which is utilised as a sale-shop for retail business, and the other as a showroom, being handsomely appointed and fitted for that purpose. The frontage is very extensive, and the show-windows, with their fine displays of useful and attractive novelties, constitute points of never failing interest. The interior, with its numerous and conveniently disposed fittings, is ample enough in its space to admit of the effective display of the large and valuable stocks which are always held of all descriptions of ironmongery and hardware goods. Mr. Forteath, with signal success, has made a speciality of the supply of kitchen utensils; fancy, plain, and enamelled toilet sets, water cans, baths, &c.; also safety and fancy lamps, in which there is a constant succession of new and beautiful designs, &c. A considerable amount of business is transacted, wholesale as well as retail, in the best crystal and paraffin oils. With all the best sources of supply for the various classes of goods in which he deals, Mr. Forteath is enabled to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to his numerous customers. In his workshops he gives regular employment to an efficient staff, and, being himself a registered member of the Worshipful Company of Plumbers, London, he exercises a supervision which is as useful as it is assiduous. He has thus gained, in his capacity as a sanitary and heating- engineer, the confidence of very many of the leading owners of house property in the district.

HOLLIER’S SHANKLIN HOTEL,
SHANKLIN.
PROPRIETOR: MR. EUGENE SCHMITT.

THIS is one of the most beautifully situated hotels at Shanklin, and is, in fact, one of the oldest in the place. It was rebuilt some twenty years ago in its present handsome and commodious form. The house is situated in the upper part of the town, about 250 feet above the sea, and close to the head of the Chine. This is the most picturesque and healthful part of Shanklin, and well justifies the words of S. C. Hogg, F.R.C.S., when he said: “My experience is distinctly favourable to Shanklin as compared with many other places I have tried; although the air is mild, yet it is most invigorating, and seems to be quite devoid of the enervating influences which, to my mind, detract from the worth of most winter resorts.” The doctor goes on to say that he considers “the upper part of the town, especially the Grange Road and Church Road district, as the most desirable”; and here it is that Hollier's Hotel is situated. The hotel stands in its own beautiful and extensive grounds. Internally it is elegantly appointed, and besides the usual public rooms of a first-class hotel, there are upwards of forty-five bedrooms and several private suites of apartments. It will thus be seen that the establishment is an extensive one. To our mind its organisation is perfect, and visitors to Shanklin will find no more pleasant place of residence. The sanitary arrangements are especially satisfactory and have been certificated by the medical officer of health. During the season four-in-hand coaches leave the hotel daily, and visitors have every facility for making excursions to all places of interest. Hollier's is strictly a family hotel of the highest class and enjoys the patronage of a very select and influential clientele. It is noted for the excellence of its cuisine and wines, and for every refinement and convenience that modern tastes demand. The old-time reputation of this fine hotel is admirably sustained by Mr. Eugene Schmitt, the present proprietor. Mr. Schmitt will be remembered by many as having formerly been at the Granville Hotel, Ramsgate. He acquired Hollier’s Hotel about two years ago, and has brought his sound judgment and large experience to bear upon its management with the happiest results.

MR. HARRY TAYLOR, SHANKLIN BREWERY,
SHANKLIN.

THE Shanklin Brewery was founded as far back as the year 1838 by the grandfather of the present proprietor, and under Mr. Harry Taylor’s control it has maintained an increasing reputation for the excellence of its productions in mild and bitter ales, which are its leading specialities. The brewery premises cover a large area of ground, and are equipped with plant and utensils of the best modern type for scientific brewing, and every process of the industry is carefully and skilfully carried out under the most favourable conditions. Equal care is brought to bear upon the selection of materials, and Mr. Harry Taylor makes it a rule to use only the best malt and hops. These ingredients, combined with a capital supply of pure and suitable water, enable him to fully maintain the fine character for which his beers have always been noted. He brews five grades of ale, beer, and bitter ale, ranging in price from 1s. to 1s. 7d. per gallon, and makes a special feature of a light bitter beer at 1s. 2d., which can be strongly recommended for family use. The best London porter and London stout are also brewed, and these are of a quality which it would be difficult to excel. Mr. Taylor has a very influential connection, and does a large family trade, supplying most of the gentry in the district round Shanklin. His average “brew” of ten quarters a week is maintained the year round. Besides his private connection he has “tied” houses in the neighbourhood, and all these have a reputation for good ale which speaks well for the brewery. Mr. Harry Taylor looks after the business in person, and is most energetic, in the administration of its affairs. His father, Mr. W. O. Taylor, has now retired from business, but continues to take an active interest in local matters. He is a member of the Shanklin Local Board, and was one of the first to be elected to that body.

C. W. GOULD & CO., IRONMONGERS, GENERAL HOUSE FURNISHERS, TIMBER, CEMENT, AND SLATE MERCHANTS,
SHANKLIN.

THIS important business is one of the leading concerns of its kind in the Isle of Wight, and has been established since the year 1880. Originally, Mr. Gould, the founder and sole proprietor, occupied premises in Atherley Road, but, about thirteen years ago, he removed to his present address in North Road, at the corner of High Street, where he has much larger accommodation. The establishment here is very extensive and comprises warehouses and show-rooms devoted to the ironmongery and furnishing departments, besides stores for oils and colours. At Shanklin Railway Station the firm have also large timber-yards and steam saw-mills. The High Street premises are substantially built, and afford every facility for storing and displaying a most comprehensive stock of furniture, iron-mongery, glass, and china. The furniture comprises a variety calculated to meet the requirements of all classes of society, from the cottage to the mansion. The goods come from all the leading manufacturers, and a splendid display is made in the show-rooms at prices to suit all pockets. General and furnishing ironmongery of every description is in stock, besides the newest patterns in china, glass, and earthenware, and there is a fine assortment of carpets, linoleums, and floor-cloths, and a large stock of bedding, baths, cots, &c.

Messrs. Gould also stock a quantity of sheet-glass, oils, and colours, and they supply everything that comes under the head of builders' ironmongery. The timber-yards and saw-mills at the railway-station are admirably organised and equipped, and here is maintained a fully assorted stock of seasoned timber in all forms for the use of builders, contractors, joiners, &c. Drain-pipes, hair, plaster, cement, whiting, slates, and all other building materials are held in readiness for immediate supply in any quantity, and the firm have the sole agency here for the celebrated “Anchor Brand” best London Portland cement, made by Messrs. Hilton, Anderson, Brooks, & Co., Limited. Altogether, the trade controlled is a very comprehensive one, and covers a wide area, the connection being both extensive and influential. It may be noted that this firm also operate in various branches of trade akin to those above mentioned, even to supplying steam-boilers for works, &c. There are upholstery workshops, too, in connection with the premises in High Street. The whole of this large business comes under the immediate personal supervision of Mr. Gould, and owes all its success to his very capable and energetic methods of administration. Mr. Gould is well and favourably known in Shanklin, both in business and in private life.

H. W. DAWS & CO., FURNISHING AND GENERAL IRONMONGERS,
HIGH STKEET, SHANKLIN.

THIS is one of the leading business houses in Shanklin, and has a history dating back as far as the year 1852. About seven years ago, Mr. H. W. Daws, who came to Shanklin for his health, acquired the business, and under his able management it has steadily increased in prosperity. The premises occupied have an excellent situation in the High Street, and comprise extensive shops, show-rooms, and warehouses, with a fine street frontage. The facilities for display afforded by the large windows are fully availed of, and the show of goods is always varied and attractive. Internally the establishment is admirably arranged, and extends a good way back, affording ample space for laying out the large stock to advantage. The ground-floor of the premises is divided, one portion forming a convenient shop, with offices at the rear, while, opening out of this shop are spacious show-rooms displaying a very comprehensive selection of furnishing ironmongery. The specialities of the firm comprise ranges, grates, tiled hearths, and marble and wood mantelpieces, and of these leading features the newest and best designs are on view, the ranges embodying all the latest improvements, while the tiled fireplaces and the chimneypieces present a variety of highly artistic patterns. In other departments we note stoves for gas, oil, coal, and coke, smiths’ tools and sundries, lawn-mowers, all kinds of domestic and other utensils in brass, copper, and tinware, electro-plated and sterling silver goods, cutlery, baths, japanned goods, locks, bolts, screws, nails, gas-fittings in the newest styles, and a fine assortment of hall, table, and floor lamps, chandeliers, &c. There are also tools for all handicrafts, and a stock of guns, ammunition, and sportsmen's requisites. In short, the establishment is a complete emporium of the hardware and ironmongery trade. At the rear of the premises are extensive workshops, where practical work of the best kind is done in gas-fitting, plumbing, bell-hanging, and other kindred branches of trade, the most skilful workmen being employed for these purposes. The firm has a widespread and influential connection not only in the Isle of Wight, but also on the mainland.

PLYMOUTH, DEVONPORT, AND STONEHOUSE.

THE coast of England presents few more striking examples of maritime and mercantile activity than that which comes before the notice of the visitor to the “Three Towns,” as Plymouth, Devonport, and Stonehouse are collectively termed. Here is not only one of the greatest centres of Britain’s naval energy, but also an industrial and commercial community of far more than average importance, and a seat of foreign and coastwise trade, which is stimulated by the splendid shipping facilities of the port. The borough of Plymouth has a history dating back to a remote period, but was originally no more than a fishing village, which the Saxons called Tamarworth. Edward I. took advantage of the position of the place, and of its natural features, to make it a naval station; and when Edward III. was prosecuting his war with France, he was supplied with no less than twenty-five ships and several hundred fighting men by this rapidly advancing seaport. Henry VI. conferred a charter upon Plymouth, incorporating it as a borough, and giving it the right to return two members to Parliament, a privilege it has ever since retained.

At the present time Plymouth ranks as one of the chief commercial towns of the West Country, and is also the seat of a number of industries which exemplify in various ways the enterprise of its people. Possessing a splendid harbour, the shipping facilities are highly advantageous to the commerce of the town; and the anchorage available in Plymouth Sound has made this port second only to Portsmouth as a naval station. There is a break-water outside the harbour which is nearly a mile long, and which cost about £2,000,000 to construct; and fourteen miles out at sea is that triumph of constructional engineering the famous Eddystone Lighthouse. Plymouth also boasts its own lighthouse, sending forth a beacon ray which is visible at a distance of over eight miles. Thus it will be seen that everything is done to safeguard the maritime interests of the port. The naval activity prevailing at Plymouth is a most interesting feature, and to this must be added the constant influx and efflux of merchant shipping of all sorts and conditions, from the stately ocean “liner” to the smallest coasting vessel or fishing smack. These make up a marine panorama of great interest, which is displayed at all seasons of the year on the waters of the Sound and the Hamoaze. The frequent appearance of huge battleships adds a special element of dignity to the scene, and ever and anon we are brought into close contact with lands across the waste of ocean by the arrival at this port of one of the splendid steamships plying between England and South Africa, which always touch here first when homeward bound.

Plymouth has reason to be complimented upon its good buildings, well-kept streets, and other evidences of an ably governed and progressive community. The townsfolk are manifestly alive to every requirement of the day in sanitation and the general control of the borough, just as they have made every provision for the education of the young, for public amusement, and for dealing with all matters of local import. Of the public buildings we cannot speak in this necessarily brief sketch, but mention should be made of the Memorial on Plymouth Hoe, which stands as a visible reminder of Plymouth's glorious association with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The Memorial is a handsome piece of work, appropriately designed and inscribed, and it was formally unveiled on October 21st, 1890, by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, on which occasion Plymouth was en fete.

The various trades and industries of Plymouth, covering a wide range of variety in the scope of their operations, are spoken of in the articles which here follow, and which will be found to treat of representative concerns in the principal departments of commerce and manufacture with which the borough is identified. The population of Plymouth has notably increased in recent times, and is given as 84,179 by the Census of 1891, these figures showing an increase of over 10,000 since 1881.

DEVONPORT was called Plymouth Dock prior to 1824, but is now a large and flourishing municipal and parliamentary borough, and a naval arsenal of the highest importance. Its situation is on the estuary of the Tamar, called the Hamoaze, about two miles from Plymouth proper, though the “Three Towns” may now be almost regarded as one, from a structural and topographical point of view. Devonport has well laid-out streets, and is a town possessing the advantage of excellent local government. Its pre-dominant feature is the great Dockyard and works, started in 1689 by William III., and now one of the chief arsenals of the British Navy. Along the left bank of the Hamoaze these stupendous works extend for several miles, and present a scene which the visitor is never likely to forget. The original Dockyard, enlarged from time to time, was much extended by the addition of the Keyham Steam Yard and Factory, in 1844. Farther up the river are barracks, magazines, powder works, an engineers’ college, and many other characteristic features of a place where the resources of Britain as a maritime power receive striking exemplification. At Mount Wise are the residences of the Governor and the Port Admiral, and the barracks of the soldiery comprising the garrison of the “Three Towns.” Devonport returns two members to Parliament. The borough has a number of noteworthy local trades, and its population at the last Census was 54,736, an increase of nearly 6,000 since 1881.

STONEHOUSE, or East Stonehouse, is the central member of the “Three Towns,” and is situated between Plymouth and Devonport, and wholly within the Parliamentary limits of the latter. Here are situated extensive barracks, a Royal Naval Hospital, and the Victualling Office. The population of Stonehouse is about 16,000. There are numerous local business establishments which favourably impress the visitor, and in which a variety of trades, productive and distributive, are carried on in a thoroughly capable and enterprising manner.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

G. F. TRELEAVEN, COAL MERCHANT, BRIQUETTE MANUFACTURER, AND TUG OWNER,
DOCK CHAMBER, GREAT WESTERN DOCKS, PLYMOUTH.

THE great commercial business which Mr. G. F. Treleaven successfully controls has been in existence for over half a century. For the last ten years it has been entirely in his hands, and to his exceptional commercial aptitude and well-directed spirit of enterprise are to be attributed the several successful new departures which have been made from time to time. The business is controlled from a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, in Dock Chambers, Great Western Docks, which are furnished with telephonic communication, and all the other requisites for the prompt despatch of business. A large and efficient staff of clerks is employed. In the magnitude of his operations as a coal merchant, Mr. Treleaven holds a very high position in the extreme Western Counties, importing in very large quantities from Newcastle, Sunderland, and the South Wales ports. His relations with many of the leading colliery proprietors throughout the country are so close and so extensive that he is able to offer specially advantageous terms to his large circle of customers. The heavy stocks of coal which Mr. Treleaven always holds are stored in a long range of depots, each description being kept in a store set apart for it. The depots are most conveniently situated on the edge of the Great Western Docks. A railway siding runs in front of the depots, so that the facilities for transport, both by sea and by rail, are complete.

Outside of his commercial transaction in coal, Mr. Treleaven has created a unique and important position for himself by the introduction into Plymouth of the briquette manufacturing industry. These briquettes are, practically, identical with the “patent fuel” of South Wales, and the “block fuel" of Sunderland, being produced by the compression of the best small coal. Mr. Treleaven’g factory, the only one of the class in the extreme Western Counties, adjoins his coal depots on the Great Western Docks. The machinery employed is of the most approved modern type, and is driven by a powerful steam-engine. This department of the business has increased so rapidly that the proprietor has recently been constrained to make a material addition to the premises. The establishment now constitutes a very important factor in the industrial economy of the district; the productions are in large and constant demand throughout the whole of Devonshire and Cornwall, and the Treleaven briquettes are, in particular, to be seen exposed for sale in every quarter of the Three Towns.

Mr. Treleaven's business is wholesale and retail in all its departments. He gives employment to a large number of experienced men, while his well-organised system of delivery throughout the Three Towns and the adjoining districts, involves the maintenance of many horses and waggons, all of which are in excellent condition. Mr. Treleaven also owns a very powerful steam-tug, named the ‘Deerhound,’ which renders excellent services to shipping entering or leaving the port, and also effecting reliefs to Eddystone and Breakwater Lighthouses, for which he has held the contract for the past ten years.
The telephone number of the firm, it should be added, is 15.

MESSRS. POPHAM, RADFORD & CO., DRAPERS AND SILK MERCERS, FURNISHERS, CABINET MAKERS, AND UNDERTAKERS, LADIES’ AND GENTLEMEN’S TAILORS AND OUTFITTERS,
36 TO 40, BEDFORD STREET; 14 TO 16, EAST STREET; AND 10 & 11, MARKET ALLEY, PLYMOUTH.

THE commercial history of Plymouth — a record of remarkable energy, crowned in many cases by conspicuous success — presents to our notice no more striking instance of the development of a great commercial concern than that afforded by the career of the immense business of Messrs. Popham, Radford & Co. This famous West of England firm, founded between fifty and sixty years ago, has attained a leading position here in several important branches of trade, such as the drapery, silk, furnishing, and outfitting trades, and has built up a business in these and other lines which has probably no rival in magnitude in this part of the country. Messrs. Popham, Radford & Co., occupy very extensive premises in Bedford Street, East Street, and Market Alley, and have also large and magnificent furniture show-rooms and admirably equipped cabinet and upholstery workshops at Victoria Buildings, Notte Street. The accommodation they thus possess affords them the most ample facilities for carrying on every branch of the comprehensive trade in which they are engaged.

Their Bedford Street and East Street premises remind one of the best London establishments of the kind. The block extends through from one street to the other, with splendid frontages in each, and there is an additional frontage to Market Alley. Such an emporium as this is not often met with, and visitors will find every one of the spacious and well-lighted floors, replete with the most interesting and attractive features. Enormous stocks are held, enormous both in bulk and in variety, and representing every conceivable production in dresses, costumes, mantles, jackets, and skirts, all manner of dress fabrics, silks, satins, velvets, velveteens, alpacas, merinos, umbrellas, sunshades, jerseys, Berlin wools, all requisites for needlework and embroidery, flowers, feathers, trimmings, haberdashery, hosiery, gloves, and, in fact, every class of goods comprised within the scope of the fancy drapery and fashion trades. These goods, all of a most attractive nature, are displayed with the highest effect in the fine show-rooms and sale-rooms set apart for them, and they embrace not only articles of superior quality, but also those which possess the special recommendation of novelty. All the newest goods from home and foreign sources are obtained by this firm with a promptitude proving their close intimacy with all the great centres of supply; and this is especially evident in the millinery, mantle, and costume departments, where the latest London and Paris models are on view, and where every fluctuation of fashion is immediately felt and recorded.

But beyond all this, there are many other departments of this great business which call for some notice. For instance, we might say much of the vast stock of blankets, flannels, table-linens, damasks, and Manchester goods, or of the fine assortment of new and stylish goods shown in the underclothing and baby-linen departments. Or we might speak of the completeness of the men's outfitting departments, where everything is up-to-date; or dwell upon the many interesting points to be met with in the show-rooms for ornamental china and glassware, Japanese and Oriental specialities, Indian brass ware, fine leather goods, &c. Then there are boots and shoes for ladies and children, ready-made clothing for boys and youths, books and stationery, travelling requisites, and fancy articles in inexhaustible variety. In fact, the place is a sort of permanent exposition of the arts and industries as applied to fashionable and domestic life, and exhibits every new and noteworthy product of the day connected with the drapery and furnishing trades, or appertaining to personal equipment.

Of such an establishment one might write pages in a vain attempt at description. Indeed, many of the departments are simply indescribable, and contain a volume, variety, and value of merchandise which can only be appreciated after personal inspection. It is the system of this firm to mark all goods in plain figures at the lowest cash prices, so that a visitor to the warehouse can readily ascertain for himself or herself all particulars of cost, and make his or her selection accordingly. An enormous counter trade is done, but in addition to this the firm receive and execute daily a multitude of orders by post. They cater not only for the great body of the public, but also for the wealthy and upper classes, and their stock contains goods adapted to the highest class of trade, as well as to more moderate requirements. Millinery, mantles, and dresses are made on the premises by skilled hands under the most competent supervision, all this work being carried on in spacious, well-ventilated work-rooms, with every convenience. The appointments, fittings, and general plan and arrangement of the many show-rooms and salerooms are all perfect and appropriate, and the order and organisation of the whole of this vast warehouse are exemplary. Over three hundred assistants and workers are employed in the various departments, and of these one hundred dine daily on the premises, while a majority of the assistants reside there altogether, the arrangements for their accommodation being excellent. The counting-house and private offices are on the ground floor, and it should be mentioned that the cash ball railway is in use in the sale-rooms, greatly facilitating transactions at the counters. It may be remarked that the premises at 40 and 41, Bedford Street, have been recently added, and these are fitted with the electric light, which also illuminates the whole Bedford Street frontage, and which will soon be applied throughout the establishment.

We have yet to speak of Messrs. Popham, Radford & Co.’s furniture show-rooms in Victoria Buildings. These have been well termed “one of the sights of Plymouth.” They occupy the building of the old South Devon and East Cornwall Hospital, and the large space thus afforded has been utilised to the utmost advantage, making these show-rooms (ten in number) the finest of the kind in this district. The stock is a vast one, and comprises every description of cabinet and upholstered furniture at prices to suit all requirements. One can purchase a bedroom suite here at any figure from £3 18s. 6d. to ninety-five guineas, and the range of choice in other goods is equally wide. Of high-class furniture in art designs, and reproductions of the antique styles, the firm show a choice assortment. They have their own well-equipped workshops, in which they manufacture largely, and are thus in a position to carry out every branch of house furnishing, in any style or upon any scale, at the most reasonable prices. Parties about to furnish appreciate the complete arrangements of this establishment and the facilities afforded by the large and varied stock of goods, always on hand to select from. Messrs. Popham, Radford & Co. stand in an unrivalled position to execute contracts of any magnitude on the shortest notice, and in every branch of business in which they engage they are recognised as a firm whose enterprise and resources are equal to the heaviest strain that can be laid upon them.

We have been unable to glance at many details of this firm’s operations which deserve attention, but which could not be adequately dealt with in the space at our disposal. Readers may be recommended to personally visit an establishment which is in many respects unique, and which brings within the reach of every resident in Plymouth the same advantages as are enjoyed by dwellers in the metropolis itself. Such a business as that of Messrs. Popham, Radford & Co. is equally a credit to the town and to its proprietors. It is most capably administered by the present principals — Mr. John H. Radford, Mr. Charles H. Radford, and Mr. John Popplestone — who personally supervise its operations, and carefully adhere to the excellent policy that has long been pursued with such satisfactory results in the case of this widely-known house.
Telegrams for the firm of Popham, Radford St Co. should be addressed “Pophams, Plymouth.” The telephone number is 126.

J. BARON, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CHINA MERCHANT,
DEVONSHIRE LANE AND WYNDHAM PLACE, AND 157, UNION STREET, PLYMOUTH.

WITH extensive show-rooms and stores at Wyndham Place and in Devonshire Lane, and large fully stocked supplementary warehouses at 45, Vauxhall Street, Mr. J. Baron has for the past fifteen years carried on, under the distinctive title of the “Staffordshire China Stores,” at Plymouth, perhaps the best wholesale and retail glass, china, and earthenware business extant in the West of England. The premises in Wyndham Place comprise a magnificent double-fronted shop, which is rendered singularly attractive by reason of the vast and varied collection of useful and ornamental glass, china, and earthenware goods of every conceivable kind, both British and foreign, which is artistically displayed in its two large and lofty plate-glass show-windows, together with recherche curiosities from China, Japan, and elsewhere, on a grand centrally placed six-tiered stand, and numerous examples of fashionable dinner, breakfast, luncheon, dessert, and toilet sets conspicuously disposed in all parts of the roomy show-room. In the adjoining stores, at the right-hand side, the cheaper but none the less useful varieties of crockery, glass, stoneware, and earthenware are exhaustively en evidence, while at Devonshire Lane the stocks held are even heavier than at Wyndham Place, and the reserves maintained at Vauxhall Street provide for the execution of extensive and urgent wholesale orders. Mr. Baron employs an adequate staff of clerks, assistants, warehousemen, and errand boys in carrying on a very large and far-reaching local and country trade, and his methods and principles of management are of a nature which have won for him the esteem and confidence of all those who have hitherto been brought into business relationship with hi) important and most noteworthy undertaking.

J. E. MONK, WHOLESALE WATERPROOF CLOTHING MANUFACTURER,
25 ASD 27, SOUTHSIDE STREET, PLYMOUTH.

AMONG the many interesting industries that attract our attention in the busy and historic town of Plymouth there are few more noteworthy than that conducted in Southside Street by Mr. J. E. Monk, who has identified his name with the manufacture of waterproof clothing of very excellent quality. Mr. Monk's business is one of about forty years’ standing, having been founded about the year 1853, and since its commencement it has enjoyed a career of steady progress and development, which has now brought it to a very prominent place among similar concerns in the west country. The premises occupied in Plymouth are spacious and well adapted to the requirements of the trade. They comprise a building of five storeys, which has been arranged to serve as warehouse and manufactory, and which affords excellent accommodation in both instances, the stock-rooms being extensive and well ordered, while the work-rooms are equipped with all requisite machinery and appliances.

The class of goods dealt in and manufactured by the firm is especially designed to meet the requirements of the seafaring and fishing community, and does not include waterproof garments in which indiarubber is an ingredient. Thus Mr. Monk's specialities are confined to what are known as “oilskins,” and embrace oiled coats of all kinds and sizes, oiled jackets, oiled frocks, oiled trousers, oiled leggings, and that very “familiar object of the seashore,” the “sou'wester,” without which no seaman's or fisherman's outfit can be deemed complete. For all these very necessary and useful articles Mr. Monk has long enjoyed a high reputation, and the well-known quality and reliability of his goods are carefully maintained. He also makes cart and waggon covers, tarpaulins, and other waterproof cloths and coverings of a like nature, and for these, as well as for his oilskin garments, he has a large and steady demand. The trade controlled is wholesale only, and the connection at home is a most extensive one, covering the whole of the United Kingdom. Mr. Monk’s staff at the works is composed of thoroughly skilful hands, experienced in every branch of the industry carried on, and he also employs outside workers. Every department of the business comes under the personal supervision of the principal, and, an Mr. Monk is himself a thoroughly practical man, this fact accounts very largely for the sustained excellence of the work turned out, and for the continued prosperity and growth of the business.

T. DENNIFORD & SON, MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURERS,
RUSSELL STREET, PLYMOUTH.

The admirably organised business which is conducted by Messrs. T. Denniford & Son, was founded in 1832 by Messrs. Mackey & Co., chemists, and on their retirement transferred to their manager, Mr. T. Denniford, in 1870, and the subsequent record of the establishment is one of substantial and uninterrupted progress. Some idea of the magnitude of the firm's operations may be obtained from the extent and complete equipment of their premises. These occupy a commanding position in Russell Street and Frankfort Square. In the front is a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of business. The registered telegraphic address is: “Denniford, Plymouth.” Adjoining is a commodious show-room with an ample plate-glass window, the tastefully arranged exhibits in which constitute points of never-failing interest. These exhibits include samples of the various descriptions of mineral and aerated waters manufactured by the firm. A unique attraction in this show-window consists of framed certificates, diplomas, and medals, which have been awarded to the firm at various important exhibitions, officially endorsing the favourable opinion of Messrs. Denniford's productions which is held by the trade and the public. In 1885 the firm gained a gold medal at the International Exhibition, London, and another in 1887. at the International Exhibition, Adelaide. They were also awarded two medals and certificates — one at the International Exhibition, Melbourne, and the other at the Centenary Universal Exhibition, Sydney. In 1892 the firm were specially appointed soda-water manufacturers to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh. They are also honoured with the patronage of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and several members of the royal family.

The industrial departments are in Frankfort Square, and comprise syrup- bottling, bottle-washing, and other rooms. The equipment of these is so complete as to represent all the most approved modern appliances of mechanical science to the perfecting of results in the manufacture of all kinds of aerated waters. The machinery is driven by a powerful “Otto” gas-engine. The characteristic of the house consists, so to speak, in the absence of any speciality, all the beverages produced being of the highest possible quality. The firm supply their goods to leading hotels throughout the country, and their connection is, naturally, specially valuable in the Three Towns. The business of daily delivery throughout the district is performed by an excellently organised waggon service. The establishment, throughout, is a model of immaculate cleanliness and propriety, and the high reputation which the firm have gained is maintained by the assiduous supervision of all details by the principal.

C. H. CORNISH. HOROLOGICAL MECHANICIAN, CHURCH, TURRET, HOUSE, AND MUSICAL CLOCK MAKER, GOLDSMITH, JEWELLER, ETC.,
1, ST. ANDREW'S PLACE, PLYMOUTH.

PRACTICAL horology in the highest phases of its modern development, coupled with the kindred crafts of the modern goldsmith and jeweller, finds an able exponent at the port of Plymouth in the person of Mr. C. H. Cornish, who four years ago succeeded to the business which had previously been conducted by Mr. W. A. Jeffery, and had been organised about thirty years since. The premises occupied by Mr. Cornish are, in every point of character and situation, precisely adapted to the requirements of a superior class of trade; Mr. Cornish, like his predecessor, being employed by Her Majesty’s service in the adjustment and repairing of chronometers and other complex mechanisms: and also enjoying an unsurpassed reputation as a maker and repairer of church, turret, house, and musical clocks, which he keeps wound and in good order by yearly contract. The double-fronted shop in St. Andrew's Place, with its glass show-cases, etc., is well-appointed throughout in good style, and is most methodically yet artistically arranged to hold and to effectively display a varied stock of goods, composed of gold and silver watches, chains, and jewellery of the best English and foreign manufacture, clocks, chronometers, and time-keepers of every description. As a horological mechanician and practical goldsmith and jeweller, Mr. Cornish deservedly enjoys the full confidence and liberal support of a large clientele of old standing and high influence; and his methods and principles of management are identical in nature with those which have in times past influenced and brought about a continuous increase and development in the resources and undertakings of his now most noteworthy business.

MR. EDRED MARSHALL, STEAM SAW MILLS,
SUTTON ROAD, PLYMOUTH.
TELEPHONE, No. 66. TELEORAPHIC ADDRESS, “EDRED MARSHALL, PLYMOUTH.”

THE reputation of Plymouth as a leading centre for the importation, the partial or entire manufacture, and the wholesale distribution of timber, has for many years been largely dependent upon the magnitude of the operations conducted by several old-established firms. As the proprietor of one of these, Mr. Edred Marshall, possessed of a thorough technical knowledge of the trade, and by the well-directed display of his enlightened spirit of enterprise, has, during the long period he has conducted his business, very materially extended his valuable connection. Through the kindness of the manager (Mr. Best), we recently had the pleasure of inspecting Mr. Marshall's works, which enables us to give the following detailed description. These premises comprise extensive timber yards, saw mills, and a series of large timber sheds, with a wharf in the Cattewater and goods stations of both the services of railway, viz., the London and South-Western, and the Great Western, within easy distance. He has during many years broken up a very large number (being over 200) of Her Majesty's ships, thus giving employment to many in the town; and the speciality of his timber trade is that arising from the breaking up of these ships, the timber when converted being invaluable to builders and contractors for building and other purposes. He also does an extensive business in English grown timber, always having in stock a large quantity of thoroughly well-seasoned oak, elm, beech, ash, and other timber; and has also a reputation known throughout the United Kingdom for field and other gates, hurdles, &c., a large quantity of which is being continually manufactured by him.

Notwithstanding the large amount of business done in the timber trade, Mr. Marshall has in connection with the same conducted on a very extensive scale for many years past a barrel and packing case manufactory. For the manufacture of these goods he is known throughout the trade as an importer of deals, and is also a large importer of Baltic firewood. The saw mills are equipped with machinery and appliances of the most modern type for this class of business, as will be seen from the following description of machinery, which consists in the following 10 circular saw benches; rack bench, band saw, planing, hand hole cutting, grooving, surface planing and jointing, dovetailing, printing, branding; barrel-making, box-trimming, piercing, hoop-iron shearing and punching machines, guillotine knife, screw-cutter lathe; a complete set of emery grinding machinery for saw sharpening, &c.; and other sundry machinery. The motive power is supplied by one pair complex compound engines, of 200 I.H.P.; the steam is supplied to the engine by a Lancashire boiler 28 ft. x 7 ft. 6 in., worked at a pressure of 125 lbs., both of which were supplied by the well-known firm of Thos, Robinson, Sons, & Co., Limited, Railway Works, Rochdale. There is also a duplicate, a 50 I.H.P. gas engine.

Mr. Marshall is the sole agent for the two counties of Devon and Cornwall of the Guelph Patent Machine Barrels, the manufacturing process of which is most interesting, and the lightness, combined with much strength, make the demand for these barrels very large; for fish, fruit, and all kinds of fancy goods, they are not to be equalled. In addition to the barrels, there is manufactured here all kinds of boxes and packing cases for every conceivable trade where such package is required, such as soap, candles, starch, confectionery, and fish boxes; all kinds of cases for wines and spirits, ale, stout, and mineral waters; also large cases for heavy goods, &c., &c., and for which there is a large and steady demand. He holds contracts from the Government for the supply of packing cases at Her Majesty’s Dockyards.

It may be mentioned, with the appliances mentioned above all kinds of cases can be printed, varnished, and made quite ready for immediate use, without further trouble to the purchaser. There are employed in the different departments of his business a numerous and competent staff, and several horses and wagons are constantly engaged in the delivery of goods, a large local trade being done both wholesale and retail; and he also controls a large export trade. The office is supplied with telephonic communication, the Telephone No. being 66, and proves a very great convenience. Mr. Marshall is endowed with a large measure of administrative ability, and thus, notwithstanding the large amount of his attention which is absorbed by his own extensive business, he is able to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. He is a Justice of the Peace, and connected in various ways with other governing bodies of the town, being a Director of Sutton Harbour, also of the Cattewater Harbour Commissioners.

W. H. BOX, HERB GROWER, IMPORTER, AND MANUFACTURER,
161, KING STREET, PLYMOUTH.

THE professional position of the herbalist is now pretty clearly defined. He has emerged from comparative obscurity, and safely practises the art of combating and overcoming many of the “ills that flesh is heir to,” by the simple means which Nature offers to man. Mr. W. H. Box, the subject of this notice, founded his business at Delabole, twenty years ago, he operating not only as a grower, gatherer, and importer of select herbs, but also as a herbal medicine manufacturer. The business early became famous, und eventually so extensive, that Mr. Box resolved to transfer his labours to a larger sphere, and consequently migrated to his present eligible quarters in Plymouth about five years ago. “Box's Herbal Stores,” as they are familiarly called, are conspicuously situated at the corner of King Street and Tracey Street, with windows facing both of these busy thoroughfares. The spacious double-fronted shop extends over eighty feet rearwards; its imposing plate-glass windows being heavily stocked with a singularly striking collection of herbs, barks, berries, essences, extracts, flowers, gums, powders, roots, seeds, syrups, tinctures, drugs, and oils, together with numerous special herbal remedies, such as the “Giant Pill,” “Golden Fire,” “Nerve and Brain Essence,” for which Mr. Box has won a world-wide celebrity.

The whole of the large house is devoted to the storage of stock and the manipulation of herbal remedies of every known kind, of which Mr. Box issues a closely, printed catalogue of over thirty pages. This does not, however, by a long way, include all the remedies which Mr. Box’s untiring life-long labours have brought together from all parts of the world; yet, nevertheless, those who desire speedy relief from general disorders, would do well to apply to Mr. Box for a free copy of his important catalogue. Every case or packet of medicine sent out by Mr. Box, moreover, is made up by himself, and his export trade now extends to America, Africa, India and the Australasian colonies, while the home business being both wholesale and retail, Mr. Box supplies many leading chemists, as well as hospitals and private medical practitioners, with herbs and herbal remedies. Everything considered, it is no exaggeration to assume that Mr. Box has the largest herbal connection, as both importer and exporter in the West of England. The interior of his establishment is appropriately fitted and carefully arranged, and a picked staff of capable assistants is fully employed to expedite the delivery of the hundreds of orders received every day, under the constant personal direction of their estimable chief.

FREDERICK IVEY, OIL, LEAD, VARNISH, GLASS, AND COLOUR MERCHANT, IMPORTER OF WINDOW GLASS, BRUSHES, ETC.,
45, UNION STBEBT (STORES: STATION ROAD), PLYMOUTH.

THIS responsible business was founded half a century ago by the present proprietor, and has been carried on by him in the premises now occupied for the last twenty years. A splendid name has been secured for the superior and reliable character of everything emanating from this establishment. The accommodation at the above address consists of a double-fronted shop, spacious in extent, and admirably fitted up to meet the requirements of this special class of trade. The establishment throughout is well organised, and every department is kept in the highest state of efficiency. His stocks are always of a superior character, being no less noteworthy for their extent than for their kind. Buying in the best markets, in large quantities, and exercising care and knowledge in all his transactions, he secures every advantage in price, and is in a position to offer his customers such inducements in this direction as cannot be duplicated elsewhere. Every description of oil is kept in stock, both for domestic and manufacturing purposes, the finest quality only of each kind being handled. There are also extensive and select supplies of varnishes, paints, and colours. Mr. Ivey is the manufacturer of the well-known “Gilterine,” a liquid gold paint, which is superior in brilliancy and permanency to anything of the kind that has yet been introduced. The business is both wholesale and retail, and extensive additional stores are held at Station Road, from which orders of any magnitude can be promptly and completely filled. Mr. Ivey is a thoroughly practical man, and gives the business in its every detail the full benefit of his close personal attention. All his transactions are marked by methods of fairness and liberality, and the success he is enjoying has been honestly earned by diligent application and strict business integrity.

MR. E. VAHLAND, SHIP CHANDLER, OIL AND COLOUR MERCHANT,
13, BARBICAN, PLYMOUTH.

IN a large shipping town like Plymouth, the business of the ship chandler is one of great importance, and we naturally find many large and responsible houses occupied in this line. Among these, mention should be made of the old-established and thoroughly trustworthy establishment conducted by Mr. E. Vahland, at 13, Barbican. Established upwards of thirty years ago on the site still occupied, the business from the first has been developed with energy and enterprise. A first-class name has been secured for the thoroughly reliable character of everything handled, and no less so for the prompt and efficient manner in which orders of whatever magnitude are filled. The premises occupied as above, comprise a full-fronted shop of moderate size but giving little or no indication of the spacious accommodation to be found in the interior. The shop is capitally fitted up with everything necessary to the proper control of the business, and at the rear is a well-appointed suite of offices. A numerous staff is kept, and the business throughout is organised on the most efficient lines. Mr. Vahland’s long connection with the trade in all its various branches has familiarized him with all the best sources of supply, and he invariably has on hand a selection of goods which in variety, quality, and value cannot readily be matched. He buys largely and judiciously, taking every advantage offered by the state of the market. He is, consequently, always in a position to quote the lowest prices and to offer the best value for money in the trade.

The house bears a special repute for the well-known good qualities of the oils it sends out. These have been procured from the best-known distillers, and can be guaranteed for their purity and freedom from acid, dirt, and all impurities. Very large supplies of oils are kept on hand, as well as of goods of every description, deck stores, manilla rope, wire rope, canvas, paints, varnishes, and similar goods; while flags, lamps, and every description of ships' ironmongery are fully represented. Mr. Vahland is the sole local agent for Messrs. Peacock and Buchan, Southampton, the celebrated paint and composition makers, and also for Messrs. Holzapfel & Co., Limited, Newcastle, who have no successful rivals. Mr. Vahland is also the sole agent for Carl Krauthammer, Berlin, for “Krauthammer's Anti-Rust Colour,” and “Krauthammer’s Anti-Rust Grease,” both excellent manufactures, being used for coating iron bridges, halls, ships, tin constructions, cooling vats, gratings, gas and water tanks, steam machinery, lavatories, doors, lantern stanchions and posts, agricultural implements, iron conveyances, &c., &c. Materials painted with Krauthammer's Anti-Rust Colour are protected against rust, as the paint itself is impervious to atmosphere, water and other outside influences, and is lasting and sure. The colour covers a larger space than red lead and is consequently considerably cheaper than the latter. A first-class trade is in operation among ship owners and seafaring men, and being based upon the secure foundation of superior goods at moderate prices, its continued increase seems a foregone conclusion. Mr. Vahland thoroughly understands the business, and devotes his whole energies to it. All his dealings are marked by methods of straightforwardness and liberality, and he is widely known and respected by the large and influential circle of customers which he supplies.
The house is connected with the telephone system, the call number being 205.

ISAAC FOOT, CONTRACTOR, BUILDER & UNDERTAKER,
10, NOTTE STREET, AND 27, QUEEN STREET, PLYMOUTH.
RESIDENCE: 25, WOODLAND TERRACE.
TELEPHONE NO. 204. TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: “FOOT, UNDERTAKER, PLYMOUTH.”

MR. FOOT is a native of Horrabridge, where his father, Mr. James Foot, was a carpenter, builder, and undertaker, who brought up his large family of ten children and gave them all the educational advantages that could be obtained in a country village. Isaac was the youngest son and ninth child; like his three brothers he was put to the business, with the routine of which he had been familiar almost from infancy. He commenced work at the early (but not then unusual) age of twelve years; painting, glazing, felling and sawing trees, &c., to commence with. Machinery being then a very rare thing in the country everything had to be done by manual labour, from the first chop at the tree to the last brush of paint. It was a rough school but a good one, in that it made him thoroughly acquainted with the details of every department of the business which he now has to superintend. The work was arduous and at times the distances to and from work long, ten miles and sometimes sixteen miles a day, and occasionally, when work had to be done at too great a distance from home to be traversed daily, he would have to be away from home for some months. At the age of fifteen his father died, and the business was taken on by an elder brother, with whom Isaac continued to work until he was nineteen, when he came to Plymouth and worked with his eldest brother for about nine years. He then started business on his own responsibility by establishing a workshop at the corner of Hoe Gate Street. This soon became too small, and he thon purchased the premises 10, Notte Street, and built on them a residence and workshops. In two years, however, these shops also proved too small, and the roof being raised two additional floors were made, where he has carried on business for the last twenty years, such business including contracts, speculative building, packing case making, undertaking, and the numerous smaller details which such a business is required to supply.

Mr. Foot purchased the land and built the Salvation Army Barracks in Martin Street, and also the Christian Mission Hall, Notte Street, where he has conducted services and carried on meetings for the past ten years. Mr. Foot’s thorough technical knowledge of the different branches of the business in which he is engaged, combined with the zealous assiduity he endeavours to display in meeting the various requirements of his customers, has resulted in the creation of a very valuable trade connection.

His present premises in Notte Street are conveniently situated and are very extensive. The several buildings devoted to the industrial departments and even the spacious yards at the rear are all excellently adapted to the purposes of the trade, and have the unique advantage of being entirely roofed in with glass. The offices are furnished with telephonic communication and other requisites for the prompt despatch of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions in which Mr. Foot is interested. Large stocks of valuable timber and other building materials and appliances are kept in the different stores and yards. The equipment of the industrial departments, including the carpenters' and joiners’ shops, is representative of the most approved modern applications of mechanical engineering science to the operations of wood-working. The mechanical appliances are all driven by a Crossley Brothers' Gas Engine of eight-horse power. The working plant in the several shops includes everything that is requisite for the saving of labour and the perfecting of results in the processes of manufacturing all kinds of joinery, and other carpentering appliances required in building operations. In this department a number of skilled workmen are constantly employed.

Mr. Foot is also an extensive manufacturer of packing and bin cases, and in this class of business he enjoys the unreserved confidence of many of the leading commercial and industrial houses throughout a wide district. The principal item, however, in Mr. Foot's business is the undertaking department, in which he has had a wide experience, having one of the largest undertaking businesses in the town, having recently made in less than one month over thirty coffins. In conducting funerals he is assisted by a specially trained staff, and has every facility for the decorous performance of such ceremonies, and at a cost which is altogether in accordance with modern ideas of funeral economy and reform. Mr. Foot, to meet the requirements of his business, has an extensive store for stock purposes on the opposite side of the street to his headquarters, and stables and yard in Hoe Street; also an establishment at 27, Queen Street. Mr. Foot has good organising and executive powers, which enable him to supervise all the details of his large business. He also endeavours to devote some of his time and energies to the service of the public. He is personally well known and respected in Plymouth.

Mr. Foot is also the owner of a large number of houses and shops in and around Plymouth, a list of which can be obtained on application for selling or letting. Rents ranging from £12 to £80 a year. Freeholds of same from £200 to £2,000.

MR. J. F. RUSE, CABINET MAKER, UPHOLSTERER, AND UNDERTAKER,
20 & 21, BUCKNELL STREET, PLYMOUTH.

It is considerably over half-a-century since Mr. J. F. Ruse began operations in Plymouth as a cabinet maker, upholsterer, and undertaker, and as the result of his thorough technical knowledge of the trade, his strongly developed commercial aptitude, and his enlightened and well-directed enterprise, the record of his business career has, throughout the long interval, been one of substantial and uninterrupted success. At the present time the venerable proprietor — eighty years of age — continues vigorously to supervise the working details of the business, in which he has the assistance of his son, Mr. Mark Ruse. Mr. Ruse is now the oldest tradesman of position in Plymouth, and he enjoys the respect of his fellow townsmen of all social classes. His premises, which occupy a commanding position in Buckwell Street, comprise an extensive building of five storeys, which runs back to a distance of about a hundred feet, affording ample space for the effective display and storage of the stocks held. To the rear is a large cabinet-making and upholstering factory, equipped with every requisite for the perfecting of results in the several industrial operations.

A highly skilled staff, including several expert specialists, is employed, to which his son gives special personal supervision, its normal strength being from sixteen to eighteen, and this number is indefinitely increased, in accordance with the requirements of special contracts such as the firm are constantly in the habit of undertaking. The ground floor is utilized as a showroom. Its ample show-windows, with their tastefully-arranged displays of artistic furnishing appliances, form points of never-failing interest; while the spacious interior exhibits a seemingly endless array of household furniture of every description. The invariable excellence of all articles of furniture supplied by Mr. Ruse is guaranteed by the fact that they are, without exception, manufactured on the premises, where the most assiduous care is taken to maintain the high reputation which the house has achieved. In Mr. Ruse’s showrooms, therefore, the cheap and inferior classes of furniture are absolutely unrepresented. A speciality has been made, with signal success, of the production of Venetian, spring roller, and wire blinds, and spring, hair, and wool mattresses, together with feather beds and palliasses.

A very considerable amount of business is controlled in the fitting up of banks, shops, and other places of business, and the firm have recently completed a contract of this class in one of the best appointed chemists' shops in Plymouth, and for which they lay themselves out to give special designs and estimates for. They command a very extensive connection amongst distinguished private customers who are connoisseurs in artistic furniture, all over the United Kingdom, and this connection is maintained and constantly extended without the necessity of having recourse to any of the ordinary methods of advertising. For such customers the firm are accustomed to produce, to special order, articles of very high artistic merit — such, for example, as the fine mantel and overmantel which they recently produced for the mansion of a gentleman of high social position residing at St. Ives. The material was oak, the dimension of the overmantel were ten feet high and eight feet wide, and the cost was a hundred guineas. The firm, it should be added, have had an ample experience in the conduct of funerals, and have every facility for carrying out such ceremonies with the utmost decorum, and without extravagant charges. Mr. Ruse has, in his time, served as a guardian of the poor, and even in his advanced age takes a lively interest in all questions affecting the welfare of the community.

G. B. TURPIN, BUILDER AND CONTRACTOR, JOINER AND AIR-TIGHT CASE FITTER,
4, COURTENAY STREET, PLYMOUTH.

THE business carried on so successfully by Mr. G. B. Turpin, is one of the most varied and important of its kind in the town of Plymouth. Besides being a builder and contractor, Mr. Turpin is in a position to fix all the internal woodwork and general fittings of houses, shops, offices, or warehouses. The business is by no means new; sixty years ago it was established by Mr. Penhall, who was succeeded by Messrs. Wise and Johnson, from whom it passed to Mr. Turpin in the year 1883. The frontage comprises a dwelling house and office, while at the back are situated an extensive range of well-equipped workshops and stores, in which no fewer than thirty hands are constantly employed; but very frequently the numerical strength of this staff has to be largely augmented. It includes expert carpenters, joiners, masons, plasterers, labourers, carters, and others, enabling Mr. Turpin to contract for general house building of all kinds. A speciality which has gained for him a more than local reputation, is the manufacture of air-tight cases, which show the best of skilled workmanship in this particularly difficult craft. Besides the larger contracts, a considerable amount of useful jobbing work is done by the staff in and out of doors. The undertaking branch of the business, moreover, has been carried on for many years, and funerals are completely furnished and economically conducted with decorum and despatch, both in town and country. Sanitary work, also, of all descriptions connected with houses and public buildings is carried out with general success. For the rest, Mr. Turpin is a highly respectable townsman, having a very large circle of friends and patrons in this populous neighbourhood, and it is manifestly his resolution that the high reputation he has won shall not only be well sustained but steadily enhanced in time to come.

MR. GEORGE CLARK, JOB MASTER, AND COACH PROPRIETOR,
THE HOB MEWS AND LIVERY STABLES, PLYMOUTH.

THE well-ordered business which Mr. George Clark conducts, as a job master and coach proprietor, dates back for thirty years, when he founded it in Athenaeum Street. It has ever since formed an important factor in the social life of the higher classes resident in the Three Towns and the surrounding districts. Mr. Clark’s thorough knowledge of horses, and of all the other requirements of his business, combined with his enlightened enterprise and his well-directed energy, soon enabled him to create a very valuable connection, which so steadily and substantially extended that, seven years ago, he was constrained —whilst retaining the original quarters in Athenaeum Street as a branch establishment — to erect, in accordance with his own designs, the splendid premises which are known as the Hoe Mews and Livery Stables. Those have been so admirably adapted to the exigencies of the business that they are, unquestionably, the most roomy and well-ventilated stables in the West of England. They include a well-appointed office which, to facilitate the giving of orders, is furnished with telephonic communication, the number being 164. In addition to the splendid stabling, there are many conveniently arranged lofts for fodder and forage, workshops for the building and repairing of vehicles, together with ample accommodation for a splendidly comprehensive stock of same, including light carts, breaks, wagonettes, dog-carts, and carriages of all descriptions, which are always at the disposal of the public for hiring. Mr. Clark has always on hand fifty or more horses — hacks, hunters, and chargers — all in good condition. There is, in his establishment, every facility for posting in all its branches; horses are taken in at livery; and carriages are “jobbed” by the day, week, month, or year. Riding and driving lessons are given by skilled experts. Mr. Clark has always on sale a variety of horses of all descriptions. He also controls a considerable amount of business in buying and selling horses on commission, having gained the unreserved confidence of a large circle of influential clients. He employs a large staff of experienced drivers, stablemen, and others. Wagonettes and breaks are always ready for picnics and other parties, for long or short drives. Mr. Clark possesses excellent administrative abilities, and personally supervises all the details of his extensive business. During the stay of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in Plymouth, he largely patronised Mr. Clark’s establishment, and bestowed upon him the right to display the Royal Arms in connection with his business

THE MILLBAY ENGINEERING COMPANY,
WORKS AND OFFICE:— MILLBAY PIER, PLYMOUTH.

AMONG the many notable industrial concerns of the "Three Towns” there are few more deserving of prominent mention here than the Millbay Engineering Company, who conduct at their works, Millbay Pier, one of the most important engineering, boat-building, boiler-making, and machine-making enterprises in the West of England. The business has been established about ten years, and was formerly under the control of Messrs. S. S. Welch & Co. About twelve months ago it came into the hands of the present principal, whose enterprising and energetic methods have given a great impetus to the progress of the trade, and who, by adopting the newest appliances, has much increased the facilities of the works, both in extent and quality of output. The Company’s industry is a comprehensive one, and embraces the building of small screw passenger steamers, steam yachts, launches, and swift despatch boats, and also the execution of marine and general engineering work, and all classes of repairs. They, likewise, give special attention to the manufacture of steam boilers, tanks, and riveted girders, and to the production of iron and brass castings and all kinds of forgings. For these several departments they possess very complete resources, having a large plant of the most modern machinery in operation at the works, and it is in the development and improvement of these productive capabilities that the Company have shown such spirited enterprise.

In order to comply with the requirements of the Admiralty, from whom they have received important orders for engines and boilers, the Millbay Engineering Company have put down in their establishment a special hydraulic riveting plant, which is, we understand, the only one of its kind in the neighbourhood outside Her Majesty’s Dockyard at Devonport. With the aid of this plant the Company are in a position to turn out the highest class of riveted work of all kinds with the utmost speed and economy, and to secure the greatest possible efficiency therein. In other respects, also, their works are well equipped, and enjoy the obvious advantages of a situation just within the entrance of the outer basin of the Great Western Docks. This position affords a capital rail and water frontage, and enables the Company to obtain the direct delivery of materials into their own yards from the best markets at the cheapest possible rates. Owing to the fact that they work largely for the Government the Company retain the services of a staff of the most highly skilled and experienced workmen, and this fact, coupled with the manifest excellence of their mechanical arrangements and other facilities, stands as an assurance of superior merit and reliability in their various productions.

There is nothing which has reflected greater credit upon this Company than the marked efficiency and excellence of their work in high-speed marine machinery for special purposes. Their patent triple-expansion marine engines are very noteworthy in this connection. They have been specially designed for steam yachts and launches, small passenger and cargo steamers, steam fishing boats and screw tugs, for all of which they are particularly adapted, and among their many points of superiority — as compared with good ordinary two-crank compound engines — may be mentioned the following (1) A decreased consumption of fuel and water of from 20 to 30 per cent. (2) Smaller boiler and less bunker space, or a larger steaming capacity with the same space. (3) Much less wear and tear. (4) The capacity of being worked at fewer revolutions, and of being absolutely to be depended upon to start or reverse instantly — a great advantage in fishing boats and in navigating crowded harbours and rivers. (6) Reduced noise and vibration. This last-named feature is a strong recommendation for the use of these engines in yachts, passenger steamers, and other powerfully-engined boats, where it is often found that the engines cannot be driven full speed on account of the great vibration and strain set up. Such difficulties are overcome in the Millbay three-crank triple-expansion engines, by which are obtained ease and regularity in turning, uniform strains and better balance, and a more equable motion — all points conducive to satisfactory working at a higher number of revolutions and increased piston speed, whereby increased efficiency is obtained for the team in the engine, as well as lighter machinery in proportion to the power adopted.

A special feature in the design is their Patent Slide Valve Gear and Reversing Eccentric, which gives a perfect motion to the slide valves, and uniform leads for all grades of expansion. It will be seen that one eccentric only works the three slide valves and reverses and starts the engine, and the gear being placed on the after end of the crank shaft (which must extend to and be connected with the screw shafting in any case) no additional length is required to the fore and aft space at the engine — thus the cylinders are brought as close together as the length of the crank shaft bearings admit. These engines possess other merits which cannot be detailed here for want of space, but our readers will find descriptive particulars in the Company’s printed catalogue which is well worthy of attention, as treating of a subject of great importance with regard to the engine equipment of the smaller classes of boats; steam yachts and passenger steamers in particular. The splendid engines placed by this Company in Mr. Lorenzo Henry’s steam yacht, “Ida,” are fine examples of their work in “triple-expansion” machinery. The “Ida” was both built and engined by the Millbay Engineering Company, and received a very flattering notice in the ‘Yachtsman’ of November 9th, 1893. Referring to her performances her owner writes: “I cannot speak too highly of her, and the amount of work she has done has been truly wonderful. She has certainly averaged 40 miles a day almost daily for nine months, and I have never seen such a sea boat for her size, and this coast (West of Ireland) is certainly the place to try a boat in this respect.” The “Ida,” we may add, is 60 feet long, 12 feet beam, and 7 feet deep amidships, with 6 feet 6 inches draught of water. She is capable of steaming ten knots per hour.

Special attention must be paid to their New Patent Oil Fuel Apparatus, for burning oil as fuel in steam boilers instead of coal. This invention claims to achieve the above object more successfully and completely than any other before the public. It combines the essentials of perfect combustion, economy of oil, safety, simplicity, automatic regulation, and efficient distribution of heat; and no other fuel in combination is required. Altogether the Millbay Engineering Company control a very important trade, and have a valuable and extensive general connection apart from their Government work. Their being entrusted with the supply of machinery, from their own designs, for the Admiralty, is an ample testimony as to the confidence in which they are held by the highest authorities. The whole business presents an example of good organisation and practical management, and its operations are facilitated by London Offices, at 32, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.

JAMES CHURCHWARD, FELLMONGER, AND HIDE AND SKIN MERCHANT,
SUTTON ROAD, PLYMOUTH.

ONE of the most notable instances of rapid development in industrial and commercial enterprise in the Plymouth district is afforded by the record of Mr. James Churchward’s operations during the twelve years which have elapsed since he established his business. Mr. Churchward brought to his enterprise a thorough technical knowledge of the trade in which he is engaged, and such an exceptional degree of well-directed commercial aptitude that his establishment has already taken rank as one of the principal houses of its class in the district. The premises in which Mr. Churchward began his business were situated close to his present premises, but owing to the rapid growth of his transactions it became desirable to obtain a much more commodious building. These were built about six years ago, and comprise a spacious structure in the form of a rectangle, and three storeys in height. It has been built in accordance with designs specially made to suit the particular requirements of the business. The premises comprise large stores and warehouses, together with machine, cleaning, drying, and dressing rooms. The skins and hides in which Mr. Churchward deals are purchased from the principal butchers in Devon and Cornwall, and an extensive trade is done, also, in importing bullocks’ hides from abroad and from the Channel Islands. The firm’s chief transactions, however, are in sheepskins, the wool being taken off, cleaned, and sent to the cloth manufacturing districts of Yorkshire. A special department is devoted to dealing with horses’ hides, which are exported to various foreign countries. The magnitude of Mr. Churchward’s operations is indicated by the fact that in his establishment about two thousand sheepskins and five hundred hides are disposed of weekly all the year round. The roomy stores and warehouses are always packed with wool and with salted hides. The machinery, including a wringer and cleaner, is driven by a Crossley’s “Otto” gas engine of 10 h.p. In the premises is included, also, a suite of well-appointed offices, the registered telegraphic address being - “Churchward, Plymouth.” In addition to his prosperous business as a fellmonger, Mr. Churchward controls an extensive trade, wholesale and retail, in agricultural feeds of all descriptions. He personally supervises all the details in the conduct of his business.

GIOVANNI TRAFANI, FIGURE AND VASE MANUFACTURER,
89, KING STREET, PLYMOUTH.

FKOM an industrial and commercial point of view, Mr. Giovanni Trafani occupies quite a unique position in Plymouth. He is a sculptor of much note, and conducts the only business of its kind in the West of England. For this reason alone, leaving the matter of the value of his work entirely out of the question, he claims special mention in any work professing to point out the chief commercial centres of the town, and a few remarks as to his business cannot but be of interest to those who have any concern for the internal welfare of the great business centre of this part of the country. Italian art has always maintained its supremacy in every part of the world. Children are born in the land of Sun and lovely scenery with an artistic instinct, and they grow up with a natural love for everything appertaining to art. Music, painting and sculpture are all eminently represented by Italians, and as an Italian sculptor, Mr. Trafani has for many years maintained a premier position in this country. He established his business about thirty years ago, and from its inception it has enjoyed a prosperous career, gradually developing until it has become recognised as the largest and most important of its kind out of London. The premises are extensive, comprising storehouses, show-rooms, and workshops, at 89, King Street — where, also, is Mr. Trafani’s private dwelling-house. The exterior of the three-storey building is rendered attractive by well-carved figures and heads in various designs, and the interior of the place has been carefully arranged throughout so as to facilitate and expedite the transaction of business. This building has a good frontage, and extends to a depth of 80 feet, terminating in Stonehouse Lane, and in the show-rooms, which are on the ground floor, may be seen several samples of high-class work, nearly all of which have been executed under Mr. Trafani's personal supervision.

On the opposite side of King Street, there are premises also occupied by him as workshops, store-houses, &c., while additional show-rooms are retained in the immediate neighbourhood in Manor Street. The productions of the establishment are many, and the finished works, which include figures of all kinds, vases for gardens or for the interior of houses — they are being extensively used now for the decoration of halls, drawing-rooms, etc. — centre pieces, friezes, bed moulds, ceiling lines, cove ornaments, cement and plaster trusses, &c., are all of a high standard of excellence, artistic in conception and admirably finished in execution. Mr. Trafani has a widespread and influential connection, and besides catering for a high class home patronage, he exports his productions in considerable quantities. His works are to be found in many private houses and gardens throughout the country, but more particularly in Devonshire, and Cornwall, and Somerset. He is the decorator from time to time for St. James’s Hall, the Catholic Cathedral, the Albert Hall, and the Jersey Theatre, as well as other places of public note in various parts of the country. The ornamental parts of the banks at Dawlish, Truro, and Penzance emanated from his establishment, and Mr. Trafani supplies all the castings for the principal builders and contractors in the West.

As an evidence of the high-class character of the work executed here, it may be mentioned that the proprietor was awarded a gold medal for excellence of workmanship, at the Architectural Builders’ Exhibition, in 1889, and a bronze medal seven years previously at the Architectural Exhibition. Among his permanent patrons Mr. Trafani numbers such influential personages as the Earls of Morley and Mount Edgcumbe, and is just now engaged in a very important work for Anthony House. He produces over 200 different designs in all classes of centre flowers, with diameters varying from ten inches to six feet, while his figures are made up to eight feet in height. Some idea of the more modern development of the business may be gained from the fact that Mr. Trafani has produced more work in cement during the past seven months than during any previous three years, and in each of the departments there is a steady and consistent increase. The business is conducted in the wholesale and retail interest of trade, and has the advantage of the constant personal supervision of the proprietor, who spares no effort to render the establishment worthy of a continuance of the strong and influential support that has always attended its career. He employs none but skilled workmen in each department, and the close attention he pays to all orders has gained for him the confidence and respect of his numerous patrons.

H. R. WILLS. JOBMASTER,
OCTAGON LIVERY STABLES, OCTAGON STREET, PLYMOUTH.

THE neighbourhood of Plymouth presents some of the most varied and lovely scenery to be found in the beautiful South-west of England. Delightful drives in the locality form one of its chief attractions. Strangers, as well as residents, who desire a cheerful and invigorating outing, cannot do better than make an arrangement with Mr. H. R. Wills, the well-known jobmaster, of Octagon Street, Plymouth, and Mutton Cove, at Devonport. Mr. Wills has been in business since 1860, but it is only within recent years that the business has expanded to its present large dimensions. Usually, Mr. Wills has about fifty horses in his stables, but, in busy seasons, the numbers are mush increased. The stables are splendidly kept, the ventilation and general hygienic appointments being perfect. Various extensive sheds protect a large number of wagonettes, omnibuses, brakes, dog-carts, carriages, and other vehicles. Mr. Wills owns ten omnibuses and six four-in-hand coaches, the total number of his conveyances being over forty. Horses can be hired by the day or week. The funeral department of the business is very complete, numerous glass cars, hearses, and mourning carriages being kept. Posting is done in all its branches; and, in connection with the stables, the well-known branch at Mutton Cove is specially convenient and accessible. The business is in a splendid condition of progressive development, and Mr. Wills's house stands high in the estimation of a very large and valuable clientele of old-standing and high influence, by reason of the sound methods and honourable principles which have always characterised his business transactions.

CHUBB'S HOTEL,
PROPRIETRESS: MRS. E. STANBURY, PLYMOUTH.

FOR a long series of years Chubb’s Hotel has been a favourite temporary residence for many occasional visitors of distinguished social standing. The record of the establishment, as a house of public entertainment, goes back to a very remote date, but the modern history of the hotel begins about thirty-eight years ago, when it was rebuilt. It derives its name from that of the proprietor of the period indicated. During the last six years the house has been under the control of Mrs. E. Stanbury, whose excellent system of management, and well-directed spirit of enterprise, have materially added to the attractiveness of the hotel, while, at the same time, all its excellent and pleasant traditions have been carefully retained. Chubb's Hotel has an exceedingly eligible situation, right in the centre of the town. It occupies a commanding position in Old Town Street, and forms an excellent pied-a-terre for visitors to Plymouth, whether on business or on pleasure bent. The premises comprise a spacious block of four storeys, and the establishment is throughout admirably appointed. There are fine suites of apartments — some for the use of families, with forty lofty and well-ventilated bedrooms, private sitting rooms, drawing, billiard, and smoke rooms, with coffee and dining rooms, &c. All the apartments are furnished with every comfort. The whole establishment is replete with appliances and contrivances for added comfort, and the hotel, amongst its other special attractions, is noted for the excellence of its cuisine. The cellars are famous for their generous liquors, and a large stock of cigars of the finest brands is always on hand. Omnibuses from the hotel meet all trains. The proprietress makes the comfort of her guests her sole care, and her energetic enterprise is manifested in the constant addition of every attraction which matured experience can suggest, and which a liberal and judicious expenditure of capital can command. The pleasure of a visit to Plymouth is distinctly enhanced by a residence and Chubb’s Hotel.

MR. T. HOCKLEY, NAVAL, MILITARY, AND GENERAL OUTFITTER, TAILOR, HATTER, AND HOSIER,
15, 16, 33, AND 34, UNION STREET, PLYMOUTH; AND 37, FORE STBEET, DEVONPORT.

IN many respects Plymouth has a cosmopolitan appearance, for it is, as a resort, and a residence, a great favourite with the families of military officers, and others who have spent much of their time abroad in various parts of the world. Indeed, it might be taken as granted that of the many fashionable ladies and gentlemen who may be seen on the walks and promenades, they are comparatively few who have not spent some years in remote foreign lands, or who have not some members of their family in the civil, military, or diplomatic service abroad. This it is that gives some parts of Plymouth their almost unique air of life and fashion, and in some way accounts for the arrivals from, and departure to, distant parts of the globe, which are of everyday occurrence. When a town is flourishing the business places accurately reflect the tastes and occupations of the residents in the district; and so it is in Plymouth, for the commercial houses, and especially the leading ones, connected with ladies' and gentlemen’s tailoring and outfitting, exhibit not only the best specimens of English styles and materials, but also every variety of outfit for those about to travel, or for those whose prolonged residence abroad has accustomed them to particular modes of dress. These remarks — albeit a lengthy introduction to a brief business article — apply in a special manner to the well-known establishment of Mr. J. Hockley, a recognised house for fashionable outfitting and every variety of garb that is worn by English gentlemen at home or abroad.

The foundation of the business dates back for upwards of a quarter of a century, and it was acquired by its present proprietor about seven years ago, who introduced into its management a fund of ability, energy, and enterprise, that could not but result in the achievement of success, and the still further development of a business that has already taken a strong hold on an influential patronage. The premises are situated at 15 and 16, Union Street, and from time to time, as the business has increased, branches have been opened at 33 and 34, Union Street, and 37, Fore Street, Devonport. Among other first-class places of business, the head establishment of Mr. Hockley arrests attention by its substantial appearance and its handsome frontage, well set off by an effective display in the large plate-glass windows. From the general external appearance of the building, the casual observer will see that it is devoted to a high-class trade, and seeks its customers from the ranks of society. Mr. Hockley is scrupulously careful to exclude from his business everything that might detract from this character, whether in the general arrangements of the shops and show-rooms, the quality of his stuck, the skill of his workpeople, or the style and finish of the goods supplied. The internal arrangements conduce to the despatch of business and the comfort and convenience of customers. The show-rooms are well furnished and perfectly ventilated, while the lighting is such that visitors have the utmost facility for selecting their purchases. Every detail of the shop indicates the care and thoughtfulness with which the proprietor consults the wishes of his clientele, and he is constant in the personal supervision of the various departments, sparing neither time nor trouble in meeting the requirements of his patrons in every branch of the business. A valuable selection of materials is always on hand, and new patterns and styles are added as quickly as they are placed on the market by the leading wholesale houses. Thus the stock is always maintained at a high standard of excellence, and among the extensive and valuable display of goods nothing will be found that has not been selected for its genuine quality and reliability.

Special mention should be made of the very large stock of tweeds of every make, including cheviots from Galashiels, Hawick, Bannockburn, Inverness, and the well-known Harris tweeds, all of which are of unsurpassed quality. Besides these goods there are Irish and English tweeds, West of England broad-cloths, meltons, serges, worsteds, vicunas, &c., in coatings, suitings, and trouserings; also a large selection of novelties in cashmere coatings, many of which are new makes of material and quite new in colour. The goods, especially those for the present season, are rich in variety, and are displayed in a manner that fixes the attention of the observer. Mr. Hockley makes a special feature of naval outfits, a department to which he pays special personal attention, and in which he has achieved a marked and well-deserved success. Military clothing is also a noticeable item in the productions of the place, and among members of the “sister services” in the Three Towns his connection is large. He employs a staff of about thirty hands, who work on the premises, and the garments made by them are noted for their perfection of style, fit, and well-finished workmanship, and all orders are executed with a promptness that cannot fail to give every satisfaction. The general outfitting departments display a most desirable selection of goods are moderate prices, the entire stock being obtained from manufacturers and wholesale houses in high position in the trade, and which may, therefore, be depended upon as embracing all that is new in style and durable in wearing quality. Mr. Hockley also has a large assortment of athletic and sporting goods, such as sweaters, jerseys, flannel shirts, caps, scarves, belts, hosiery, &c., all being of the highest class quality.

A similar trade to that intimated as connected with the headquarters of the business is carried on at the branch establishments, and over the whole Mr. Hockley extends the influence of his constant personal supervision. The numerous families — civil, naval, and military — resident in the Three Towns, or periodically visiting it, demand the services not only of a modern tailor capable of fitting the human form in fashion’s fancy, but also skilful and ingenious enough to carry out their wishes, wants, and suggestions, when business or pleasure calls them to other quarters of the world. At this establishment such wants are well supplied, Mr. Hockley’s reputation being such as to afford a secure guarantee of the work, and a proof that he can be relied on for carrying out all orders with the most complete satisfaction. His present large business connection among the highest circles of patronage in and around Plymouth, is the result of an honourable system of dealing, and skill and success in meeting every requirement of his patrons.

FOX, SONS & CO., SHIP AGENTS, AND STEAM COAL MERCHANTS,
7, PARADE, PLYMOUTH

A PREMIER position in its special department of commerce is occupied by the business of Messrs. Fox, Sons & Co. Its foundation dates back to the early years of the century, and since 1812 it has been continually in the hands of its founder and his representatives. The name of Thomas Were Fox has been preserved through four generations of proprietors. This long continuance is of itself a guarantee of commercial stability, but realising that a previous reputation is not alone sufficient to ensure future successes, Messrs. Fox, Sons & Co., in their enterprising proprietorship, spare no pains to render their establishment worthy of its best traditions, and the relative position of the business with respect to others of its kind has long been recognised. The premises, comprising an extensive suite of private and general offices, derive great advantage from their convenient and central location. They are close to the Custom House and Harbour, and are admirably arranged for the prompt transaction of business. An adequate working staff is employed, and, under the personal supervision of the proprietors, the business of the place runs smoothly and regularly, all orders receiving immediate attention. In coal, the firm hold two valuable agencies, one for the Channel Coaling Company, Limited; and the other for Nixon’s Navigation Smokeless Steam Coal. In the interests of the first-named Company, they always have a large stock of best Welsh steam coals, from which they are enabled to supply large contracts; while of Nixon’s Smokeless Coal, which is a speciality for steam yachts and foreign ships of war, they are also prepared for a great demand.

The coal supplied by Messrs. Fox, Sons & Co., is too well-known to require extensive reference here, and they are careful to maintain the quality to the highest standard. They are the authorised mediums of supply for several articles which have become indispensable to the seafaring community; among which special mention may be made of the Cotton Powder Company’s Patent Socket Distress Signals. The introduction of, and improvements in, apparatus and contrivances for the relief from danger of those who “go down to the sea in ships” is one of the most noticeable, and, at the same time, one of the most valuable features of a maritime existence; and the Socket Distress Signals have been accepted as invaluable adjuncts to the equipment of all kinds of vessels. They are authorised by the Board of Trade for use on board all vessels in lieu of guns or rockets; and the recommendation thus given to them has created a strong, independent demand. The Day and Night Signals, also the production of the Cotton Powder Company, are very simple in construction, and perfect in action, and are especially adapted for steam yachts, as well as for other vessels. Amongst the goods of which Messrs. Fox, Sons & Co. make leading features, more than mere passing mention is demanded by Holmes’ Improved Patent Inextinguishable Distress and Life-buoy Rescue Lights. They are so constructed that immediately on their contact with water they ignite, emitting a brilliant light, which will burn, in any weather, for an hour, thereby directing attention, not only to themselves, but also to the object for which they are used. They are non-explosive, quite free from danger, and are not affected by changes in climate. They are, therefore, useful in all parts of the world, and the firm dispose of a large number, both to English and foreign ships. Rahtjeu’s Patent Composition for ships’ bottoms is probably the best preparation of its kind in the market. It is very easily applied, and dries with a hard, smooth surface almost as soon it is applied. It is largely used by the Peninsular and Oriental, New Zealand, Cunard, and the principal steamship companies; and Messrs. Fox, Sons & Co. have been successful in introducing it to many yacht owners, for whose use it is particularly valuable.

The entire business is conducted on modern principles, and the straightforward nature of its management ensures a large, influential, and permanent patronage. As ship agents, the firm represent the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, and many other influential steamship companies and ship-owners. Apart from their business connection, they are well-known in Plymouth. Mr. Thomas Were Fox is Consul for the United States, and the German Empire, and Vice-Consul for Belgium, Brazil, Greece, Italy, and Turkey, the duties of which appointments he fulfils with credit to himself, and to the satisfaction of those with whom he becomes connected. He and Mr. John Cumming are the present partners of the firm, and the latter gentleman has won golden opinions as a hard-working Town Councillor, from which position he has, however, now retired. The firm have branch offices at Millbay Pier, and coaling depots at Dartmouth and Portland. Their telegraphic address is “Fox, Plymouth,” and their telephone numbers, 40 and 138.

STONEHOUSE.

J. PITTUCK, PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST,
THE ROYAL STUDIO, 63, UNION STREET; AND
MANUFACTURER OF PERAMBULATORS, MAIL-CARTS, ETC.
71, UNION STREET, STONEHOUSE.

Residents in Stonehouse and the surrounding districts who have occasion to seek the services of an accomplished photographer are fortunate in having in their midst the Royal Studio, where Mr. John Pittuck conducts a most successful and rapidly extending artistic business. This establishment has an honourable record which extends back for about half a century, and which necessarily includes an epitome of the rise and development of the photographic art. Since, however, the establishment came into the hands of the present proprietor, ten years since, his thorough technical knowledge of the art, combined with his cultured taste and energetic spirit of enterprise, has enabled him very materially to extend the valuable connection created by his predecessors. His premises occupy a commanding position at 63, Union Street, and have a fins double frontage. Two ample plate-glass show windows with numerous examples of Mr. Pittuck’s productions, in a great variety of styles, form points of never- failing attraction. The interior runs back for about a hundred feet, and affords ample space for waiting-rooms, show-rooms, and studios, into which it is divided. The studio proper is equipped with all the requisite apparatus of the most approved modern type, for the production of every description of photographic work. Mr. Pittuck has, with notable success, made a speciality of military groups, and he exhibits many fine examples of his skill in this direction. In one of his show-windows, for example, is a remarkable tour de force, the result of the artist’s remarkable feat in photographing all the companies of the Rifle Brigade in one group. It assumes the form of a Maltese cross, and, in its massive gold frame, occupies a space of five feet square. There are many other large-sized groups of military and naval officers, as well as of soldiers and sailors. Mr. Pittuck has gained a high reputation for indoor and outdoor groups, views, interiors, &c., and he is most successful in copying and enlarging old photographs of every description. So numerous have his professional engagements become that he has found it necessary to employ a large and efficient staff of experts as assistants, but the principal continues to give his assiduous personal supervision to all work entrusted to him, and having regard to the invariably excellent character of all work executed on the premises, Mr. Pittuck's scale of charges is remarkably moderate.

J. PITTUCK, MANUFACTURER OF PERAMBULATORS, MAIL-CARTS, ETC.,
71, UNION STREET, STONEHOUSE.

THE energy and enterprise of Mr. John Pittuck, whose admirably equipped photographic studio, at 63, Union Street, is elsewhere described, has likewise manifested itself in the development of an important business as a manufacturer of perambulators, mail-carts, &c., and as a dealer in sewing-machines, wringing and mangling-machines, musical-boxes, and kindred classes of goods. In the inception of this new and important department the stocks were exhibited in a portion of the premises which are now devoted exclusively to photographic purposes. In order, however, to cope with the rapid growth in the volume of Mr. Pittuck's business as a manufacturer and merchant, he has acquired, for the purposes of a branch establishment, large premises at 71, Union Street, directly opposite his photographic studio. Here is now to be seen, with ample opportunities for careful inspection, one of the best and most varied stocks of the class in the West of England. With the best sources of supply for sewing-machines and musical boxes, &c., Mr. Pittuck has established relations of such intimacy and such extent that he is able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to his customers. His position in reference to perambulators is still stronger. Of these articles he is the only manufacturer in the West of England, and he has every facility for the prompt and efficient execution of any repairs, such as the supply of new hoods or aprons, the fixing of rubber tyres to wheels, &c. Much of Mr. Pittuck's notable success in this department of his business is the result of the excellence of his system of sales on the payment of easy instalments, every condition which is not absolutely equitable to the purchaser having been carefully eliminated from his system. Mr. Pittuck has evidently a brilliant future — industrially and commercially, as well as artistically — before him.

FREDERICK HAWKE, SHIP AND BOAT BUILDER, ETC.,
11, CREMYLL STREET, STONEHOUSE, PLYMOUTH.

AT the head of the ship and boat building industry, in the Three Towns, stands the well-equipped establishment of which Mr. Frederick Hawke is the proprietor. It was founded twenty years ago by Messrs. Hawke Brothers, and, as a result of their thorough technical knowledge of the trade, exceptional energy, and well-directed spirit of enterprise, its record has been one of substantial and uninterrupted progress. The comparatively recent decease of his brother has left Mr. Frederick Hawke in the position of being sole proprietor, since January, 1894. His strongly developed administrative ability fortunately enables him to continue personally the efficient supervision of all the working details in the extensive business. The premises comprise commodious yards, occupying a convenient situation at Stonehouse Pool, adjoining the Great Western Docks. The industrial departments include a series of smiths' shops, a shipwrights’ shop, with workshops for joiners and carpenters, and storage for large stocks of timber. These several departments are fitted with all the mechanical requisites of the most approved modern type for facilitating the various industrial processes. The premises also include a well-equipped steam saw-mill. Adjoining Mr. Hawke's yards is a wet dock for repairing ships and cleaning bottoms. Adjacent, also, are the well-appointed general and private offices. Mr. Hawke controls a large business in repairing ships and boats, and in the making of blocks, spars, and oars; and he has gained a high reputation for the prompt and efficient manner in which all orders are executed. In the ship and boat building department his speciality is the construction of coasting vessels, the last two of this class having been built for a London firm — Messrs. Holman & Co. The average size of these vessels is two hundred tons. The firm also produce a good many river barges of about sixty tons, and, while these lines are being written, two of these are laid down in the yard. Every facility has been provided for the execution of ships’ smith-work of all descriptions. In his own class of work Mr. Hawke is the largest employer of labour in the district.

DEVONPORT.

GAMLEN BROS., STAR CLOTHING MART,
53 AND o4, FORE STREET, DEVONPORT.

“TIS not in mortals to command success,” but if an enterprising spirit, wide experience, energetic administration, and practical acquaintance with every detail of a colossal business successfully carried on for upwards of a quarter of a century, are to count for anything, Mr. A.F. Gamlen may truly be said to have deserved it. Established as far back as 1866, the business originally belonged to the present proprietor and his brother, who, however, withdrawing from the concern nine months afterwards to start elsewhere on his own account, Mr. A.F. Gamlen took over the entire control of the premises, where he has traded ever since under the original style and title of Gamlen Bros. The business, though first started at No 53, under his skilful management so rapidly increased that, in order to successfully cope with it, the incorporation of No 54 became essential, since which event the trade has been steadily progressive, securing public favour and commercial estimation. The premises, eligibly situated at the junction of Catherine Street with Fore Street, occupy a prominent position as a depot for the supply of goods of the best quality.

The whole building standing three stories high, is provided at the base with four spacious show-windows, offering the best facilities for displaying a large and varied stock of fashionable suitings, “ready-mades” of all kinds for gentlemen, men’s, youths’, and boys’ suits, and juvenile wear of every description and of excellent quality; hats of choice quality and latest fashion, caps, collars, gloves, ties, white and coloured shirts, a large assortment of braces, including the firm’s speciality, the “Sampson,” guaranteed to stand a strain of 150lbs., and handkerchiefs in every possible make and value, all arranged in the most attractive manner, and exercising a seductive influence upon the spectator. The interior is a well-stocked establishment comprising four spacious rooms, and the various departments in connection therewith are men’s “ready-made,” “mechanic and artizan,” “hosiery,” “hat and cap,” and an “odd and end” department. There is also a department for the bespoke trade, which is well patronised, although the bulk of the business done is in the ready-made department.

Mr Gamlen intends taking in as partner his son Jackson Taylor, who has recently returned from London, where he has been gaining practical experience in the wholesale and retail clothing trade.

All the bespoke work is executed on the premises, and by thoroughly capable workmen, under the active superintendence of the proprietor, complete satisfaction being thereby assured. Mr Gamlen was privileged in the supplying and making of sailor suits for H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, a fact bearing pointed testimony to the wide-spread character of his business reputation. His trade is a ready-money one, and is also wholesale and retail. It is widely distributed in Devon and Cornwall, while the amount of export trade done with Ireland in connection with the coastguard there, is considerably in excess of that of any other shop in the trade. Clothes are only made on the premises when ordered, and the goods thus supplied have given the greatest satisfaction to a large and ever increasing number of patrons. A large staff of assistants are employed in the various branches of the ready-made department, their unfailing courtesy to every class of customer forming a very pleasing feature of this deservedly popular business establishment. There are extensive stores at the back of the premises, and goods are delivered throughout the Three Towns free of charge. Constant solicitude for his patrons’ convenience is a prominent feature of Mr. Gamlen’s management, and to this is undoubtedly due those indications of augmented success which the visitor can hardly fail to observe.

MR. J. COOMBES, ADMIRALTY AGENT, SEXTANT MANUFACTURER, OPTICIAN, AND MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER,
87, FORE STREET, DEVONPORT.

A BUSINESS of great local importance is well represented in Devonport by the old-established and thoroughly responsible house of Mr. J. Coombes, Admiralty Agent, Sextant Manufacturer, Optician, and Mathematical Instrument Maker, of the Observatory, 87, Fore Street. Mr. Coombes is the only person in the three towns solely occupied with the profession of the optician. The goods he manufactures are known in every part of the civilised world, and are regarded by scientific men and experts as thoroughly reliable and the best of the kind procurable. This is evidenced by the fact that the Kew Committee of the Royal Society recently ordered from Mr. J. Coombes a set of sextant shades to be used as their standard for proving sextants at their observatory. This representative business was established in 1806. Over forty years ago Mr. Coombes commenced his apprenticeship with the late Mr. W. C. Cox, the then head of the firm. He joined Mr. W. J. Cox, when the firm became Cox & Coombes, and became sole proprietor in 1886. Extensive and commodious premises are occupied, consisting of a fine block of three-storey building, in which a large and well-arranged display is made of the many beautiful and scientific articles handled by the firm. The interior is admirably fitted up with counters, stands, and show-cases, and every requisite for the proper control of the business. Several workshops are at the rear, where employment is found for a staff of skilled workmen. Under the best conditions for producing the most desirable results, Mr. Coombes is here carrying on a large and important trade in the manufacture of various kinds of optical and mathematical instruments.

The leading line with the firm are sextants, several hundreds of which have passed through the Kew Observatory and taken their highest class certificate, in the manufacture of which the house is recognised as having few successful rivals. The firm was honoured with the commission to manufacture one specially for H.R.H. Prince Alfred. Other special items with the house are cadet telescopes, deck watches, achromatic star telescopes, binoculars, and spectacles. The stock comprises everything connected with this branch of business, the goods being selected from the most celebrated makers, including Beck, Ross, &c., when not made on the premises. The supplies include the goods mentioned above, together with silver watches, hunter or English lever, chronometers, night glasses, compasses, cases of instruments, suitable for Cheltenham College and the Britannia, Field's brass rolling parallels, goggles, barometers, &c. Cameras of all sizes and makes, and magic lanterns and slides are largely represented in the stock.

Mr. Coombes is optician to the Royal Albert Hospital, and mathematical instrument make to H.M.S. Britannia, Cheltenham College, and other educational institutions. He also supplies the Brazilian Navy, and various Foreign Governments with instruments. His long experience and extensive practice have fully qualified him to give the best advice in all cases where the use of spectacles is necessary or desirable. In every department, manufacturers’ prices prevail, and from this cause, joined to the thorough excellence of everything handled, a widespread, valuable, and still increasing connection is being maintained. The trade is both wholesale and retail, and all orders receive careful and prompt attention. Mr. Coombes occupies a prominent and influential position in trading and scientific circles, and is everywhere held in high esteem as an able, enterprising, and courteous gentleman.

MR. JAMES HARRIS, CORN AND SEED MERCHANT, FORAGE DEALER, TALLOW CHANDLER, ETC.,
12, MARKET STREET, DEVONPORT.

DURING its career of more than sixty years the establishment now presided over by Mr. James Harris has gained for itself a name second to that of no similar house in Devonport. The business controlled is that of the corn and seed merchant and forage dealer, and large and well-arranged premises are occupied at 12, Market Street. They comprise a handsome block of three-storey buildings with spacious shop handsomely fitted up, in which, as well as in the two large show windows, an attractive display is made of the many and varied goods the house handles. There is a compact office at the rear of the shop, together with warehouses and storerooms admirably adapted for keeping every sort of seed and large quantities of corn and forage. The firm carries one of the largest and best selected stocks in the town. Mr. Harris has had a wide and varied experience in the trade, and gives the business the full benefit of his matured judgment and knowledge.

The leading line is corn and seeds, of which large consignments are received direct from the best known growers in the United Kingdom. First-class quality, the prompt and careful filling of all orders, and prices as low as any in the markets are the inducements which Mr. Harris offers to his customers. Agricultural, vegetable, and flower seeds and bulbs are important items with this house, the goods handled comprising the choicest selections from the moat reliable home and continental producers. Nothing is offered but what has been properly tested and should yield, under fair treatment, the best possible results. The house bears a special reputation for turnip, grass, and clover seeds, and a very valuable business is done in this direction among local agriculturists and farmers. Artificial flower wreaths, gardening and forestry requisites, and the best known fertilizers are kept in stock, and the hay, straw, and forage department is managed with enterprise and success. Mr. Harris is the owner also of a tallow chandlery, and is doing a very considerable business in the manufacture of tallow. The connection extends throughout the whole of Devonshire and Cornwall, the trade being both wholesale and retail in character. Mr. Harris is highly respected for his long and honourable business career, and is fully entitled to the substantial prosperity he is enjoying.

ESTABLISHED 1862.
J. LANGMAID & SON, NAVAL TAILORS AND GENERAL OUTFITTERS,
81, FORE STREET, DEVONPORT.
TELEGRAMS: “LANGMAID & SON, DEVONPORT.”

AS a thoroughly practical tailor and high-class outfitter, Mr. John Langmaid, of 81, Fore Street, deserves more than passing notice at our hands. For more than 33 years he has been prominently identified with this important branch of trade, 20 of which have been spent on the site still occupied. The business is now carried on under the style of J. Langmaid & Son, he having taken his son, John Albert Langmaid, into partnership, previous to which the latter had a good experience in the Midlands, where he was for several years. A splendid name has been secured for the superior character of the goods handled, and for the careful and polite attention which all customers receive. A large single-fronted shop is occupied in Fore Street, and the window, with its tastefully arranged supplies of fabrics and outfitting goods, is always a point of attraction for the frequenters of this busy thoroughfare. No expense or trouble has been spared in the fitting up of the interior, and every desirable facility is possessed for carrying on a business of this kind. At the rear are well-appointed workrooms, where accommodation is found for a numerous staff of skilled workmen, who follow their occupation under the immediate supervision of the proprietor, who is himself what he professes to be, a thoroughly practical and expert workman.

Here then is being controlled one of the most important high-class bespoke tailoring trades in the town. The goods turned out have few or no superiors in material, workmanship, cut, and style, and never fail to give satisfaction to the most critical and fastidious customers. For the selection of patrons, the house holds a large assortment of fabrics obtained direct from the best known makers, comprising fancy Scotch and Irish tweeds, cashmeres, Scotch homespuns, black and blue twills, black and blue serges, and all the latest materials and patterns. A special reputation is enjoyed for the excellence of the naval uniforms, liveries, and Indian outfits made here, a branch of the business that is steadily increasing with every passing year. Naval outfits in all branches are completed, and special attention is given to promotion outfits. The house shows a choice selection of cricket, boating, and lawn tennis requisites; hats and caps in great variety, gentlemen’s dress shirts, gloves, braces, underwear of all descriptions, and hosiery goods of the very first quality. There are also superior supplies of bags, portmanteaus, and outfitting goods suitable for officers or civilians. Mention should be made that a popular and leading line with the firm under notice is their Black Fur Satin lined Ventilated Hat, 5s. 6d. Based upon reliable goods at moderate charges, a connection of a superior and substantial character is being maintained in Devonport, and for a circuit of many miles round. Numerous orders are received from abroad too, especially from naval officers on foreign duty. Mr. Langmaid is an able, enterprising, and obliging business man, well known for the fair and liberal principles on which all his transactions are conducted, and respected and esteemed by an ever- increasing circle of friends and patrons.

MR. F. W. CHANNON, ART CABINET AND VIOLIN MAKER,
40, CUMBERLAND STREET, DEVONPORT.

The business of cabinet-making has a special interest for the writer on the industries of a certain district, and we may safely say that in the town of Devonport Mr. F. Channon takes a leading position in the cabinet trade, and it gives us pleasure to make special mention of his work in these pages, as his business is not only important but, we unhesitatingly assert, unique of its kind in the three towns. We refer especially to that part of the business which is devoted to the peculiar, interesting, and intricate art of violin-making.

Cabinet-making. - Brought up by the celebrated firm of Dart's, of Totnes, and having acted for three years as foreman at Messrs. Graves & Sons, of Devonport, Mr. Channon, in 1886, established the above works, and has creditably identified his name with high-class work in art cabinet-making. American walnut richly inlaid is one of his specialities, admirable alike for beauty of material, accuracy of construction, and delicate and faultless finish. Mr. Channon is an artist as well as an artisan, and his designs are on a par with his workmanship, all being characterised by superior elegance and taste. His practical qualifications are of a high order, and he is well known throughout the county as a technical instructor, teaching every department of the woodworker's art with thoroughness and skill. He has obtained certificates of merit, first-class bronze and silver medals from the Royal Polytechnic and other exhibitions, to which testimony no words of ours can add. We strongly recommend a visit to his newly built and commodious works.

Upholstery. — Upholstery is, of course, a branch in which Mr. Channon is experienced. All materials used are of the best; hair perfectly new and clean; springs of the most approved shape and size: coverings are the best that can be supplied.

French Polishing. — By using only the purest gums in the making of his polishes, he is able to insure its transparency and durability.

Furniture Reviver. — After years of research, Mr. Channon discovered his celebrated Instantaneous Furniture Reviver, which produces an effect in application that entitles it to be termed the best reviver in the market, and has received awards wherever exhibited.

Violin-making. — Mr. Channon has achieved great success as a violin-maker, and he considers this branch of his work a speciality. His extraordinary success with his first violin, bow and fittings — made under the direction of Mr. F. Codd, of Devonport, certified by him as of excellent tone and purity, and awarded a silver medal at the 1893 Royal Polytechnic — induced him to establish a thoroughly equipped workshop. Here we find several instruments in course of construction, together with some valuable old ones entrusted to Mr. Channon's skilful hands for repairs, for which he is largely patronised by the leading professionals in both counties. Here also are models from the great makers, and a large stock of well-seasoned and selected woods. Not only is he capable of repairing the most valuable and delicate instruments, but he has, after many experiments, obtained an oil varnish which gives the greatest possible satisfaction, and may in after years prove famous. His resin is purer than that obtainable in the usual way. Strings and all necessary fittings, in fact, a complete violinist's outfit, can be supplied. Mr. Channon conducts his business with conspicuous ability and enterprise, and has the confidence and support of an influential and growing connection in this part of the country.

PETHICK & CO., WINE MERCHANTS,
95, FORE STREET, DEVONPORT.

THERE is no establishment of its class in Devonport which has attained a higher degree of popularity than that of Messrs. Pethick & Co., the energetic and enterprising proprietors of the Devonport Wine Stores, at 95, Fore Street. These premises comprise a spacious block of three-storied buildings, occupying a commanding corner position. They have recently been rebuilt and artistically redecorated by the firm, and they now constitute a material addition to the architectural attractions of the neighbourhood. The extensive trade which Messrs. Pethick & Co. control is both retail and wholesale, the business of the former department being conducted on the ground floor, which has a fine frontage of thirty feet with two important entrances. The interior is admirably appointed and equipped for the accommodation of customers, and for the display of samples of the valuable and comprehensive stocks which are always held. To the rear is a large and well-appointed office, and underneath are very commodious and well-arranged cellars, containing thoroughly representative stocks of wines and spirits. The firm always hold in stock many parcels of the choicest brands of port, sherry, Burgundy, and champagne, together with brandy, whisky, rum, and gin, from the leading distilleries. The principals have a well deserved reputation as experts in the selection both of wines and spirits. In many instances they are direct importers, and their thorough knowledge of the markets enables them to make their extensive purchases upon such favourable conditions that they are enabled to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to their customers. They conduct a considerable business in the supply of goods direct from bond to hotels, restaurants, &c., and they have also gained the unreserved confidence and the continued support of many of the most influential families resident in the district. Messrs. Pethick & Co. have also with signal success made a speciality of supplying army and navy messes, and their valuable connection in this direction is rapidly increasing.

CROCKER & SON, MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURERS,
44, CORNWALL STREET, DEVONPORT.

The production — by the best modern processes and the use of the latest and most improved steam-driven machinery — of pure mineral waters and popular aerated beverages for wholesale distribution, principally by steamboat and railway, to large consumers and buyers throughout Devonshire and Cornwall, finds typical illustration and exemplification at the hands of the noted firm whose rise and progress furnishes the theme of the present brief historical review. The records of the undertaking show that it organised by a Mr. Rocket, as far back as the year 1850, originally at No. 10, Cornwall Street, but that about thirteen years since, the business was acquired by Mr. G. W. Crocker, who now trades under the style and title designated above. With characteristic foresight, Mr. Crocker saw that the splendid position for both boat and rail, in the consignment of goods from his works, afforded by the present site at No. 44, Cornwall Street, would be of great advantage to his business; and accordingly about six years ago he removed hither. His anticipations were amply justified, for three years had scarcely elapsed before he found it needful to enlarge his premises, which now possess a mean depth of 150 feet, and stand as the only mineral water factory in the three towns, where the splendid plant of machinery is driven by steam power, the motor being a 2-and-a-half horse-power engine, made by Messrs. Willoughby Bros., Limited, of Plymouth, which has been in constant use for the past thirty years, and is still as good and trustworthy as ever it was.

Messrs. Crocker & Son's works entail the regular employment of several skilled hands, under the personal supervision of the principals, for the production, on an extensive scale, of all the popular varieties of aerated drinks. But perhaps they have gained greatest kudos for their lemonade, ginger ale, and soda water, which are stated to be particularly agreeable and palatable drinks of delicious flavour, and perfect in purity and quality, by Mr. Granville H. Sharpe, F.C.S., the eminent analyst, who subjected them, as well as the water, essences, sugar, and other raw materials used in their manufacture, to exhaustive chemical analysis. Upon such indisputable testimony, and their well-known business integrity, have Messrs. Crocker & Son built up their business reputation — a reputation which promises not only to endure, but to become materially enhanced in time to come.

EXETER, EXMOUTH, SIDMOUTH, AND NONITON

EXETER, the ancient capital of Wessex, and one of the most historic of English cities, is finely situated on the river Exe, in the heart of the romantic county of Devon. The old city, round which the more modern suburbs have extensively grown up, occupies a position upon ground rising steeply from the left bank of the river, and was evidently a place of much strategic advantage in olden times. On the summit of the acclivity stood, long ago, the British stronghold of Caer Isca, and here, at a later period, was built the Castle of Exeter, the remains of which still exist. That Exeter was a Roman station of importance is clear, not only from the many relics of Roman occupation which have been discovered, but also from the fact that the four main streets of the old city (North Street, South Street, High Street, and Fore Street) form a junction or “cross” in the centre, this being the characteristic street plan of the Roman castra or camps. For many centuries in succession Exeter was the scene of stirring incidents, and the numerous sieges it underwent down to the great Civil War, attested the importance attaching to it in the estimation of rival factions. To this day many ancient buildings exist to demonstrate the antiquity of the place, and some of the old streets are strikingly picturesque. The beautiful cathedral is admittedly one of the finest in England, and one would go far to find a more interesting structure of its kind than the quaint old Guildhall. The city has many excellent charities, good schools, and all the institutions of a large community governed in a spirit of liberality and enlightenment.

Modern Exeter is a place of extensive trade. A ship canal connects it with Topsham, further down the Exe, and by this means vessels of considerable size can come up to the quay at Exeter. Larger ships remain at Topsham, and the largest at Exmouth at the mouth of the river. The railway facilities are excellent, both the Great Western and the London and South-Western lines entering the city. At one time Exeter surpassed Leeds in the woollen trade, but this branch of commerce is now represented in the city only by one or two well-known wholesale houses. The city’s industries at the present day include large operations in brewing, carriage building, brick and tile making, tanning and currying, flour milling, engineering in numerous branches, iron and steel founding, and the manufacture of ecclesiastical and cabinet furniture, pottery, tobacco, aerated waters, and artificial manures. There are also important marble and granite works, and seed and plant nurseries. Among the many general trades carried on, the most prominent are the wine and spirit (very extensive), ironmongery, silk, drapery, and costume; wholesale drug, wholesale tea, stationery, and provision trades, all of which are in a flourishing condition. The city can boast of some of the finest hotels in the West of England. It is a County Borough, returns one member to Parliament, and has a population (1891 Census, of 37,580.

EXMOUTH, as its name implies, is situated at the mouth of the Exe, and is ten miles E.S.E. of Exeter. As long ago as the first year of the eleventh century, the Danes landed here; and in the reign of Edward III. the port must have had some standing, for it furnished several ships to that monarch for his expedition against Calais. During the Civil War, Exmouth was the scene of conflicts between the forces of King and Parliament, in which the Royalists were ultimately vanquished. In modern times, the town has made much progress in local matters, and has many commendable features, including a good water supply. Among the buildings, the church of the Holy Trinity may be mentioned as a handsome edifice. There are several other churches and chapels, good schools, a fine public hall, a hospital and dispensary, and a public pleasure-ground. The docks are of considerable extent, and there are large imports of timber, stone, coal, corn, &c. Besides being an important seaport and market town, it was the first watering-place on the coast of Devon, and retains its popularity as such by reason of its excellent sea-bathing and mild climate. Sheltered by high hills, it is a favourite place of winter residence, and is particularly beneficial to those troubled with pulmonary affections. The old town, once a mere fishing hamlet, is at the base of Beacon Hill, while the newer town is built on the slopes of that eminence, with many fine terraces and villas. The walks and views here are magnificent, and a fine promenade is afforded by the long sea wall. Exmouth has an excellent natural harbour and considerable shipping. The general trades of the town are representative of all branches essential to the supply of local requirements. There are libraries, baths, assembly rooms, a depot for Honiton lace, churches, schools, &c., and the hotel accommodation and boarding-house arrangements are highly satisfactory. The population has increased from 6,245 in 1881 to 8,097 in 1891.

SIDMOUTH, another favourite watering-place on the South Devon coast, 21 miles by rail from Exeter, is beautifully situated in a valley at the mouth of the Sid, between lofty east and west cliffs — an ideal position for a health and pleasure resort. Early in the century Sidmouth was a popular watering-place, and was patronised by the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. His Royal Highness died here in 1820, and is commemorated by a window placed in the parish church by Her Majesty. With the coming of the railway in 1874, the popularity of Sidmouth revived, and its mild climate and picturesque surroundings continue to attract large numbers of visitors. Sidmouth is credited with the least rainfall of any place in Deron. The local trades are varied and comprehensive. Formerly, however, Sidmouth was of more importance, commercially, than it is now. In the thirteenth century it was a borough and a market town, and had then a considerable trade with France, the distance from here to Cap de la Hogue, near Cherburg, being ninety miles. The silting up of the harbour has spoiled the shipping trade of Sidmouth, but compensation has been found in the natural advantages which render it so well suited to the purposes of a modern watering-place. The town, which is lighted by gas, is governed by a local board of nine members. In its topography and buildings the place displays picturesque irregularity, but is very neat and clean, and many improvements have been carried out during the past twenty years. From the top of the Salcombe Hills a fine view is obtained for thirty miles over the whole valley of the Sid. Numerous villa residences are charmingly situated in the vicinity. The principal buildings include the churches of St. Nicholas and All Saints, the Market House, and the concert-hall and theatre. There are also chapels, schools, reading-rooms, and subscription libraries. Hotel accommodation is excellent, public and private sanitation receives careful attention, and there is a splendid water supply from the adjacent hills. Visitors will find ample facilities for amusement, including golf links, theatre, concert hall, &c. Population, 3,758.

HONITON, a municipal borough and market town, is seventeen miles by rail, E.N.E. of Exeter, and is situated near the Otter, in the fertile Vale of Honiton, famed for its dairy produce. The town is well built, and has a number of important local industries, including tanning, brewing, ironfounding, and agricultural engineering, besides the usual general trades. The manufacture of pillow lace, introduced here by Flemings in the sixteenth century, is still a speciality of the district. Honiton was incorporated in 1846, and is governed by a mayor, six aldermen, and eighteen councillors. The churches of St. Paul and St. Michael, the chapels of the Baptist and Wesleyan denominations, and the Market House are the chief public buildings. There is also a dispensary and other useful local institutions, and the town has a literary society which possesses an excellent library. Population, 3,216.

Particulars of representative business concerns in the four towns above-mentioned, will be found in the articles which here follow.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE

WILLEY & CO., GAS ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS, CENTRAL WORKS, COMMERCIAL ROAD, EXETER;
METER WORKS, JAMES STREET, EXETER.

EVER since the application of coal gas to purposes of illumination in the last decade of the eighteenth century, by Murdoch, of Redruth, the ancient city of Exeter appears to have been the chief seat of the gas engineering industry in the West of England. The very extensive works of Messrs. Willey & Co., and the wide renown of this celebrated firm, are indications of the large scale upon which the making of gas appliances and plant are here carried on, and also of the reputation the city has acquired for the same. Messrs. Willey & Co. may perhaps be rightly regarded as the largest manufacturers of gas-making plant and machinery and gas-lighting appliances in the West Country, and their business, established upwards of thirty-three years ago, has grown steadily to its present large dimensions, as a result of the most capable management and the production of the highest class of work. The firm’s chief business consists in contracting for the erection of gas-works of any size, and for the extension and improvement of existing gas-works; but in addition to this they do an immense trade in the supplying and fixing of gas-lighting fittings of every description. Over one thousand churches, schools, and public buildings in various parts of the country have been lighted by means of gas-fittings specially designed and manufactured by this noted Western firm.

As Messrs. Willey are prepared to undertake and complete in the shortest possible space of time contracts for equipments of every kind of apparatus connected with the manufacture and distribution of gas, it is obvious that their working arrangements and productive facilities must be of a very comprehensive and satisfactory character. Their works are situated very conveniently on the banks of the Exe, affording easy means of transport for the heavy products of the firm's industry, amongst which are found iron and clay retorts, mouthpieces and lids, ascension and dip pipes, hydraulic mains, condensers, engines and exhausters, scrubbers, purifiers, station meters, governors and gas valves, gas-holders of every size, lamp-posts and lanterns, wet and dry meters, tubing and service cocks; tar, liquor, and syphon pumps; gasaliers, brackets, pendants, gas-fittings in the most modern and artistic designs, photometers, pressure gauges, and, in fact, everything incidental to the equipment of gas-works, or the employment of gas for lighting purposes. At their new meter works in James Street, the firm manufacture large quantities of the new automatic penny-in-the-slot gas-meters, largely used in the great centres of population. As either owners or lessees of several gas undertakings in the West Country, they possess great advantages and practical experience in the manufacture and distribution of gas for all purposes. The works include a fully-organised foundry for turning out brass castings, and in all their departments they are provided with the most improved and effective machinery and tools.

A short distance from the main works the firm have other commodious premises which are specially devoted to the fitting of plates for gasholders. The plates, of course, are previously prepared, bent, punched, &c., at the general works. The premises in their entirety have a total area of about two acres, employing a large number of hands, and forming one of the busiest and most complete establishments of the kind we have ever seen. Besides the staff engaged here, the firm generally have a good many skilled workmen employed on contracts in various parts of the country. They have lately completed the enlargement of the Plymouth and Stonehouse Gas Works, one of the largest contracts they have carried out in late years, the whole cost of this work being about £60,000, a large portion being for work executed by this firm. The new buildings and appliances, as the ‘Western Daily Mercury’ has said (vide the issue of September 21st, 1894), “represent the latest efforts of engineering and chemical science in the direction of economy in production, and they mark an era in local enterprise, of which Plymouth may well be proud.”

The Plymouth and Stonehouse Gas Company expect to justify their large expenditure by maintaining an undiminished dividend and still adhering to the wonderfully low price of 1s. 9d. per thousand, which is the rate at which they are supplying gas to the happy consumer in Plymouth. Messrs. Willey &c Co. have certainly assisted to reorganise the works upon a scale which presents the most favourable conditions for a continuance of this very satisfactory state of things. Some idea of the gigantic nature of this contract may be gathered from the fact that Messrs. Willey’s workmen have been engaged upon it almost continuously for between two and three years, during which period the firm have manufactured and erected something like two tons of iron and steel per day, or an aggregate of, say, one thousand eight hundred tons. The two huge gas-holders, which are the most conspicuous features of the works, have a capacity of one million eight hundred thousand cubic feet, and are the largest in the South and West of England, without exception.

As gas engineers Messrs. Willey &c Co. have received medals from the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society and from the Building Trades Exhibition, and they hold one of the valued certificates of merit of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain. They have lately added an important department to their business, comprising the manufacture of ecclesiastical and ornamental brass and iron work for altar-rails, pulpit and other stairs, balconies, &c. In this connection, being possessed of superior facilities, they turn out very beautiful work, both wrought and cast, remarkable for elegance and artistry of design, and perfection of finish. Messrs. Willey & Co. also contract for the erection of iron churches, schools, roofs, See., upon the best principles. They control an immense trade, and the majority of the large gas works of the West of England have either been erected, enlarged, or improved by them at one time or another. The late Mr. Willey, founder of the firm, was greatly esteemed throughout the West Country. He filled the office of Mayor of Exeter last year with every credit and acceptance, and his death, which occurred only a short time ago, was deeply regretted by a wide circle of friends in this part of England. The great business he did so much to develop is now continued by his son, Mr. Henry Alfred Willey, assisted by his two brothers. One of these gentlemen, the eldest son, is unfortunately in indifferent health, but the others ably sustain the burden of management, and display every qualification of experience, energy, and practical knowledge essential to the proper administration of a concern so extensive in its operations and so exacting in its demands upon those who control the same. To their courtesy we are indebted for the data from which we have been able to compile this brief review of a most interesting industrial enterprise.

ROBERT VEITCH & SON, THE ROYAL NURSERY, EXETER.
NURSERY: NEW NORTH ROAD; SEED WARHHOUSE: 64, HIGH STRUT.

THIS world-renowned firm of nurserymen, seedsmen, and horticulturists was founded upwards of a century ago by Mr. James Veitch, and with the energy and enterprise characteristic of the north Briton, Mr. Veitch in time founded the nursery in Exeter. From this sprang the now universally famous establishment known as the Royal Nursery, or more familiarly, as “Veitch’s.” In the old coaching days, visitors to the ancient and historic city of Exeter, in doing the round of places of note worth seeing, never failed to visit Veitch’s nurseries in the Topsham Road; and it is a question if these nurseries, a way back in the forties, were not the best-known and most famous in England. Mr. Veitch was one of the first to send out botanist collectors to foreign countries, and perhaps no nurseryman in the Kingdom introduced so many rare plants and trees as he did in his time. Among the more famous of these plants were the Wellingtonia gigantea, Berberis Darwinii, Abies bracteata, Desfontainea spinosa, Thuja gigantea (Lobbi), Escallonia macrantha and E. Exoniense, Lapageria rosea and L. Alba, Clianthus puniceus, and Embothrium coccineum.

Messrs. Veitch’s Royal Nursery in the New North Road has an excellent situation, close to the city and only a few minutes’ walk from either the Queen Street or St. David’s Railway Stations. There is telephone communication with the High Street warehouse. The Nursery is splendidly laid out, and in a faultless state of cultivation, and nothing is lacking for the proper development of flowering shrubs, ornamental trees, vines, palms, ferns, choice Alpines, hardy perennials, and all kinds of stove and greenhouse plants. The firm have also extensive nurseries adjacent for the cultivation of fruit trees, roses, ornamental trees, &c. As landscape gardeners, the achievements of Messrs. Veitch entitle them to the highest consideration, and they have frequently, both on a large and a small scale, transformed unsightly wildernesses into charming sylvan retreats. All their undertakings in this department are personally superintended by the principal, and are carried out by their landscape gardener, and men who have had large and varied experience in such work. Beautiful designs are produced in rockeries and caverns, and some of the most charming landscape gardening in the West of England stands to the credit of this firm. Plans and estimates are promptly submitted for any work of this nature.

Their nursery for forest trees, such as larch, spruce, Scotch fir, oaks, and elms, &c., is at Exminster, within five minutes walk of the Exminster Station on the Great Western Railway—five miles below Exeter. Here they also grow strawberry plants, gooseberry and currant bushes, and similar subjects; while a portion of their grounds is devoted to the raising of choice seeds both for the garden and the farm. Veitch’s Perfection peas, known all the world over, and Goldfinder peas — rapidly gaining favour — are grown at Exminster. Although Veitch’s Perfection pea was raised nearly forty years ago, it holds its own now with the introductions of recent times. Messrs. Veitch have a great name for new introductions both in the nursery and the seed departments, and what is still more to their credit is the fact that novelties bearing their name soon become and remain standard varieties which make their way from Land’s End to John o’Groats. One of their most important introductions of recent years is Veitch’s Climbing French bean. The abundance of handsome pods which grow on a strong, climbing haulm six or seven feet high is astonishing, and amply justifies the award of merit which it obtained at the Exeter and Taunton Flower Shows in 1893, and the First-class Certificate of the Royal Horticultural Society awarded in September, 1894. Another highly successful introduction is Veitch’s Exonian pea, one of the finest early marrow varieties for a gentleman’s garden, being of delicious flavour and wonderfully early. This also secured a First-class Certificate of the Royal Horticultural Society. Mention must likewise be made of Veitch’s “Flying Dutchman” tomato, which is noted for its quick and abundant produce, one hundred fruits having been shown growing on a single plant at one time. This tomato is largely patronised by market gardeners, amateurs, and professional gardeners. Their Seed Catalogue, published annually and posted free on application, is a most interesting book, and, instead of being a mere catalogue, is made, by the practical cultural remarks, an excellent gardening guide, to be taken up at any time and read with profit and pleasure.

Recently the firm published an Alpine and Herbaceous Plant Catalogue, which is a marvel of arrangement and comprehensiveness. Classified lists are given by which one may see at a glance which to choose in respect of height, colour, time of flowering, duration (as to whether a plant is an annual, a biennial, or a perennial, and so on). It is a capital book in every respect. This is also, like all their catalogues, sent free on application. Their fruit-tree list (and the firm are famous for their fruit trees) is also a useful publication, for it gives the size, season, and a full description of all particulars regarding the trees named. In the florist department they are facile princeps, and some of the bridal bouquets and funeral wreaths which come from their establishment are exceedingly artistic. The grand cross and wreath combined, made by Messrs. Veitch for the Conservatives of Exeter, to lay on the tomb of the late Lord Iddesleigh, was a triumph of the florists’ art, the family motto of the Northcotes and the symbolic design, all worked out in flowers, being the admiration of the thousands who saw it. Ten years ago (in 1884) the Board of Green Cloth officially appointed the firm into the place and quality of seed merchants to Her Majesty, at Exeter, a much-coveted distinction in the horticultural world. In short, Messrs. Robert Veitch & Son have long held, deservedly, a prominent place in the front rank of British horticulture. The present head of the firm, Mr. P. C. M. Veitch, is a grandson of the well-known Mr. James Veitch, who built up the fame of the firm.

W. MORTIMER & SON, STOCK AND SHARE BROKERS,
14, BEDFORD CIRCCS, EXETER.

ONE of the two leading firms of stock and share brokers in Exeter is that of Messrs. W. Mortimer & Son, of Bedford Circus, who have been established here about forty-three yean, and whose name is widely known in financial circles and among investors generally. This firm occupy commodious and well-situated offices at the above address, and are in constant communication with the stock exchanges of London and other centres at home and abroad. They are consequently in a position to do business with their clients upon the basis of the latest quotations and information, and their operations as brokers are upon an extensive scale, their clientele in the West of England being widespread and influential, and reposing every confidence in Messrs. Mortimer’s knowledge and judgment. Both Messrs. W. S. and T. S. Mortimer are well known in the West Country, and the senior partner holds the post of secretary to one of the principal building societies in this part of the Kingdom, viz., the Provident Permanent Building Society, which was established in 1849, and enrolled and incorporated in 1876. This institution is a mutual benefit investment and loan association, and its objects are: Firstly — To afford safe, profitable, and ready investment for capital, and for the periodical savings of all classes; and secondly — To advance money at moderate interest to enable persons to buy freehold, copyhold, or leasehold houses and lands, to erect and improve dwellings, to pay off existing mortgages or other liabilities, and for other purposes. Such loans are to be repaid by small periodical instalments for a term, fixed to suit the means and convenience of each borrower. The rules and tables of this society are based on calculations which are strictly equitable, and the institution is largely supported by those who desire to avail themselves of the special class of financial advantages it offers.

Mr. Thomas S. Mortimer is secretary to another very notable institution, the Western Provident Association, which has for its president the Right Hon. Earl Fortescue, and is very influentially “backed” in the West of England. It provides sickness assurance and sums at death for the lowest contributions consistent with safety. A special point is the fact that intending assurers for life or deferred sums, not exceeding £25, are not required to undergo medical examination. They have merely to fill up a special proposal form (obtainable at the head office, 14, Bedford Circus, or from any of the society’s agents), and transmit the same to the secretary for the approval of the Board. This association has been established since 1848, and its widespread operations are undoubtedly a source of great popular benefit and a strong inducement to thrift. Messrs. Mortimer look after the affairs of these two institutions with conscientious care and a thorough knowledge of practical detail, and the satisfactory condition of both concerns is in no small measure due to their ability in the performance of the secretarial work.

Mr. W. S. Mortimer is a Justice of the Peace for the City and County of Exeter. He is also actively known in connection with the volunteer movement, having been for nearly twenty-five years associated with the First Volunteer Battalion Devonshire Regiment, the oldest volunteer regiment in the country, now holding the rank of Hon. Lieut-Colonel.

MESSRS. KENNAWAY & CO., LIMITED, WINE IMPORTERS,
EXETER.

IN the wine trade of the West of England there is no more noted firm than that of Messrs. Kennaway & Co., Limited, of Exeter, who conduct an enormous wholesale and export business, the history of which can be traced back over a period of more than two hundred years. The record of this house, however, presents an instance of that divergence from one channel of commercial enterprise into another which has been attended with strikingly successful results in the case of more than one famous British firm. As far back as the year 1682 Robert Kennaway was a noted cloth merchant in Exeter, and his house played a very prominent part in the great woollen trade of which Exeter was then the chief centre. Half a century later, however, we find William Kennaway developing the wine trade, and thenceforward the firm became associated with the importation and distribution of wines and spirits, its operations therein being continuously extended by successive principals — Robert Kennaway (1760), Thomas Kennaway (1799), and William Kennaway (1831). The reason of this change in the business is not far to seek. The Kennaways shipped great quantities of West of England cloths and serges to various parts of the world, particularly £o Portugal, receiving from the latter country, in return, large consignments of the ever-popular “port” wine, grown in the Douro districts. The enormous demand for port wine which arose early in the eighteenth century made this product an exceedingly profitable article of commerce, and William Kennaway, the head of the house in 1734, was consequently justified in devoting special attention to it. Ultimately the development of the woollen trade in the North of England, by reason of the available coal supply there, drew the trade in cloth more generally into the hands of the Yorkshire merchants, and by degrees the house of Kennaway became established as a wine importing and exporting concern exclusively. Its celebrity for high-class ports continues to this day, but the business has expanded in many other departments of the wine and spirit trade, and now embraces every branch thereof in the wide and comprehensive scope of its operations.

Under a joint-stock constitution, and influenced by the most capable and energetic management, the house has maintained its progressive course up to the present day, and is now known in every quarter of the civilised world as a thoroughly reliable and representative concern. Messrs. Kennaway's headquarters are in Palace Gate, Exeter, where they have fine offices, with extensive cellars and bottling departments under and adjoining the same. The offices and corridors are adorned with portraits of the old-time members of the firm already mentioned, and the basement portion of the premises, including the cellars, is of evident antiquity. One of the archways discernible in the spacious cellars was undoubtedly at one time an entrance to some of the subterranean passages which archaeologists know to be still existent beneath a great part of the older quarter of Exeter. In the entrance hall to the offices is a very fine specimen of old oak carving bearing the arms of King James I. On leaving the offices, the visitor will note several spacious departments devoted to bottling for inland purposes. Here are huge bins of wines and spirits, with a small tramway for conveyance to and fro. These bottling departments and bins occupy the first floor, but, owing to a declivity in the road, some of the main cellars (especially those for port, whisky, and brandy), are on a level with Palace Street. The stock here kept at the time of our visit comprised about ten thousand gallons of Irish and Scotch whisky, maturing, in about equal proportions; one hundred pipes of port; and twenty-five vats of brandy, with about the same quantity of gin and rum.

Leaving these upper cellars, one passes through a long corridor, dimly lighted, but not so dimly as to prevent one noticing many bins containing thousands of dozens of various kinds of wines, to the right and left of the passage — a veritable catacomb of bottles. After proceeding some distance we reach, on the right, a series of ancient stone steps with a formidable old doorway, bearing the Kennaway coat of arms, and here descent is made into a labyrinth of vaults, wherein are innumerable bins of wines in bottles. Everything here is in perfect order, and one is fain to admire the ability with which Messrs. Kennaway'a head cellarman (who has been with the firm thirty-five years, and knows every inch of this subterranean maze), acquits himself of the heavy responsibility of looking after the hundreds of gross of bottled wines here committed to his charge. Some of these bins were pointed out to us as containing forty hogsheads each of rare old port. It is difficult to calculate what might be the monetary value of the vast stock in this part of the premises, but a hint was dropped to the effect that, taking wines and spirits both into consideration, there was upwards of £40,000 worth here, and we can well believe that this is no exaggeration.

Besides the ports, for which they have so long been noted, Messrs. Kennaway hold great stocks of bottled clarets, burgundies, hocks, sauternes, &c.; but these are not kept long in the wood, being mostly bottled at the earliest opportunity. Champagnes are also extensively dealt in, and are imported direct, like the ports, sherries, clarets, &c. The bottling and bottle-washing departments are perfectly organised in every particular, and so is the large packing house, where one may always find a busy scene. These several departments occupy a large space, and employ upwards of one hundred hands all told.

In addition to the premises above referred to Messrs. Kennaway have large new bonded stores in Commercial Road, a short distance away. These fine buildings are situated at Exeter Quay, adjoining the Custom House, and have proved of great advantage to the firm in economising freight and labour. They were completed in 1893 from designs by Mr. F. Foster, M.S.A., of Leamington and Coventry, and form one of the most perfect bonded stores in the country, being planned with due regard to the Customs regulations, and upon the best-known principles. They comprise a wine as well as a spirit store, both of large area and capacity, and fitted with the most approved modern appliances in the shape of overhead “travellers,” cranes, and every device to save time and labour in the routine of the business. Formerly the firm had to use bonded stores situated in various places; now, however, their operations are advantageously centralised, and nearly the whole of their import and export trade is carried on at Exeter. The waterway affords admirable transport facilities, vessels of one thousand tons being able to come up to the quay. Messrs. Kennaway & Co., Limited, ship wines and spirits to all parts of the world from their bonded stores, and their home trade is a gigantic one, their many agencies all over the country (particularly in the North and Midlands) contributing to its constant development. The business is literally increasing “by leaps and bounds,” and has been quintupled during the past four years — a remarkable fact which speaks volumes for the quality of the goods supplied, and for the enterprising policy and sound practical methods of the present management. The affairs of the house are under the administration of an influential body, of which Col. Halford Thompson and Mr. Charles B. Sanders are the managing directors; and the executive routine is in the hands of an experienced and highly competent manager, to whose courtesy we are indebted for these particulars of the history and undertakings of this old and distinguished Western house.

H. FAULKNER, STATUARY AND STONE-MASON,
MAGDALEN STREET, EXETER

THE well-known and extensive business mentioned above has been carried on for upwards of thirty years by Mr. H. Faulkner, and has been gradually developed into one of the most important and influential of its kind in Exeter or the West of England. The premises occupied by this representative firm comprise offices, spacious and well-appointed showroom, large yard, and various workshops equipped with every requisite for the expeditious and satisfactory control of a first-class statuary and stone-mason’s business. Mr. Faulkner is largely occupied in making all kinds of monuments, tombs, headstones, chimney-pieces, tables, reredos fonts, entablatures, corbels, &c., in marble, granite, or stone. In the show-room and yard an extensive display is made of monumental and ornamental sculpture, and a glance at these finished productions is sufficient to. impress the observer with an adequate idea of the skill and ability that are being exercised in the conduct of this business. Mr. Faulkner's services have been called into requisition on some of the most important occasions, and his artistic productions are to be found in many of the largest public and private buildings, and in all the principal cemeteries in Exeter and for many miles round. The stone, marble, and other material is obtained direct from the most famous quarries, and great cars is used in selecting that which is most suitable for the object on hand. In every department the business is conducted with admirable energy and organisation. The interest of patrons are carefully looked after — the best and most appropriate class of work, together with prompt attention and the most reasonable charges, being the primary considerations. Mr. Faulkner is the sole proprietor, and the numerous workpeople and assistants are under his immediate supervision, and to his able and enterprising administration, his good taste and artistic skill, the continued prosperity of the business is solely due.

MRS. D. SMITH, PIANO AND MUSIC WAREHOUSE,
85, QUEEN STREET; 12, GAUDY STREET; AND 13, NEW BUILDINGS, EXETER.

EXETER is essentially a musical city, and many large and well-equipped establishments minister to the wants and requirements of the residents and visitors in this direction. One of the best-known and most important of these is conducted by Mrs. D. Smith, music and musical instrument seller, of 85, Queen Street. The inception of the business goes back to the year 1829, a period of sixty-five years. For a very long time it was controlled by the late Mr. D. Smith, who to a sound knowledge of the trade and good musical taste added many excellent business and personal qualities. He placed the establishment on a firm footing, laying the foundation of what has now become such a marked feature of the commercial activity of the city. Since his death the business has been carried on, on behalf of his widow, by Miss Smith, her eldest daughter, a lady who, by her sterling ability, enterprise, and courtesy, has succeeded not only in retaining the old connection, but in adding to the worth and value of the transactions in every way. The premises externally are neither large nor pretentious, though they consist of a good-sized single-fronted shop, but internally the accommodation is on a very extensive scale. The show-room is of specially fine proportions, extending from Queen Street to Gaudy Street, and is locally unequalled for its acoustic properties. The establishment throughout has been thoroughly well arranged, and is admirably adapted to the control of a large and high-class business of this character.

Miss Smith’s knowledge of the trade enables her to select her supplies from the best and most reliable sources, and she has always on view some of the latest and most improved instruments from such world-renowned firms of pianoforte makers as Bechstein, Broadwood, Collard, Kaps, Brinsmead, and others. American organs and harmoniums are well represented, as well as every kind of reed, string, and brass instrument. Musical fittings form an important item in the supplies handled by the house, the stocks being the largest in this part of the country, whilst vocal and instrumental music by the leading and most popular English and foreign composers is made a marked feature of the management. Miss Smith has also established a musical library for supplying amateurs and professionals with new and classical music on loan at a yearly subscription of one guinea. Tuning and repairing in all branches are carried on, and competent and trustworthy men are sent to all parts of Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset. Every advantage in the matter of prices is offered; pianos and organs can be obtained on the three years' system, and the music-loving public cannot do better than patronise this reliable and enterprising firm. Miss Smith is well-known in the musical world of the West of England, and her services are in constant requisition among impresarios and entertainment proprietors. She gives special attention to the engagement of bands or professional artistes, vocal or instrumental, for private concerts, “at homes,” garden parties, balls, and other entertainments. The connection enjoyed is of a superior and influential character, and the name of the house is an accepted assurance that every instrument bought here is a genuine and reliable one, and that the purchaser gets the best possible value for his money. Miss Smith is strictly fair and honourable in all her dealings, and widely known and highly respected in business and professional circles.

R. CLARKE, CUTLER AND TOOL MERCHANT,
165, FORE STREET, EXETER.

THIS prosperous business was organised under the able auspices of Mr. R. Clarke, who for the past ten years has carried on an ever-increasing trade at No. 165, Fore Street. Mr. Clarke, as a practical expert, operates on an extensive scale as a manufacturer and dealer in tools of every description to meet the requirements of carpenters, joiners, and cabinetmakers; turners, fret-workers, and carvers; wheelwrights and coach-builders, engineers and saw-mill owners, plumbers and smiths, watchmakers and jewellers, and technical schools, which is a very special feature; and amateur craftsmen generally; and always maintains an enormous stock of these goods, methodically displayed in his commodious show-rooms and warehouse, where also may be seen and purchased all kinds of lathes and other mechanical appliances; also a special feature is his best Sheffield table and pocket cutlery, et id genus omne. In the promotion of his business, which has been largely developed through the agency of personal recommendations, Mr. Clarke has hit upon the happy expedient of annually issuing a handy, well-illustrated catalogue and price-list, subject, of course, to market fluctuations, by means of which customers can make selections and send for any articles they require, with the assurance that their orders will meet with prompt attention, all goods being guaranteed to be of the best quality, and sold at the lowest figures consistent with equitable trading on the ready-money system. Mr. Clarke undoubtedly occupies a leading position in connection with the special industry with which his name has become so closely and creditably identified; and the eminent reputation in which his house has always been held, is adequately sustained in every respect by the admirable manner in which the proprietor studies to cater to all the requirements of a very numerous and widespread clientele.

WILLIAM VEALE & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF CONFECTIONERY AND PURE WHOLE FRUIT DEVONSHIRE JAMS,
139, FORE STREET HILL, EXETER.

THE energetically enterprising firm of Messrs. William Veale k Co. has an honourable record which extends back for more than half a century. For very many years they conducted, in premises which were situated in Northernhay Street, an extensive business in groceries and provisions. Within a comparatively recent period, however, the principals judiciously turned their attention to the business of supplying the enormously increased demand which has arisen for pure jams and confectionery, produced, for the most part, by machinery in large and well-equipped factories, instead of by hands of doubtful cleanliness, in undiscovered localities. In this important enterprise Messrs. Veale & Co. have courageously taken such an important lead that their establishment forms an important factor in the industrial economy of the Exeter of to-day. In 1893 the volume of the firm’s business, as manufacturers, was found to be growing so rapidly that they were constrained to remove from their original quarters in Northernhay Street and High Street, to the commodious premises which they now occupy in Fore Street Hill. These cover a total area of about two acres. There is a spacious gateway and waggon entrance from Fore Street Hill to a large yard, which forms a rectangle with ample space for the temporary storage of packing-cases, &c. The sides of the rectangle are formed by the factory and the warehouses.

These premises have been admirably adapted to the requirements of the several departments of the business. To the left of the visitor on entering the yard are the commodious reception warehouses for the fruit, which is grown entirely in the surrounding district. This is carefully sorted and picked, and then transferred to a boiling-room, in which there is a large number of steam-pans. The sugar employed in the boiling process is guaranteed to be the best refined. The process of steaming, or boiling, is performed by means of steam tubes, which are connected with large boilers. From the beginning to the end of the manufacturing processes, the fruit is scarcely handled, for, after leaving the steaming pans, it is conveyed to the rear of the premises for the purpose of being placed in jars. This is done mechanically so as to avoid the possibility of bruising the fruit, and also to ensure absolute cleanliness. In this connection it should be noted that the premises include extensive and admirably-equipped lavatories for the use of the workpeople, the strictest cleanliness being absolutely enforced amongst all the employes.

The confectionery manufacturing department is adjacent to that devoted to the production of the whole fruit Devonshire jams. This they manufacture at the rate of over five tons a day during the fruit season; and they make an equal amount of confectionery during the winter season. While the firm have developed this vast manufacturing industry, they have by no means neglected their original business. In the yard is a large warehouse for the storage of groceries and provisions, in which Mr. Veale conducts a very extensive wholesale trade. The premises also comprise an extensive department for labelling jam-pots, sweets, &c. Lifts at several points connect the ground and the upper floors. Of the latter a considerable portion is utilised as a suite of general and private offices, which are furnished with telephonic communication. The telephone number is 53, and the registered telegraphic address is “Veale, Exeter.” The jams produced are well-known and are highly appreciated in the market, and there is a very large demand for the firm's confectionery. The firm claim—apparently with reason— to be the most extensive jam and confectionery manufacturers in the West of England. They employ upwards of fifty people in the several departments of their business.

WARREN BROTHERS, CABINET MAKERS, UPHOLSTERERS, AUCTIONEERS, APPRAISERS, AND GENERAL VALUERS, &c.,
89, QUEEN STREET, AND MOUNT RADFOBD, EXETER.

DURING the forty years which have elapsed since this admirably organised and prosperous business was established, Messrs. Warren Brothers have been largely instrumental in extending the reputation of the city as a leading centre for the production of high-class cabinet ware and upholstery goods; whilst their well-directed enterprise has manifested itself in the effective introduction of the “pantechnicon” system, and other approved novelties of modern device. Their city establishment and commercial headquarters occupy a commanding position in Queen Street, almost opposite the Higher Market. They comprise a handsomely appointed show-room, in which there is ample space for the effective display of a large and comprehensive assortment of high-class household furniture, bric-a-brac, and artistic upholstery, including dining, drawing, and bedroom suites. There is, moreover, a splendid stock of carpets, mats, curtains, tapestry, &c. With the best sources of supply for these last-mentioned classes of goods, Messrs. Warren Brothers maintain relations of such long standing and extent, that they are able to offer exceptionally favourable terms to their numerous customers. These premises also include a suite of well-appointed offices, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of work necessitated by the firm's numerous and important transactions as auctioneers and appraisers, and valuers for probate and otherwise. In this important department their wide experience and reputation for unswerving integrity have gained them unreserved confidence, and the steady support of a large number of distinguished and influential customers. The firm have, too, a very valuable connection as house and estate agents. They are, moreover, accustomed to undertake the responsibility of “upholding” house property, and they possess every facility for the conduct of funerals in accordance, if required, with the most advanced modern ideas.

Messrs. Warren Brothers are also the proprietors of extensive premises at Mount Radford, an important suburb of Exeter. Their premises here include a large block of buildings of modern construction, with an extensive facade, possessing very considerable architectural merit. The ground floor is for the most part occupied by a spacious show-room, in which are displayed many varying examples of the firm’s cabinet work in the shape of artistically designed and elegantly finished wardrobes, mirrors, &c. Their upholstery work, too, is in some cases, unique, especially in the case of some of the latest designed dining and drawing-room suites. The stocks here also include a great variety of other furniture and a fully representative assortment of linoleums, floor-cloths, mats, &c. The remainder of this main building is occupied for the storing of furniture, on account of which a charge — a very moderate one — is made by the year, month, or week. In this furniture store, there is every convenience for safety and dryness. Connected with this department of the establishment a large amount of business is controlled in the removal of household furniture by “pantechnicon” vans, for the housing of which special premises are provided in Wonford Road.

It is characteristic of the enterprise of the firm that they have established direct telephonic communication between their headquarters in Queen Street and their Mount Radford premises. To the rear of the already described main building there is a large three-storeyed edifice which is used as workshops. There is a separate yard entrance for the use of the workmen, all of them being highly skilled. The principals are gentlemen who are largely endowed with practical ability, and they personally control all the working details of their extensive and ever-growing business.

J. EASTON & SON, GRANITE MERCHANTS, STATUARIES, AND GENERAL STONE MASONS,
NOURTHERNHAY STREET, EXETER.

THIS is the largest firm of granite merchants and workers in Exeter, and probably in the West of England, and the reputation of the high-class granites with which the name of Easton is identified is hardly excelled even by that attaching to the granites of Aberdeen. Messrs. J. Easton & Son control an immense business, which has a history extending back over fifty-five years, and they work the celebrated Haytor and Blackenstone quarries, the former fourteen miles south-west of Exeter, the latter twelve miles to the west of the city. Over seventy years ago Mr. John Easton, father of the present principal, began to work the Haytor quarries; and for over half-a-century the firm under notice have been doing a constantly increasing trade in the manufacture and supply of this valuable product. Their granite is a very beautiful stone, greenish grey in colour, exceedingly hard and firm, capable of taking a brilliant polish, and altogether of splendid quality and appearance. It is used very successfully for monumental and architectural work, and also for steps, kerbs, and other purposes where great durability is required. A large portion of London Bridge was built with granite from Haytor quarries, carried by tramway to the canal, and thence by water to London; and the superb columns of the Geological Museum in Jermyn Street are also of the same admirable material. The Blackenstone granites are not less highly esteemed for their fine qualities, being very compact and of a beautiful figure. They are extensively used in all kinds of engineering and building work where granite is employed, and give every satisfaction both as a structural material and for architectural treatment in design. Messrs. Easton’s works in Northernhay Street are splendidly equipped with every facility for handling and working the granite, the best modern machinery being in use for cutting, polishing, &c., and here there are also ample conveniences for the conduct of the firm’s large business as general stone masons, statuaries, and monumental sculptors.

A numerous and skilful staff is employed, and very fine work is turned out, distinguished both for artistic design and perfect finish. The beauty of some of the work we saw in the yards and show-room stamps this firm as a leading concern in the highly interesting industry with which it has been so long associated. Reverting for a moment to Messrs. Easton's granites, we may say that the formation of the stone in the quarry beds is so perfect and continuous that blocks of almost any size may be obtained. Much of the granite work in West Country churches of modern date has been executed by this firm, and among Messrs. Easton’s many distinguished patrons, from time to time have been the Earl of Iddesleigh, the Earl of Devon, the Earl of Portsmouth, Earl Fortescue, Loid Ebrington, Sir H. Peek, Admiral Sir G. King, Sir J. T. B. Duckworth, and other noblemen and gentlemen. The firm do a very large business, sending monumental and other work all over the world, and the entire concern is under the proprietary control and supervision of Mr. W. Easton, the present principal, and his sons, Messrs. A. T. and E. H. Easton, two courteous and experienced gentlemen, whose enterprising methods and sound practical knowledge of the trade are sources of continuous and mutual advantage to the house and its customers.

NEWCOMBE & CO., FURNISHING AND BUILDERS’ IRONMONGERS, IRON AND STEEL MERCHANTS, &c.,
109, FOBE STREET, EXETEB.

As one of the most extensive and important establishments of its kind in Exeter that of Messrs. Newcombe & Co., furnishing and builders' ironmongers, of 109, Fore Street, deserves more than passing notice at our hands. Operations were originally commenced in this direction more than half a century ago, and a splendid name has been built up during this period for the high-class character of the goods handled and the thorough efficiency of the management. Large and commodious premises are occupied, consisting of an attractive block of three-storey buildings, having an imposing double frontage and a handsomely equipped shop. The premises extend for a long distance to the rear, with large waggon entrance in Smythen Street to the warehouses and workshops. Some idea of the extent and variety of the stock may be gathered from the fact that they fill no less than twenty show-rooms. They comprise extensive assortments of general and furnishing ironmongery, hardware, table and pocket cutlery, a varied selection of electro-plated goods, lamps in great variety, brackets, chandeliers, pendants, workmen's tools, &c. Leading lines with the firm are BATHS, CISTERNS, GRATES, ENAMELLED CHIMNEY-PIECES, TILED HEARTHS, Heating Stoves, Agricultural and Garden Implements, LAWN MOWERS, and Smiths’ and Coachbuilders’ Ironmongery. The firm are the agents for the “Eagle," “Exonia,” and other well-known ranges, and a great speciality is made of Devonshire marble mantels, which are being shown in many artistic designs. The best-known brands of bar iron and steel are kept in stock, and in this department, as in all the others, the lowest possible prices in conjunction with reliable quality can always be secured. The trade, which is both wholesale and retail, is of a widespread and influential character. The proprietors give their close attention to the business in its entirety, and the concern is being conducted with marked ability, energy, and enterprise. Messrs. Newcombe are personally well known and highly respected in the trade, and their establishment is looked upon as a credit to the commercial life and progress of the city.

CHARLES HAM, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT, AND MANUFACTURER OF PURE MINERAL WATERS,
78, FORE STREET, EXETER.

THE business now conducted by this well-known gentleman, was founded as far back as the year 1829, under the name of Trehane, but it has been in Mr. Ham’s hands for the past eight years, bringing, however, over a quarter of a century’s experience in the trade, and its high reputation in modern times is the result of his very capable and judicious administration. Mr. Ham's headquarters are at 78, Fore Street, where he has his offices, sample-rooms, and considerable storage accommodation. Besides this he has duty-paid cellars in Market Street, and bonded stores at the quay. He holds a very large and comprehensive stock, both in and out of bond. All the leading brands and vintages of port, sherry, madeira, marsala, burgundy, claret, champagne, hock, moselle, &c., are fully represented, together with the wines of Australia, now becoming so popular; and in each department Mr. Ham has specialities calculated to meet with the approval of connoisseurs. A reference to his list will show what these specialities are; they are too numerous to be detailed here with proper attention to their respective characters. In the matter of liqueurs Mr. Ham offers his patrons choice from a full list of all the noted foreign and British brands; and in spirits his stock is equally replete with high-class specialities in genuine brandy, rum, gin, and the finest of Irish and Scotch whiskies. He also supplies pure Devonshire cider, for which he obtained prize medals at Paris, 1888, and the royal shows at Windsor and Plymouth, 1889 and 1890; Schweppe's, and other noted mineral and aerated waters of his own manufacture, having large and well-equipped works for this purpose in Paul Street; and the principal “brews” of ale, stout, and lager beer, besides Messrs. Duncan, Gilmour & Co.’s very delicious hop bitter beer, a non-intoxicating beverage far above the average in style and flavour.

Altogether, it will be seen that Mr. Ham is fully-equipped in every department of the trade, and is in a position to ensure the satisfaction of his clients by the exact fulfilment of their instructions. The study he has for so many years devoted to the careful selection of wines, spirits, &c., has met with due recognition and appreciation, and his trade increases from year to year in a manner that must be gratifying to one who has conscientiously endeavoured to merit the approval of his patrons. Mr. Ham's premises in Fore Street are in one of the most interesting buildings in the city — a quaint and beautiful survival of old Exeter, which, in its external architecture, is said to be precisely the same as when it was first erected over three centuries ago. Visitors to the city who delight in the antique should not fail to note this interesting edifice, which has more than one historic association. Personally Mr. Charles Ham is a prominent figure in the civic life of Exeter, and takes a deep interest in the welfare of this ancient and prosperous Western capital. He is an active and diligent member of the City Council, and churchwarden of St. Petroch’s, one of the largest parishes in Exeter.

SEAGE & SON, PRINTERS’ ENGINEERS, ETC.,
17, CODRINCTOM STREET, AND 5-AND-A-HALF, CLIFTON ROAD, EXETER.

THE firm whose name appears at the head of this sketch rank among the leading printers’ engineers in the West of England, and conduct a business which is probably the most important of its kind in this part of the country, outside of Bristol. They have been established upwards of twenty years, and during that period have built up a large and widespread trade, the principal features of which consist in the manufacture and repairing of all kinds of printing machinery. In this branch of industry Messrs. Seage & Son have acquired a high reputation for first-class work, and they have identified their name with many ingenious and excellent patents, which have come into practical use in the trade, and won the approval of printers wherever they have been adopted. One of their leading specialities (which, though of general usefulness, is particularly adapted to the requirements of the printing trade) is the “Exonian” Gas Engine, in the construction of which this firm have attained a high point of perfection. The working parts of the “Exonian” are much fewer in number than those of the older forms of gas-engine, and for simplicity, compactness, noiseless action, and reliability, it is practically unsurpassed. The very favourable reception it has met with attests its excellence, and it has become very popular in cases where a limited amount of power is required. Messrs. Seage & Son are also makers of a very clever Church Bell Dumb Practice Apparatus, an invention that has brought them much credit, for the reason that it enables bell-ringers to learn and practice their art effectually without creating any annoyance in the neighbourhood. The apparatus has been much commended by the clergy, as well as by well-known bell-ringers, and has been extensively adopted with very satisfactory results. Messrs. Seage & Son’s works in Clifton Road are very compact and admirably appointed. A fine plant of modern machine tools is in use, and there is every facility for turning out first-class work, not only in the making and repairing of printing plant, but also in all branches of mechanical engineering, including brewers' work of the most advanced description. The firm employ a large staff, embracing special men for gas-engine and other work, and picked craftsmen for executing repairs to printers’ machinery in all parts of the western counties. An extensive and valuable connection is maintained, and the business is ably conducted under the personal supervision of the principals, whose practical knowledge of every detail of the trade in which they are engaged is widely known and appreciated.

J. CARTHEW, ROLLER FLOUR MILLS,
POWHAY, EXETER.

FOUNDED as far back as the year 1800, the steam and water-power flour mills conducted under the name of Mr. J. Carthew claim our attention as the largest of their kind in Exeter. These mills have been kept fully abreast of the general advancement of the milling trade for many years past, and are now in a position to hold their own against any competition, both as regards the quantity and the quality of their output. They arc advantageously situated in the heart of the manufacturing part of the city, and within three quarters of a mile of three railway stations and Exeter Quay, on the excellent water-power of the river Exe, and thus possess facilities of the most valuable character. Structurally, the mills form a substantial and commodious four-storey block, covering a considerable area of ground, and include large yard, warehouses, cottages, wheelwrights’ shop, &c., and equipped with powerful steam engines to supplement the water-power. The roller plant, which has been brought into use in accordance with the requirements of the times, is on the best principle, with every accessory up to date for producing the finest and whitest wheaten flour, which can be turned out here at the rate of seven hundred to eight hundred sacks per week. In addition to this there is a large output of what is termed in the trade “Feeding Stuff,” and a considerable quantity of millstone flour, wheat, meals, malt flour are also produced, the latter products having a very high reputation, and being in great request all over the country.

Mr. Carthew's specialities, briefly enumerated, include his choice extra roller superfine flour (the “Ideal”), prime roller “superfine” flour, prime roller “straights” flour, primo roller “fine” flour, good millstone “superfine” and “fine ” flour, specially prepared “Ideal” wheaten meal, coarse and medium (prepared from carefully selected wheat), self-raising flour of absolute purity and excellence, the “Ideal” malt flour (specially prepared by a unique process rendering it anti-dyspeptic), barley meal, small round maize, rolled barley, oats, sharps, and bran. For all the above products, and especially for the “Ideal” brands of flour, wheaten meal, and malt flour, the mills have enjoyed a high reputation for many years past, and so perfect are their resources that the standard of quality is admirably maintained in every particular, and customers have learnt by experience to place implicit reliance in all Mr. Carthew's goods. At recent London Exhibitions these products were favourably noticed by the judges namely, at the International Millers’ and Bakers’ Exhibition, London, 1892; International Bakers’ and Confectioners’ Exhibition, London, 1893; International Bakers' and Confectioners' Exhibition, London, 1894. An extensive and widespread trade is controlled, and the entire business is administered with conspicuous ability and enterprise. The mills are unsurpassed in this district in point of equipment, and exemplify the highest development of the modern milling industry, both for excellence of method and perfection of product. In addition to the milling industry, Mr. Carthew does an extensive business in grain and manures of various kinds.

J. R. GIBBARD, CONTRACTOR, BUILDER, PATENTEE AND MANUFACTURER OF WOOD BLOCK FLOORING,
OLD TIVERTON ROAD, EXETER.

Mr. J. R. GIBBABD is indebted to his inventive ingenuity and his well-directed spirit of enterprise for the position of honourable prominence which he holds among the building contractors of the Western Counties. He began his operations upwards of a quarter of a century ago, and the record of his career has been one of substantial and uninterrupted progress. Some idea of the magnitude of Mr. Gibbard’s operations is suggested by the extent of his premises. These comprise a commodious three-storeyed building of modern construction, with an important frontage to the Old Tiverton Road, in addition to which he has large premises in Sidwell Street for the storage and seasoning of timber. They include well-appointed offices, with capacious stores for the various classes of materials required in the several industrial operations conducted on the premises. To the rear are still larger warehouses for similar purposes, together with spacious workshops. The machinery is driven by a powerful gas-engine. This admirable working plant is utilised, for the most part, in the production of “Gibbard's Reliable Wood Block, Flooring,” which is largely used for churches, schools, shops, and all ground floors and basements where durability, comfort, and cheapness are a consideration. This flooring, which has gained for its inventor a high and widespread reputation, is laid upon from four to six inches of concrete. A coating of cement is put upon this, which makes the floor thoroughly damp-proof. The blocks are set in hot asphalt, which is also a well-known damp-proof composition, and in this way is produced a dry, solid, durable and healthy floor, which, if laid down during the creation of the building, is not more expensive than a substantial board and joist floor. Mr. Gibbard’s Wood Block Flooring has a great advantage over that of all other makers inasmuch as he has invented and patented a dovetail joint to his blocks which securely holds them in proper position. Many testimonials from leading architects, clergymen, headmasters of schools, and others, bear witness to the remarkable durability of Gibbard’s flooring. Its use for the purposes indicated is becoming common all over the country, and he has just completed a large order for Ireland. Mr. Gibbard has also made a speciality with signal success—of the manufacture of improved Venetian blinds. As a building contractor also, Mr. Gibbard has gained the unreserved confidence of many eminent architects throughout the West country, having executed some very fine work in Exeter and its vicinity. Among his notable achievements may be mentioned the building of St. James’s Church, and of St Leonard's Church, Exeter. He also rebuilt Rockbear Church, near Broad Clyst, enlarged the Eye Infirmary at Exeter, and replaced in stone the whole of St. Sidwell’s Church. Mr. Gibbard is personally well known, and is deservedly popular amongst all classes of society in Exeter, and he holds a position of honourable prominence in the Masonic Brotherhood “of the mystic tie.”

THE YACHT BEVERAGE COMPANY, MANUFACTURERS OF “THE YACHT” CARBONAL WATERS,
NORTH STREET, EXETER.

A LAROE and important industry — probably one of the most extensive of its kind in the West of England — is carried on by the above-named Company, of which Mr. G. H. Skinner is the proprietor. The demand for aerated beverages has become very large in modern times, and Mr. Skinner has been especially successful in his efforts to meet it by producing a class of waters in which the qualities of purity and delicacy of flavour are happily combined. He expressly uses the word “carbonal” to characterise his productions, his desire being to avoid any pretence of manufacturing or attempting to imitate any of the waters which are properly called “mineral,” and which are derived from natural springs, having a mineral or metallic basis. Mr. Skinner’s “carbonal” waters, however, have quite sufficient merit and character of their own to enable them to obtain favour without any masquerading in borrowed plumes. They are composed of pure soft water properly and scientifically charged with pure carbonic acid gas, combined with the various chemically pure solutions of carbonate of soda, potash, lithia, and the various salines constituting seltzer. The different flavoured sparkling beverages also made by this firm are equally genuine in their composition, the only addition to the carbonated or aerated water being the several flavourings, which are guaranteed harmless by chemical analysis. Thus the “Yacht” brand of aerated beverages possesses every excellence of quality which the most careful system of manufacture can secure, and they have become widely and favourably known in consequence, being quite as good in effect as many of the natural mineral waters of notoriety, while they are considerably lower in cost. Their success in competition with other first-class goods is attested by numerous awards, certificates, testimonials, etc., including prize medals gained at London and Calcutta, and the highest award of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain.

The list of “Yacht” beverages includes soda, potash, lithia, and seltzer water, quinine tonic, lemonade, ginger ale, gingerade, ginger beer, hop ale, and hop stout; also phosphodone, a special production of the Company which they have protected by a registered trade mark; and the series of delicious sparkling beverages known as the orange, lemon, ginger, kola, and lime juice champagnes; these having the characteristics of champagne without the presence of alcohol. The hop beverages are brewed from the finest English hops, and while possessing the tonic and stimulating properties of the national beverage, they are non-intoxicating in their effect. Mr. Skinner has a great reputation for all the above-named beverages, and in each case he produces an article which, for purity and palatable quality, can challenge comparison with the best made in England. His brewed ginger beer is especially fine, and nothing better of its class could possibly be obtained, in our opinion.

The Yacht Beverage Company’s works in North Street were started about twenty-five years ago, and were formerly called the St. Kerrian Works. Under the enterprising direction of Mr. Skinner the business has developed by leaps and bounds, and the demand for the Yacht beverages has become so large that it has made a considerable extension of the works imperatively necessary. To this end the site of thirteen old houses and gardens has recently been acquired and added to the property to give the required space, and the large structural alterations and additions now in progress will, when completed, make the establishment one of the most commodious of its kind in the country. At the same time its productive resources will be much increased, though even now these are upon a very extensive scale. The works have a splendid equipment of the finest modern machinery and plant adapted to the purposes of the industry, the whole being driven by steam power, and the whole place presents an example of perfect order, cleanliness, and practical organisation, indicative of the most careful and efficient management. It is usual to keep a stock of about two thousand dozens of the various beverages in readiness for the immediate fulfilment of orders, which literally pour into this establishment from all parts. The great activity of the business is a very healthy sign, betokening widespread appreciation of the goods turned out; and the Yacht specialities seem to be aa highly esteemed at the leading clubs, hotels, and hospitals as they are among the public generally. This large and flourishing concern is under the constant personal supervision of Mr. Skinner, and is a veritable monument to his ability and energy, which have been exercised with such splendid effect in its development.

MRS. GEORGE BROWNE, FANCY DRAPER, MILLINER, DRESS AND MANTLE MAKER, ETC.
11, QUEEN STREET, EXETER.

FOR gentlewomen in search of the latest London and Paris fashion fancies, there is no house in the city of Exeter that is possessed of a higher reputation, or has become more deservedly popular for moderate charges, than the one which for over eighteen years has been vigorously and most successfully conducted by Mrs. George Browne, of 11, Queen Street. Eligibly located in a commanding position in that busy main thoroughfare, in proximity to the museum and market place, the spacious double-fronted shop always presents a particularly attractive appearance. Within doors, all the appointments of the place are in keeping with the high-class character of the trade carried on, and everywhere there are evidences of the care and attention bestowed by the proprietresa in arranging for the reception, prompt service, and general comfort and convenience of her numerous customers. The stock held is a thoroughly representative one, and includes everything that is newest and best in the way of fancy drapery wares, together with hats, caps, and bonnets, up-to-date; and mantles and costumes for the current season. In her executive department Mrs. Browne is valuably assisted by a picked staff of expert modistes, couturieres, and skilled needlewomen in carrying out the specified or suggested requirements of her patrons; and her house stands high in the estimation of a very large and valuable city and suburban clientele, by reason of the exceptional excellence of all her productions, and the prompt, liberal, and straightforward methods which have always characterised her business transactions.

F. T. DEPREE, GOLDSMITH AND DIAMOND MERCHANT, JEWELLER, SILVERSMITH AND WATCHMAKER,
17 AND 18, HIGH STREET, EXETER.

This handsome emporium of the goldsmiths’, jewellers’, and diamond merchants’ trade is doubtless the largest of its kind in the city, and it is the headquarters of a business which has no superior in the West of England, either as regards the scope of its operations, the quality and style of its goods, or the favourable terms upon which its dealings with the public are conducted. As far back as the year 1812 this house first began its career, its founder being a Mr. Ellis, and after many years (in 1878, to wit) the style of the concern became Ellis, Depree & Tucker. For the last eight years Mr. F. T. Depree has been sole proprietor of the business, and under his careful and withal enterprising administration its progress has been accelerated and its reputation enhanced. A visitor to Exeter, coming suddenly face to face with the stately premises, might be excused for wondering whether he was really in a provincial town. The style of the establishment, its noble architectural proportions, its fine plate-glass frontage and striking display of high-class goods, all suggest the metropolis; and it speaks well for the people of Exeter that they accord sufficient and willing support to an establishment which is in no respect inferior to the largest and best in London itself.

Of course there is a reason for the success of such a shop in Exeter, and that reason is manifest when we enter the premises and glance at the stock. There is gathered together in the almost palatial establishment one of the finest stocks of goldsmiths’ and silversmiths’ work, watches, clocks, jewellery, antique and modern plate, diamonds and precious stones that we have ever seen, and while no effort has been spared to maintain in all these goods a standard of genuine quality and superior workmanship, the prices are calculated upon a margin of profit sufficiently narrow to afford great inducements to the public. Obviously, therefore, as the stock is complete, the variety exhaustive, the goods of the newest design and best quality, and the prices strictly moderate, there is no necessity for the people of Exeter to patronise London firms, as so many residents in the provinces do when they make purchases of jewellery and similar goods. Mr. Depree has shown them that he is in a position to give them as good value (perhaps even better) for their money as any London house, and thus for many years past this West Country establishment has been attracting increased patronage from all parts of its district, and has acquired a high position in the esteem of the local public.

The premises form probably the finest specimen of “Queen Anne” architecture in the West of England, and reflect great credit upon the architect, Mr. E. H. Harbottle, F.R.I.B.A., of Queen Street, Exeter. The establishment has its main entrance in High Street, and as we step within we soon realise that the promise held forth in the splendid window exhibit is amply fulfilled in the still more varied and beautiful display in the show-rooms. It would be idle to attempt a detailed description of the stock here on view; only a personal visit to the establishment can afford an accurate idea of the class of goods and the variety of designs offered to the notice of patrons. There are many, however, to whom personal inspection is inconvenient or perhaps impossible, and these will find an agreeable road to an acquaintance with the stock through the pages of the illustrated catalogue — a singularly handsome and artistic publication, in every respect worthy of the house. In this beautifully printed handbook will be found hundreds of illustrations of goods pertaining to the several departments of the business, and embracing a range of articles and a variety of patterns, limited only by the scope of the trade, and exhausting, one would think, the resources of invention therein. The catalogue, it may be mentioned, is copyright, and the designs contained in it cannot be infringed upon. All the goods illustrated are of the newest pattern and best workmanship, and the stones used in the many articles of jewellery are all of fine quality and careful selection. The assortment of watches and clocks is a most complete and interesting one, and the same may be said of the beautiful stock of silver and silver-plate, comprising an infinite variety of articles for the toilet, the table, the writing-desk, and for personal use.

As a diamond merchant, Mr. Depree’s dealings are very extensive, and, in short, his business is altogether one of the largest in the West of England. The customers of this house have the advantage of selection from the newest productions of all the great manufacturers in London, Sheffield, Paris, &c., with whom Mr. Depree has special arrangements, and they also have the benefit of a system of cash discounts which brings the prices paid down to the lowest point consistent with the quality obtained. Indeed, when quality and finish are compared, similar goods cannot be supplied at lower prices by any house in the Kingdom. Mr. Depree deals largely in antique plate, and always shows superb goods in this department. He employs a large staff of hands, including practical diamond mounters and setters, and experts for the repairing of jewellery and watches, and special facilities exist for gilding and electro-plating on the premises. The entire business is conducted under the personal supervision of Mr. Depree, whose energy and judgment have greatly influenced its success, and whose methods of trading continue to meet with a measure of public approval that augurs well for the future of the house, and for the further expansion of its already widespread connection.

G. HETTISH, CHRONOMETER, WATCH AND CLOCK MAKER,
63, SOUTH STREET, EXETER.

In the city of Exeter there are few that can equal and certainly none that surpass Mr. G. Hettish as a practical horologist and ingenious mechanist. Mr. Hettish, after having won his laurels and gained a thoroughly sound knowledge of his difficult art and craft through long years of arduous study and experience, commenced operations some years since on his own account as a practical maker and repairer of chronometers, watches, and clocks, and complex mechanisms of a kindred character; devoting especial attention to the subject of cathedral, church, and turret clocks, chimes, and so forth. In this last mentioned department he stands practically unexcelled as a contractor for repairing and keeping in perfect order all kinds of large clocks; and it may be mentioned in this connection that he has exercised a constant and careful supervision over the Axminster chiming clock, the clock at Honiton Clyst, and the turret clock for Sir Dudley King at Topsham; and is largely called upon for similar services by his confreres in the trade. His compact shop at 63, South Street is essentially a perfectly equipped workshop, from whence he is prepared to supply or repair all manner of chronometers, watches, clocks, and timepieces; and it is clearly his resolution that the high reputation he has won shall not only be fully sustained but steadily enhanced in time to come.

EDWARD WILSON, TANNERS’ ENGINEER,
EXETER.

The name of Mr. Edward Wilson is known all over the world as that of a leading specialist in tanners' machinery of all kinds, and for this class of plant he was awarded the silver medal at the International Inventions Exhibition, London, 1885. His premises at Exeter are well situated on the banks of the Exe, a short distance below the bridge. The workshops are all splendidly arranged, and every process is carried out in the most skilful manner by experienced workmen under the personal supervision of the principal. The business has been established about twenty-five years, and during that period Mr. Wilson has associated his name with many notable inventions and improvements in tanners' and other machinery. Mention may be made of his latest achievement in the domain of mechanics which he has made peculiarly his own. This is his Patent Striking Machine, which has gained great favour in the leather trade. Its advantages are numerous, it effects a great saving of labour, will do its work in any condition, either wet, directly out of the pits, horsed and drained, or sammed; and its regularity of working produces a uniformity of finish and colour unequalled by hand, while the loss of weight is less than by hand. Mr. Wilson’s patent Eclipse Offal Strikers are also celebrated machines, fitted with revolving or fixed beams. Other specialities that desire attention are Wilson's dead weight roller for hides, butts, and bends, which are unequalled in the trade, and the Wilson “G” Offal Roller. These, together with Mr. Wilson’s Improved Pendulum Rollers, are so favourably known in the tanning trade, that detailed comment upon them would be superfluous. A word of special mention, however, is due to Mr. Wilson’s Patent Disintegrator, the feature of which is a Patent Gear, enabling the machine to work at upwards of three thousand revolutions per minute, direct from the main driving shaft, without the intervention of counter shafting and extra pulleys, bearings, belts, &c. This gear is a most ingenious contrivance, and can be attached to many other high-speed machines. Mr. Wilson’s patent “Eclipse” disintegrators are now generally regarded as, perhaps, the best in the market for disintegrating all kinds of animal, vegetable, and mineral substances, and reducing the same to almost any degree of fineness. Combined with the high-speed gearing just spoken of, they cannot be surpassed for economy and efficiency. Mr. Wilson is also noted for his double-acting tanners’ pumps, for liquor or water, which have been designed with great care to insure the utmost efficiency, and which are at the same time made of the best material, with first-class workmanship in every particular.

As we have already intimated, Mr. Wilson (though possessing a special reputation for his tanners’ machinery) has not confined his ingenuity to that class of work only. He has accomplished much in various spheres of mechanical research and invention, and has just perfected a remarkably interesting apparatus called the “Menotherm,” which he is now on the point of bringing out. Whenever, and wherever, steady and continuous heat is required for medical purposes, this clever appliance will be found of great value. It simply consists of a flat indiarubber pad, so constructed that when inflated with water, it is less than half an inch thick, and much lighter than any poultice of the same area. This pad is connected with a small cylinder or heater by means of two-and-three-eighths-inch indiarubber tubes, covered with a woollen sheath, the whole is filled with water and hermetically sealed. The heater is placed in a small can of water, heated by a lamp. The heat of the water in the can is transmitted to the water in the heater, causing it to continuously circulate through the tubes to and from the pad, thus carrying the heat into the same, the temperature being regulated by simply heightening or lowering the flame of the lamp. The pads and heater are hermetically sealed, preventing evaporation, and being heated by hot water only it is a practical impossibility for them to burst. When required for diseases of the chest, two pads can be connected together for application to chest and back. The lamp contains only half a pint of petroleum oil, which will last for over thirty hours at a cost of one penny. It is fixed into a heavy cast-iron base, and cannot be overturned. In fact, we have here a perfect poultice, without any of the mess and trouble attending the ordinary preparation of such an article, and with the additional advantages of safety, economy, and continuity for as long a period as may be required. Mr. Wilson may, therefore, be credited with a really valuable and efficacious contribution to medical resources, and we confidently expect to see his “Menotherm” universally adopted when its merits become duly known. It will certainly be of the utmost service in affections of the abdomen, peritonitis, typheitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, and other ailments for which hot applications are prescribed, and in which the constant preparation and re-heating of the ordinary poultice is a source of the greatest trouble and inconvenience.

With regard to Mr. Wilson’s general trade as an engineer, it may be said to extend all over the county, and especially throughout the leather industry. He is a contractor to Her Majesty's Government, and has the support of a connection which is as influential as it is extensive. We need hardly add that he personally superintends the entire business, which owes its remarkable development to the untiring energy and enterprise ha has brought to bear upon its administration from the first.

J. & G. ROSS, LADIES’ AND GENTLEMEN'S HIGH-CLASS TAILORS, HABIT AND BREECHES MAKERS, CLERICAL, NAVAL, AND MILITARY OUTFITTERS, AND MAKERS OF THU CELEBRATED ZUGON SHIRT,
227 AND 228, HIGH STREET, EXETER.
Telegraphic Address: “Zugon, Exeter.”

AMONG the notable houses whose names have become closely and creditably identified with the development of the higher branches of ladies' and gentlemen's tailoring in the city of Exeter, there are none possessed of a more eminent reputation than that of Messrs. J. & G. Ross, whose business dates back in its foundation to two-and-fifty years ago. Their premises in the High Street, moreover, are endowed with a special interest, the fine five-storeyed building having been erected in the seventeenth century, and offering to antiquarians a splendidly-preserved specimen of early Jacobean architecture, with its quaint balconies, gabled frontage and latticed windows intact. Messrs. Ross, some time back, carried out extensive alterations, enlargements, and enrichments of the interior of this rare old house to meet the exigencies of their rapidly expanding trade, and their architect very happily followed the exterior style of architecture, so that the spacious shop is now quite unique, with its finely-carved balcony surrounding the first floor, correctly designed and embellished in accordance with the prevailing style of the time of “King Gems,” as Prince Charlie was wont to misspell his worthy sire’s name. Apart from the antiquarian interest and architectural beauties of the place, however, the establishment is well worthy of a visit from ladies and gentlemen in search of fashionable well-made garments.

The spacious double-fronted shop is elegantly appointed and fitted throughout, while the stock held is essentially up-to-date, a magnificent selection of fashionable tailoring fabrics and materials for the current season being open to inspection. Here also may be seen and purchased hats from the most famous makers, gloves, hosiery, underwear, ties, scarves, and outfitting items of every kind from the leading manufacturers of the day, both at home and abroad. Messrs. J. & G. Ross employ a picked staff of expert craftsmen to undertake the making to measure of gentlemen’s fashionable attire for all occasions, hunting and riding breeches, clerical robes, naval and military uniforms, ladies' habits, jackets, and costumes, servants’ liveries, and the like, guaranteeing a correct style, perfect fit, and faultless finish in every garment that emanates from their well-known establishment. They also stand unrivalled as shirt-makers, being noted far and wide for their “Zugon” shirt, as well as for their patent riding-skirt for ladies, which effectually obviates danger from entanglement in the event of a “spill” off horseback. The business is, indeed, in a splendid condition of progressive development, and all its characteristics are those of a house whose nature has been influenced, and whose methods have been formed by a constant connection with an essentially superior class of trade.

MUSEUM HOTEL, QUEEN STREET; AND ELMFIELD HOTEL, ST. DAVID’S, EXETER.
PROPRIETOR: Me. DOUGLAS BANFIELD.

BY his judicious and enterprising management of the two well-equipped hotels, of which he is the proprietor, Mr. Douglas Banfield adds very materially to the resources which Exeter possesses for the comfortable entertainment of visitors, and also to the convenience of a considerable section of the residents in the ancient city. The Museum Hotel calls for special notice as one of the most comfortable old-fashioned hostelries in Exeter. It occupies a good position opposite the Albert Memorial Museum, close to the Higher Market, and near the London and South Western Railway Station. As a temporary residence the Museum Hotel offers every attraction to visitors, including the very important one — to those of moderate means — of a notably light tariff, having regard to the excellence of the accommodation provided. On the ground floor are spacious and conveniently appointed dining, commercial and smoking-rooms. Here, too, is an attractively equipped refreshment bar, where the best of wines, spirits, ales, cigars, etc., may be obtained — of the resources of which the railway officials largely avail themselves during their leisure hours. On the upper floors are numerous snugly-furnished bedrooms and private sitting-rooms. In connection with the Museum Hotel, Mr. Banfield issues a handy descriptive list of short carriage drives, and also of day excursions throughout the neighbourhood, together with ranch other useful local information.

The Elmfield Hotel, of which Mr. Banfleld is also the proprietor, has likewise a prominent position, nearer the Great Western Railway Station at St. David’s. It is much more extensive in its accommodation than the Museum Hotel, and is most conveniently situated for railway travellers, and especially for the travelling representatives of many manufacturing and commercial houses. The house is comfortably and handsomely furnished throughout, and its ample accommodation includes spacious dining, drawing, and commercial rooms, with fifteen well-lighted and most comfortably appointed bedrooms. This admirably organised establishment is under the control of Miss Summer, a relative of Mr. Banfield, and a lady who possesses a thorough experience of the requirements of a well-ordered hotel.

Much of the notable success which, of late years, has attended the conduct of the business in these two hotels must be attributed to the strong personality of the proprietor. Mr. Banfield is an accomplished mechanical engineer, having in his early life received a thorough practical training in that profession. He is gifted, too, with an exceptional degree of executive ability, and thus, while he personally controls all the details of his business as a hotel proprietor, he is able to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the development of his ingeniously inventive ideas in the domain of applied mechanics. The eminence of the position which Mr. Banfield has thus acquired in the engineering world is, from lack of local knowledge on the subject, not very generally understood amongst his neighbours in Exeter. He has patented several inventions of his own, which, as is not unfrequently the case under similar conditions, have proved of much more service to the public than of practical benefit to himself. Some of his working models of locomotives, with his own improvements introduced, have been described in laudatory terms by engineering journals of high technical reputation. He is, withal, a most genial host, and his stores of special scientific knowledge, to which he is well able to give expression, often in a uniquely original manner, are most attractive to guests who can appreciate these gifts.

S. WREFORD & SON, HIGH-CLASS TAILORS, GENERAL DRAPERS, AND DRESSMAKERS’ MART,
174, FORE STREET, EXETER.

DURING the last half century the admirably-equipped establishment of Messrs. S. Wreford & Son has constituted an important factor in the industrial and commercial trade of Exeter — wholesale and retail. Of late years the volume of their business has very materially extended, rendering necessary important alterations and enlargements of their already commodious premises. The offices, which have hitherto formed a portion of the warehouse on the ground-floor, have been removed to other quarters; the whole of the ground-floor space being required for the storage and display of goods. The premises, occupy a commanding position in Fore Street, and have a fine double frontage, whose attractive appearance is in keeping with the popular methods adopted, with signal success, by the Messrs. Wreford in the conduct of their business. The interior has a depth — said to be the greatest in Exeter — of nearly two hundred feet, and it is divided into a series of roomy departments - each of them devoted to the exhibition of different classes of textile fabrics. These include general and furnishing drapery, silks, drees materials, and large stocks of fancy goods; also men's shirts, ties, gloves, and hosiery, all of which are systematically classified and arranged in a most careful manner. To the rear of these departments is an elegantly appointed show-room for the display of millinery, mantles, and ladies' outfitting. A patent cash railway is installed throughout the establishment. On the first floor is a show-room for the tailoring department, where the visitor will find a splendid assortment of the latest and most approved woollen and other materials for gentlemen's garments, as well as a practically unlimited choice of goods, representing every requisite for the outfit of gentlemen and boys. Adjoining this are large and well-ventilated workrooms for tailors. Here a large staff of highly, skilled workmen is permanently employed, as all the bespoke work done by the firm is made by their own workpeople, and under their own supervision.

Another department of this extensive establishment is devoted to household furnishing goods, including carpets, mats, linoleum, and floor-cloth—all of the best quality, together with lace and other curtains, &c. There is a fine assortment of travelling boxes and trunks. A very interesting exhibition, in yet another department, is that of Berlin wools, fancy baskets, artists’ materials, &c. Above the show-rooms on the first floor are two large stock-rooms, devoted entirely to the wholesale trade. At the rear of the buildings is the packing-room and warehouse reception department, with a separate goods entrance in St. Mary Arches Street.

The establishment is, for the most part, lit by electric light, and the arrangements for the conduct of business in each department is excellent. A staff of over sixty clerks, assistants, and workpeople is employed. With the best sources of supply for the various classes of goods in which they deal, the firm maintain such intimate and extensive relations that they are able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to their customers. Their purchases are made in the best markets in such large quantities, and upon such favourable conditions, that they have every facility for the conduct of their large and rapidly growing wholesale business, which extends throughout all parts of Devon, Somerset, Cornwall, Dorset, and the Channel Islands. With their numerous clients in all these districts the firm maintain close touch, by the aid of a staff of four or more experienced travelling representatives, whose efforts to extend the area of the firm’s operations are much facilitated by the high reputation which the house has gained for the invariable supply of standard qualities of goods at very moderate quotations. The principals possess much executive ability, and supervise all the working details of their flourishing business.

F. J. WILLIAMS, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT, WHOLESALE ALE AND STOUT BOTTLER,
AGENT FOR W. & A. GILBEY,
193, HIGH STREET, EXETER.

THIS is one of the leading houses in the wine, spirit, and beer trade in Exeter, and its history dates back over a period of thirty years, during which time it has pursued a career of steady progress and prosperity under the able administration of its sole principal, Mr. F. J. Williams. At the above address in High Street, Mr. Williams occupies premises which are in every respect well suited to the requirements of his trade. The warehouse forms part of a large five-storey building, and besides having excellent shop and office accommodation, it possesses superior storage facilities, the fine cellars affording every convenience for the bottling department, which is one of the principal features of the business. Large and valuable stocks of the best wines and spirits are held, and in this connection the establishment derives special importance from the fact that Mr. Williams is the principal Devonshire representative of Messrs. W. & A. Gilbey, that famous London firm of wine shippers, wine growers and distillers, whose brands enjoy such universal favour and celebrity. All Messrs. Gilbey’s specialities are kept here in large quantities by Mr. Williams, and when we say that they number some hundreds of different varieties in wines and spirits, the comprehensiveness of his stock may be imagined.

JOHN C. GUEST, PIANO, ORGAN, AND MU8IC STORES,
199, HIOH STREET, EXETER.

IN connection with the music and musical instrument trade of the city of Exeter there is no house that is possessed of a higher reputation, or one that has been so steadily sustained for so long a period, as that of Mr. John C. Guest, of 199, High Street. The records of the undertaking show that it was organised as far back as the year 1848 under the able auspices of Mr. Guest’s father, to whom he succeeded in the ordinary course of events. As an expert musician’s mechanic, Mr. Guest has lately achieved a widespread renown as a builder and repairer of church and small organs for private dwellings, while his house has long taken the lead in the West of England for repairs to musical instruments of every description, which are executed by a picked staff of experts in the elaborately equipped workshops at the rear of the premises. In his spacious show-saloon and commodious warehouse adjoining, Mr. J. C. Guest holds, perhaps, one of the largest and best stocks of pianofortes, American organs, harmoniums, stringed and other musical instruments, by all the leading English and foreign manufacturers of the day, to be found under any single roof in the city; while for musicians’ requisites and sheet and book music up-to-date it would indeed be difficult to discover a better emporium out of London. Patrons are courteously permitted to try instruments side by side before purchase, and are offered specially advantageous terms for cash or by buying on the hire system. The business is, indeed, a splendid example of substantial success worthily achieved, and all its characteristics are those of a house whose nature has been influenced and whose methods have been formed by a constant connection with an essentially superior class of trade.

FRANK G. MANSFIELD, CABINET-MAKER, BROKER, AND UNDERTAKER,
33, NORTH STREET, EXETER.

AFTER a period of seventeen years of the soundest practical experience of the cabinet-making trade, and as a confidential expert upon all matters relating to the value, the repairing and restoration, and reproduction of antique furniture, with the noted firm of Messrs. J. Kingdon & Sons and their successors, Mr. Frank G. Mansfield entered into business on his own account some twelve years ago, at 33, North Street, trading under the style and title designated above. The spacious shop extends backwards for a considerable distance, and is most carefully arranged to effectively display one of the largest and most genuine stocks of valuable antique furniture to be found under any single roof in the city. Rare examples of Chippendale, Adams, and Sheraton furniture, carved cabinets, chaste mirrors, brasses, screens, eight-day clocks, and a multitude of other valuable rarities are here en evidence, together with modern furniture of every description. Mr. Mansfield, moreover, employs a picked staff of skilled and experienced craftsmen to assist in the repairing, renovation, and reproduction of antique furniture in a manner which has won for him a widespread and well-merited renown, while as a connoisseur he is largely consulted by wealthy collectors and confreres in the trade, and entrusted to buy for them on commission. Mr. Mansfield also undertakes the safe storage and removal of furniture of every kind, and continues to conduct his entire business in a manner that can scarcely fail to sustain and even enhance the reputation he now so deservedly enjoys.

A. E. GATER, GLASS AND CHINA MERCHANT,
DEPOT FOR HIGH-CLASS AND ART POTTERY, 13, SOUTH STREET, EXETER.
BRANCH: 1, SOMERSET PLACE, TEIGNMOUTH.

ESTABLISHED over a quarter of a century back, this representative glass and china depot figures as one of the best and most popular business institutions of its kind in the city of Exeter of to-day, being now, as heretofore, under the careful and experienced proprietary control of Mrs. A. E. Gater. The premises occupied in South Street are in every point of character and situation precisely adapted to the requirements of a very brisk, yet essentially superior, class of trade, comprising a large and well-appointed show-saloon, with two lofty well-dressed show-windows, and commodious heavily-stocked stores at the rear, and on the floor above. The show-saloon always contains a varied collection of china, derived from the latest productions of the leading manufacturers, and particularly rich in rare examples of Wedgwood, Coalport, Royal Worcester, Copeland, Doulton, Sevres, and Dresden ware, together with high-class and art pottery, plaques and vases for amateur painting, and a very large selection of South Devon and aesthetic Exeter ware. A magnificent assortment of plain and ornamental glass, moulded, cut, engraved, and from the celebrated factories of Venice and Bohemia is also well en evidence; while useful earthenware and stoneware goods may be said to be exhaustively represented up-to-date. Mrs. Gater is open at all times to lend goods on hire for festive functions, and these include glass, china, earthenware, cutlery, plate, and linen, &c., at very moderate charges, and the large and liberal patronage she enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that her efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in her own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

HERBERT READ, SCULPTOR, CARVER, AND CHURCH FITTING MAKER,
ST. SIDWELL’S ART WORKS, EXETER.

COMPARATIVELY brief as is the period which has elapsed since Mr. Herbert Read began his artistic operations on his own account, he has already made his mark as a most gifted worker in wood, marble, and stone — especially in art foliage for ecclesiastic and domestic decoration. Nor would it be possible to point to an abler designer and maker of high-class joinery work — a class of art production in which, indeed, there are few to compare with him. Mr. Read began his professional career in Exeter with a splendid reputation, gained during his seventeen years’ managership for Mr. Harry Hems. That reputation he has amply vindicated by his subsequent performances. Mr. Read’s working headquarters include a quietly-appointed show-room in St. Sidwell's Street, at the rear of which is a spacious yard. This leads to a splendidly-lighted two-storeyed building, comprising an office and a spacious studio, in which his numerous assistants and students find every facility for their work. Here are to be seen some of the finest examples of designing, modelling, and carving within the broad lines of Mr. Read’s artistic scope, which could be produced as characteristic of modern developments — instinct with ample archaeological knowledge and sympathies — of ecclesiastical decorative art. Nor are his abilities limited to the service of the church. He has but recently completed the designs for the fittings of the council chamber for the Corporation of North Shields. Experts of authority hold that the mayoral and aldermanic seats and the council benches, with the tables, are unique examples of a successful treatment of modern combined with classic art. The realisation of the designs by him, too, forms a splendid specimen of the best hand-work; not a machine save arms and hands, having been used in the production of the results. To Mr. Read’s honour it should be mentioned that he obtained the commission against competition from the whole of Great Britain.

Amongst other important work which Mr. Read has successfully executed may be mentioned the construction of a magnificent oak staircase and gallery at Ridley Hall, Northumberland, for Lady Lyon; the beautifully carved stalls for Shaldon Church, Devon (near Teignmouth), the carved bench ends being perfectly executed from designs prepared by Mr. Edmund Sedding, the architect. Mr. Read’s reredos at Woodland Church, Devon, is an exquisite piece of carving, the upper tracery and carved enrichments and crestings being unique aa examples of modern oak carving. The Parclose screen at Lustleigh Church, a fine piece of wood carving in the fifteenth century Gothic style, was restored by him; the richly carved additions to the fine old rood screen being also executed in his studio. Specially notable, as indicating absolute knowledge, is the work which Mr. Read has performed at Dunchideock Church, near Exeter. It is thus described by an authority: “The great feature of the interior (of the Church) is the fifteenth century Gothic carved oak screen, with its beautiful and massive rood loft, the latter, six feet in width and so richly and delicately carved that, with the elegant fan tracery of the screen, it would be difficult to find a rival, time has had no effect upon it; the old oak retains its pristine perfection, but the hand of the vandal spoiler, with his axes and hammers, has been heavy upon it. The south bay of this magnificent work of art had been lopped off to make room for a three-decker. The latter disappeared when the Church was restored; but the gap in the rood and screen remained. . . . Plans were most carefully prepared by Mr. Herbert Read, of Exeter, and the result of his admirable work, so conscientiously conservative, has been thoroughly commended by all who have seen it, accompanied by the full approval of antiquarian experts.” He has also commenced similar work to the rood screen of Ipplepen Church; and good work of his may be found at Stoke-in-Teignhead, Shillingford, Rockbourne, Stowell, Merton, Sourton, Millbrook, Stoke-Canon, Exbourne, Kenn, Cripplegate, London, Kenton, and many other churches. Altogether Mr. Read’s work in wood, marble, and alabaster is of the best. He is, in every sense, a representative man, of whom, and of whose work, Exeter has reason to be proud.

HUTCHINGS & SON, FAMILY BUTCHERS,
4, EASTGATE, HIGH STREET, EXETER.

IN catering adequately to the everyday needs and requirements of a very large city and suburban connection, the purveyor of fresh meat of exclusively the best quality finds no abler representative in Exeter than Mr. Albany M. Hutchings, the sole surviving member of the well-known firm of Hutchings & Son, whose business dates back to about a quarter of a century gone by. Inter alia, it may be mentioned that Mr. Hutchings is an active and much-valued member of the City Council, to which he has recently been re-elected at the head of the poll for the largest ward in the city. He is also the energetic Honorary Treasurer of the Devon and Exeter Butchers’ Association — an important combination specially convened for the purpose of protecting the trade from combinations against them by tanners, fellmongers, tallow-chandlers, and others. There are already over a hundred local master and prominent butchers on the roll of the Association, and in addition to standing as a bulwark for butchers, the members have adopted many wise and worthy measures by way of benefiting their assistants; notably in taking the lead in granting Wednesdays as an early closing day, and also by closing entirely, instead of partially, on Bank Holidays. As a practical judge of animals Mr. Hutchings stands “second to none” in Exeter; and all his oxen, sheep, and pigs are selected with the utmost care and slaughtered and dressed by experts in his own employ.

Occupying a commanding position in Eastgate, High Street, opposite to New London Inn Square and the New London Hotel, the well-fitted shop, with its brightly-burnished fitments and modern hygienic appointments throughout, always presents a particularly neat, clean, and wholesome appearance. North Devon ox beef only, small Exmoor and Dartmoor wether mutton, dairy-fed pork, house lamb, and veal in their respective seasons, together with sausages freshly made day by day, prime pickled silversides, briskets, and ox-tongues, choicely corned beef, and the like, are all fully represented at their best, and are all offered for sale at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading; quality always being taken as the criterion of cheapness. Small saddles and haunches of mutton are a speciality which can always be relied upon to satisfy the most particular. Families are waited on daily, and all orders are executed in a prompt and satisfactory manner by the staff of polite and attentive assistants; and under the vigorous, yet always judicious, direction of Mr. Albany M. Hutchings, the business offers every assurance of substantial progress and enhanced reputation in time to come. Mr. Hutchings' motto is “The best is the cheapest.”

E. T. ROGERS, ARCHITECTURAL AND MONUMENTAL SCULPTOR AND MASON,
108, SIDWELL STREET, EXETER.

MONUMENTAL and architectural sculpture and the kindred crafts of the ecclesiastical and domestic wood carver find an able representative and exponent at the city of Exeter in the person of Mr. E. T. Rogers, who after having won his laurels in London, entered upon business on his own account at Exeter some five and a half years ago at 108, Sidwell Street. Mr. Rogers opened his business under exceptionally favourable auspices, as the artist who executed the beautiful carving in Exeter Cathedral for the memorial pulpit of the late Bishop Patteson, at the instance of Messrs. Farmer & Brindley, of London, who entrusted him with that important work; and since that time he has amply justified the confidence reposed in his skill by designing and executing a large amount of exceptionally meritorious work; notably for the new nave of St. Matthew's Church, and the reredos of St. James's Church at Exeter, choir stalls for Bideford Church, Devon, and Winsford Church, Somerset, the new tower and a new chancel in Heavitree Church, and numerous minor examples to be found adorning local churches, chapels, cemeteries, and private dwellings.

The premises occupied by Mr. Rogers in Sidwell Street are well adapted to the requirements of a brisk business of the kind. They comprise a spacious show-room, in which may be seen a splendid series of examples and designs for crosses, headstones, and monuments of all descriptions; tomb railings, etc.; and architectural devices for both wood and stone. His well-equipped studio and stone yard for marbles, granites, syenites, serpentines, limestones, sandstones, etc., are provided with a waggon entrance for the delivery and removal of heavy materials, and always furnish a scene of great industrial activity; Mr. Rogers himself being the chief worker, and personally supervising the operations of his expert assistants. Mr. Rogers's resources and facilities are such as to enable him to execute all orders in a prompt and satisfactory manner, with due economy; and the marked success that has thus far attended his efforts is undoubtedly directly due to the ability, energy, and honourable business methods which have always characterised his transactions.

E. G. FOURACRES, CUTLER, OPTICIAN, AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER,
WEST OF ENGLAND CUTLERY WORKS, 2 AND 3, SOUTH STREET, EXETER.

THERE can be no room for doubt that the important business now under consideration stands as one of the oldest and best of its kind in the city of Exeter and the West of England, for as ‘The Western Times’ has tersely observed; “Fouracres and Good Cutlery have come almost to be regarded as synonymous trrms”; and, moreover, as an optician and surgical instrument maker, Mr. E. G. Fouracres, the talented proprietor of this business, enjoys the well-merited distinction of appointments to the Devon and Exeter Hospital, the Exeter Dispensary, the City Asylum, etc.; and is largely patronised by the leading surgeons, nobility, and others throughout the West of England.

Established as far back as the year 1818, the records of the undertaking show that its commercial development has been both rapid and continuous from the very commencement; and doubtless the most effectual way in which to indicate its true character, scope, and aims would be to give a concise descriptive sketch of the establishment as it now stands. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in South Street, the premises consist of two spacious adjoining shops; one used as a show-room and warehouse, and the other perfectly equipped as a workshop. The show-room is neatly appointed throughout to effectively display on sale a splendid stock of goods, including Fouracres’ celebrated table-cutlery, with handles which will not come off by ordinary usage, and are guaranteed to stand the test of boiling for a week; superior spoons and forks of every kind; razors that are renowned amongst gentlemen far and wide for the ease with which they shave; scissors, that are considered matchless by ladies; and pocket-knives of every description and price.

As an optician, Mr. Fouracres stands well to the front, and holds a large stock of spectacles and eyeglasses to suit all sights; and is the sole local agent for Mr. Henry Laurance’s improved spectacles, which have such a wide reputation for their coolness and comfort in use; whilst in his surgical instrument department he makes and keeps on sale a very large variety of articles, such as improved trusses; elastic stockings, leggings, knee-caps, anklets, etc.; ladies’ abdominal belts, etc.; waterproof bed sheeting; enemas and other syringes; also surgical knives and other instruments of reliable make and the best quality and finish.

In his workshops Mr. Fouracres retains the services of a picked staff of expert craftsmen, and in addition to producing goods for stock and the trade, undertakes the making of special cutlery and surgical instruments to order, and the repairing and grinding of cutlery, etc., in a scientific and practical manner, with economy, efficiency, and despatch. In this department Mr. Fouracres stands unrivalled, as may be gathered from the fact that parcels of repairs are daily sent by rail and parcels post from all parts of the country, and are put into thorough repair and returned to customers with as little delay as possible; in fact his house stands high in the estimation of a very large and widespread connection by reason of the sound methods and honourable principles which have always characterised its business transactions.

A. WHEATON & CO., BOOKSELLERS, STATIONERS, FANCY DEALERS, AND COMPLETE SCHOOL FURNISHERS,
185 AND 186, FORE STREET, AND 1 AND 2, NORTH STREET, EXETER.

IT is to the enlightened and well-directed enterprise of Messrs. A. Wheaton & Co. that Exeter owes the distinction of being an important centre for the supply of school books and, moreover, of every requisite in the form of school furnishings and educational appliances. In the Exeter bookselling trade the firm hold the premier position, and, in regard to college and school requirements, the magnitude of their operations is unequalled in the West of England. Their premises, which are known as Paternoster House, occupy a commanding corner position at the junction of North Street and Fore Street. They comprise a commodious and lofty building five storeys in height, and with a facade of very considerable architectural importance. The handsomely appointed interior is, in its way, unequalled in the city, and is spacious enough to admit of the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the large stocks which are always held. These include a splendidly representative assortment of standard and popular literature, many of the volumes, elegantly bound, being specially suitable for school prizes, birthday presents, &c. Here, too, are to be found all varieties — including a constant succession of attractive novelties — of stationery for the counting-house, the schoolroom, the study, and the boudoir. The display of fancy goods for decorative purposes is, too, always interesting in its novelty. The establishment, likewise, forms the local depot of the British and Foreign Bible Society.

Messrs. Wheaton & Co. issue periodically a series of eight distinct catalogues — severally referring to the contents of the various departments — the mere enumeration of the headings of which will serve to convey an idea of the enormous resources of the city. They are thus differentiated: B — Books for Prizes; F — Short Fancy List; M — List of Magazines; I — Illustrated School Furniture; N — School Needlework; L — Bibles and Prayers; S — General and Commercial Stationery. For the display of scholastic furniture, in the supply of which the firm have made a widespread reputation, they have a series of handsome show-rooms opposite to their headquarters. Mr. A. Wheaton, the head of the firm, who is aided by a large and efficient staff of capable assistants, is gifted with a large amount of administrative ability, and personally supervises all the working details in his extensive business. He has created a very valuable and ever-growing connection among schoolmasters and managers of public schools, and by his genial courtesy he has gained a wide popularity amongst all classes of the community in Exeter.

HOPE & CO., TAILORS, OUTFITTERS, HOSIERS, AND HATTERS,
1 & 2, MILK STREET; 85 & 86, FORE STREET, EXETER.

ALTHOUGH it is little more than twelve months since Messrs. Hope & Co. began their commercial and artistically industrial operations in Exeter, their thorough command of the markets, and their liberal and judicious investment of enormous capital have enabled them to create a valuable and extensive connection in the city and the surrounding districts. Much of the notable success which they have already achieved in their Exeter branch establishment, is due to the complete technical knowledge and the cultured taste of Mr. W. Rossiter, their local manager. The premises, which are three storeys in height — the whole of the space being used for the several purposes of the business — occupy a commanding corner position at the junction of Milk Street with Fore Street, which is the main thoroughfare of the city. The situation is most convenient, as Milk Street forms one of the principal entrances to the town market, and the splendidly equipped establishment presents a very imposing appearance. The interior is handsomely appointed; and, with its numerous and elegant fittings, is commodious enough to admit, in the showrooms and warehouses, of the effective display, and the systematically classified arrangements of the heavy valuable, and notably comprehensive stocks which the firm always hold in their several capacities as tailors, outfitters, hatters, and hosiers. There is a splendid assortment of woollen cloth goods, suitable for making up into garments for gentlemen, with a constant succession of attractive novelties in design and pattern; together with a practically unlimited choice of ready-made clothing of all descriptions, hosiery, hats, ties, gloves, shirts, and collars. The firm have, with signal success, made a speciality of the supply of travelling requisites, and there is a most representative exhibition of rugs, waterproofs, and umbrellas. In the tailoring department all the work is executed, on the premises by a highly-skilled staff, and the cutting operations are performed by “past-masters” in their difficult art, with the result that absolute satisfaction, as to design, fit, and finish, is invariably given, even to the most fastidious of customers. The vast resources of the firm, and the magnitude of their commercial operations, enable them to offer almost unequalled advantages, both as to price and quality in their various departments. Mr. Rossiter is gifted with strong administrative abilities, and personally supervises all the working details of the extensive business.

EXMOUTH.

BENNETTS & CO., CHINA AND GLASS DEPOT,
CHAPEL STREET AND STRAND, EXMOUTH.

For more than forty years the leading establishment in Exmouth in the china and glass trade has been that of Messrs. Bennetts & Co. Operations were originally commenced by the late Mr. Bennetts, who to a large practical acquaintance with the business added energy, enterprise, and tact. He soon succeeded in laying the foundation of his undertaking broadly and firmly, and built up a trade second to that of no house in the town. The present proprietors are carrying on the business on the same lines as the founder initiated, and a steady increase in the business evidences the success with which their endeavours are being crowned. The premises comprise a handsome and attractive double-fronted shop with the interior elaborately fitted up. The stock includes some of the finest specimens of Minton, Royal Worcester, Copeland, Wedgwood, Coalport, and other leading manufacturers for whom the firm are agents. In the cut-glass department is to be seen an unique exhibition of wine-glasses, tumblers, decanters, and epergnes, while the assortment of black and white lined ware and ornamental pottery is the largest and most varied in the town. From the extent of the transactions engaged in, and the care shown in buying, the proprietors are able to offer their customers as desirable advantages in the matter of price as they do in the selection and quality of the goods. Callers receive careful and polite attention, and orders, whether for home or export, are filled with promptitude. Goods are lent on hire for school-treats, banquets, and private gatherings. The house enjoys a valuable and substantial connection among the leading hotels, licensed victuallers, and private families in Exmouth and the district. The principals are highly respected in the business and social life of the town for their reliability, courtesy, and many good personal qualities.

S. PIMM, SILK MERCER AND GENERAL DRAPER,
37, STRAND, EXMOUTH.

ESTABLISHED over a century ago, this typical high-class drapery store is now being vigorously and most successfully promoted, under the capable proprietary control of Mr. S. Pimm, who has been largely instrumental in popularising his house among the aristocracy and elite of Exmouth society. Occupying a commanding position at the corner of the fashionable Strand and Beacon Hill, from whence magnificent views of the Channel and picturesque sea-side of South Devon, as far away as to Dawlish and Teignmouth, may be obtained, the spacious shop, with its annexed showrooms for mantles, costumes, and millinery on the right-hand side, is elegantly appointed throughout, while everywhere there are evidences of the care and attention bestowed by the proprietor in arranging for the reception, prompt service, and general comfort and convenience of his numerous patrons. The shop is appropriately divided into departments, in each of which an exhaustive stock is maintained of goods. Silks, velvets, woollens, and dress stuffs, up to date; all manner of every-day drapery goods for both personal wear and household use, fancy drapery wares in charming variety, and haberdashery of every conceivable kind, are all fully represented, and are all offered for sale, by the staff of polite and attentive assistants; while a picked staff of expert modistes and couturieres is retained to exemplify all the latest London and Paris fashion fancies in millinery and dress and mantle-making, with due economy, efficiency and despatch. The business is, indeed, a splendid example of substantial success worthily achieved, and all its characteristics are those of a house whose nature has been influenced, and whose methods have been formed by a constant connection with an essentially superior class of trade.

THE IMPERIAL HOTEL,
EXMOUTH.
MANAOER: MR. EDWARD PAYNE.

ONE of the most attractive hotels in South Devon is the Imperial Hotel at Exmouth, charmingly situated at the mouth of the River Exe, and standing in its own spacious grounds of about two acres. These grounds are beautifully laid out in shrubberies, flower beds, and lawns, with a fine sweeping carriage drive to the entrance portico on the north side. On the south, or seaward side, are magnificent lawns and flower gardens, part of the former being laid out as a tennis ground. There are numerous seats, and everything here is in perfect order, forming a splendid private promenade for guests, and almost within a stone's throw of the sea. On entering the spacious hall of this fine hotel we observe corridors running to the right and to the left. The former leads to a number of sitting-rooms, and to a handsome ball-room, which is available for large high-class social gatherings of all kinds. This noble saloon will hold two hundred couples easily, and has a band gallery, retiring rooms, and refreshment buffet. To the left of the entrance, on the ground floor, is a very handsome coffee and dining room, with large bay windows, and adjoining this is a luxuriously and artistically furnished drawing-room, with a long frontage to the lawns and the sea-front, affording delightful views. Opposite the coffee-room is a smoking-room of most comfortable and inviting appearance, and, descending from the corridor a few steps we come to the lofty, well-appointed billiard-room. Handsome staircases lead to the upper floors, where there are numerous suites of apartments, besides private sitting-rooms and as many as sixty bedrooms. There are bath-rooms with hot, cold and sea-water available. One of these bath-rooms, together with lavatory accommodation of the best modern type, is found on each floor.

The whole establishment is lighted by the incandescent light, and in all its features and arrangements it is calculated to give the greatest satisfaction to visitors. In view of the favour in which Exmouth is now held as a health and pleasure resort, and of the large number of fashionable people who annually come here to enjoy its beauty and salubrity, it is very gratifying to be able to call attention to such a perfectly organised first-class hotel as the “Imperial.” The house, it may be mentioned, was built at the instigation and expense of the Honourable Mark Rolle, who is a considerable landowner in the district. That the hotel is a credit to its proprietor any visitor will admit, and that it is admirably conducted in every respect will be not less readily conceded. Mr. Edward Payne, the courteous and experienced manager, who has had control of the house for the past sixteen years, deserves great credit in this latter respect. Many of the nobility and leading gentry who have patronised the Imperial Hotel speak in the highest terms of all its arrangements, including the excellent cuisine, wines, and attendance. The hotel has its own kitchen garden, wherein all vegetables are grown under Mr. Payne's supervision. Besides the tennis courts, which are splendidly kept, there are golf links, and cricket and other grounds, within easy access, and the establishment has capital stabling and lock-up coach houses, and a ticket for fishing in about five miles of the preserved part of the noted trout river, Otter, is at the disposal of guests at the hotel. In summer time steamers ply to various points round the coast, starting from the pier not far from the hotel, and these delightful excursions are much patronised. During the winter months the salubrious atmosphere and healthiness of Exmouth make it an ideal place of residence, while its natural beauties are a source of constant enjoyment to lovers of the picturesque.

J. T. BICKFORD, M.P.S., DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST,
THE OLD DISPENSARY, STRAND, EXMOUTH.

APPROPRIATELY known as “The Old Dispensary,” this representative pharmacy, which dates back in its foundation to the year 1813, is now under the capable control of Mr. J. T. Bickford, a gentleman who is a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Although of but very limited dimensions, “The Old Dispensary” occupies a very commanding position in Exmouth, being located adjoining the fine building occupied by the Wiltshire and Dorset Banking Company, in the busy Strand. The compact shop is handsomely appointed throughout, and is most neatly and methodically arranged. the stock includes drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength, together with all the popular patent medicines of the day, choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites, medical and surgical appliances, and the numerous sundries and items incidental to a thoroughly first-class modern pharmacy. In his professional department, Mr. Bickford, with trustworthy assistants, operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, devoting the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions and the compounding of family recipes, by reason of which he has won the esteem and full confidence of all the leading local practitioners of medicine and their best patients; and the liberal support of a very large clientele, drawn practically from all classes of the urban and rural community of Exmouth and its populous surroundings.

COMMERCIAL TEMPERANCE HOTEL, RESTAURANT AND BOARDING ESTABLISHMENT; AND THE EXMOUTH BAKERY AND CONFECTIONERY COMPANY,
STRAND, EXMOUXH.

NO business establishment of its kind in Exmouth is better known, or more honestly merits its popularity and patronage, than the Commercial Temperance Hotel, Restaurant, and Boarding House, of which Mr. James Thorn is the energetic and obliging proprietor. Since he acquired the business, some three years ago, it has considerably improved in character and extent. An excellent name has been obtained for the pains taken to enhance the comfort and pleasure of patrons. The building is situated in the Strand, and is very conveniently located, being only four doors from the station and within a few minutes’ walk of the sea. It is three storeys high, and has an extensive and commanding frontage, which is divided into three departments — general restaurant, the hotel, and the confectionery premises. The restaurant and hotel are admirably arranged, and fitted up in a handsome style. The bars, the dining, coffee, and commercial rooms leave nothing to be desired, and the twenty-five bedrooms belonging to the hotel are scrupulously clean and inviting in appearance. Special attention is paid to families and commercial gentlemen, and first-class private apartments can be obtained, while the well-lighted stock-room, the locality, and other conveniences and advantages, commend the house to the last-named class of patrons. The establishment is noted for its cuisine, which is under the immediate management of the proprietor and his able and courteous spouse. The food and beverages are always of the best and most genuine character.

Mr. Thorn trades also as the Exmouth Bakery and Confectionery Company, and is controlling an extensive business, the premises, as stated above, being adjacent to the hotel. These comprise an elegantly appointed shop filled with a choice and attractive display of bread, cakes, and delicious pastry. The bakery is equipped with modern appliances of the very best description. All goods are made from the finest flour, and every operation is carefully watched in order to maintain that purity and excellence for which the specialities of this house are so well known. Families are supplied with the best class of household bread, and Mr. Thorn makes a leading feature of contracting for wedding-breakfasts, balls, garden-parties, dinners, and public festivities. His services are in constant demand on some of the most important occasions, and he never fails to give satisfaction in every respect. The Exmouth Pleasure Grounds, that well-known and popular resort for picnic parties and school-treats, belongs to the gentleman under notice. The grounds are provided with pavilion, cloak-rooms, lavatories, swings, lawn-tennis courts, and other forms of amusement, and Mr. Thorn keeps on sale here a very choice assortment of his superior confectionery goods, as well as aerated waters from the best makers. Ample provisions are made for parties of any extent.

Both as a public caterer and hotel proprietor, Mr. Thorn is deserving of the highest commendation, and his assiduous attention to the wants and requirements of his guests is rendering his Commercial Temperance Hotel more popular every day.

F. W. P. ORCHARD, BAKER AND CONFECTIONER,
46, STRAND, AND EXETER ROAD, EXMOUTH.

Mr. F. W. P. ORCHARD is, without doubt, one of the most enterprising and successful of the high-class bakers and confectioners in the town of Exmouth. He commenced operations but ten years ago, and has the finest modern hygienic bakery in the town, and is also the proprietor of a Pavilion on the beach, where his choice confectionery and light refreshments draw their thousands of patrons during the season. The spacious double-fronted shop, in a prominent position in the Strand, with its excellent tea and luncheon rooms on the floor above, has become quite a favourite resort for visitors, who are promptly and courteously served with refreshing tea and aerated beverages, toothsome cakes and confectionery, and tempting table delicacies of every kind at popular prices. Apartments are let and every home comfort is provided for visitors coming to the town for a time. The establishment at the corner of Exeter Road and New North Road is similarly well appointed, and provided with ample luncheon and tea rooms; but here there is the principal bakery, equipped with modern appliances, and giving constant employment to a picked staff of experts. In addition to plain and fancy breads, Mr. Orchard makes several special kinds of bread, such as medically recommended “Digestive Whole Meal,” and “John Bull” germ bread; and he has won a widespread and well-merited renown for his rich and aesthetically ornamented wedding and birthday cakes, and as a most successful caterer for school tea-parties and other large festive gatherings. In the winter months Mr. Orchard's house is famed for its muffins and crumpets; and every summer he prepares large quantities of ripe-fruit jams, which are in large demand locally and wherever they have hitherto been introduced. Personally Mr. Orchard is well-known and much esteemed in both social and trade circles as an enterprising, honourable, and thoroughly capable business man, liberal and fair in all transactions, and well deserving of the substantial success he is achieving.
Private telephonic communication between each branch and with the National Telephone Company, No. 822.

SIDMOUTH.

H. BERWICK, F.R.H.S., M.N.C.S., NURSERYMAN, SEEDSMAN, FLORIST, ETC.,
SIDMOUTH NURSERIES, SIDMOUTH.

THE Sidmouth Nurseries, which are Mr. Berwick’s headquarters, have been established about seventeen years under his capable proprietorship, and cover a considerable area of ground, having about thirty thousand square feet of glass in the spacious greenhouses, &c., which are admirably arranged. Mr. Berwick has distinguished himself in every branch of his industry, and has won many honours in open competition, including the framed certificate of the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers, at the London Guildhall show in 1890 for hardy fruit; also Silver Medals for apples and pears at the Royal Aquarium and Birmingham shows in 1893, and Silver Gilt Medal at the National Chrysanthemum Society’s show at the Royal Aquarium (1894) for one hundred and eighty dishes of fruit. He has likewise gained this year the “Knightian” Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society for one hundred and fifty dishes of apples; and the Silver Banksian Medal at the Crystal Palace; he has also gained some sixty other prizes in various parts of the kingdom, including twenty taken this year at the Crystal Palace. It will be seen, therefore, that Mr. Berwick has been eminently successful as a specialist in fruit culture, and there are few growers who have equalled him in this department, he having won great renown by the results that have attended his introduction and grafting of picked strains of the best American, Canadian, and French fruits. His show this year at the Public Hall, Sidmouth, was truly a revelation in the possibilities of fruit culture. By his skill, and enterprise, Mr. Berwick has done much to make fruit-growing profitable in Devonshire, and as a seedsman and nurseryman he has helped the farmers of Devonshire in many ways. Among his notable introductions of apples into Devonshire we must mention “Autumn Pearmain,” (first-class certificate, 1893), “Tyler's Kernel," “Wealthy,” “Bismarck,” and “Peasgood's Nonsuch,” the largest apple grown. These are all splendid varieties, which promise to become universally popular, and we might mention many more, in apples and other fruits, did space permit. Mr. Berwick has had some pears weighing 2-and-a-half lbs. each, grown on bushes ten feet high — in fact horticultural marvels of this nature seem to be almost the rule, rather than the exception, at his nurseries.

Apart from fruits, he is celebrated for his beautiful foliage plants, ferns, chrysanthemums, and for a wide range of general plants which he has brought to remarkable perfection. His trade as a florist is also very extensive, and for out flowers he cannot be surpassed. These he sends to all parts, and an immense business is done in seeds of all kinds. Wreaths and crosses are made to order in the highest style of the florist's art, and orders by post always receive prompt attention. Mr. Berwick is a Sussex man, and was born and brought up at Frant, in that fruit-growing county. He is in touch with all the principal fruit-growers here and in America, Canada and France, and is gradually becoming world-renowned in this branch of his craft. The fact, however, has in no way altered the genial, kindly, and unassuming manner which has won for him the esteem of such a wide circle of friends. Mrs. Berwick, whose help is duly valued, is not less courteous than her husband to those who visit the Sidmouth Nurseries, and both have reason to appreciate the active assistance of their son, who ably bears his part in the routine work of this large and ever-growing business. We ought to add that Mr. Berwick has just been elected a Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society, London, and is sole agent in Sidmouth and district for Ohlendorff's celebrated Peruvian Guano (dissolved and equalised), Super-phosphates, and Bone Manures, and Thompson's Gadoa Fibre and Gadoa Liquid.

WILLIAM TRUMP, FAMILY GROCER, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
COSMOPOLITAN STORES, FORE STREET, SIDMOUTH.

THE beautiful health resort of Sidmouth is possessed of some very old- established trading concerns; and prominent amongst such is the Cosmopolitan Stores, which took origin over a century ago, and is now being vigorously carried on by the widow of its late proprietor. The late Mr. William Trump was a most estimable gentleman, who, during his active business career, yet found time to devote to the improvement of the town. The asphalting of the esplanade, the providing of local footpaths with improved channelling, the building of a large number of new sewers, the construction of an important groyne, the making of Alexandra Road, the establishment of a fire brigade, and many other useful projects, first took definite shape through his bold initiative. Indeed, it is said that Sidmouth was fast sinking into obscurity, when Mr. William Trump, Mr. J. G. Coulson, and a few others rescued it by timely action, which soon brought it well forward in advance of the times. After her worthy husband’s decease Mrs. Trump continued his business upon its sound original lines, and is now assisted in the management by Mr. Baylis. The spacious handsomely-appointed stores, with their excellent cellars and warehouses, contain complete supplies of all the most select general groceries, prime provisions, kindred commodities, and all the best and most popular brands of wines, spirits, malt liquors, mineral waters, and the like, all of which are offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. The high reputation of this typical establishment, has always been its best advertisement, and this, coupled with the efficiency and sound judgment that continue to mark the methods of its administration, have secured and retained for the house a very large share of the best patronage to be had in the town and its countryside for many miles around.

HONITON.

EDWARD AND JOHN ASHLEY, TANNERS, CURRIERS, AND LEATHER MERCHANTS,
HONITON.

Among the leading industrial and commercial concerns of Honiton a prominent position is held by the above-named firm, who rank with the principal tanners, curriers and leather merchants in the county of Devon. Messrs. Ashley's headquarters are in High Street, and they occupy very extensive premises in the best part of this main thoroughfare, where they have carried on their large and thoroughly representative business for a period of over forty-five years. Their tannery presents an example of excellent organisation in every department, and, being equipped with modern appliances and machinery of the best description, it has every facility for carrying out the processes of tanning and currying under the most favourable conditions. The firm's warehouse contains a very large stock of leather of every kind. Their goods being tanned entirely with bark and under the long process, compare most favourably with any in the trade, both as to price and quality, and fully justify the reputation the firm have long enjoyed for the reliability and finish of their productions. A very large and widespread wholesale trade is controlled, and the entire business has the advantage of being under the constant personal supervision of the principals; Messrs. Ashley have lately laid out a very pretty spot called the “Glen,” and with their characteristic generosity thrown it open to the public as a recreation ground. Messrs. Edward and John Ashley (the last-named being a J.P. for the county) are two of the most prominent and influential business men in Honiton. They are greatly respected in the town and district, and take a deep interest in local affairs generally.

MRS. FOWLER, LACE MANUFACTURER,
HIGH STREET, HONITON.

Mrs. Fowler, whose establishment is so well-known in High Street, is probably the leading lace manufacturer here, her business having been founded upwards of fifty years ago. The premises occupied are commodious and well-appointed, and they contain an immense and extremely valuable stock of real Honiton lace in every form and pattern in which this beautiful fabric is produced. Many of the designs are exquisite, and display the highest artistic taste in conception. This lace is, we believe, all made in the good old-fashioned way, that is to say, on “pillows” by hand-workers in the vicinity. This is, indeed, the only method by which the real character of the Honiton lace can be maintained, for lace-making is an industry in which machinery has thus far been unable to equal the results of skilled hand-labour. Within the last three years the making of pillow net has been revived by Mrs. Fowler, and hers is the only place where it is now manufactured by hand. Besides her splendid stock of real lace, Mrs. Fowler shows a large assortment of baby linen and ladies’ underclothing of the finest quality, beautifully trimmed with lace. She also carries on here a school for teaching lace-making to young ladies, who may be earnestly advised to take up a really beautiful, as well as useful, accomplishment, in view of the possibility of the art one day dying out for lack of properly trained workers, Mrs. Fowler, it may be added, makes a special feature of cleaning old lace, and altering the same to the newest style. Ladies’ own patterns are worked up, and, in fact, the whole industry is carried on upon a thoroughly sound and business-like basis. Mrs. Fowler enjoys a large amount of distinguished patronage, and has the honour to hold a special appointment to Her Majesty the Queen, besides being patronised by H.R.H. the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, and many ladies of title and position.

W. A. TOVEY, JEWELLER AND GOLDSMITH, WATCHMAKER, AND OPTICIAN, ETC.,
HIGH STREET, HONITON.

CLOSE upon a century has elapsed since this, the principal horologist's and jeweller’s establishment, was founded in Honiton, and has been in the possession of the Tovey family for some considerable time — about fifty years, we believe. Mr. W. A. Tovey succeeded his father, as sole proprietor of the concern, over five years ago, and has vigorously developed his trade, not only locally, but throughout the neighbouring towns and villages. The spacious shop is elegantly appointed throughout, and is most methodically arranged to hold a stock of goods that is remarkable for its volume and variety. Gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture; clocks and timepieces of every description, together with artistic bronzes and articles de vertu; sterling silver and electro-plated ware, suitable for gifts and presentations; fancy bijouterie, and fashionable gold, silver, and gem jewellery; spectacles and eyeglasses to suit all sights, and optical goods generally, are all fully represented and available at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. In his perfectly equipped workshops, Mr. Tovey and his picked staff of expert assistants undertake the cleaning and repairing of watches and clocks, plate, and jewellery, with economy, efficiency, and despatch; and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

THE DOLPHIN HOTEL,
HIGH STREET, HONITON.
PROPRIETOR: MB. H. BANFIELD, WHOLESALE WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT.

ONE of the most famous of the grand old English hotels in the Western Counties is the Dolphin, at Honiton, which is the property of Mr. H. Banfield. The connection of the highly respected family, of which he is the representative, with the hotel, forms an interesting chapter in local records: and he was born in the house whose business he now efficiently controls. The hotel occupies a commanding position, and its roomy interior forms a picture of comfort. The cellar of the Dolphin has long been widely famous; and its reputation is fully sustained by Mr. Banfield, who is justly regarded as an expert specialist in the selection of wines and spirits. In addition to the coffee-room, there is an excellent commercial-room, and a fully equipped billiard-room. Special attention is given to the requirements of “the ambassadors of commerce,” as is, indeed, their due. Mr. Banfield also controls a very good business as a Wholesale Family Wine & Spirit Merchant, having large and well-selected stocks of duty-paid goods, which he draws from his bonded stores in Exeter, where all his goods are shipped, blended, and bottled by himself, thus giving his customers a guarantee of age and quality of every article supplied. Adjoining the hotel is the fine building, utilised as Assembly Rooms — also the property of Mr. Banfield — where are held the principal concerts, meetings, and club gatherings which occur in the town. In connection with the hotel, too, he controls a large business as a job-master and livery-stable proprietor. There is ample stabling for more than a hundred horses; and the proprietor has a splendid assortment of carriages, of various descriptions, all in excellent condition, to let for hire. An omnibus from the Dolphin meets all the trains at the railway-station. Mr. Banfield’s genial courtesy has gained for him a large measure of popularity, not only with his accustomed guests in the hotel, but amongst the community, of all classes, in the Honiton district.

JAMES J. CUDDON,
THE BREWERY, HONITON.

FOR upwards of twenty-five years Mr. James J. Cuddon has very successfully carried on the industry of brewing in Honiton, and has also developed in connection therewith an important and extensive trade as a mineral water manufacturer. The brewery and factory are situated off High Street, and form a large block of buildings, well arranged with every regard for the requirements of the business, and fully equipped with an extensive and valuable plant of the best modern machinery for each department of the industry. A large staff is employed, and the work is systematically carried on under Mr. Cuddon's own supervision. In the brewery, by the use of the best malt and hops and an exceptionally pure and suitable water, there are produced some very excellent beers and ales, and the establishment is equally noted for its strong and mild brewings, all of which are of splendid quality and character. Mr. Cuddon is also agent for Burton ales, Allsopp’s ales, Salt’s ales, and the Burton Brewery Company's productions. In the mineral water department the specialities are soda, seltzer, potass, lithia, carrara, magnesia, and tonic waters, which are all very carefully prepared from the best and purest ingredients. Mr. Cuddon also makes a very fine ginger beer, and his ginger ale and lemonade are both deservedly popular. Mr. Cuddon has his own large maltings, and, we believe, supplies malt to the trade as well aa for his own brewery. Altogether, his business is one of the leading commercial concerns of Honiton, and enjoys the support of a widespread and valuable connection in the town and surrounding districts.

R. DIMOND, PRINTER, STATIONER, AND FANCY GOODS DEALER,
HIGH STRUCT, HONITON.

ESTABLISHED over a century ago, this representative business was acquired some six years since by its present proprietor — Mr. Dimond — who had previously worked on the premises for five-and-twenty years, and still elects to trade under the old style and title as designated above. The spacious shop is handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is well arranged to held a stock of goods that may be accurately described as fairly exhaustive and thoroughly representative. Books in every branch of literature; plain, commercial, school, and fashionable fancy stationery and stationers’ sundries; account books and office requisites of every kind; and the numerous fancy goods incidental to a thoroughly first-class emporium of the kind, are all fully represented, and are all offered for sale by the staff of polite assistants, at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. In his well-equipped works, Mr. Dimond employs a picked staff of experts, and undertakes all manner of job, letterpress, and artistic printing with economy, efficiency, and despatch; and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

F. VOYSEY, PASTRY COOK AND CONPECTIONBR, FANCY BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER,
HIGH STREET, HONITON.

ESTABLISHED over half-a-century ago, this representative business was acquired some twenty years since by Mr. F. Voysey. It is now the principal concern of its kind in Honiton. Occupying a commanding position in the busy High Street, the handsomely appointed shop always presents a singularly inviting appearance by reason of the abundant and varied stock of good things there effectively displayed. Plain and fancy breads, buns and biscuits of every description, toothsome pastry, cakes and confectionery, and tempting table delicacies of every kind, are all well represented in a state of perfect purity and freshness day by day. In his well equipped and scrupulously clean hygienic bakery, fitted with steam-ovens of the latest construction, Mr. Voysey, himself a practical expert, is assisted by a picked staff of skilled and experienced hands in the daily production not only of supplies for stock and for his large round of regular customers, but he also undertakes the making to order of rich and artistically ornamented wedding, christening, birthday, and other cakes, pastry, confectionery, &c.; while his house stands high in the estimation of a very large and widespread town and country connection, by reason of the sound methods and honourable principles which have always characterised its business transactions.

BRIDGWATER.

There is no busier place in Somersetshire than the thriving river port of Bridgwater, in which is centred so much of the foreign and coasting trade of this county. Originally called Burgh Walter, or Walter’s Town, from the fact that the barony was granted by William the Conqueror to one of his retainers named Walter de Douay, Bridgwater can boast of being one of the oldest boroughs in the West Country, its first charter being dated 1260.

Modern Bridgwater is a flourishing municipal borough, market town, and port on the river Parret, six miles from the Bristol Channel, and twenty-seven miles to the south-west of Bristol. The population of the municipal borough in 1891 was 12,436. Very pleasantly situated on the edge of a wooded plain lying between the Quantock and Mendip Hills, the town presents an attractive appearance, and is bisected by the tidal river, which is navigable here for vessels of seven hundred tons. The Market House, St. Mary’s Church, the Town Hall, with Library and Reading-room, the Corn Exchange, and several chapels may be mentioned as the principal public buildings. A substantial iron bridge spans the river; and the town, which is well built and ably governed by its borough council, possesses a good water supply. The industries of the town are varied, but among them is one which is specially characteristic of the place. We refer to the manufacture of those useful articles, Bath bricks, which might with more accuracy be termed Bridgwater bricks. These are made from a sediment deposited here by the river Parret, and are too familiar an object of the household to require description. They constitute one of the chief products of the local industries of Bridgwater, but the town also turns out quantities of ordinary brick and clay goods, earthenware, cement, plaster of Paris, &c., and has a number of establishments engaged in the mechanical arts and useful manufactures. Much enterprise is displayed by the local traders in various branches of commerce, and the visitor to Bridgwater will have no cause for disappointment in the mercantile establishments of the place, which are one and all admirably stocked and ably managed.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE

H. J. & C. MAJOR, LIMITED, THE PATENT TILE WORKS,
BRIDGWATER.
MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF ROOFING AND RIDGE TILES; FLOORING, OVEN, MALTING, AND PAFER PULP DRYING TILES; PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL BRICKS, CHIMNEY POTS, GARDEN POTTERY, ETC. SOLE MANUFACTURERS OP C. MAJOR’S PATENT WEATHERPROOF ROOFING TILES; AND ALSO OF C. MAJOR'S NEWLY-PATENTED LINTELS FOB CONSTRUCTING FIREPROOF FLOORS.

THE extensive and successful industrial business which is now conducted at the Patent Tile and Pottery Works, Bridgwater by Messrs. H. J. & C. Major, Limited, was established upwards of two hundred years ago by the Sealy family, and has a record which constitutes an important factor in the economic history of the district. The prosperity of this enterprise is the result of the thorough technical knowledge, the commercial aptitude, and the well-directed energy of the Messrs. Major, whose names are retained in the style and title of the Company since the business has been incorporated under the Limited Liability Acts. In virtue of the extent of their operations, and of the world-wide reputation which they have gained in the building trade and kindred industries, for the excellence of their productions; the firm take foremost rank amongst the manufacturers of the descriptions of goods for which the Bridgwater district is famous. These, in the case of this firm, include many specialities of their own, and comprise plain and ornamental building bricks, the patent imperial Bath scouring bricks, the patent corrugated, and other roofing tiles, ridge, hip, valley, flooring, bakers’ oven, malting, coping, and garden edging tiles, land draining pipes, &c.; and chimney pots, vases, garden pots, &c.

The firm are owners of three several industrial establishments. The chief of these is known as the Railway Pottery Works, and adjoins the Great Western Railway at Bridgwater. Another, connected by tram-road with the Railway Works, is about a half-a-mile distant on the same side of, and contiguous to, the River Parret, and is known as the Salmon Lane yard or Dunwear Works. The third, which is on the west bank of the river, bears the name of the Hamp Yard. At the two former establishments, the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and pottery, generally, is conducted. The last is more especially devoted to the production of the firm's patent imperial Bath scouring bricks. The Railway Pottery Works are regarded by experts as furnishing the best example of their class in the West of England of complete mechanical equipment, representing all the most approved modern practical applications of engineering science to the saving of labour and the perfecting of processes in the production of the firm’s specialities. In regard to prices the firm are, therefore, able to hold their own with any other house in the country. The proximity of the Works to the Great Western Railway (from which sidings extend into the premises of the firm), and also to the river, affords special facilities for inexpensive transit to all parts, by rail and water. Apart from the great extent of the yards for the drying and storing the various descriptions of red ware before enumerated, one of the most noticeable features on entering the yard is the handsome and lofty chimney stack, standing one hundred and thirty-five feet high, which supplies the draught for six elaborate kilns or furnaces, by which it is surrounded. These kilns are arranged in an annular form, which, in practice, has proved most economical for space, labour, and fuel. They form portions of a huge twelve-sided building, the two upper floors of which are used for drying, previous to burning, and the ground floor for coal. The kilns, as already indicated, are arranged around the stack, and form an annular archway and series of chambers, lined with fire-brick. These chambers are six in all, three of them being in fire at maximum, medium, and minimum temperatures. Of the three others, one is always gradually cooling, one is cool, and the third is ready to be filled with the various articles to be properly “fired.” By this arrangement, the series of kilns is always fully occupied, and much time and money are saved, in the benefits of which economy the customers of the firm fully share. Scores of thousands are burnt weekly. A series of dampers in the flues, connected with the main stack, together with careful manipulation in stoking, regulates the fire and the temperature to a nicety.

Most of the work, in moulding the bricks, tiles, pipes, &c., is executed by skilfully-arranged automatic machinery. Some of the more intricate designs for finials, ornamental ridging, garden vases, and tiles, are moulded by hand; and, in these classes of decorative goods, some beautifully artistic work is produced by expert specialists in the employ of the firm. Some idea of the splendid resources of the firm in this direction may be gained by an examination of the profusely illustrated catalogue sheets, which are periodically issued from the house. Water is amply supplied all over the works. A powerful centrifugal pump is used for removing surplus water from some of the clay pits, so that clay may be raised at any convenient time. One of the most interesting departmental processes in the establishment is that by which the naturally red tiles and other articles of pottery are, when required, stained and coloured. While previous processes for this purpose have been purely superficial, that of the Messrs. Major permeates the whole substance. The colour is, therefore, absolutely permanent, and entirely unaffected by the weather. The staining, it may be noted, is forced into the material by a pressure estimated at something like sixty tons to the square inch. This process is applied very largely in the case of such articles as roofing tiles, ridge tiles, coping bricks, string courses, &c. While these lines are passing through the press, experiments are being made for the production, upon this system, of a variety of colours, the choice being hitherto restricted to blue and dun. The works which have been erected for the accomplishment of this process comprise mixing and staining sheds, and a specially constructed kiln, for drying and burning, with a separate chimney stack.

Not far distant from these kilns are several large sheds, utilised for the making of tiles and ridges. These sheds, which are artificially heated, are four hundred feet in length, and forty in width. Adjoining is another large shed, three hundred and eighty feet by forty in dimensions, equipped with specially designed machinery, for the manufacture of the Messrs. Major’s Patent Weatherproof Roofing Tiles, which have secured the unreserved approbation of the leading architectural authorities and other experts throughout the United Kingdom and elsewhere. There is also a large two-storeyed building, used as a pottery, where is executed the moulding, by hand, of the artistic classes of productions, to which reference has been made above. The machinery in the disintegrators and pug-mill sheds, and also the brick and pipe-making machinery, lead mills, chaff-cutters, and pottery wheels and clay-crushing mills, are driven by a twenty-five horse-power steam-engine. Adjoining the engine-house is a newly-erected building, equipped with a powerful brick press for manufacturing pressed and moulded bricks in the Belgian style. Every requisite which matured experience could suggest, and which a liberal and judicious expenditure of capital could command, has been applied in these works to facilitate the conduct of the business which the proprietors control. The special requirements of architects and others can always be absolutely supplied; and, for example, the firm, while these lines are being written, are manufacturing large quantities of their latest patent plain and fancy “Broseley” tiles, that are proved to resist all kinds of weather, and even a volume of water from a hose at twenty pound pressure per square inch, and also many thousand of patent lintels for a system of fire-proof flooring, invented by a firm of eminent London architects. The premises also include commodious stores, carpenters' and smiths' and fitters’ shops, &c.

The works and yards at Dunwear are somewhat smaller than those just described. Here are produced articles similar to those manufactured at the railway works. The joint area of the yards is about sixty acres, with clay-beds extending some twenty-five feet in depth. Some notion of the extent of the firm's operations may be obtained from a statement of the fact that there are, on the premises, miles of brick hacks, and between thirty and forty miles of tile-shelving. The Hamp Works are chiefly for the manufacture of Bath scouring bricks — the ordinary Bath brick of the household. These are made from the slime deposited by the tide of the river Parret, the banks of which are formed into catch pits. The slime is deposited at the rate of from one to three inches per tide. This slime consists of fine material, said to be composed principally of minute shells and silica. The manufacture of these bricks forms the specialistic industry of Bridgwater, and large quantities of them are shipped to all parts of the world. The commercial headquarters of the firm are situated on West Quay, Bridgwater, and comprise a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. The firm employ a large staff of workpeople, both male and female, although, we are informed, fewer of the latter sex than formerly; and all the details are under the immediate supervision of the Messrs. Major, who are held in high respect by all classes of the community. These gentlemen are both endowed with strong administrative and organising abilities, and are thus in a position, notwithstanding the large amount of attention demanded by their business, to give some of their time and energies to the service of the public. They are both justices of the peace, and hold various other more or less public positions.

T. J. BARTON, CHEMIST BY EXAMINATION,
29, CORNHILL, BRIDGWATER.

PRACTICAL pharmacy finds no abler representative in the town of Bridgwater than Mr. T. J. Barton, who organised his present thriving business some eight years ago. Eligibly located at the above address, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically arranged to effectively display a thoroughly representative stock of goods, composed of drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength; a series of specialities, such as Thorp’s celebrated Cough Balsam, Barton’s “Rondeline” for the face and hands, “Celandine,” &c.; all the popular patent medicines of the day; choice toilet, nursery and sick-room requisites; medical and surgical appliances; and the numerous sundries incidental to a thoroughly first-class modern pharmacy. In his professional work, Mr. Barton operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, devoting the most careful attention to the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions and the compounding of family recipes, by reason of which he has won the esteem and full confidence of all the leading local practitioners of medicine and the liberal support of a very large and still rapidly growing clientele, drawn practically from all classes of the community.

THE BRIDGWATER CAB AND POSTING COMPANY, LIMITED, LIVERY STABLE KEEPERS, JOB MASTERS, CAB PROPRIETORS, &c.
MANAGER: MR. A. SILCOX.
OFFICES: HIGH STREET, BRIDGWATER.
TELEGRAMS: “SILCOX, BRIDGWATER.”

THE date of the incorporation of the Bridgwater Cab and Posting Co., Ltd., and the commencement of their active operations, is comparatively recent; but under the able and energetic control of the manager, Mr. A. Silcox, who has a thorough technical knowledge of the requirements of the business, it has already attained proportions of such magnitude that it is rivalled only by one other establishment in the district. The rapid success of the company is, doubtless, largely due to the influential character of the directorate, whose chairman is Dr. Sincock, his colleagues being Messrs. E. H. Hembry (of Cannington), and Vintrn, Tamlyn, and Pitman, all of Bridgwater. The premises are conveniently situated in High Street, and comprise a suite of well-appointed offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of clerical work necessitated by the numerous transactions of the company, often involving a considerable amount of correspondence. Every facility has been provided for the prompt and accurate execution of orders. The numerous vehicles, including landaus, broughams, dog-carts of all descriptions, char-a-bancs, brakes, waggonettes, flies, and omnibuses, are all splendidly maintained and are invariably well horsed. The extensive stables, hay and corn lofts, coach-houses, &c., are all kept up to a high standard of efficiency.

Since the company began its operations, thousands of tourists and others have been driven to and from their destinations by Mr. Silcox's numerous and careful staff of drivers without the slightest accident. The Quantocks, Bleadon Hills, Watchet, Minehead, and other romantic spots in West Somerset, are weekly visited during the season by hundreds of excursionists, who are comfortably, and, if required, luxuriously, carried in the vehicles of the Bridgwater Cab and Posting Co., Limited. The resources of the establishment include hunters, ladies' and gentlemen’s hacks, cobs, &c.; and lessons are given in riding, four-in-hand and tandem-driving. Elegant wedding equipages are supplied, and funerals are furnished with the latest types of cars and mourning coaches. All the arrangements of the establishment bear witness to the excellent management of Mr. Silcox, who has gained, with all classes of society in the district, a large and well-deserved measure of popularity.

FOSTER & NICHOLS, CORN, HAY, AND STRAW MERCHANTS,
BRIDGWATER.

THE reputation of Bridgwater as a leading centre for the wholesale distribution of corn, hay, straw, and other agricultural produce, has for a long period been largely based upon the commercial operations of the well-known firm of Foster & Nichols. This well-organised and old-established business, the oldest of its kind in the district, was taker over some twenty years since by Mr. F. C. Foster, and its records have since formed an important factor in the economic history of the town and port. Mr. Alfred Nichols having, for a series of years, held a responsible position in connection with the business, was, about two years ago, taken into partnership. The premises which constitute the headquarters of Messrs. Foster & Nichols are situate in Monmouth Street, and designated “The Bridgwater Agricultural Produce Depot,” to which are attached suitable offices, spacious yard, and all necessary conveniences for carrying on the trade of the firm. On the opposite side of the road to the above headquarters additional warehouse accommodation is provided by a neat brick building for the storage of corn, hay, straw, reed, &c. The telegraphic address is “Foster, Bridgwater,” and recently telephonic communication has been introduced into the town with which Messrs. Foster & Nichols’ offices are connected by telephone No. 11, National.

Messrs. Foster & Nichols are regarded as the largest buyers of agricultural produce in the district, including wheat, barley, oats, beans, hay, straw, reed, &c. Their trade connection extends over a large area. They attend regularly the corn markets at Bristol, Exeter, Taunton, Langport, Glastonbury, and Yeovil, where they meet the farmers and other buyers and sellers of the various localities. They are in the habit of sending large quantities of hay to London and other parts of the country, also to South Wales, and are well known in the important commercial centres of Cardiff, Newport, Swansea, &c. On application market prices are quoted from time to time, and orders executed with the utmost promptitude. Both partners enjoy a large measure of well-deserved popularity in Bridgwater and neighbourhood, and are highly esteemed by the agriculturalists throughout the large surrounding district. Mr. Foster has been called to his share of public work. For eighteen years he has been a member of the Borough Corporation, of which he is now an alderman. In the year 1890 he filled the supreme municipal office of Mayor of the town, and discharged the duties thereof with great ability. He likewise represents the South Ward of the town on the Somerset County Council, is a member of St. John's Burial Board, and a Justice of the Peace for the borough. Mr. Foster and Mr. Nichols personally control their business operations, and are gentlemen whose integrity, enterprise, and energy have gained the full confidence of their friends and placed their business in the foremost rank.

JAMES RICH, GOLD AND SILVERSMITH, WATCHMAKER, AND OPTICIAN,
11, COBNHILL, BRIDGWATER.

THIS representative business is one of the two old original watch and clock establishments in the town of Bridgwater, it having been in the hands of the same family for a period of over a century, and under the control of its present estimable proprietor for more than sixty years. The spacious double-fronted shop is favourably located in Cornhill close to the Market and St. Mary's Church, and is elegantly appointed throughout in the best modern style to hold and effectively display a stock that is remarkable for its volume, value, quality, and variety alike. Gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture at lowest possible prices; clocks and timepieces of every description; gold, silver, and gem jewellery; wedding rings and keepers a speciality; and fancy bijouterie: silver and electro-plated ware; presentation plate at manufacturers’ prices; spectacles and eye-glasses to suit all sights accurately, according to oculists' prescriptions; optical and philosophical instruments of every kind; and the numerous sundries and items incidental to a thoroughly first-class emporium of the kind are all very fully represented, and kept strictly up to date. In his perfectly equipped workshop Mr. Rich employs a picked staff of expert craftsmen to undertake the cleaning and repairing of watches and clocks, plate and jewellery, with efficiency, economy, and despatch. Mr. Rich also undertakes to keep clocks wound and in repair by contract. The large and liberal local and countryside patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support. Note the address—Cornhill, Bridgwater.

CHARLES HUNT & CO., SHIP-BROKERS, &c.,
WEST QUAY, BRIDOWATKR.
Telegrams:— “Hunt, Bridgwater.”

DURING the last half-century the eminent firm of Messrs. Charles Hunt & Co. have, in their capacity as ship-brokers, successfully conducted a business which has formed an important factor in the commercial economy of the town, regarded as a seaport. More recently, too, the firm have become closely associated with one of the staple industries of the district. Their commercial headquarters are at West Quay, and comprise a suite of well-appointed offices, with telephonic communications and an efficient staff of clerks for the prompt despatch of all business. Mr. John C. Hunt, the present principal, holds the position of vice-consul for Sweden and Norway. He possesses a thorough knowledge of all the details of mercantile shipping business, and constantly controls important transaction in reference to the chartering of steam and sailing ships, and the collection of cargoes for captains. The firm also conduct a considerable amount of business as commission and marine insurance agents. Mr. John C. Hunt, moreover, occupies an important commercial position as sole agent, in the West of England, for the well-known Ocean Steam Coal Colliery Company, of Cardiff, the steam-coal supplied to the whole of his customers, throughout that wide district, being distributed from Bridgwater. Mr. Hunt is, therefore, directly in touch with one of the principal items in the heavy traffic of the Bristol Channel.

The offices of Messrs. Charles Hunt & Co. are, moreover, those of Messrs. Hunt & Robins, Bath-brick Manufacturers. Their works, which are thoroughly representative of the conduct of this important local industry, are situated about half a mile from the Town Bridge, on the eastern bank of the river Parret. They cover an area of several acres, and are equipped with all the requisite mechanical appliances for the saving of labour in the processes of manufacturing the speciality which has made the reputation of the firm. the bricks are produced from slime deposited on the banks of the river, which is ground by powerful machinery, worked up by band, and burnt in kilns. In these operations a large staff of experienced workers is permanently employed. The trade-mark of Messrs. Hunt & Robins, “H. & R.,” is well known in the markets, where it is universally regarded as guaranteeing standard quality. The firm’s Bath-bricks are in great demand throughout the United Kingdom, and are supplied in large quantities to France, Germany, and America. All this firm’s bricks are stamped:

Bridgwater
Bath Brick
H & R

J. R. WILLIAMS, TANNER AND CURRIER,
FRIERN STREET, BRIDGWATER.

THE large and flourishing business conducted here by Mr. J. R. Williams has a special local importance, inasmuch as it is the only concern of its kind in Bridgwater. As a tanner and currier Mr. Williams consequently has to some extent a monopoly of the trade in this neighbourhood. His business has been established about twenty years, and was formerly in the hands of his brother. The present principal, however, came into possession about twelve years ago, and has continued the business very successfully ever since. The premises are entered by a large gateway, and cover a considerable area of ground, comprising offices, bark-sheds heavily stocked with bark, a large tan-shed containing about one hundred pits, and a commodious drying shed, constructed upon the best principle. At the rear are other large bark-houses, and adjoining the tan-pits are the lime-sheds and curing-shops. The whole place is admirably organised and equipped, and possesses steam-pumps and all other plant and appliances required in a large tannery where the work of dressing hides is carried on upon the most approved methods. The specialities of this establishment include kips, calf-skins, horse-hair, and all kinds of dressed goods, alligator and crocodile skins, &c. Kip and strap butts, white horse hides, lining leathers, &c., are notable productions; and considerable attention is devoted to harness leathers, of which there is a display in a show-room over the offices. Leather driving-straps, leather laces, are also among the specialities in which the house does a widespread and influential trade. The business is most capably and judiciously conducted in all its departments, and is under the constant personal supervision of Mr. Williams, who is well known in Bridgwater and the surrounding country, and much esteemed for his quiet, genial manner, and his thoroughly straightforward business methods. Mr. Williams is a successful man, as his thriving business amply testifies, and he owes his success in a very large measure to his own energy and integrity.

STARKEY, KNIGHT & CO. LIMITED, BREWERS, MALTSTERS, CIDER MAKERS, AND IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN WINES AND SPIRITS,
BBIDGWATER.

This is the principal firm of brewers in Bridgwater, and has the largest business in the town. The history of the house dates back over a century, and the present limited company was formed in 1887, by the amalgamation of the business of Messrs. Thomas Starkey and H. & G. Knight, both of which had long enjoyed very high repute in this part of the country. The directors and principal shareholders are Mr. T. Starkey, Messrs. Henry and George Knight, Mr. H. B. Walker, and Mr. Thomas Jenner. In Bridgwater the company’s premises comprise a handsome new brewery and maltings, known as Northgate Brewery, and erected from designs by Mr. Arthur Kinder, the well-known brewery architect. The building is six storeys high, and contains a 30-quarter plant, with all the most modern appliances of the trade. The water supply is particularly good, and comes from an artesian well, which yields water of a quality specially suitable for brewing purposes. Finally, the company are their own maltsters, and are careful to use only the very best malt and hops in the process of brewing, thus ensuring the purity and sound quality of all the beers they produce. The maltings at the brewery are large and newly erected, and the company have other maltings at North Petherton, a few miles from Bridgwater. There is a convenient cooperage at the brewery, together with well-arranged stables and yards, and the whole property is evidently a very valuable one, occupying upwards of seven acres and a half of ground, almost in the centre of the town.

The products of the Northgate Brewery comprise all the usual grades of ales and stouts, and the company are now paying special attention to their light bitter ales, which possess a very delicate flavour, as well as most refreshing properties, similar in nature to the Bavarian and Lager beers. These bitter ales should amply meet the demand of the day for beers of a light character. Those who prefer a stronger liquor may be confidently recommended to try this company’s XXX. and XXXX. ales, which are rich and full-bodied. The uniformity of quality which the company guarantee in these ales is a valuable feature. Messrs. Starkey, Knight & Co., Limited, also own a large mineral-water factory, situated at the back of their offices in High Street. This is fitted with splendid machinery, and has every facility for an immense output of the pure and high-class mineral and aerated waters for which this house has such an excellent and well-earned reputation. As wine and spirit importers and merchants, the company do a very extensive wholesale and retail business, and keep a carefully selected and thoroughly representative stock. Finally, we must mention Messrs. Starkey, Knight & Co’s cider factory at North Petherton, where they produce in such large quantities the delicious and wholesome “Somersetshire Champagne.” This, of course, is none other than the firm’s celebrated sparkling bottled cider, which is certainly not surpassed, and probably not equalled, elsewhere in the West of England. In noting the brilliancy and fine character of this splendid beverage, one cannot help regretting that it is not more widely known. Certainly it is consumed in large quantities in the West, but, judged by its merit, it ought to be in universal use, for a more refreshing or more delicious drink it would be impossible to produce, while its moderate price brings it within the reach of all.

Messrs. Starkey, Knight & Co. have another brewery at Taunton, and have branch stores and agents at Cardiff, Newport, Cadoxton, Weston-super-Mare, Bristol, Wellington, and Tiverton. Their bonded stores are situated in Castle Street and Chandos Street, Bridgwater. The company employ upwards of fifty hands at Bridgwater alone. Their trade extends over a wide area in the West of England and South Wales, and they retain the confidence of their connection by the excellent value and quality of everything they supply. The Directors of the company are all gentlemen who are well and favourably known, in this part of the country, and Mr. Henry Knight in particular has taken a prominent and active part in local affairs, and has filled the high office of Mayor of Bridgwater. Both Mr. Knight and all his colleagues in this company are noted for their liberality to all charitable objects, for their unfailing public spirit, and for the manner in which they have supported every movement tending to advance the interests of Bridgwater and West Somerset generally.

TORQUAY, PAIGNTON, AND BRIXHAM.

OF the many beautiful and charming resorts that adorn the coasts of Devon, assuredly there is none more delightful than Torquay, and the rapid growth of this town in modern times speaks eloquently for the recognition accorded by the public to its many and varied attractions. Once an insignificant village, developing by degrees into a fairly prosperous seaport, Torquay has now become a large and flourishing town, with over 25,000 inhabitants, and all the evidences of progress and advancement that mark our most thriving communities. Its remarkable increase within a comparatively recent period has been due to the fact that some years ago it came into favour as a winter residence for invalids, and the genial nature of its atmosphere, and the many aids to health afforded by its situation and surroundings, have been sufficient to secure for it an ever-augmenting popularity. All the characteristics of a fashionable and much-frequented watering-place are now manifested here, and local enterprise and public spirit have found ample scope for exercise in providing suitable hotel and other accommodation for visitors, and in making arrangements also for the amusement of the many who elect to spend their annual holiday season either in the town itself, or within easy reach of its varied enjoyments. At all times of the year Torquay is delightful, and it is difficult to feel any sympathy for those who profess to be weary of the thousand beauties of such a spot as this, and fly to foreign scenes in search of what can be found so much more easily in many places nearer home.

Torquay has every natural advantage of position, climate, and scenery, and it is no mere patriotic braggadocio which makes it comparable to the much-vaunted “beauty-spots” of the Mediterranean, whither so many Englishmen and Englishwomen annually wend their way. But Torquay has, after all, no reason to complain of lack of patronage. It has grown in obedience to the increasing influx of visitors, and that it will continue so to grow there is no doubt; for each year numbers of people make its acquaintance for perhaps the first time, and carry away glowing accounts of its many charms to friends who have not as yet basked in the sunshine above the waters of Torbay. The pretty town — a perfect picture from whatever point it may be viewed — must be seen to be appreciated. Seldom has a finer situation been found for a watering-place; and never, in England at least, has nature been more lavish in the bestowal of her favours. In its business aspect, too, Torquay has notable features, for it is a place of considerable trade, both local and coastwise. The port is a good one, possessing an inner and an outer harbour, well protected by substantial piers, and there is no small amount of activity in the shipping interest.

PAIGNTON is another favourite watering-place within sound of Tor Bay. It has a most picturesque situation on the coast of this beautiful bay, its shelving beach and fine sands affording the best possible facilities for sea bathing. Being only two and a-half miles from Torquay, five miles from Totnes, and one hour by rail from Exeter, Paignton is very easy of access, and few places better repay the journey thither. There is a splendid esplanade, and a long and handsome pier with a pavilion at the end; these forming delightful promenades, from which the aquatic pastimes of the bay, with its fleet of yachts and pleasure boats, may be viewed to advantage. Paignton is remarkably healthy, as its very low death rate (only a little over 12 in the 1,000) testifies, and this circumstance accounts, no doubt, for the fact that its population has shown, in the last ten years, a larger proportionate increase than that of any other town in Devon, the number of inhabitants in the parish now being nearly 7,000, as compared with 4,400 in 1881. Paignton has a good harbour, and a coastguard and life-boat station.

BRIXHAM, a busy seaport and market town, is five miles southeast of Paignton, and just beyond the southern spur of Tor Bay. Here William of Orange landed on November 5th, 1688, and the spot on which he is said to have first placed his foot is marked by a stone on the quay, surrounded by a railing. He is also commemorated by a statue. Brixham has a safe and sheltered harbour, and a numerous fishing fleet. Shipbuilding is the principal local industry. Population 6,224. The articles to which we now direct the reader’s attention are illustrative of the commercial enterprises of Tor Bay, as exemplified in the three towns just noticed.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

THE IMPERIAL HOTEL,
TORQUAY.
MANAGES: MR. GEORGE A. HUSSET.

This palatial establishment, which is the property of the Torquay Hotel Company, Limited, is, we believe, the largest hotel in the West of England, and the noble pile of turreted and balconied buildings in which it is accommodated forms the most conspicuous object on the cliffs along Torbay. The Imperial Hotel was inaugurated in 1866, but a new wing was added in 1887, greatly increasing the extent of the premises, which now contain upwards of one hundred and fifty rooms. The handsome five-storey block has an unrivalled situation, standing in its own beautiful grounds in the best part of Torquay, and upon the south side of a hill sloping direct to the waters of the bay which lave its base. A hedgerow alone separates the gardens from the sea, and from this vantage point a magnificent scenic panorama is unfolded before the eyes of visitors. To the east extends the open channel, southward lie Berry Head and Brixham, and from Brixham all round to the hotel again the scenery partakes of that diversified character so peculiar to the Devonshire coast — broad breezy uplands, quiet secluded coves, sandy beaches, wooded valleys, and fruitful orchards, interspersed with glimpses of quaint old church towers and historic castles. Within sight and reach, too, is the grand old Abbey of Tor, with its wonderful avenues of limes and chestnuts, and then come the villa-crowned heights of Torquay — most picturesque of all western watering-places. The waters of the bay present a constant scene of animation, due to the number of yachts, ships, and boats moving from point to point, many on business, hut most on pleasure bent, and the yachtsman will find Torquay a place after his own heart, second only to Cowes as a station for this noble pastime. All round Torquay, away from the sea, places of interest abound, and one may make excursions by land or water to spots as beautiful and as historic aa any in this England of ours — Watcombe, Anstis Cove, Compton Castle, Pomeroy Castle, Totnes Castle, Chudleigh Rocks, the vast moorlands, and the river Dart, which has been justly called “the Rhine of England.” Finally the reader may be reminded that Torquay has a climate the equability of which is unsurpassed, that it has a splendid supply of pure water and that the local sanitary arrangements are of the most perfect character, the drainage system of the town having cost upwards of £70,000.

A hotel like the “Imperial,” situated in the midst of these varied advantages, has only to add the recommendations of superior organization and management to ensure success, and in these matters it may at once be said that the noble hostelry under notice leaves nothing to be desired. Suffice it to say that the accommodation is nowhere excelled for comfort, convenience, or luxury, and that guests have a range of selection in the matter of apartments — both as to situation, price, and other details — which few seaside hotels can offer. The domestic arrangements, the cuisine, the wines, the attendance, all command high approval, and tend to make a long or short sojourn here a delightful experience, to be remembered with pleasure and repeated with confidence. Every modern appliance of hotel structure and equipment contributes its quota to the convenience of guests, and it would be difficult to suggest any feature of the establishment in which there is room for improvement. The hotel has its own private sea bathing, boat-landing, &c., its own laundry, its own stabling, saddle-horses, carriages, &c., and its own private omnibus to meet all trains. Nothing is wanting to make it a perfect residence, both in summer and in winter, and its guests have every possible facility afforded to them for thoroughly participating in all that is interesting and enjoyable in Torquay and the district. All the sitting-rooms, it should be mentioned, have sea view, and among the fine public rooms there are a luxurious smoking-room, and a perfectly appointed billiard- room, fitted with two first-class tables. A reduced tariff of charges prevails for the summer months (May to September inclusive), winter being “the season” for Torquay, and we believe that special terms are made with persons staying for lengthened periods. Mr. George A. Hussey is the manager in charge of this magnificent hotel, and no higher praise could be accorded to his methods of administration than to say that they meet with the full approval of the select and influential clientele frequenting the establishment. Among the many distinguished personages who from time to time have honoured the Imperial Hotel with their patronage, may be mentioned the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne, the King and the Crown Prince of Sweden, the late Emperor of the French, the late Prince Imperial, the late Dean Stanley, the late Charles Dickens, Mr. H. M. Stanley, and a large number of other eminent men, besides many English, Continental, and American families of wealth and position.

T. HARRY CAWDLE, RIDING AND JOB MASTER, AND CARRIAGE PROPRIETOR,
ABBEY VIEW, CHELSTON, TORQUAY.
Telephone No. 31; Telegraphic Address: “Cawdle, Chelston.”

DURING the twenty-five years which have elapsed since Mr. T. Harry Cawdle founded his admirably organised business, he has gained the unreserved confidence and the steady support of many of the most distinguished visitors to Torquay. Mr. Cawdle’s residence and office are conveniently situated at Chelston, within a few minutes’ walk of the Torquay station and the Davon Rosery. The well-equipped stables are situated at Chelston Manor Mews, and Sherwood, Belgrave Road; all the various sections of the establishment being connected by telephone, and the office having communication with the telephone call-room, the number being 31. The proprietor’s signal success is largely attributable to his. professional skill and tact as a master of the art of riding and driving. Mr. Cawdle’s excellent system of tuition has the result of giving confidence to the most nervous pupils, both on the road and across country. His driving lessons include tandem and four-in-hand, Mr. Cawdle being one of the best whips in the West of England, and as much at home on the box with four as one. For the purposes of riding and otherwise, hacks, hunters, and harness horses are on hire for short or long periods. Ladies' habits are provided at moderate charges, and ladies can join riding parties on their own horses by arrangement. Quiet ponies for children also are on sale or hire. The job and livery stable departments are equally well equipped. Mr. Cawdle has a splendid stock of fashionable carriages of every description, and in excellent condition, for hire. Horses are carefully trained and are bought and sold on commission by Mr. Cawdle, who has gained a high reputation for the scrupulous integrity and the spirit of liberality which characterise all his business' transactions.

GRANT & SON, WHOLESALE AND FAMILY WINE, SPIRIT, AND MALT LIQUOR MERCHANTS AND IMPORTERS,
36, UNION STREET, TORQUAY.

THE leading representatives in Torquay of the wholesale and family wine and spirit trade, are Messrs. Grant & Son, whose admirably equipped and organised establishment was founded in 1840. The commodious premises occupy a commanding position in Union Street. The spacious double-frontage is stone-built, and the plate-glass windows, with their tastefully arranged exhibits, form points of never-failing attraction. The headquarters of the firm here include the offices, cellars, and duty-paid stores; but their bonded stores, where, of course, the great bulk of their valuable stocks are held, are in Bristol. The interior includes, in the front portion, a suite of well-appointed offices, general and private, which are furnished with all requisites, including a telephone-room, for the prompt despatch of the large amount of business done as merchants and importers. The telephone number is 94.

From the offices the wine stores are approached, and adjacent to them are the spacious bottle-washing and bottling rooms. Here are performed by machinery, which represents the latest practical application of mechanical engineering ingenuity to such purposes, the processes of bottling wines, spirits, ales, stouts, and cider. The motor is a gas engine of two horse-power. From this room is entered another large apartment where the washed bottles are dried and stored. The completeness of the arrangements in the cellars for facilitating work is especially worthy of notice. The fittings here include a lift, with a capacity of two tons, for raising and lowering the goods. It is impossible in this place to convey an adequate notion of the vast resources of the establishment, of which some idea may be gained from a study of the copious price list, which is periodically issued by the firm.

While their stocks are thoroughly representative of the whole range of the trade in which they are engaged, the Messrs. Grant have gained a particularly high reputation for their specialities in Scotch whiskies, clarets, and sherries. The principals are well known in the trade, and their numerous clients who avail themselves of their professional judgment in the choice of particular brands for special purposes have no reason to regret their confidence. Thus they supply many of their customers with, for example, excellent champagnes at much lower prices than those quoted for inferior descriptions which bear popular names. Those who trust the Messrs. Grant, therefore, have the opportunity of getting wine for their money, not labels and corks. The utmost care is devoted to the keeping of malt liquors in good condition in cask as well as in bottle. While they supply the best brewings of Bass, Allsopp, and Guinness, they are also the sole agents, in Torquay and the surrounding district, for the “Dorset Crystal Ale” of Messrs. Eldridge, Pope & Co., of Dorchester; for the famous “Nourishing Stout” of Messrs. George Raggett & Sons; and for Ross's Royal Belfast aerated waters. They have likewise made a speciality of the supply of the best Devonshire champagne cider, and their stocks include cigars and cigarettes of the choicest brands. A large amount of business is contracted, while the reputation which the firm has gained has secured for them the unreserved confidence and the continued support of many distinguished and influential families residing, not only in the Torquay district, bat all over the country.

A. J. DAVY, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT, AUCTIONEER, SURVEYOR, AND PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANT,
23, FLEET STREET, TORQUAY.

THE department of business operations undertaken by the modern house and estate agent coupled with the kindred professions of the auctioneer and general accountant, find an able representative and exponent at the fashionable seaside town of Torquay, in the person of Mr. A. J. Davy, who formed the nucleus of his present thriving business in Fleet Street, in the year 1875. The premises are eligibly located, and consist of a private and a general office, where he is assisted by a full staff of competent clerks and others, and is possessed of every modern facility and convenience for the rapid and effective transaction of business. Mr. Davy operates in every branch of auctioneering work, and in a number of other departments usually associated therewith. In all parts of Torquay and the West of England Mr. Davy conducts auction sales of all manner of furniture and household effects, landed and house property, live stock, and general merchandise; and every sale conducted under the auspices of his well-known name is assured of the attendance of a large concourse of good buyers. All classes of house and estate agency business are transacted, Mr. Davy holding a long list of furnished and unfurnished houses, estates, &c., to be let or sold, at his offices, and among other work in which he is largely engaged, Mr. Davy effects valuations, takes inventories of stock and effects of all kinds, and general accountancy work, in a thoroughly efficient manner. The business is, indeed, in a splendid condition of progressive development; a state in which it is well sustained by the ability and sound judgment that mark Mr. Davy’s administration, and a first-class connection is consequently maintained among the aristocracy and gentry, landed proprietors, and property owners, and business men, not only of Torquay but throughout
the whole West of England.

R. H. GRIST, JOB AND POST MASTER,
WALNUT MEWS, & 8, WALNUT ROAD, CHELSTON, TORQUAY (CLOSE TO TORQUAY STATION).
Telephone No. 74; Telegraphic Address, “Grist, Chelston.”

MR. R. H. GRIST is the proprietor of the Walnut Mews, the principal job and livery stables in the neighbourhood of Chelston, and his establishment is, in many respects, the best equipped and appointed of its class, in the Torquay district. Its opening, nine years ago, by the present proprietor, formed, indeed, a material addition to the attractive resources of the neighbourhood; and Mr. Grist’s thorough technical knowledge of everything relating to horses, combined with his genial courtesy, has gained for him the confidence and the steady support of many of the most influential and social distinguished families resident in the district. His premises, which are known as Walnut Mews, are situated in proximity to Walnut Road, at the back of Torquay station, and there is a well-equipped branch establishment at No. 8, in the road itself. The stables are furnished with every requisite, including many loose boxes of the most approved modern type. Attached to the premises is a small but elegantly appointed office, with telephonic communication. Horses, to the average number of fifteen, are kept for hire, including high-class hunters, hacks, and carriage horses. There is, too, a splendid selection of carriages of every description, also drags, breaks, open and closed hearses and mourning coaches, all in the best condition. There is, in fact, every facility for the prompt execution of posting work. Excursions are arranged throughout the summer season to various points of interest; and riding and tandem-driving are most efficiently taught, special attention being given to the inspiration of confidence in the case of invalids and nervous sufferers.

T. CAWDLE & SON, JOB, POST, RIDING, AND DRIVING MASTERS,
LIVERY STABLES, BELGRAVE MEWS, TORQUAY.

IN a community like that of Torquay the number of well-equipped job, post, and riding and driving masters’ establishments is necessarily very large, and in the very first rank of those a position of importance is held by the Belgrave Mews, which are the property of Messrs. T. Cawdle & Son. The business conducted by this highly respected firm is one of the oldest established, as well as one of the principal, of its class in the district, and was founded in 1825. The premises occupy a commanding situation and are very extensive. Here is a range of stabling ample enough for the accommodation of about thirty to forty horses, which are always kept in readiness for riding and driving. They include hacks and hunters, both for ladies and gentlemen. The firm have deservedly gained a very high reputation for their great success as instructors in the arts of riding and driving. Riding — both road and cross-country — is practically and efficiently taught, and also tandem and four-in-hand driving. Fashionable carriages of every description are provided on hire, by the week, month or year. They are all fitted with every requisite appliance for the comfort of their occupants. These carriages may be had either with or without horses, and the latter are provided, when required, with driver in semi or full livery. The Belgrave Mews premises contain, too, ample and excellent accommodation, including apartments for gentlemen's servants. The firm are accustomed, with the aid of their unsurpassed experience, to undertake the breaking-in and training of horses for all purposes. Horses and carriages, too, are bought and sold on commission, Messrs. Cawdle & Son, in regard to this department of their business, having gained a well-deserved reputation for the unswerving integrity which characterises all their transactions. They also control a large amount of business in the funeral department, which is replete with every requisite for the conduct of funerals, including both open and closed hearses. The premises are furnished with telephonic communication, and all the other requisites for the prompt despatch of business necessitated by the numerous transactions of the firm. The telephone number is 15. Breaks and char-a- bancs are provided for large or small parties visiting, for picnic or other purposes, the various places of interest in the locality, regarding the driving distances of which full information is given in the elegantly “got up” scale of charges which is issued by the firm. Families resident in or visiting the town are daily called upon for orders. There are large forage stores in connection with the Mews. One member of the family constituting the firm — Mr. W. E. Cawdle, M.R.C.V.S.L., practises as a veterinary and canine surgeon, and the Belgrave Mews establishment also includes his offices.

THE TORQUAY TURKISH BATHS,
ABBEY ROAD AND WARREN ROAD, TORQUAY.
PEOPRIETOR: MR. J. H. KIESER.

FOR over a quarter of a century residents in Torquay and visitors to the district have enjoyed the advantages of Turkish Baths and other methods of medical treatment in a variety of forms. They are indebted for these privileges to Mr. J. H. Kieser, the proprietor of the Torquay Turkish Baths, which he founded in 1869. The equipment of the institution now, therefore, includes every requisite which the most recent developments of applied science could suggest, and which a wise expenditure of large capital could command. The Torquay Turkish Baths occupy a commanding position in Abbey Road, opposite the Theatre, and extend through to Warren Road, where they have a separate carriage entrance. This is the only establishment of the kind in Torquay; and its resources are so complete as to render rivalry superfluous. Not only is the Turkish Bath itself splendidly appointed and fitted; there are also the most ample facilities for ordinary water baths, hot and cold, together with starch, mustard, salt, bran, sulphur, vapour and Russian baths.

Ever since the commencement of Mr. Kieser's operations here, he has been accustomed to use Electricity in many forms for the cure of disease. Thus it is applied as discretion and experience dictate in the treatment of different cases, either locally or all over the body at once, as in the Electric Bath, or by immersion of parts of the body, or simply dry. Massage, frequently combined with Electricity, is one of the chief items, either at the bath or at patients' residence by appointment. Hydropathy, too, with the various processes of packing, steaming, rubbing, &c., is practised day by day under the most favourable conditions. There are first and also second-class Turkish baths; and there is an excellently organised system for the use of these baths, by ladies and by gentlemen, on particular days and at special hours respectively. An efficient staff of highly experienced attendants, male and female, is employed. It should be added that Mr. Kieser has with notable success made a speciality of Chiropody, which he practises personally either at the bath or at private residences daily. In all departments of the establishment the tariff of charges is most moderate. The Torquay Turkish Baths have had the honour of being patronised by H.R H. the Prince of Wales, Her Grace the late Duchess of Sutherland, and many of the most distinguished families in the United Kingdom. The Baths are attached to Mr. Kieser’s private residence, which stands in its own private grounds, being surrounded by a beautiful garden.

THE QUEEN'S HOTEL,
TORQUAY.
PROPRIETOR: MR. T. HARRISON.

OF the Torquay hotels belonging to the front rank, the Queen’s is the oldest-established, and the high reputation of the house is fully sustained by Mr. T. Harrison, the present proprietor, who is constantly adding to the attractions for visitors. The hotel, which is four storeys in height, and has an imposing facade of over a hundred feet in length, occupies an admirably central position in the midst of the best quarter. It stands on the margin of the sea, and its windows command extensive views of Tor Bay, and its picturesquely varied shores. There are upwards of seventy rooms in the interior, with a series of magnificent public apartments, including coffee, smoking, reading, and billiard-rooms. Suites of private apartments may also be had, and all the single and double-bedded rooms are notable for their air of absolute comfort. The hotel is furnished in a luxurious style, and throughout the whole establishment the sanitary arrangements are in accordance with the latest developments of hygienic science, and there is a series of well-equipped hot and cold baths. There is an admirably served table d'hote dinner every evening at seven o’clock, and the cuisine as well as the wine cellar continue to deserve the renown they have long enjoyed. The Queen's is a favourite resort for many families and tourists of distinguished social position, and the proprietor also takes special care to meet the requirements of the highest class of the “ambassadors of commerce.”

KISTOR HOUSE, PRIVATE HOTEL AND BOARDING ESTABLISHMENT
MR. AND MRS. MANN,
BELGRAVE ROAD, TORQUAY.

THIS commodious and well-organized boarding establishment has long been favourably known among visitors to Torquay for the excellence of its accommodation, and the comfort and convenience it affords at moderate charges. Kistor House stands on its own grounds in the Belgrave Road, and its position is a vantage ground commanding fine sea and land views, and being close to the sea, guests have every facility for participating in the bathing, boating, fishing, and other marine enjoyments of Torquay. Those who like a promenade on the pier will find it within easy reach, and all the delightful walks of the neighbourhood are close at hand. The house is also convenient for the town and the railway station, and visitors can obtain every information respecting coach-drives over Dartmoor, or excursions to any point by road, rail, or steamboat. Very attractive features of this establishment are the lawn and the tennis courts, which are free to residents in the house. Internally, Kistor House presents a fine example of the elegantly-appointed and thoroughly comfortable private hotel, and its home-like characteristics are much appreciated. The furnishings throughout are in the best modern style. The house is fitted throughout with the latest sanitary improvements. It is heated by hot water, and hot and cold baths are always available. A smoking-room is provided for lovers of the “fragrant weed” — in fact, nothing seems to have been left undone which could contribute to the comfort and satisfaction of guests. For boarders making a lengthened stay at Torquay, Kistor House is admirably adapted, and the visitor can soon forget, for the time being, that he or she is away from home, so complete are the domestic and general arrangements of this carefully-conducted pension. Mrs. Mann is an indefatigable and painstaking hostess, who wins the approval of her guests by carefully studying their requirements in every way. Her house is well known for the excellence of its cuisine, and the terms for board and residence, both by the day and by the week, are calculated upon a moderate basis. The varied attractions of Torquay, its scenic beauty, and its salubrious climate, draw a great number of visitors hither in the course of the year, and it is very satisfactory to find such excellent provision made for their accommodation as that which exists at Kistor House.

W. J. WAYMOUTH, CONFECTIONER, FANCY BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER,
WELLSWOOD; AND 5, FORE STREET, ST. MARY-CHURCH, TORQUAY.
(Telephone, No. 186.)

ESTABLISHED by a Mr. Croft, at St. Mary-Church, as far back as two-and-twenty years ago, this representative business was acquired some two years since by its present capable and enterprising proprietor, Mr. W. J. Waymouth, under whose vigorous auspices it has been developed into the leading establishment in its line in the neighbourhood; being possessed of a depot at Wellswood, Torquay, where Mr. Waymouth controls a large bread and confectionery business. The headquarters at 5, Fore Street, St. Mary-Church, consist of a spacious double-fronted shop, which always presents a singularly inviting appearance, by reason of the abundant and varied stock there displayed in the form of plain and fancy breads, for which Mr. W. J. Waymouth was awarded the first prize, a silver medal, at the Torbay, Dartmouth, and Teignmouth Industrial Exhibition, held at Torquay in 1888. The stock is further enriched by a tempting selection of plain and fancy biscuits, including Messrs. Huntley & Palmer's celebrated Reading biscuits, Oliver's patent bread and biscuits, “Hovis” bread, Waymouth’s specialities in wheat meal and Vienna flour, and toothsome cakes and confectionery of every kind. In his large hygienic bakery at the rear, which is provided with three of Jago’s “Climax” ovens, Mr. Waymouth is assisted by a large picked staff of experts, in the production not only of immense supplies for stock, and for his large round of regular customers and wholesale buyers, but also in the making to order of rich and artistically ornamented wedding, birthday, and other cakes; and there can be no doubt that the marked success that has attended the house, is directly due to the personal ability and energy, system, and regularity which have characterized Mr. W. J. Waymouth’s administration from the very first day of his advent, as the proprietor of this now prosperous and most noteworthy business.

W. USHERWOOD, COURT DRESSMAKER, GOWNS, COATS, MANTLES, BALL DRESSES, ETC.,
40, FLEET STEET, TORQUAY.

THE explanation of the absolutely unique position which is held in Torquay by Mr. W. Usherwood's admirably equipped establishment is to be found in the fact that he has been enabled to utilise, upon a sufficiently extensive scale, the invaluable fund of technical knowledge and cultured artistic taste which he brought to his enterprise when he began his commercial operations in Torquay three years ago. He had for twenty-five years previously been gaining professional experience with leading firms in the West End of London, having, in particular, for a considerable time, held a responsible position in the world-famous house of Howell & James. It is thus that Mr. Usherwood has been able to introduce, and to place upon a sound commercial foundation, a business of the highest class in the production of costumes, mantles, &c. His premises comprise a commodious building of four storeys. The ground floor has a double frontage, whose attractive appearance is altogether in keeping with the reputation of the establishment. The ample show windows, with their tastefully arranged displays of sumptuous specialities, which have made the reputation of the house, form points of never-failing interest. The interior forms two apartments, each of which is appointed and equipped in a style of rich, but unobtrusive elegance. There is a splendid assortment of such articles as mantles, jackets, silk and fur-lined, sable-trimmed, &c.; cloaks, furs, walking costumes, evening and dinner gowns, &c., all bearing the inexpressible cachet of the highest style. The industrial department is at the top of the building, and includes three large and well-ventilated work-rooms, and one for mantle making. Mr. Usherwood employs a staff of from twenty-five to thirty hands, in addition to two ladies, who are thoroughly expert fitters — one for dressmaking and the other for mantles. Notwithstanding the comparatively brief period during which his business has been in existence in Torquay, his connection already includes the regular patronage of many of the most distinguished families in the West of England, whose members, previous to Mr. Usherwood's advent in Torquay, had been in the habit of having all their wardrobe requirements supplied from London West End houses. He has also a large and valuable connection amongst the highest social class in the North of England and Scotland. He has, too, many distinguished customers at the Cape, and in other British colonies, for whom he is constantly executing orders.

W. GRIST, LISBURN'E RIDING SCHOOL AND PRIVATE LIVERY ESTABLISHMENT,
BABBIICOMBE ROAD, TORQUAY.
Telegraphic Address: “Grist Riding School, Torquay.” Telephone No. 45.

THE Lisburne Riding School and Private Livery Establishment, which is the property of Mr. W. Grist, possesses resources which are unequalled in the district; and, under his liberal and judicious control, additions are constantly being made to its attractions. The premises cover an area of an acre, and are conveniently situated in the Babbicombe Road, within a few minutes' walk of the General Post Office. They include a vast carriage-house of varying elevations, in which are held carriages of every description, open and closed, in great number, and including, in particular, waggonettes and dog-carts in great variety, also open or closed hearses, with fashionable mourning carriages of the newest designs. Here, too, is an admirably-equipped range of stabling for fifty or more horses. To the stables are attached a series of forage stores, two storeys high; and the establishment is furnished throughout with every requisite for facilitating its business.

The equipment of the riding-school is especially deserving of praise. The splendid area which is devoted to this purpose is a hundred and forty- five feet in length, and although a portion of it is used for storage and kindred purposes, there is yet available, for tuition and practice, the ample space of eighty feet by forty. Here the art of riding is taught under the best possible conditions by Mr. Grist and his accomplished assistants, special attention being given to the instruction of ladies and children, and also to nervous or invalid pupils, who speedily gain confidence under the excellent system of teaching which is pursued. Driving is also most efficiently taught, horses and ponies being reserved specially for use in this department.

Hacks, hunters, and harness horses may be hired for any period, and fashionable carriages of every description may also be obtained on hire, either with or without horses. Horses taken by Mr. Grist at livery have free use of the riding-school for exercise, and ladies' habits are provided free for the school. Horses, too, are carefully trained for customers, and they are bought and sold by the principal on commission. Mr. Grist being well known as an expert judge of horse-flesh, and having a very high reputation for the scrupulous integrity which characterises all his transactions. The premises include a handsomely-appointed office, which is furnished with telephone communications, and all the other requisites for the prompt despatch of a large amount of correspondence and other clerical work. In his various professional and commercial capacities Mr. Grist enjoys the confidence of many of the most distinguished and influential visitors to Torquay and residents in the district, and he has had the honour of the illustrious patronage of H.R.H. the Princess of Wales and the late Duchess of Sutherland. He employs, in the several departments of his business, a staff of twenty-five highly-experienced hands, and, being gifted with much administrative ability, he personally supervises all the working details of the establishment.

W. L. COUNTER, SADDLE AND HARNESS MANUFACTURER,
2, WALNUT ROAD, CHELSTON, TORQUAY.

ESTABLISHED many years ago and conducted from the first with energy and well-directed judgment, the progress of this business has been eminently satisfactory. The present proprietor is a man of large practical experience, and is maintaining and augmenting the reputation his establishment has so long enjoyed. The premises are well situated, and in size and convenience of arrangement are well adapted to the proper control of an extensive and high-class business of this kind. The plate-glass windows are always dressed in an attractive style, displaying the choicest selection of saddlery goods and coach-house and stable requisites. The interior accommodation is of an ample kind, and the workshops are equipped with everything calculated to improve the quality of the goods turned out, and to cheapen the cost of production. A very superior business is here being controlled in the manufacture of every description of saddlery and harness. The work emanating from this responsible establishment is well known in the district, and is held in the highest appreciation by the best class of buyers in both town and country. No material of an inferior or second-rate quality finds a place here, and neither in excellence of workmanship or style and finish need the house fear any competitor. A specially high name is held for the saddles manufactured, principally with regard to their fit and ease in riding. The leading lines with the firm are carriage, gig, and cart harness, riding and hunting saddles, horse clothing, brushes, sponges, bridles, whips, and spurs. Orders of every description receive careful and prompt attention, thorough satisfaction being always guaranteed in prices. Repairs of both saddlery goods and portmanteaus are executed on the premises, and no effort is spared to keep up the efficiency of the business in every branch. A branch establishment conducted on the same lines is held at Belgrave Place, Torquay. The principal is a gentleman of thoroughly practical ability and acknowledged skill, and enjoys the confidence and respect of all with whom he has business relations.

THE WESTERN HOTEL,
TORQUAY.
PROPRIETOR: MR. BARROWS.

THERE is no more convenient or delightful place of residence in Torquay than “The Western Hotel,” which was formerly conducted by a limited liability company. It has within a comparatively recent period been acquired by Mr. Barrows, who has taken the administration of the house into his own hands — a task for which he is eminently qualified. It is only a few yards distant from the Torquay Railway Station. The usual omnibus service, therefore, is superfluous, and the head porter meets all trains, and conveys baggage to and from the hotel, free of charge. Of all the Torquay hotels, too, “The Western” is the nearest to the sands, the bathing coves, and public tennis courts, and is within a few minutes' walk of the new pier and Princes Gardens. The house is, indeed, in every respect, as suitable for a summer as for a winter resort. The premises include large private grounds in front of the house, which are separated from the beach and Corbyn's Bay by the high road. The house, which stands four storeys high, and is of very considerable architectural importance, is substantially built of red brick. Numerous windows command splendid views of the sea and the beautifully diversified shores of Tor Bay. The internal arrangements are those of a first-class family hotel, and material additions have been made to the attractions of the house since it came under the control of the present proprietors. The public apartments include a drawing-room, coffee-room, smoking-room, &c. The sanitary arrangements are in accordance with the latest developments of practical sanitary science. There is, every evening, an elegantly served table d'hote dinner, and the cuisine is under the care of an accomplished culinary artist. In respect to the cellars and their contents, the house has always had a high reputation, which is fully maintained. There are attractively appointed bars, both public and private. For the convenience of visitors, as well as for the purposes of the administration, the hotel is furnished with telephonic communication—in connection with the Torquay local system — the telephone number being 34. The pension terms for residents at this magnificent hotel, where there is always plenty of high-class outdoor and indoor recreation, is notably moderate.

EDWARDS & SONS, COACH BUILDERS,
46 AND 47, UNION STREET, TORQUAY.

This notable concern, which is one of the leading houses of its kind in the West of England, was founded as far back as the year 1812, and its name has always been associated with a progressive policy, many valuable improvements in carriages (particularly as regards the reduction of weight without sacrifice of strength), standing to Messrs. Edwards & Sons’ credit. The firm’s premises are upon a very extensive scale, commensurate with the magnitude of the business, and affording every facility for the conduct of its operations. A large staff of skilled workmen is here employed, assisted by the best appliances, as the results obtained amply testify. Messrs. Edwards & Sons build all descriptions of carriages in modern use, including Broughams, Landaus, Victorias, Dog-carts, cars, brakes, waggonettes, omnibuses, &c., and they make a speciality of light steel-work carriages, of great strength and durability, and fitted with the latest improvements in general structure and design. For over twenty years past Messrs. Edwards & Sons have been conducting exhaustive and costly experiments in the reduction of the weight of all kinds of carriages, and in this respect they have been strikingly successful, as witness their special single brougham, guaranteed weight six-and-a-half hundredweight, complete with lamps, C or elliptic springs, powerful brake, and Bessemer steel full-locking front carriage; or their special Victoria of similar construction, with a guaranteed weight of only five-and-a-half hundredweight. This great reduction of weight has been accomplished not only without loss, but actually with increase, of strength, by the substitution of steel for iron in certain parts of the vehicle, thus securing a diminution of bulk in the metal used, and consequently a gain in lightness.

Wherever it has been possible to reduce the weight of material, Messrs. Edwards have done so with remarkable skill and judgment, and the result is a class of vehicles which represent the acme of combined strength and lightness. The powerful brake, which can be applied without in any way straining the carriage, gives a complete control of motion, which is of the greatest advantage in crowded thoroughfares or in hilly districts, like Devonshire, for instance. Other improvements noticeable in Messrs. Edwards' carriages take the form of self-acting heads, full-locking front carriages of steel, slam locks, and indiarubber tyres, the latter having come into great favour on account of the easy motion and absence of vibration they ensure. With characteristic enterprise, Messrs. Edwards & Sons sent a number of their improved vehicles to the Devon Agricultural Show in May, 1894, where they attracted a great deal of admiring attention from the public, and received the most favourable press notices.

The new catalogue of the firm contains a great many notable designs in all classes of useful and stylish vehicles, and these may be seen au naturel at the show-rooms in Torquay, where there is a fine display of work of the highest order of excellence and finish. Messrs. Edwards & Sons attain a degree of elegance in their various designs which we have never seen surpassed, and every detail of workmanship and material satisfies the most exacting requirements. With all this excellence of quality duly considered, the prices quoted by the firm for their work must be pronounced very reasonable indeed, and they consult the convenience of customers by selling carriages on the popular “easy payment" system. The patronage enjoyed by Messrs. Edwards and Sons is of the most distinguished character, and among their illustrious customers may be mentioned the Imperial Family of Russia, the Prince of the Netherlands, Prince Peter of Oldenburg, the Duchess of Sutherland, the Dowager Countess of Morley, Lady Clifford, the Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe, and many other members of the nobility, besides the gentry and medical men of Torquay and the surrounding districts. The business is most capably conducted under the personal supervision of the present proprietors, Messrs. Thomas and George Edwards, who possess the highest practical qualifications, and who have contributed greatly by their skill and enterprise to the reputation of the house. Mr. T. G. Edwards is widely known as an expert in heraldry, and has gained many prizes and certificates in this connection.

THE ROYAL MARBLE WORKS,
MESSRS. A. W. BLACKLER & SONS,
ST. MARY-CHURCH, TORQUAY.

THE large and important industry carried on at the above-named works, which are the most extensive of their kind in this district, originated as far back as the year 1806, when the predecessors of Messrs. Blackler began to extensively work the beautiful marbles of St. Mary-Church, which, though known and admired for centuries previously, had not been largely used for decorative purposes prior to the foundation of this concern. Mr. D. Woodley, who took the quarries in 1806, was succeeded by his sons Daniel and John, who greatly developed the trade, and laid the nucleus of the present large works. In 1864, on the death of Mr. John Woodley, Mr. Andrew Blackler took over the business, and under the name of Blackler, it has grown into the extensive and important concern it now is. There are upwards of fifty distinct varieties of the celebrated Petitor marble, known and worked at this establishment, some of these being of surpassing beauty, and vying with the finest products of the Italian quarries, and the colours range over every shade from black to white, green being the only exception. Besides quarrying and working these local marbles, Messrs. Blackler work a quarry at East Ogwell, where they obtain a beautiful red marble, full of fossils, and red-grey-streaked in a unique manner, and another at Ashburton, the splendid dark marble of which, with its curious markings, is highly esteemed and in great demand.

Messrs. Blackler’s works at St. Mary-Church are accounted one of the sights of the neighbourhood, and are much resorted to by visitors. The fine show-rooms contain a magnificent display of marbles in the form of memorial stones, fonts, altars, mantelpieces, pillars, steps, vases, &c. The whole establishment is of large extent, and well organised in its working departments, which are equipped with the most powerful and effective labour-saving machinery for getting out, sawing, polishing, and otherwise preparing the marbles. A large staff is employed, and the works are under proprietary supervision. When we say that Messrs. Blackler’s marbles have found their way to all parts of the world, some idea may be formed of the esteem in which they ore held. As far away as the Cape of Good Hope and Australia work may be seen in marble from this firm's establishment, and fine examples of Messrs. Blackler's productions in this country are found in St. Augustine’s Church, South Kensington; Keble College Chapel, Oxford; St. John's Chapel, Cambridge; Hereford Cathedral; Salisbury Cathedral; the new Art Gallery at Birmingham; St. James's Church, Paddington, and many other places.

The firm are entitled to great praise for the manner in which they have demonstrated the beauty and usefulness of the Devonshire marbles; and the success that has attended their ably managed business is the just outcome of the zeal and energy they have displayed in developing this important and supremely interesting local industry. Among the many distinguished personages who have visited the Royal Marble Works at St. Mary-Church may be mentioned Her Imperial Majesty the Ex-Empress of the French, the Prince of Wales, the late Prince Consort, the Duke of Connaught, and others. Her Majesty the Queen has honoured the works by her patronage, and the late Mr. Woodley sent to Osborne, by Her Majesty’s command, some beautiful work in marbles from his quarries, the greater part of which was retained and purchased by the Queen. In 1852 and 1853 the Prince and Princess of Oldenburg, the Grand Duchesses Marie and Olga of Russia, and the Duke of Brabant were patrons of the firm; and orders have been executed for the Prince of Wales, and many other personages of distinction. With the fine machinery and skilled labour now at their command, Messrs. Blackler are in a better position than ever to carry out the instructions of their customers, and to maintain the reputation of their establishment as one of the leading representative marble works of the Kingdom.

C. HEAVISIDE, PIANOFORTE SALOONS, MUSIC LIBRARY, &c.,
27, TORWOOD STREET, TORQUAY, AND AT PAIONTON.

THE record of this business goes back to 1847, and it was, until recently, successfully conducted by Mr. Reynolds. On his retirement the well-organised business was acquired by Mr. Heaviside, who brought to his enterprise a store of sound musical knowledge, a cultured taste, and a spirit of enlightened enterprise which manifests itself in the prompt introduction of all approved and attractive novelties of every description connected with music, as soon as they are placed upon the market. The extensive premises occupy a commanding position, and have a fine double frontage of thirty feet, whose attractive appearance is altogether in keeping with the popular methods adopted with signal success by Mr. Heaviside. The ample plate-glass windows contain a display of novelties in published music and of musical instruments of all kinds, which is of never-failing interest. The interior is handsomely appointed, form as very extensive show-room, with a splendidly comprehensive assortment of pianofortes by all the leading makers, including Steinway, Broadwood, Collard, Schiedmayer, Erard, Kirkman, Kaps, Hagspiel, &c. Here, too, is a representative exhibition of organs by such celebrated firms as Estey, Mason & Hamlin, &c., and also of harmoniums by the best manufacturing houses. Of these classes of goods Mr. Heaviside has always on choice a hundred and fifty instruments or more to offer to his customers.

The stocks also include a great variety of violins, guitars, mandolins, banjos, harps, &c. Mr. Heaviside also supplies strings for violins, banjos, harps, &c., of the best quality procurable. Here, too, is to be found every variety of standard and popular music, in sheet or book form, together with all important music newly published. A well-organised musical lending library is in operation, in connection with the establishment. The proprietor’s commercial methods are of the most approved modern type, the hire system, and that of payment by easy instalments, having been divested of every condition which is not absolutely equitable. Instruments returned from hire, and practically as good as new, are offered at very low prices for cash or on the three years’ system. Thus good serviceable pianofortes may be had at prices varying from ten pounds upwards. Possessors of old and worn pianos may exchange for new instruments upon very advantageous terms, as Mr. Heaviside allows the utmost value for all pianos in exchange, and the balance may be paid on the three years’ system if desired. By this arrangement, a valuable instrument may be secured at a very small outlay, payable quarterly. Pianoforte tuners are sent on application to all parts, and the staff in this department is exclusively confined to men who have received a thorough professional training. Mr. Heaviside too, it should be noted, is the publisher of the Torquay edition of the ‘Minim,’ a well-conducted monthly musical magazine. The information which it conveys as to movements in the musical world of the Torquay district, renders it a necessity for all local amateurs.

The proprietor has a fully-equipped branch establishment at 15, Palace Avenue, Paignton, where he conducts a large business, similar in character to that which he controls in Torquay. His connection includes the habitual patronage of many of the most influential families in the district, and it is steadily extending throughout the Western Counties.

S. J. CROCKER, JUNR., BUILDER, CARPENTER AND JOINER, PAINTER, GLAZIER, &c.
WILLSWOOD PLACF, TORQUAY.

[This entry has no description.]

JOHN TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c.,
THE ANALYTICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL LABORATORY,
15, LUCIUS STREET, TORQUAY.

A WELL-KNOWN and successful business establishment in Torquay is that controlled by Mr. John Taylor, Chemist, of 15, Lucius Street. Operations were begun in the year 1867, and the concern from the beginning has been carried on with the most satisfactory results. Mr. Taylor is a thoroughly qualified chemist by examination, a Fellow of the Chemical, Linnean and other scientific and learned societies, and his experience in every branch of the business has been no less varied than valuable, and as an analyst has had considerable experience. Extensive and admirably located premises are occupied, consisting of a two-storey block of buildings, with fine attractive front and windows always dressed in a neat and pleasing style. The interior of the establishment has been liberally appointed. In the various glass show-cases, with which the establishment is so handsomely provided, are to be seen some of the choicest goods of a first-class, up-to-date pharmacy. Mr. Taylor is thoroughly conversant with his business, and has selected his supplies in every instance from the best and most reliable sources. The drugs and chemical compounds are of the freshest and purest kind.

The stocks are extensive and have been arranged with great care and taste. They include drugs of every description, pharmaceutical preparations, all kinds of tinctures and distilled waters, proprietary medicines in great variety, perfumes from the leading houses, toilet requisites, sponges, chest protectors, and a full line of all articles usually associated with a well-managed business of this kind. Special attention is given to prescriptions, which are dispensed by duly qualified persons only, drugs of the finest quality being used, and in order that the utmost accuracy and purity, without which the efforts of the most skilful medical men may be unavailing, the chief pharmaceutical preparations are made in a well-appointed laboratory under his special superintendence. In this important department the charges are exceedingly reasonable, being consistent with the purity of the ingredients and skill required in their preparation.

The house under notice has introduced several popular specialities, the two recent being Taylor's “A1 Insecticide,” and Taylor's “A1 Fertilizer.” Both preparations are having a large and fast-increasing sale, and are becoming established favourites wherever they are once introduced. The “Insecticide” is an effectual exterminator of all insect pests upon plants, shrubs, and trees, and being free from all poisonous properties it will not injure the most delicate plant. These two valuable specifics can be obtained only from the inventor or from his agents, Messrs. Curtis, Sanford & Co., of the Devon Rosary, Torquay. The business in its entirety is thoroughly well controlled, and visitors are promptly and politely attended to by the proprietor himself, or a staff of qualified assistants. The connection is mainly local in character and lies among the leading and most respectable residents in Torquay and the district. Mr. Taylor is esteemed for his ability, straightforwardness, and personal integrity, and commands the fullest confidence of all who come into contact with him, and is a Justice of the Peace for the Borough of Torquay.

F. U. WEBB, JOB & POSTING MASTER,
LANSDOWNE MEWS, TORQUAY.
(Telephone No. 20.)

FROM a comparatively small beginning, by Mr. John Abbott, in the year 1816, centralised at the stables at Tor, Torquay, this business has steadily developed into one of the largest and most important of the job and posting establishments for which Torquay has so long been famous, mainly through the spirited enterprise and acumen of its present estimable proprietor. Mr. F. U. Webb acquired the business of the executors of the above in the year 1878, and in the year 1889 erected the splendid range of four-storeyed buildings, known as the Lansdowne Mews, which are provided with six commodious carriage rooms, extensive stabling for the comfortable accommodation of over thirty horses, loose boxes for hunters, and large forage store, furnished with a gas-engine for driving the chaff-cutting and other machinery used in the preparation of the provender, etc. The premises are constructed and equipped throughout in accordance with advanced hygienic principles, warmth, ventilation, pure water supply, cleanliness and general convenience being salient features of the menage.

The principal offices adjoin the stables, and are connected by Telephone No. 20 with all the leading hotels and business places, etc., in Torquay, thereby enabling orders to be promptly attended to by the large staff of capable and civil servants retained at the establishment. Mr. Webb maintains a splendid service of ladies and gentlemen's saddle-horses for park riding, hunting, etc., hacks, and carriage ponies, and lets these out on hire by the hour, day, week or month, together with reliable grooms and drivers, and any kind of equipage that may be desired, from an elegant carriage to a drag, break, or coach. He also provides special carriages for weddings and other festive functions, and open or closed hearses, with fashionable mourning carriages for funerals, with due economy, and at the shortest notice. In his livery and bait department, private carriages are carefully housed, and horses supplied with forage, stabling, and the best of attendance. In addition he goes in largely for foraging horses by contract or otherwise, and the entire business is carried on in a manner that has met with an approval which is amply attested by the liberal patronage accorded to the establishment, by residents and visitors alike, for many miles around.

COX & SON, THE TORQUAY AND WEST OF ENGLAND HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENCY,
4, VICTORIA PARADE, TORQUAY.

THE large business which Messrs. Cox & Son now conduct was founded by Messrs. J. C. Stark & Co. aa far back as the year 1805. It subsequently passed into the hands of Messrs. Cox & Beynon, and ultimately the style of Cox & Son was adopted, the partners now being Mr. J. B. Cox and Mr. W. Wilkinson Cox. These gentlemen are possessed of long practical experience in every branch of the business, and are members of the Western Counties Auctioneers’ Association, of which Mr. W. W. Cox is one of the Council, and both partners are also Fellows of the Auctioneers’ Institute of the United Kingdom. Their offices in Victoria Parade are admirably appointed, and have the advantage of a convenient situation. Mr. J. B. Cox, the head of the firm, is the senior auctioneer in Torquay, and has been conducting this business here for over thirty-five years, during which period almost every house in the town has, in one way or another, passed through his hands. The firm conduct auction sales of furniture and effects, stock, shares, house, property, etc., etc., all sales being personally arranged and conducted by the principals. Full accounts are rendered of every transaction. Messrs. Cox & Son, if required, advance money on goods entrusted to them for sale, or they will purchase the entire contents of a house outright for cash, if this course be preferred by the client, and will themselves bear all the expenses of the sale and ran all the risk.

As auctioneers the reputation of this firm stands very high, and as their sales are always largely attended by a good class of buyers, it “pays” to entrust business to them in this department. Not less celebrated in the West Country are Messrs. Cox & Son as house and estate agents. In this connection they have a very large practice, and we should call attention to their printed register of houses, &c., to be sold or let in all parts of Torquay and neighbourhood. This publication may be obtained on application gratis, and it forms a valuable medium between property owners and those wishing to acquire houses or estates, by purchase or at rental. It may be safely said that Messrs. Cox & Son possess quite exceptional facilities for securing purchasers or tenants. They are constantly in receipt of numerous applications, both direct and through their correspondents in various parts of the Kingdom. Owners of property will therefore consult their interests by having their houses, etc., entered in this firm's list, and securing the benefit of its extensive circulation, while those in search of residences in the West of England should not fail to apply to them. Special care is taken to describe accurately all properties mentioned in this register, and, to prevent owners being troubled with unnecessary visits, precautions are taken to avoid giving orders to view to any but bona-fide applicants.

In addition to their extensive business as auctioneers and estate agents, Messrs. Cox & Son devote special attention to valuations for probate or administration, sale, mortgage, or compensation; fire and dilapidation assessments; the preparation and checking of inventories, schedules, etc; and here the comprehensive experience of the partners is obviously of great service to their clients. The firm also transact a large amount of business as insurance agents, and represent the Mutual Life Assurance Society, the London Assurance Corporation (Fire, Life and Marine), the Norwich and London Accident Insurance Association, and first-class Employers’ Liability and Plate-Glass Insurance offices.

Messrs. Cox & Son enjoy the confidence of a very valuable and influential connection, and their services are in constant request in one or another of the departments of their business, a fact which testifies to the reputation they maintain for ability, promptitude, and straightforwardness.

BRIXHAM.

J. W. & A. UPHAM, SHIP AND BOAT BUILDERS, SPAR MAKERS AND SHIPSMITHS,
BRIXHAM.

THIS is a concern possessing a wide reputation in the south and west of England for high-class work in all departments of the trade, and the maintenance of this reputation for one hundred years past is undoubtedly due to the fact that the business has remained under the control of the founder and his successors from father to son, and is now in the hands of the third generation of the Upham family. The works and yards are upon a large scale, occupying about three acres of ground. Between thirty and forty hands are employed all the year round, and the firm are always busy — a circumstance indicating the esteem and confidence in which their work is held. They build ships of all types up to four hundred tons burthen, but are especially noted as builders of trawlers, averaging fifty tons. These craft enjoy great repute in the fishing industry for all-round excellence, and, as we write, the firm are constructing two trawlers for Brixham upon the lines which they have developed with so much success. They average about six trawlers yearly, and build for Hull, Grimsby, Plymouth, Lowestoft, Dublin, Ramsgate, and Brixham. Of course, the building of this class of craft is supplemented by a good deal of other work, making Messrs. Upham’s establishment one of the busiest on the Devon coast. The firm show a fine collection of models of the trawlers they have built, and this collection, exhibited at the Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, gained for them a silver medal and diploma of honour. Their excellent work is favourably known in all parts of the United Kingdom, and they rank among those old and representative British firms whose efforts continuously uphold and increase the national renown for ship-building, a scientific industry in which the people of these islands preserve an unquestionable supremacy.

N. DUNSTONE, GENERAL AND FURNISHING IRONMONGER, SHIP-CHANDLER, PLUMBER, ETC.,
STRAND, BRIXHAM.

A SPECIAL historical interest attaches to the business which is successfully conducted by Mr. N. Dunstone, since it is one of the oldest established enterprises in Brixham, and there is no question that his is the most important ship chandlery business in the port. His premises are most conveniently situated on the Strand, and are admirably adapted to the requirements of his business, as an ironmonger, ship-chandler, plumber, gasfitter, bell-hanger, &c. They have a fine frontage of thirty feet, and the ample show-window forms a point of never-failing attraction. The interior is exceptionally large and is substantially appointed with numerous and handsome fittings. It includes a commodious office, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of business. At the rear are the workshops, and the roomy cellars underneath are utilised as an oil store. The show-room and warehouse is spacious enough to admit of the effective display and arrangement of the heavy and comprehensive stocks which are always held. These include all descriptions of furnishing and general ironmongery. There is a specially representative assortment of heating and cooking appliances for use in the household, or in yachts and other craft. Here, too, may be obtained under the best possible conditions, such articles as trunks, specially made for use on board ships, trawlers, &c., together with lamps for similar purposes. One department, again, is replete with tools for carpenters and other classes of skilled workmen. There is likewise a fine display of cutlery and electro-plated goods from the leading manufacturers of Sheffield and Birmingham. In yet another department will be found ropes, pulleys, blocks, wire chains, anchors, and other nautical requisites. In his well-equipped workshops he employs, under his personal supervision, an efficient staff of skilled workmen, who are employed as plumbers, gas-fitters, bell-hangers, &c. He has also all the facilities for fixing electric bells. As an oil merchant Mr. Dunstone controls the most extensive business in Brixham, many of his transactions in this department being wholesale. He is a thorough organiser, and personally superintends all the working details of his extensive business.

PAIGNTON.

L. P. FOALE, BUTCHER, POULTERER, GAME DEALER, DAIRYMAN, &c.,
GERSTON HOUSE, VICTORIA STREET, PAIGNTON; AND AT DARTMOUTH.

AMONG the best known and best managed establishments in Paignton stands that controlled by Mr. L. P. Foale, of Gerston House, Victoria Street. It is now some seven years since Mr. Foale commenced operations here on his own account, but, prior to that, his experience had been of a varied and valuable character. The premises occupied are admirably-adapted to the peculiar and diverse character of the trade carried on. They are two storeys in height, and conspicuously located in a corner position. The butcher's shop has a fine double frontage, with marble-lined slabs for displaying the meat, and interior walls covered with handsome tesselated tiles. Here may be seen, at any time, a choice selection of meat, and Mr. Foale spares no expense in procuring the best class of cattle and animals. The slaughtering is done on his own premises under very advantageous conditions, especially as regards cleanliness and sanitary arrangements. The stocks are exceedingly heavy, and comprise beef, mutton, lamb, veal, and pork, according to the season. The best quality only is handled, the house being specially noted for its prime Devonshire beef.

The dairy premises are adjoining, and are entered from the butcher’s shop. They have a large plate-glass front filled with green plants, among which appear vistas of delicious butter and rich cream cheese. The interior is neatly and attractively fitted up, and the counter loaded with pure milk in bright enamelled pans. The milk supplied by the energetic proprietor bears an excellent name for its uniform high standard of quality; and the fact that it is supplied to most of the principal families in the district, is guarantee enough as to what the best judges think of it. As a poulterer, also, Mr. Foale is doing a very considerable business. He handles rabbits, hares, fowls, chickens, turkeys, partridges, snipe, &c., and is always one of the first to secure the fur or feather in season. From the extent of his transactions, and the personal care bestowed in the buying, Mr. Foale is prepared to offer his patrons the most satisfactory inducements in the way of prices. It should be stated that the best class of fruits and vegetables are supplied in their season. A widespread and valuable connection is maintained, and those entering into business relations with this responsible house will be sure to give it the preference on all future occasions. Mr. Foale is an energetic, honourable, and obliging tradesman, and is held in high respect by all the many that know him. He carries on a branch establishment at Dartmouth, where a successful business has been developed.

J. SYMONS, PRACTICAL TAILOR,
25, VICTORIA STREET, PAIGNTON.

This enterprise was started about four years ago by the present proprietor, Mr. J. Symons, whose experience as a practical tailor has been of a varied and most valuable kind. Extensive and admirably adapted premises are occupied, consisting of a three-storey block of building with fine plate-glass windows, which invariably contain a tastefully-arranged and attractive display of goods for which the house is noted. The shop is well laid out, and contains everything necessary or desirable for exhibiting the stocks to the best advantage. The workshops at the rear are well lighted and ventilated, and it is evident that the worthy proprietor takes great interest in the welfare of the large staff of experienced workmen he employs. Mr. Symons is an accomplished cutter, and makes a speciality of hunting and riding breeches, having spent some years with the well-known firm of Messrs. Hill Brothers, Bond Street, London. He undertakes the entire supervision of this important department, and the garments turned out here are recognised in Paignton and for many miles round as unsurpassed in style, cut, and fit. Special care is given to the selection of the material, and the proprietor is always showing a wide assortment of the best fabrics and latest patterns. The supplies include vicunas, serges, twills, cashmeres, meltons, beavers, friezes, fancies, Scotch and West of England Saxonies and soft wools, Scotch tweeds, and everything stylish and fashionable in coatings, overcoatings, suitings, and trouserings. The extensive and valuable patronage enjoyed is based solely on the reliable character of the goods handled, the moderate nature of the charges, and the careful attention that all patrons receive. Mr. Symons spares no trouble to keep up the reputation he has so honestly earned, and he commands the respect and renewed confidence of all who once enter into business relations with him.

THE GERSTON HOTEL, PAIGNTON; THE CASTLE HOTEL, DARTMOUTH; and THE BOYAL DART HOTEL, KINGSWEAR;
PROPRIETOR, MR. H. C. COLLIER.

We have much pleasure in calling the attention of our readers to the well- known and ably conducted establishments of Mr. H. C. Collier, as named above. These three hotels have an excellent reputation, and are one and all organised and managed upon principles ensuring the comfort and satisfaction of visitors.

The Castle Hotel, at Dartmouth, occupies a fine four-storey building of spacious dimensions, and has an unsurpassed situation up on the banks of the “silver Dart,” commanding splendid views of the harbour, the yachts, H.M. training ships, the mail steamers, and the picturesque country round about. In olden times the Castle Hotel was the great coaching house of Dartmouth, and it still remains a chief centre of activity as regards local travel. Being a large and thoroughly well organised posting establishment it provides every facility for visiting all parts of this supremely interesting district; and tourists and sportsmen will find that the most complete arrangements are made to meet their varied requirements, furnishing fishing tackle, boats, steam launches, and every other accessory for those taking to this famous river, on sport or pleasure bent. The Castle Hotel has a splendid billiard-room, good stabling and coach-houses, and all the appointments of a first-class English hostelry. The cuisine is superior, the attendance good, the charges moderate; and the popularity of the house is a proof of the satisfactory manner in which it meets the requirements of visitors to Dartmouth.

Another of Mr. Collier’s successful enterprises is the Royal Dart Hotel, at Kingswear, charmingly situated in close proximity to, and overlooking, the river Dart, and at the same time possessing the advantage of being at the immediate terminus of the Great Western Railway. The delights of Kingswear, well known to the lover of the picturesque, are enhanced by the convenience and comfort of this excellent establishment, which partakes more of the nature of a quiet family residence than an ordinary hotel, and where the happy knack of making people feel “at home” has been cultivated to perfection. The visitor to Kingswear may be confidently recommended to make the Royal Dart Hotel his abode for the time being.

Finally we have to speak of the Gerston Hotel, at Paignton, which is also Mr. H. C. Collier’s property, under the direct personal supervision of Mr. A. Williams. The hotel is admirably situated, directly opposite the railway station, and occupies a spacious two-storey building. It has all the characteristics of a first-class commercial and family house, and it at the same time well suited for visitors desiring to reside at Paignton for long or short periods, being within a few minutes’ walk of the sea, the sands, the pier, and the golf links, and at the same time in the centre of the town. Arrangements can be made for the reception of lady or gentlemen boarders at special rates for not less than a week, these rates including attendance, use of coffee-room, three meals a day, and a bedroom on the second floor. The terms under this arrangement are three and a half guineas per week for one visitor, or six guineas for two. The ordinary hotel tariff, by the day, is calculated upon a very reasonable basis. The accommodation throughout is excellent, and the cuisine and wines are unexceptionable. There are about fifty rooms in the hotel, including the usual public rooms, and the whole establishment is admirably appointed with everything conducive to the convenience of guests. There is good stabling in connection with this hotel, and Mr. Collier is the proprietor of the Paignton and Torquay omnibus traffic. Cabs are kept, coaching is carried on in season, excursions are arranged, and private carriages, hacks, and hunters are available for those who require them. The hotel has telephone communication, its number being 516. Mr. Williams is a genial and painstaking host, ever considerate of his patrons’ interests, and much esteemed by the large clientele who regularly seek the hospitality of these hotels from year to year.

G. R. FRANKLIN, HATTER, HOSIER, GLOVER, SHIRT-MAKER, &c.,
8, PALACE AVENUE, PAIGNTON.

Celebrated throughout the West of England for its perfect-fitting shirts and outfitting items for gentlemen, and equally noted for its fashionable hosiery and gloves for ladies and children, this popular emporium was opened at Paignton some ten years ago under the able auspices of its present enterprising proprietor, Mr. G. R. Franklin. The records of the undertaking show (after the first two or three years, when the class of goods became more generally known), that its commercial development has been both rapid and continuous. Eligibly located in a handsome three-storeyed building in Palace Avenue, the spacious double-fronted ground-floor shop, with its neat office adjoining, is elegantly appointed throughout, displaying a complete stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment. Silk, felt, straw, and other hats and caps for all occasions in a great diversity of styles, shades, sizes, and shapes; shirts of every description, both ready-made and made to measure by experts; special makes in ladies’ and children's hosiery and gloves, umbrellas, rugs, and waterproof coats; scarfs and ties, silk and embroidered handkerchiefs, and gentlemen’s outfitting sundries of every conceivable kind are all fully represented, and a large number of testimonials may be seen, bearing witness to the very reliable character of the goods supplied. The high reputation of this typical establishment, where none but courteous and capable assistants are employed, has always been its best advertisement; and it is a true criterion of, and tribute to, Mr. Franklin's capabilities and excellent business methods that not only are patrons invariably well satisfied, but that his large and widespread connection has been mainly called together through the potent agency of personal recommendations.

NEWTON ABBOT, TOTNES, DARTMOUTH, AND KINGSBRIDGE.

SIXTEEN miles to the south-west of Exeter, in a straight line, or twenty miles via the South Devon Railways, stands the market town of NEWTON ABBOT, situated at the head of commercial navigation on the Teign, and in the parishes of Wolborough and Highweek. The river Lemon flows through the town, and there is a canal to Teigngrace, forming an important factor in the local trade. The railway facilities are also excellent, and under these favourable circumstances a considerable amount of business activity prevails in the town and district. Newton Abbot is a well-built and rapidly growing town, and its excellent situation — both convenient, pleasant, and healthy — has brought it into great favour as a place of residence. In the history of the town there has been one event of some importance to the nation at large, viz., the proclaiming at the Market Cross of the declaration of William, Prince of Orange, to the English people in 1688, after his landing at Brixham. The Town Hall, Public Rooms, Market, and Corn Exchange are the chief public buildings of Newton Abbot. There are also several churches and chapels, a dispensary, a cottage hospital, schools, excellent hotels, four banks, and numerous charities. Four newspapers are published in the town. The streets and houses are lighted by gas, and there is a splendid water supply derived from the mains of the Torquay Corporation, who have, at great expense, provided their town with one of the finest water services in this part of the Kingdom. Newton Abbot is the seat of a number of notable industries.

TOTNES, an ancient place, and a municipal borough of over 4,000 inhabitants, is finely situated in the most fertile district of Devon, where orchards, pastures, and meadows abound, and nature assumes her most agreeable aspect. The town stands about ten miles inland, on ground rising from the “silver Dart,” and it has excellent means of railway communication by the South Devon line. At the time of the Norman Conquest the barony of Totnes was given by William to one of his adherents, Joel de Totneis, and that feudal chieftain built the strong castle, the remains of which are now surrounded by well-kept grounds, forming a very pleasant promenade. The main street of Totnes, with its numerous old, but substantial, buildings, forms a picturesque thoroughfare. The woollen trade which once flourished here has declined, but there is a large general trade in agricultural produce, cider, fruit, and salmon. Being in the centre of the best apple orchards, Totnes is a headquarter of the cider trade, and this fine, wholesome, Devonian beverage is largely manufactured here, and sent out to all parts of the country, the great representative firm being that of Messrs. Symons & Co., Limited. Brewing is also extensively carried on.

DARTMOUTH, at the mouth of the Dart, is a most interesting town, possessing a charter granted by Edward III., and ranking among the busiest municipal boroughs on the Devon coast. It is 30 miles south of Exeter, and is a port of considerable trade, having a fine harbour, protected by a battery, and furnished with a lighthouse, the fixed light of which is visible at a distance of eleven miles. Yachts, ocean steamers, and coasting vessels use the harbour largely. Many steamers coal here, and the mail-boats for Demerara call for mails. Dartmouth is the station for the cadet training ship Britannia, which is an object of interest in the port. The streets of the town present a picturesque appearance, and the scenery in the neighbourhood is charming. There are several churches and chapels, schools, and a cottage hospital, and the Market House and Guildhall may be mentioned as noteworthy public buildings. Dartmouth has a large trade in coal, and is the seat of some successful industries. The population of the town is 6,038.

KINGSBRIDGE, a pleasantly situated and neatly built town, stands at the head of Salcombe Haven, which is navigable for vessels of some size. Here there is a tannery and a brewery, with other establishments incidental to the supply of local requirements, and a considerable trade is carried on in leather, malt, coal, and coke.

The attention of the reader is now invited to the following articles, descriptive of representative business concerns in the above-mentioned towns.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

THE STONEY COOMBE LIME AND STONE COMPANY,
IPPLEFEN, NEAR NEWTOn ABBOT.
Manager: Mr. W. MillS.

The large and extensive quarries situated in the parish of Ipplepen, near Newton Abbot, have been worked for the past forty years, and are now carried on by the Stoney Coombe Lime and Stone Company. Mr. W. Mills, who is the manager, personally superintends the whole of the operations. The quarries are advantageously located on the main line of the Great Western Railway, and thus every facility is possessed for sending off the goods without the expense of cartage. As a consequence, the Company can quote prices such as cannot be equalled by those who have not these advantages. The most modern and improved class of machinery has been adopted for breaking the very hard stone suitable for metalling, and immense lime-kilns are kept in full operation, employment being found for upwards of fifty hands in getting the stone and marble, shaping them for building and other purposes, and in burning lime. The marble obtained here is famous all over the kingdom. It is of a beautiful rich pink colour, and closely resembles the celebrated Petitor marble, but with special and desirable properties not possessed by that vein. The demand is large and widespread, and is annually increasing among sculptors and monumental masons. The stone being of a pink colour does away with the heavy and cold look so often noticed in stone buildings, and is most suitable for quoins, strings, sills, jambs, coping, &c., &c., for which the company will be pleased to supply estimates for any building or engineering purposes, and the stone can be supplied in the rough for builders and contractors for general purposes. The lime sent out from the Stoney Coombe Quarries enjoys a splendid reputation among agriculturists, and is in extensive use in this district, being universally considered to surpass the artificial manures (now so prevalent and the source believed of much disease among cattle), the dressing by lime, a well-known fact, producing better crops than can be obtained by any other treatment. Mr. Mills is a sterling business man, and has developed the resources of the estate with marked ability and well-merited success. He is in a position to execute the largest orders and to guarantee every advantage in the matter of prices. Intended purchasers, whether of marble, stone, or lime, should certainly see his specialities and inspect his pricelist before placing their orders elsewhere. The business is entirely wholesale and lies among the largest and most influential buyers. Mr. Mills is well known in trade and commercial ranks and is held in high respect for his business enterprise and personal integrity.

ALFRED COLDRIDGE, CORN STORES,
69, QUEEN STREET, NEWTON ABBOT; AND AT THE MARKET.

THIS business was initiated ten years ago, and was soon fixed upon a sound and broad basis, and every passing year has served to extend its transactions and to augment its resources and capability. The premises comprise a double-fronted shop with fine show-windows. The interior is well fitted up, while at the rear are substantially-built warehouses and stores. There is also additional accommodation possessed at the Market, adjoining the Dolphin Coffee House. The stocks held are the most varied of the kind to be found in the town or district, and have in all cases been carefully selected from the best sources of supply. They comprise extensive and admirable supplies of vegetable and agricultural seeds, flour of home and foreign origin, oat flour, lentils, peas, maize, rice, hops, &c., together with every description of fattening and feeding stuffs — patent and otherwise — for birds, pigeons, dogs, horses, cows, and calves. A leading speciality is made of oatmeals, and the house has always in hand some of the most superior kinds in wafer-flake, or rolled-oats, coarse, medium cuts, and oat flour. An extensive and rapidly increasing business is being done in this branch, the quality of the goods joined to the reasonable prices never failing to secure the continued favour and recommendation of purchasers. Mr. Coldridge does a good trade in hay, straw, and chaff, and in condiments and calf meals which are his own make, which give great satisfaction. He deals also in peat moss litter, and is local agent for Messrs. W. and H. M. Goulding's famous artificial manures. Orders are received for the Stoney Coombe Lime and Stone Company, and as their works are in connection with the Great Western Railway system, orders of any magnitude can be executed at the shortest notice, and at the most favourable prices. The business is both wholesale and retail, and the connection is a widespread and valuable one. Mr. Coldridge is well known and highly respected in the trading life of the town. He also represents the Newton Gas Company.

SPARKE HEYWARD, CORN, FORAGE, OIL-CAKE, AND MANURE MERCHANT, AND MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURER,
75, QUEEN STREET, NBWTON ABBOT.

Mr. SPARKE HEYWARD, and the business enterprises of which he has the sole control, unquestionably constitute one of the most important factors in the industrial and commercial activity of the Newton Abbot district. These enterprises may be divided into two sections, viz., his business as a dealer in corn, forage, oil-cake, and manure, and that which he conducts at his factory at Lemon Road as a manufacturer of mineral and aerated waters. His commercial headquarters are at 75, Queen Street, where he retains a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of a large amount of correspondence and other clerical work, necessitated by the numerous and important transactions in which Mr. Heyward is interested. His corn and forage business has been in prosperous existence for upwards of a quarter of a century, whilst his operations as a mineral water manufacturer commenced only at Christmas, 1893, under the style of the South Devon Mineral Water Company.

Mr. Heyward has made this new departure with his characteristic energy and enlightened spirit of enterprise, with the result that his productions have already gained a high reputation and are in great demand. The equipment of the factory is very complete, and includes all the latest practical applications of mechanical engineering science to the saving of labour and the perfecting of results in the various processes of producing mineral and aerated waters. The working plant includes one of Field & Platt’s gas-engines of four horse-power, and is, in the aggregate, the largest plant of the class in Devonshire, facilities having been created for the production of a thousand dozes bottles daily. He makes all descriptions of aerated waters, but has, with notable success, made a speciality of the manufacture of soda and of seltzer water. Here, too, he controls a large and rapidly growing business in bottling ales and stouts, which goods are disposed of both wholesale and retail. The premises at the back of Lemon Road likewise include the mills and stores, which are utilised by the proprietor in his capacity as a corn and forage merchant. He also retains additional stores at the market adjoining the Bradley Hotel — these being opened only on the Wednesday of each week, that being market-day.

At the Lemon Road works, the gas-engine which drives the mineral-water machinery is also utilised for the grinding of corn, the cutting of chaff, and kindred processes. He has, moreover, branch stores for forage at Torquay, and also at Moreton. His transactions in oil-cake and other cattle foods are also very extensive. With all the best sources of supply for the various classes of commodities in which he deals, the principal maintains such extensive and intimate relations that he is able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to his customers. He has gained a reputation for invariably supplying goods of standard qualities.

E. SMERDON, WATCHMAKER, JEWELLER, AND OPTICIAN,
4, WOLBOROUGH STREET, NEWTON ABBOT.

THIS business, which dates back in its foundation to the year 1830, stands to-day as the oldest-established among the principal concerns of its kind in the town, and is eligibly located in Wolborough Street, opposite The Tower. The spacious shop is elegantly appointed, and fitted throughout in the best modern style to hold and to effectively display a stock of goods that is remarkable for its volume, value, and variety alike. Gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture, including the celebrated “Waterbury” watches, for which E. Smerdon is the local agent; clocks and timepieces of every description; fashionable gold, silver, and gem jewellery; spectacles and eye-glasses to suit all sights: aneroids, barometers, field and opera glasses, &c., and a varied assortment of special presentation goods, including watches and clocks; silver and electro-plated ware, &c., are all fully en evidence, and are all kept strictly up-to-date. In his perfectly-equipped workshops E. Smerdon, with a staff of expert assistants, undertake the cleaning and repairing of watches and clocks, plate, and jewellery, and the engraving of presentation plate, &c., with suitable inscriptions, &c., with economy, high efficiency, and despatch; and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

HUGH MILLS, BUILDER, UNDERTAKER, HOUSE DECORATOR, &c.,
QUEEN STREET, NEWTON ABBOT.

THIS admirably conducted business, of which Mr. Hugh Mills is the proprietor, was established fifty years ago by his father. The present principal had the advantage of serving his apprenticeship under his father, and he possesses a thorough technical knowledge of the building trade, in its various departments, which he has turned to excellent account. The entrance to his extensive premises, which cover a considerable area, is from Queen Street. They comprise a range of well-equipped workshops, with spacious yards, and a well-appointed suite of offices, the latter, in combination with a roomy warehouse, having a fine frontage of plate and decorative coloured glass. The interior contains large and fully representative stocks of gas-fittings, bells, hot-water engineering appliances, with ranges, baths, and general building materials, and all the requisites for the conduct of a large business. Mr. Mills has kept himself thoroughly au courant with the modern practical applications of sanitary science to domestic engineering, and the excellence of the work which he executes in connection with this department has won for him the unreserved confidence and the steady support of many of the most influential owners of house property in the district. In the yards, again, there are heavy stocks of such materials as bricks, tiles, chimney-pots, and drain-pipes, together with a great variety of valuable timber. Mr. Mills’s operations as a building contractor are on a very large scale; and he employs, on an average, a staff of fifty hands, including skilled experts as the chiefs of departments. He erected the Liberal Club at Chudley-Knighton, also the new library and class-rooms for the Newton Abbot College Company, Limited, and has executed very extensive work in connection with the convent at Abbotsleigh, and also at Hood, Totnes. He is endowed with a large measure of organising and administrative ability, and maintains the high reputation of the firm by personal supervision of all the details of his extensive business.

JOHN WRIGHT & SON, TIMBER MERCHANTS,
WEST OF ENOLAXD SAW MILLS, NEWTON ABBOT.

Adjoining the railway, and on the banks of the river Teign, stand the well-known West of England Saw Mills, controlled by Messrs. John Wright & Son, who rank among the leading timber merchants in this part of the country. The business has been established here in Newton Abbot upwards of twenty-four years, and is very extensive, covering an area of considerably over three acres. There are large steam sawing and planing mills, besides offices, and the spacious yards contain large stocks of English timber of all kinds. The mills are equipped with every working convenience, and have a fine plant of the best modern machinery adapted to every requirement of the trade. The bulk timber is brought up from the yards to the mills by means of travelling steam cranes, and the whole establishment is admirably organised for economy of labour and rapidity of production. The firm hold large stocks of oak scantlings, elm boards, deals, and all other timber ready for use for builders, contractors, and others; and they have excellent facilities of transport by rail and water, enabling them to execute orders with the utmost despatch. They also manufacture on the premises gates, hurdles, telegraph arms, &c., for the strength and good workmanship of which they enjoy a high reputation.

But, perhaps, Messrs. Wright's leading speciality is the patent automatically-closing case for wines, mineral waters, &c., made with their patent corner clips, which entirely do away with hoop-iron, which is so objectionable, and in a great many cases saves the hands from being cut while handling the boxes, of which they are the makers. This valuable invention has been extensively protected by letters patent, and is in great demand. It can be opened and closed in the simplest and most effective manner, and the special fastening prevents the contents being tampered with. No cord is required, and only half the usual amount of sealing-wax is needed. No implement is necessary for opening, as that can be done wholly by hand; and it is not necessary to nail down the covers when returning “empties.” The cases are made either sliding or hinged, and the fastenings can be fixed to hinged covers simply by cutting a slot and driving in a few nails and a staple. Such a case as this is obviously a boon to wine merchants, aerated water manufacturers, &c.; and it is not surprising to learn that it is being sent out in great numbers to all parts of the world, complete with fastenings and instructions. Fastenings alone are also sent when required. Messrs John Wright & Son, as the sole patentees and manufacturers, are entitled to great credit for a unique and extremely useful and practical invention. The entire business of this notable firm is conducted with marked ability and enterprise under the personal supervision of the principals, and they enjoy the support and confidence of a valuable and widespread connection.

E. HUXTABLE, WATCH AND CLOCK MAKER, WORKING JEWELLER, SILVERSMITH, AND OPTICIAN,
QUEEN STEEET, NEWTON ABBOT.

MODERN practical horology, and the kindred crafts of the working jeweller, silversmith, and scientific optician, find an able representative at the town of Newton Abbot in the person of Mrs. S. J. Huxtable, assisted by her son, as successor to a business, now the principal one of its kind in the town, which was organised about four-and-thirty years ago by the late Mr. E. Huxtable, under whose well-known name the business is still conducted. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in Queen Street, the spacious double-fronted shop is elegantly appointed throughout, and displays a stock of goods that is remarkable for its value and variety, being composed of gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture; clocks and timepieces of every description, wedding, signet, and fancy rings; sterling silver and electroplated ware suitable for gifts and presentations; fashionable gold, silver, and gem jewellery and fancy bijouterie; a selection of over eight hundred spectacles and eye-glasses to suit all sights; opera and field glasses, microscopes, barometers, thermometers, and optical and philosophical instruments of every kind. In her perfectly-equipped workshop Mrs. Huxtable employs a staff of expert craftsmen to undertake the cleaning and repairing of watches and clocks, plate and jewellery, &c., with economy, efficiency, and despatch; and the large and liberal patronage she enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that her efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in her own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

STOCKMAN BROTHERS, ROLLER FLOUR MILLS,
NEWTON ABBOT.

THESE important flour mills, which are among the largest between Plymouth and Exeter, are unique in the antiquity of their history, for they are known to have existed as far back as the fourteenth century; that is to say, a mill stood upon this site in that remote period, and the industry of flour-milling has been continuously carried on here ever since. Of course, the premises have been several times rebuilt, and in their present form they are very extensive and comparatively modern. Internally, they are equipped with roller plant and all accessories upon the best principles now known in the trade. Both steam and water power are used to drive the machinery, but the former is called into requisition only when the water becomes deficient. The water-power is derived from the river Lemon, which passes through the premises, and thus constitutes a great source of advantage to the firm. Besides producing flour of excellent quality in several grades to suit different requirements, Messrs. Stockman Brothers also do a large trade as grain dealers, and supply oats, barley, &c., of all kinds, both crushed, in the form of meal, and whole. They supply bakers and the trade generally with flour, for which they have a high reputation, and their arrangements for prompt delivery of goods are thoroughly satisfactory. The connection of this firm is widespread and influential, and they are favourably known throughout this part of the country for the uniform excellence of everything they supply. The business has been in the hands of the Stockman family since about the year 1790, and the present principals are Messrs. John and Henry Stockman, who personally superintend all the operations of the concern, and who have done much to increase its prestige in the trade.

TOTNES.

J. SELWOOD, FISHING-TACKLE MANUFACTURER, BUILDER AND CONTRACTOR,
THE ABCH HOUSE, 73, FORE STREET, TOTNES.

TWENTY-FOUR years have now elapsed since Mr. J. Selwood commenced operations at Totnes as a general builder and contractor, and he stands to-day as one of the principal representatives of the trade in the town, employing a staff of from twenty to thirty skilled artisans, according to the season or the contracts in hand. Mr. Selwood operates extensively in every branch of the modern builders’ and contractors’ crafts, undertaking the erection of dwelling-houses of every kind, from the cottage to the mansion, factories, shops, public buildings, churches, and so forth, and executing repairs and alterations by contract or otherwise. In testimony to his skill and success as a builder, it may be noted that he erected by contract the fine series of dwellings in Totnes, known as “Rhine Villas,” and undoubtedly ranks as one of the leading builders in the county.

About ten years ago Mr. Selwood, as a lover of the “gentle sport,” turned his attention to piscatorial business, by bringing his extensive knowledge of angling to bear upon the manufacture of fishing-tackle, with such marked ability and well-directed enterprise, that his establishment, known as “The Arch House,” in Fore Street, now stands as the favourite resort for anglers in South Devon, in search of advice and tackle. In his spacious, handsomely appointed office and showroom, Mr. Selwood maintains quite a unique and varied stock of fishing-tackle, including rods from 1s. to 45s.; reels and lines in great variety, minnows of every description, including his “Improved Devon or Totnes Minnow”: flies in large assortment, any special pattern desired being made to order by experts on the premises at the shortest notice, and anglers' sundries of every kind up-to-date. In his workshops at the rear, Mr. Selwood employs a staff of experienced hands to undertake the making of rods, flies, and tackle of every kind to order, and to execute repairs in all branches with economy, efficiency, and despatch. He grants fishing licences for salmon and trout, on the Dart and Hems; tickets for the Cleveland Manor fishing, and is always ready to extend the courtesy of sound advice upon; all questions relating to local angling to inquirers, and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in his clients’ interests as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

E. H. COOKE, DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST,
29, FORE STREET, TOTNES.

PRACTICAL pharmacy finds an able exponent in the person of Mr. E. H. Cooke, who, some fourteen years since, succeeded a Mr. Rees in the development of a business which was established more than half a century ago. Mr. Cooke has a special widespread reputation as the sole manufacturer of “Rees’s Furniture Gloss,” for which he commands not only a local and West of England trade, but which he also supplies to wholesale agents and dealers in London. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in Fore Street, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed, and displays a complete and comprehensive stock of goods composed of an exhaustive series of recognised drugs and chemicals; all the popular patent medicines of the day; pure teas, and tobaccos of every kind; choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites; all manner of medical and Surgical appliances; and chemists’ sundries of every description. In his professional department, Mr. Cooke operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, devoting the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physicians' prescriptions, and the compounding of recipes, by reason of which he has won the esteem and confidence of the Totnes public and a large number of tourists who visit this lovely part of Devon for the benefit of their health.

JOHN SYMONS & COMPANY LIMITED, CIDER AND WINE MAKERS,
LONDON:- BUTCHER ROW, RATCLIFFE, E. LIVERPOOL:- 26, FREDERICK STREET. HEAD OFFICE AND MILLS:- TOTNES, DEVEON.

OF all British industries dealing with the products of the soil, few are older and none more interesting or characteristic than that of cider-making. The ancient town of Totnes, in Devonshire, has become the headquarters of this notable industry, owing to its advantageous situation in the midst of the best apple-growing districts; and here the firm of Messrs. John Symons & Co., Limited, conduct a gigantic business which may almost be said to monopolise the cider product of this part of the country. The firm in question has absorbed a number of other houses from time to time, including one which was probably the oldest in the trade, and its position as the leading cider-making concern of the district is now fully recognised. It was this firm which took the initiative in bringing cider-manufacture to its present state of scientific perfection, and on that score great credit is due to Mr. Henry Symons, now the head of the house, for the very active part he has played in improving all the methods of this industry, and establishing its processes upon the soundest and most systematic basis.

Messrs. John Symons & Co. have establishments in all the chief cider localities of Devon; and in addition to their very large stores and mills at Totnes, they have others at Dartington, Newton Abbot, Tuckenhay, Bridgetown, Paignton, Buckfastleigh, and Exeter, all of these places being provided with ample facilities for the part they play in the firm's far-reaching trade. The works at Totnes and Tuckenhay, situated by the side of the river Dart, and possessing the best conveniences of transport both by rail or river, afford as fine an illustration of the work of cider-making, fining, bottling, and storing, as can be met with anywhere; and on the principle ex pede Herculem, one may gather from the enormous quantity of material handled here, and the immensity of the product therefrom, some idea of the magnitude of Messrs. Symons's operations in their entirety — that is to say, when the labours and results of all their other establishments are added to those at Totnes.

It is obviously impossible to describe in this brief sketch the various stages of an industry which is so complex in its routine, and which calls for such constant care and skill as that of cider-making. However, we are enabled from photographs to give a few views which may convey some idea of the processes. View No. 1 shows the apples on ground floor, having been just taken from railway-trucks standing alongside the premises. These apples are being sent to top floor, for crushing, by a powerful elevator, the buckets of which can be seen filled with fruit, and just standing for the purpose of being photographed.

In view No. 2 is illustrated the apples ready for one of the mills, which, at a speed of over 1,500 revolutions per minute, converts them into pulp, locally called “pomace.” This falls into large tanks, which are placed in next floor, where it is allowed to stand awhile to mature, and is then let down to the platform of the press, and laid-up in straining cloths to form a cheese, as shown in No. 3 view. Having been run on a short tramway to the press, a pressure is gradually put on up to 150 tons; the expressed juice running into large cider tanks underneath the next floor.

View No. 4 represents a section of “fermenting floor,” where it is refined, and considering that to work one pipe takes a superficial area of 24 square feet, it will be seen that in a plentiful year, when from 12,000 to 14,000 hogsheads of cider are made by the firm, it requires a space of 165,000 square feet. This space is found in the numerous stores in Totnes and those dotted about the county; and, including their London and Liverpool stores, the firm claim that they have greater storage and space devoted to the manufacture of cider than any other house in the trade.

From the foregoing it can be gathered that Messrs. John Symons & Co. have such a representative establishment at Totnes, and hold such a dominant position in the trade, that their works have frequently been selected for detailed description by writers in the press and other mediums of public information and instruction. Doubtless many of our readers have come across one or more of these descriptive accounts, and gathered from the same a fair idea of the nature of cider manufacture, and the methods upon which it is conducted by this leading firm. It will be sufficient for our purpose to say that Messrs. Symons conduct every process under conditions which their long experience has sanctioned as being productive of the best results, and in doing this they utilise the very latest improvements in machinery and appliances, not a few of which are the outcome of the careful study Mr. Henry Symons has devoted to the chemical aspect of this industry, and to the needs of advancement in that direction. We were greatly impressed with the splendid organisation of the firm's mills at Totnes, and with the smooth working of the whole industry, and the cleanliness of the works. Particularly noteworthy are the improved steam crushing-machines for reducing the apples to pulp or “pomace,” and also the four tremendously powerful Boomer presses, whereby the greatest possible percentage of pure juice is extracted from the pulp. We also noticed the special care taken to prevent metallic contamination, a matter of vital importance in cider-making.

With the ample resources at their command — the improved apparatus, the matured experience, and the special technical skill — it is not surprising that Messrs. John Symons & Co. should be successful in producing cider of a quality and character which are recognised as unsurpassable. Their delicious and exhilarating “Sparkling Devonshire Cider” is a beverage which has won the highest encomiums and medallic honours at our great home and colonial exhibitions; and for purity, wholesomeness, and refreshing effect, one bottle of it is worth a dozen of the so-called “temperance drinks” of the period, which are generally devoid of all character save that of unspeakable insipidity. Why such a magnificent beverage as this, possessing such valuable properties and so high an individuality, should not be universally consumed by Englishmen is, as Lord Dundreary puts it, “one of those things which no fellow can understand.” The matter formed the subject of a leading article in the Daily Telegraph not long since, the writer of which, after reviewing the many recommendations of really good west-country cider, concludes his remarks by saying — “Now that wheat is not worth so much as the farmers used to get for the straw, what could be better than to see apple and pear orchards everywhere increasing in congenial situations, and their rich and natural wine restored to an equality of honour with John Barleycorn?”

Whether the growing of apples and pears for cider and perry manufacture could be overdone, would, of course, soon be decided in practice, but one thing is certain, there is much to be said for a greatly-increased consumption of good sound cider in all parts of the country and a large meed of public gratitude is due to Messrs. John Symons & Co. for their splendid brand of the “vintage of the orchard,” and for the enterprise they have displayed in widely introducing it and promoting its popularity in quarters where it has been but little known. Their enormous and ever-growing trade proclaims the successful issue of this spirited policy, and shows that the public are ready to take up and patronise a thoroughly genuine article when it is properly brought before their notice.

We must also record the success that has attended this firm in the production of new beverages in which the fine properties of the apple juice are combined with better keeping qualities than those of ordinary cider. In this connection Messrs. Symons' “Champagne” and “Moselle” wines and sparkling “Symonia” are specialities which will agreeably astonish the consumer. Apart from their very delicious flavour, they have a style which closely approximates to that of the grape vintages after which they are named, and being most attractively put up in champagne bottles with capsules and labels complete, they have achieved a world-wide and well-merited success, and secured what we believe to be a permanent place in the market. Messrs. Symons, through the researches of the present accomplished head of the firm, Mr. Henry Symons (who, by the way, has been Mayor of Totnes, and has played a very prominent part in local affairs here), have been successful in cultivating and utilising a pure cider yeast, which produces a pure fermentation, and consequently a much more staple and reliable cider, both for bottling and draught, than the old method of spontaneous fermentation.

Altogether it will be seen that this noted firm rank high among the chief factors in Devonian industry, and their business is a source of profit to the farming community, in addition to furnishing employment to a large number of workers, both directly and indirectly. The firm supply the trade everywhere with their cider and apple wines, the popularity of which is constantly increasing; and they have large stores for distributing purposes at London and Liverpool, from which ports they also export to almost all quarters of the globe. The affairs of the concern (now a limited liability company) are administered with conspicuous ability in every department, and remain under the personal supervision and supreme direction of Mr. Henry Symons, to whose energy, perseverance, and scientific attainments, the prosperity of the business is so largely attributable. The Daily Telegraph, July 25th, 1894, says:— “Does anybody wish to help agriculture? Does anybody want never to have
Asiatic cholera, or gout, or rheumatism, or stone? Does anybody desire to grow to a great age in rude health, and to have no occasion to frequent foreign spas, and imbibe nauseating waters? Does anybody ask to know the name of a drink — a British drink — which will ensure all these benefits with many others besides? A chorus of affirmative replies will naturally be returned to these queries, and the temperance party itself will join in the excited clamour when the drink about to be mentioned is described as containing less alcohol than most teetotal beverages, besides being, when pure and properly made, in the highest degree refreshing and delightful— THIS DRINK IS CIDER!"

W. HAMLYN & SON, COAL AND COKE MERCHANTS.
OFFICES: 30, HIGH STREET. STORES: RAILWAY STATION AND ST PETER’S QUAY, TOTNES.

AN old-established and important business is that carried on under the title of Messrs. W. Hamlyn & Son, coal and coke merchants. This is the oldest trade of its kind in the town, and was originally founded by the late Captain Fowl. The present title was assumed in 1886, and although Mr. W. Hamlyn has since died, and the business is now the sole property of his son, Mr. F. W. Hamlyn, the respected designation of the firm has been retained. Large and conveniently arranged premises are occupied at the addresses above stated, every facility being possessed here for the adequate control of the commercial part of the business. The offices are in telephonic communication with the coal stores, which are at the Great Western Railway station and St. Peter's Quay. Mr. Hamlyn is thoroughly conversant with the coal trade, and in direct connection with the best sources of supply. He has always on hand an ample stock of Newcastle, Wallsend, Dowtop, and kitchen coals, and the best kinds of coke. Buying in large quantities, and under the best conditions, he can always insure his patrons a good article at the lowest current prices. Contracts are taken for summer stocks and yearly supplies, and prompt delivery is effected by the firm’s own carts and wagons. Mr. Hamlyn is Clerk to the Halwell and Morleigh School Board; agent for the Provident Life Office and County Fire Office, and also for the Devon and Exeter Savings Bank; secretary to the West of England Slate Company (Limited), and local representative of the West of England Sack-Hiring Company; and, in addition to this, organist of the parish church of Harberton. From this it will be seen that the gentleman under notice is a thoroughly busy man, while the meritorious manner in which he conducts his business, and the careful supervision he exercises over each department, have greatly tended to increase the popularity of his house. Mr. Hamlyn is now in touch with one of the largest coal proprietors in Wales, and is able to give special quotations for truckloads of any quality coal, to be sent direct from the colliery to any station in Devonshire.

HOLMAN & SON, MALTSTERS, CORN, SEED, MANURE, COAL, AND GENERAL BUILDERS’ MERCHANTS,
THE PLAINS, TOTNES.

THE reputation of Totnes, as a centre for the importation and the wholesale distribution of requisites for agricultural, domestic, and building purposes, has been principally based, during the last twenty-five years, upon the magnitude of the business operations of Messrs. Holman & Son. Their premises are situated on the Plains, and comprise malt-houses, with roomy stores, severally utilised for the holding of stocks of corn, flour, manure, cement, slates, bricks, and coal. The large area thus occupied comprises a commodious office, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of business. For the purposes of transportation, these premises are most conveniently situated on the banks of the Dart, and they have every accommodation for shipping and discharging. A railway aiding also runs in front of the stores. Messrs. Holman & Son are well known in the market as large importers of grain of all kinds, especially by direct shipments of oats from Ireland; also of coals from some of the most famous collieries in England. They also control a large business in artificial manures; and likewise, in cement, and generally in materials and requisites for the building trades. They supply many leading brewers with malt of an invariably high quality, farmers and millers with grain, retail dealers with flour, and builders with a great variety of commodities. Their valuable business connection extends all over the counties of Devon and Somerset, and they employ a permanent staff of about a dozen hands, this number being indefinitely increased when cargoes have to be unloaded. The business which the firm control is, for the most part, wholesale; but, in regard to the supply of coal, many of the most influential families resident in the district, are included in the firm's list of customers.

DARTMOUTH.

F. W. GULLETT, ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTOR, ENGRAVER, ETC.,
NEw ROAD, DARTMOUTH.

The art of the architectural sculptor and engraver is represented in Dartmouth by the admirably organised business which Mr. F. W. Gullett conducts. This gentleman began his operations at the New Road only about eight months ago, but he brought to his enterprise here a very high professional reputation gained throughout the long period during which he has conducted the business of his establishment at Yealmpton. These works are admirably equipped with all the mechanical requisites for the perfecting of results in the several processes of stone-working. He employs a staff of skilled experts, whose numbers are increased in accordance with the exigencies of special contracts. Mr. Gullett’s premises at Dartmouth comprise a fine show-room with an attractive double frontage, and a well-appointed office. In the showroom are many interesting examples of beautiful works executed on the premises, including headstones, crosses, monuments, wash-tops, Devonshire marble columns, hall and inlaid table-tops, inkstands, &c., together with specimens of architectural work for churches and other public buildings. A speciality has, with notable success, been made of the production of marble chimney-pieces. Mr. Gullett has facilities for working all kinds of suitable materials, such as granite, Portland and Bath stone, and marble. He has executed a very large amount of high-class work in fulfilling contracts for the decorative stonework of churches, including the sacred edifices at Ness, Abetan, Bovey Tracey, Welbeck Abbey, and the Brompton Oratory, London. He also executed the contract for the stonework of the Subscription Rooms, at Dartmouth. He is, at the present time, engaged upon the stone sculpture-work of St. Saviour's Church, Dartmouth, including a beautifully ornate niche for a standing figure. There is a widespread demand for his beautiful monumental work, and he has recently had occasion to sand a cross, in Devon marble, to Montenegro, and another to Germany. He has, too, within a recent date, satisfactorily completed the erection of a splendid entrance-hall, in Devon marble, to Lord Ravelstoke’s mansion.

W. G. ELLIS & CO., TAILORS, HATTERS, HOSIERS, AND GENERAL CLOTHIERS,
1, FAIRFAX PLACE, DARTMOUTH.

THIS admirably-equipped establishment, the most extensive of its class in the district, was founded in 1859 by Mr. W. G. Ellis, who, since the decease of his son, who was associated in partnership with him, under the style of W. G. Ellis & Co., has been the sole proprietor of the business. To him belongs the distinction of having been the first to introduce into Dartmouth that branch of the business known as “gentlemen’s outfitting,” and of having thus created an epoch in the local commercial history. His premises occupy a commanding position in Fairfax Place, and comprise a building of exceptional length, four storeys high, having a handsome double frontage. In the ample shop-windows there is always an interesting exhibition of the latest and most approved novelties in hosiery, shirts, collars, neck-ties, handkerchiefs, &c., together with hats, gaiters, travelling bags and portmanteaus, dressing gowns, and beautiful woollen fabrics suitable for making up into gentlemen's garments. In addition to the classes of goods which have already been indicated, Mr. Ellis has always on hand an excellent assortment of Dent's gloves, and he is the specially-appointed local agent for Dr. Jaeger's underclothing and guernseys.

The tailoring department is excellently equipped. The stock of textile fabrics suitable for tailoring purposes represents the beet productions of the looms of the West of England, Yorkshire, Scotland, and Ireland, and includes a constant succession of beautiful novelties. Mr. Ellis employs a staff of nine, or more, highly skilled workmen, one of them being a cutter who is a past-master of his art, the principal himself having had a thorough professional training in this branch of the business. Elegance in design and absolute fit are, therefore, always attained. In connection with this department Mr. Ellis has achieved a high reputation for the yachting outfits which he supplies. He was entrusted with the outfitting of the crews of the ‘Nyanza’ yacht (Capt. Dewar), ‘Derwent’ (H. Bridson, Esq.), ‘Lancer’ (Capt. Hayes), and others, and he completed the respective contracts with the most satisfactory results. He also supplies yaohts’ flags and other requisites. A considerable amount of business is also transacted in the making of shirts to order. The work is done in accordance with the best scientific system, and a competent female staff is engaged in the making and repairing of these garments.

The business is, for the most part, but not exclusively, retail. The excellent methods adopted in its conduct include the marking of all goods in plain figures, a discount of five per cent, being allowed upon all purchases over ten shillings in value. Mr. Ellis personally and assiduously supervises all the working details of his extensive business, and is also able to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. Thus he is an active and much respected member of the Town Council, and for the last year has held the responsible position of chairman of the Finance Committee. For six years, too, he was churchwarden; and he was also, for some years, chairman of the (Dartmouth) Committee of the Young Men’s Christian Association.

THE CHANNEL COALING COMPANY, LIMITED,
CUSTOM HOUSE QUAY, DARTMOUTH.

COALING facilities upon a large and very complete scale are provided for steamships calling at Dartmouth for bunkers by the above-named Company, whose operations have assumed proportions of great magnitude since their commencement. The concern was started in December, 1888, by Messrs. Jasper Bartlett, F. C. Simpson, F. Strickland, and a few others in Dartmouth, and Mr. E. T. Agius, of London; and in 1891 depots were established at Portland and Plymouth. At the latter port the business is managed by Messrs. Fox, Sons 7 Co. No change has taken place in the proprietary of the Company since its foundation, and the directors now are Mr. Jasper Bartlett, junior (Chairman), Mr. E. T. Agius, Mr. F. C. Simpson, Mr. F. Strickland, and Mr. H. M. Turnor. Mr. F. C. Coarsens is Secretary to the Company; and the registered offices, which are very commodious and admirably appointed, are situated in an excellent position on the Custom House Quay at Dartmouth, adjoining the Custom House.

The Company’s business is in Welsh and North Country steam coal for the mercantile marine, and this they supply in vast quantities to steamers calling at Dartmouth, Portland, or Plymouth, or putting in there to replenish their bunkers. In the routine of their daily business, the Channel Coaling Company employ between three hundred and four hundred labourers — a fact which sufficiently indicates the extent and importance of their undertakings, and the immense amount of coal they are constantly handling. They have two regular steam colliers plying between the Welsh ports and their depots at Dartmouth, Portland, and Plymouth, and consequently have always an ample supply of fresh coal in stock. The storage capacity at their command is adequate for about seven thousand five hundred tons in floating hulks, which are worked at all times as required, night or day, Sundays, holidays, or feast days.

The Company are also shipbrokers and insurance agents, and they have a powerful twin-screw tug, ‘Petrel,’ stationed at Portland for the purpose of attending ships frequenting the port, and for whose owners they act. This tug has been found to be of invaluable service at all times, and more especially in rough weather, when it is usually impossible to have communication with the shore unless such a convenience as this is available. The Company’s coaling business (which is, of course, the chief feature of their operations), is with ships of all nations, and a large, influential, and increasing connection is maintained, the affairs of the concern being very ably administered, and the work of supply carried out with unfailing promptitude and satisfaction, both as to terms and quality of coal. In short, this Company is one of the most important organisations of its kind on the south-west coast, and has achieved a success which is in every respect will merited.

The telegraphic addresses for the three depots are as follows:— “Coals, Dartmouth”; “Coals, Portland”; and “Fox, Plymouth.” Prices will be sent on application to F. C. Coarsens, Secretary; or to the following agents:— Edward T. Agius, 101, Leadenhall Street, London; telegrams, “Agius.” Edward T. Agius, The Exchange, Cardiff; telegrams, “Agius.” Agius & Co., 1, Cail’s Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne; telegrams, “Agius.” Agius & Co., 76, Bothwell Street, Glasgow; telegrams, “Agius.” Edward Tancred Agius & Co., Malta; telegrams, “Tancred.” John Coverdale & Son, West Hartlepool; telegrams, “Coverdale.” C. H. Greenwell, Sunderland; telegrams, “Greenwell.” T. A. Bulmer & Co., Middlesbro’-on-Tees; telegrams, “Bulmer.” W. G. Killick & Co., 26, Chapel Street, Liverpool; telegrams, “Killick.” R. Peguero, Esq., 12, Esk Terrace, Whitby; telegrams, “Peguero.”

R. S. OLDREIVE, FAMILY BUTCHER AND DAIRYMAN,
FAIBFAX PLACS, DARTMOUTH.

THE purveying of fresh meat of the finest quality finds an able representative at Dartmouth in the person of Mr. R. S. Oldreive, who during the past ten years has successfully continued a business which had been organised by his father as far back as half a century ago. Mr. Oldreive is possessed of a model dairy farm and sanitary slaughterhouse in the neighbourhood of the town, and is thereby enabled to offer patrons produce of exclusively the best quality in the finest condition for consumption, and at exceptionally favourable prices. His premises in Fairfax Place, near to the Post Office, consist of two spacious shops. The first of these is open-fronted, fitted with fine marble slabs, and is always abundantly stocked with expertly dressed carcases, sides, joints and cuts of home-fed ox-beef and wether-mutton, dairy-fed pork, house lamb and veal in their respective seasons, together with prime pickled hams and tongues, choicely corned beef, sausages freshly made day by day, and the like, all of which are offered for sale by the polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices consistent with the fluctuations of the market. The adjoining shop, under the management of Mrs. Oldreive, with its fine plate-glass front and handsome modern appointments, serves aa a shop for choice dairy produce, such as pure milk and rich cream, the latter of which is sent daily in large quantities by parcel post to all parts of the country, fresh butter, new-laid eggs, poultry, etc., and always presents a singularly neat, clean, and inviting appearance. Here too, Mrs. Oldreive caters for customers and visitors requiring sleeping accommodation, or who may desire to take luncheon, dinner, or tea on the premises, which contain two large dining-rooms on the first floor, her cuisine being excellent, service unexceptionable, and tariff of charges very moderate. Mr. R. S. Oldreive directs all the affairs of his house in person, and his methods of management are identical in nature with those which have, in time past, influenced and brought about a continuous increase and development in the resources and undertakings of his now extensive and moat noteworthy business.

J. BARTLETT & CO., THE BOROUGH SUPPLY STORES AND WARFLEET BREWERY,
DARTMOUTH, KINGSMEAD AND BRIXHAM.

THE very extensive and admirably organised business conducted by Messrs. J. Bartlett & Co. under the style of the Borough Supply Stores, dates back to 1838, and has for many years constituted one of the principal mediums for the supply of the commissariat requirements of residents in Dartmouth, Kingsmead and Brixham. The business, previous to the changes which led to the adoption of the present style and title, was for a long period conducted by Messrs. Bartlett Brothers. The headquarters of the great establishment which the firm have created occupy a commanding corner position on the quay at Dartmouth. Their premises were some time ago partially destroyed by fire, and were rebuilt in 1880, in accordance with plans specially made to meet the particular requirements of the business. Structurally, therefore, as well as otherwise, the establishment forms a model of its class. At the present time the premises comprise a range of extensive buildings, three and four storeys high, and form a commodious sale-shop, with a well-appointed office and a series of roomy warehouses. An ample plate-glass frontage has an attractive appearance which is altogether in keeping with the high-class character of the business. The five lofty show-windows, with their tastefully arranged exhibits of appetizing comestibles and choice beverages, form points of never-failing interest. The exceptionally spacious interior is handsomely appointed, and is commodious enough to admit of the effective display of samples, and the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the notably comprehensive stocks always held. These include all descriptions of the finest groceries and provisions, together with a splendid assortment of table luxuries, such as might be looked for in an Italian warehouse of the highest class in the West End of London. With all the best sources of supply for the several classes of goods in which they deal, the firm maintain relations of such long standing, such intimacy, and such extent, that they are able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to their numerous customers, amongst whom are included very many of the most distinguished and influential families resident in the several districts of Dartmouth, Kingsmear and Brixham.

The enterprise shown by Messrs. Bartlett & Co. in reference to the supply of their stock is, in some respects, altogether exceptional, inasmuch as they import large quantities of the finest colonial and foreign produce direct, taking advantage of the frequent calling at Dartmouth of large trading steamers. The resources of the establishment are completed by the fully representative stock of choice wines and spirits which are held by the firm in their capacity as agents for the famous house of W. & A. Gilbey. They also possess unusual facilities, to which further reference will be made, for the supply of high-class malt liquors. At the rear of the premises are the large warehouses, in which are held, in readiness for all demands, very heavy surplus stocks of non-perishable goods. Here, also, are the ample wine and spirit cellars.

Messrs. J. Bartlett & Co. are also the proprietors of the Warfleet Brewery, with its adjacent cooperage, which are situated at a little distance from Dartmouth. At this brewery, which is provided with all the requisite mechanical appliances of the most approved modern type, the firm produce excellent pale dinner ale, and bright, sparkling, and light lager beer, of remarkably high quality, which is supplied at the notably moderate rate of one shilling per gallon, in casks of all sizes, carriage paid, and also in imperial pint bottles. Their Crown pale ale, and a mild dinner ale which they produce, are also in great demand. The Warfleet ales are brewed from the finest English hops and malt, the perfectly pure water being obtained from a spring near the premises. These ales possess the tonic properties of hop bitters combined with the nutritious qualities of malt extract. For these productions Mr. Bartlett has been awarded a prize medal. The headquarters of the firm at Dartmouth are connected with the branches at Kingsmead and Brixham by telephone, the number being 5. The principal, Mr. J. Bartlett, is gifted with a very large degree of administrative and executive ability. He thus personally supervises all the working details of his extensive business. He is Chairman of the Dartmouth and District Chamber of Commerce, and is now, at the time of going to press, a candidate for a seat on the County Council.

MESSRS. PHILIP & SON, ENGINEERS, SHIP AND YACHT BUILDERS, CONTRACTORS TO THE ADMIRALTY,
SANDQUAY, DARTMOUTH.

ONE of the leading industries of Dartmouth is carried on by Messrs. Philip & Son at their works at Sandquay. This well-known and highly reputed firm commenced operations as far back as the year 1858, and their business has become a very extensive one since then, a fact which is apparent to all who visit the shipyard and workshops, and note the activity prevailing therein. Messrs. Philip & Son's establishment covers a large space of ground on the bank of the river Dart, and comprises fitting and boiler shops, shipwrights' and engineering shops, joinery works, boat-building sheds, mast and spar making shops, foundry, and offices, together with spacious stores for materials, and building berths, which admit of the construction of ships and yachts up to three hundred tons burthen. The firm are noted for light, fast-sailing vessels, and have a great reputation for their steam launches. These they build both for river and sea use, with compound and high pressure engines, and they always have launches available for hire. That Messrs. Philip & Son are contractors to the Admiralty for launch and cutter building, goes to prove the high opinion entertained in quarters of authority with respect to the character of their work. Last year they built five large cutters for Her Majesty’s Dockyard, and also a very large steam yacht for A. K. Hamilton, Esq.. for the French canals and Mediterranean cruising.

Messrs. Philip & Son have built yachts for many distinguished patrons, including the late Lord Alfred Paget; and among their other specialities in naval architecture may be mentioned screw and paddle-wheel steamers for passenger and other traffic, half-raters, and merchant steamers of various types, in all of which they have turned out very superior work. With the splendid facilities at their command (including a patent slip, and “gridiron,” two hundred feet long), they are in a position to execute all kinds of repairs to ships’ hulls and machinery with promptitude, and to give estimates upon very favourable terms for every class of work pertaining to their trade. They also produce bridge work, tanks, engines, pontoons, &c. A part of the pontoon work at Dartmouth was executed by this firm. They built the ‘Totnes Castle,’ and designed the ‘Dartmouth Castle’ and ‘Berry Castle’ steamboats for the river Dart; und among the many craft that have emanated from their works are boats for the West Coast of Africa, for the fisheries of Newfoundland and the North Sea, and for the Mersey Pilot Service.

The works of this firm are admirably organised for the rapid execution of contracts, and their trade extends to all parts of the world, the widespread connection they maintain constituting a testimony to the high standard of excellence that characterises all their productions. The whole business is conducted with marked ability and enterprise, and owes its success very largely to the careful personal supervision it has always received. Telegraphic Address: “Philip, Dartmouth.”

J. & C. PITTS, PURVEYORS,
DARTMOUTH.

THE buainess carried on under the above title, is the largest and most influential of its kind in Dartmouth, and is, moreover, one of the oldest, if not absolutely the oldest, and was for many years conducted as Pitts & Sons. After that the present style was assumed, and is still retained, although Mr. C. Pitts is dead, and the business is the sole property of Mr. J. Pitts, by whom it is energetically and ably conducted. During his long connection with the trade, Mr. Pitts has acquired an intimate knowledge of the wants and requirements of the public, and the ample resources at his command enable him to maintain and augment the prestige his house enjoys for the high-class character of everything he handles. The present premises have only been occupied for the past twelve years, but the business has always been carried on in the town, the site of operations prior to this one being in the market. They have a splendid frontage of thirty feet in extent, with lofty show window, fitted with marble slabs, while the shop is spacious in extent and handsomely appointed, and the walls tastefully lined with white and blue tiles. At the back is a compact office, and the place altogether has that bright and attractive appearance only to be seen in the best managed establishments of this kind.

No man in the district is a better judge of cattle than Mr. Pitts, and no one has ampler resources for procuring the best of everything in his line. All his stock is slaughtered at his farm at Stokefleming, where slaughter-houses have been erected on the most improved sanitary principles. This enterprising purveyor has always on hand at his retail premises, a fresh daily supply of ox-beef, wether-mutton and pork, and also lamb and veal when in season. Only the finest class of meat is offered at this responsible house, and it is always in the highest state of perfection. The house bears an excellent repute for its many toothsome specialities, and its pickled tongues, sausages, and corned beef are such as cannot be matched elsewhere. Air. Pitts holds a game license, and is always the first to show every kind of fur or feathered game and poultry. The supplies are well selected and embrace everything in season, including the finest grade of fresh and fancy poultry, spring chickens, fowls, turkeys, ducks, geese, partridges, snipe, hares, etc. He also deals largely in butter, cream, milk, and dairy produce generally, which he procures direct from his extensive farm at Stokefleming. An efficient staff of assistants is kept, and families are waited upon daily, all goods being delivered by own carts. In addition to a splendid high-class family trade, the house is doing a large business in supplying ships and yachts, and a contract is now being filled with H.M.S. Britannia. Ships are also supplied with live or dead stock. Mr. Pitts is a reliable and honourable tradesman and an esteemed and respected citizen.

MR. JOHN LIDSTONE, WATCH, CLOCK, AND CHRONOMETER MAKER, OPTICIAN AND JEWELLER,
LOWER STREET, DARTMOUTH.

NO account of the trading establishments of Dartmouth would be complete without particular reference to the one controlled by Mr. John Lidstone, watch, clock, and chronometer maker, optician and jeweller, of Lower Street, as being the oldest and most important of its kind in the town. This responsible business was founded in 1829, and after encountering the changes and vicissitudes of sixty-five years, is as fresh and vigorous as ever, and fully abreast with the wants and requirements of the present time in this continually changing and progressive trade. Mr. Lidstone has been at the head of affairs for the past twenty years. He is a gentleman of wide experience in the trade, and was for many years with the celebrated house of Messrs. Benson & Co., London; and to his ability and intelligent enterprise the present prosperity of the concern is to be mainly attributed. The house enjoys a first-class reputation, and patrons can always be sure of obtaining the best class of goods and of receiving sterling value for their money. The premises comprise a full-fronted shop with large plate-glass windows attractively filled with a first-rate selection of the goods on sale; the shop is spacious and fitted up with stands, showcases, and every requisite for displaying the commodities to the very best advantage; and the repairing department is, in arrangement and equipment, thoroughly well adapted to the purposes on hand. The supplies held have been procured from the most eligible sources known to the trade, and embrace all the standard lines and the latest and most desirable novelties.

As a watch, dock, and chronometer maker, Mr. Lidstone has earned a high repute in the district. His productions are turned out in a perfectly finished and artistic state, strong in material, elegant in shape, fitted with all the latest improvements, and thoroughly reliable and accurate time-keepers. The prices at which they are offered are exceedingly low, having regard to the quality of the articles, and the increased demand for them is a necessary consequence of their superiority and value becoming better known. The proprietor is well known for the skill he shows in adjusting and in repairing chronometers and rectifying all kinds of nautical and mathematical instruments. The house has always on hand an ample and high-class assortment of ladies' and gentlemen's silver and gold watches of English and foreign origin, chronometers and chronographs, gold guards and watch chains in the newest designs; diamond, dress, and wedding-rings; necklaces, bangles, bracelets, brooches, scarf pins, and every description of personal jewellery. There are, also, choice selections of electro-plated ware, optical goods of the best make, eye-glasses, spectacles, binoculars, telescopes, barometers, compasses, lamps for ships and yachts, and every kind of nautical requirement in this line. A first-class connection is maintained among the leading residents and shipowners, and the honourable way in which all customers are treated secures the confidence and renewed support of every one who comes into business relations with this responsible house. Mr. Lidstone is widely known and everywhere respected for his skill and ability, his trustworthiness, and personal work.

CHARLES CLEAVE, POST AND JOB MASTER,
HAYES HOUSE, DARTMOUTH.

MR. CHARLES CLEAVE began his operations as a post and job master in Dartmouth in 1890. His well-directed enterprise, however, and his zealous endeavours to meet the requirements of the public in the most complete manner possible, have proved so successful that, within the comparatively brief interval, his establishment has become the most important of its class in the town. His premises, which comprise admirably-equipped coach-houses and stables, are situated at South Town, at Oxford Slip, and at the Quay, near the South Embankment, while the business offices are at Hayes House, Mr. Cleave's private residence. They are furnished with all the requisites for clerical work, and the organisation of the business is so complete as to ensure the punctual and accurate execution of all orders. The numerous carriage-horses are all in excellent condition, and he has every facility for the convenient conduct of a considerable posting and job business. He holds the contract for the daily carriage of Her Majesty’s mails between the General Post Office at Dartmouth and Holwell. His coach-houses contain a splendid assortment of carriages, including examples of the latest and most approved styles, and comprising large and small brakes for excursion and picnic parties, victorias, landaus, wedding carriages (the best-appointed in the district), and open and closed hearses. By the extent of his resources in these several departments, he has gained the steady support of most of the distinguished and influential families resident in the district. During the summer season Mr. Cleave's spirit of active enterprise is manifested by his well-arranged excursions to different parts of the district and other places of interest in the county. He employs a staff of efficient and careful drivers, and he ensures excellence in the conduct of all the details of his business by giving to them his close personal attention and active supervision.

KINGSBRIDGE.

W. H. BENNETT, LANDSCAPE AND GENERAL PHOTOGRAPHER, PAINTER AND HOUSE DECORATOR,
MILL STREET, KINGSRRIDGE.

THE extensive business carried on by Mr. W. H. Bennett is of a twofold character, and presents many features of more than ordinary interest and importance. The house-decorating and painting branch of the business is the oldest established in the town, and many of the principal public buildings, shops, dwelling-houses, and mansions in Kingsbridge and the district bear testimony to Mr. Bennett's artistic tastes, skill, and experience in this department. Amongst other important contracts, he has successfully carried out, may be mentioned the decorating and painting of Dodbrook Church. Some few years ago Mr. Bennett opened his now well-known and popular studio in Mill Street. The premises are admirably suited to the requirements of the business, being capacious, well laid out, and admirably lighted. The reception and dressing rooms are handsomely appointed and furnished, and the mounting-room and studios are equipped with the most improved apparatus, and the atelier has been fitted up on a scale of much completeness and comfort. In addition to portraiture, which is accomplished by the newest and most rapid processes, Mr. Bennett has developed important specialities in landscape, architectural, and equestrian photography, and also for the photographing of schools, family groups, and children, the last named being one of his most successful features. Special attention is also given to copying and enlarging in oil. In cartes-de-visite, cabinet, and panel work Mr. Bennett's productions are unexcelled for beauty and superior workmanship; in fact, in every branch of his profession Mr. Bennett has achieved an eminent reputation for the uniform artistic excellence of all his work, and the portraits are characterised by a brilliancy, clearness, and pleasing vivacity that speak volumes for his executive ability and full acquaintance with every technical detail of the art. In addition to this, the prices charged are very moderate, while the satisfaction to be obtained by an artistic and accurate portrait are guaranteed. Mr. W. H. Bennett is not only a skilful exponent of his art, but his invariable courtesy and unremitting attention to the requirements of his patrons have secured him the support of a valuable and rapidly increasing connection.

JAMES WELLINGTON, TANNER.
KINGSBRIDGE.

ONE of the industries of Kingsbridge is that conducted by Mr. James Wellington, whose well-known tannery is the only one in this locality. It was inaugurated in 1881. In 1887, Mr. Wellington removed to more convenient premises, which are situated a short distance from the town. The old-fashioned and unsurpassed method of tanning, by means of English oak bark, and long process, only is earned on at this tannery. This tannery is noted for its tannage of dressing hides, heavy and light butts, shoulders, bellies, &c. His speciality is in leather for belt butts. This he supplies to some of the leading belting manufacturers in England. Mr. Wellington has gained the support of customers in various parts of the country, notably in London, Bristol, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Exeter, and Plymouth, where he has supplied customers for many years.

TAUNTON, WELLINGTON, AND MINEHEAD

TAUNTON, the county town of Somerset, is very pleasantly situated in the midst of a beautiful and fertile vale called Taunton Deane. It is on the line of the Great Western Railway, and is built upon the bank of the river Tone, from which it derives its name, originally Thoneston, or Toneton. The borough is evidently of great antiquity, as many relics of early times amply testify. Its first prominent appearance in history, however, appears to be in the time of the Heptarchy. It was a stronghold of the West Saxons in those days, and Ina, King of that people, built a castle here, which was ultimately destroyed. The place came under the control of the Bishops of Winchester in later times, and those prelates restored and occupied Ina’s castle as an episcopal residence. Under William the Conqueror, Taunton was a mint town, and coins of that reign struck at the Taunton mint are still in existence. Perkin Warbeck seized the castle of Taunton in 1497 as a step in his ill-fated rebellion, and here he surrendered to Henry VII. less than a month later. The town saw stirring times in the Civil War, when it was held by Colonel Blake for the Parliament; and it was here that the hapless Duke of Monmouth was proclaimed King, in June, 1685, and here also that Judge Jeffreys held his “Bloody Assize,” in August of the same year.

Taunton is a well-built town, and has grown considerably in the last twenty years. The population, which was 14,660 in 1861, and 16,614 in 1881, had increased to 18,026 in 1891. The principal streets are well paved, and converge in the large central space called the Parade. The town is well lighted, and the public sanitation is in a very satisfactory condition, the Corporation being commendably vigilant in all matters affecting the health of the borough. There are some notable public edifices, including the fine Shire Hall, erected in 1857 at a cost of nearly £30,000. Generally speaking, the local institutions of Taunton are of a high order, and educational requirements are well provided for. As a municipal borough, Taunton has had three charters, dated 1627, 1677, and 1877 respectively. It returned two members to Parliament until 1885, since which date it has been represented by one only. Among the local industries the manufacture of silk is noteworthy, and this appears to have taken the place of the woollen trade which once flourished here. There are also iron and brass foundries, coach and cabinet works, and important facto rios engaged in shirt and collar manufacture and glove sewing.

WELLINGTON, a populous and busy market town in the Hundred of Kingsbury, county of Somerset, claims our attention as one of the chief centres of the famous woollen industry of the West of England. The town is on the Bristol and Exeter division of the Great Western Railway, 148 miles from London, and in the midst of a very picturesque country. It is of ancient origin, and is mentioned in Domesday Book under the name of Walintone. Well built, well lighted, and possessing every evidence of careful and efficient local government, Wellington is a credit to its inhabitants at the present day, and presents to our notice an example of substantial business progress which is emphasised in many of its representative mercantile and manufacturing firms. In the surrounding districts the woollen industry is carried on upon a great scale at several mills and factories of splendid organisation and equipment, and Wellington is the centre from which the products of those famous establishments are largely distributed. The renown so long enjoyed by Wellington serges and other woollen cloths is still maintained, despite the competition of Yorkshire, and these superb fabrics are admittedly unsurpassed for quality, texture and appearance. There are other trades in Wellington of which due notice will be taken later on. The great Duke of Wellington took his title from this town, which now has a population of nearly 7,000, and on the Black Downs there is a conspicuous memorial to the Hero of Waterloo.

MINEHEAD is situated in the Hundred of Carhampton, Somerset, and has a fine position on the Bristol Channel. It was one of the Lordships given by William the Conqueror to Sir William de Mohun. The excellent harbour, easy of access, and provided with a good quay and pier, was improved in the reign of William III., and has been kept in good condition since. The Irish trade, and the trade to America and the Mediterranean, kept Minehead busy in the last century, but the commerce of the port is not now as extensive as formerly. Its delightful situation, picturesque surroundings, and fine sandy beach have, however, brought it an important source of revenue in the many visitors who come here in the summer, and winter too, in search of health and rest; and for these there is excellent hotel and other accommodation.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

STANWAY & SUMMERFIELD, SILK THROWSTERS,
TAUNTON.

IT is stated upon good authority that Taunton shares with Derby the honour of being the first place at which the industry of making “thrown” silks out of fine raw silks was carried on in England after its introduction into this country from the Continent. The trade in question — which is obviously one of the most important in the whole range of the textile industries — was commenced in Taunton by Messrs. Vansommer & Paul, a noted firm of London silk mercers, in 1781; and they erected in this busy Somersetshire town a large building, which they equipped with all the machinery applicable to the work of silk throwing at that period. The business was continued subsequently by Messrs. Ingleby, Jones & Co., of Wood Street, London, who, in 1806, considerably increased the resources of the factory, in order to carry on the weaving of crape upon an extensive scale, and later on Messrs. Stokes, Meat & Parsons, of Gutter Lane, London, identified themselves with the same concern. In 1822 the throwing mills operating in Taunton appear to have been three in number, viz., one worked by Mr. Norman, of Upper High Street; one by Messrs. Balance & Co., of East Reach; and the other by Mr. George Rawlinson, in Tancred Street. At the present time the only extensive silk-throwing business in the town is that carried on by the well-known firm named at the head of this sketch. Messrs. Stanway & Summerfleld took over this business in 1881 from Mr. Rawlinson, who had been the successful proprietor for many years previously, and under their able and enterprising administration the prosperity of the concern has been more than maintained. The mills present an example of the most advanced organisation and equipment. The principal one is in White Lion Court, East Street, and the other in Harmony Row. Both are extensive four-storey buildings, containing all the latest steam- power machinery for winding, spinning, doubling, and preparing for the market their beautiful and valuable products. The silks turned out at these mills are celebrated throughout the trade for their high quality and finish, and Messrs. Stanway & Summerfield manufacture entirely the beautiful embroidery silks and machine twists for the noted firm of Messrs. Pearsall & Co. That this is one of the principal industries in Taunton is demonstrated by the fact that Messrs. Stanway & Summerfield employ about 350 hands in their mills. They control a very large and widespread trade, and their name is well and favourably known all over the world in connection with the highest class of thrown silks. Both the principals of the firm are much esteemed in Taunton for the enterprise they have displayed in the further development of a concern which is such an important factor in the local employment of labour. They are gentlemen possessing an intimate practical knowledge of the trade in all its details, and they give their close personal attention to the business, a fact which has undoubtedly had much to do with its continued growth and success. Mr. Rawlinson, their predecessor in the proprietorship of these mills, still lives to note the uninterrupted progress of the concern which he did so much to place upon a sound basis. He is one of the most respected residents of Taunton.

THE SOMERSET MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MAKERS OF COLLARS, CUFFS, AND SHIRTS,
SOUTH STREET, TAUNTON.
PRINCIPALS: MESSRS. SAMUEL WHITE AND HENRY J. VAN TRUMP.

A SPECIALISTIC character has been given to the industrial life of Taunton by the operations which are conducted in the establishment of the Somerset Manufacturing Company. Their business has been in active and successful existence for a good many years. Their establishment is not only a principal factor in the industrial economy of Taunton, but one of the largest collar, cuff, and shirt factories in the West of England. The premises, which are conveniently situated in South Street, comprise a large four-storeyed building, each floor of which is about ninety feet by thirty-five in dimensions, and there is an adjacent building of more recent date, erected to meet the growing demands upon the resources of production. The goods produced by the Somerset Manufacturing Company are only intended for the wholesale markets, where their specialities are well known, and are regarded as invariably representing standard qualities. They give constant employment to a staff of between five and six hundred hands, most of them being girls, with about fifty or sixty males. The members of the firm are Mr. Samuel White and Mr. H. J. Van Trump, the latter being at the present time Mayor of Taunton.

MESSRS. EASTON & BESSEMER, LIMITED, ENGINEERS,
TAUNTON.

THE well-ordered establishment of which Messrs. Easton & Bessemer, Limited, are the proprietors, was founded some twenty years ago. The area of its operations, however, has been very much extended since the business was taken over by the present firm, which was incorporated under the Limited Liability Acts about two years since. The principals are both accomplished mechanical engineers, with all the energy of youth in their favour; and they have already, with notable success, made a speciality of fitting up engines, &c., for supplying electric light, and also in the important department of improved wood-working machinery. It is interesting also to note that — as their names, indeed, suggest — both Messrs. Easton & Bessemer are related to the heads of world-famed engineering firms, having their establishments in the neighbourhood of Sheffield — viz. Messrs. Easton & Anderson, and the renowned house of Sir H. Bessemer & Co. The premises of Messrs. Easton & Bessemer, Limited, occupy a commanding position at the north end of the town, closely adjoining the Great Western Railway, where they cover a considerable area. They comprise an iron and brass foundry, which is a large and lofty building, smaller shops for boiler-making and other purposes, and a spacious structure which forms a handsome new fitting shop. All the industrial departments are so thoroughly equipped as to represent the latest practised developments of applied mechanical engineering science to the required purposes. The working plant, which is of the most approved modern type, includes steam hammers for forging, and a series of high-class machines for turning, planing and other operations, whereby labour is saved and perfection in results is secured. The firm are thus able easily to hold their own in competition with any other house in the United Kingdom producing classes of goods similar to their own specialities. The premises include also an engine house with a lofty chimney-stack, all the machinery being driven by a powerful steam engine. Messrs. Easton & Bessemer, Limited, are extensive manufacturers of high-speed vertical and horizontal engines, saw benches and band sawing machines, planing, moulding, and mortising machines, and other specially designed wood-working machinery, together with mortar mills, loam mills, and granite edge runners. They also produce hydraulic power pumps in considerable quantities. The firm have already gained a widespread reputation for their high-speed vertical steam engines, specially made for electrical purposes. A large and steady demand, too, has been created for their improved portable steam engines. The firm give regular employment under their assiduous personal super* vision to a staff of forty or more skilled workmen, including several expert specialists as heads of departments. There are on the premises, it should be added, spacious pattern shops with capacious stores ad joining, as well as a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. The registered telegraphic address is “Eastwald, Taunton.”

THE TAUNTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
POOL WALL MILLS, HIGH STREET, TAUNTON.

WHETHER we consider it as a large employer of labour, or as a leading concern in the manufacturing industry with which it is associated, the house named at the head of this sketch is undoubtedly one of the most important and noteworthy in Somersetshire. Founded about eleven years ago, the business of the Taunton Manufacturing Company has steadily increased under the influence of exemplary management, and presents at this day a notable instance of the results of enterprise and well-directed energy. It has, in fact, become one of the largest concerns engaged in the production of ladies’ and gentlemen’s shirts, collars, cuffs, and blouses, and in this important industry it furnishes employment of a regular and remunerative kind to nearly eight hundred hands. Part of the Company's premises was formerly a silk mill, associated with the infancy of the silk industry in England, and dating back over a hundred years to the time when that industry was first exploited in Taunton. The buildings have been much enlarged to meet the requirements of the great business under notice, and now comprise a very extensive pile, five storeys in height, and fitted throughout with the very best modern appliances for the shirt and collar trade. There are special departments for laundry work separate from the rest, and likewise perfectly equipped for its purpose. Everywhere there are evidences of good and careful management, and the spacious, airy, and comfortable work-rooms, with their splendid outfit of sewing and other machines, and their hundreds of industrious workers, present a scene of animation and activity which bespeaks the satisfactory progress of a business of far more than ordinary magnitude. The employes look well and contented, and the Company are to be complimented upon this fact, which indicates their careful consideration of all matters relating to the health and well-being of their staff. Such things as “strikes” are unknown in these works, and the best of good feeling evidently prevails between employers and employed.

Mr. Henry Powell is the courteous and experienced manager, respected by the staff, and esteemed in the trade. His work at these mills has been of the most creditable character, and has had much to do with the success of the place, the enlargement of its resources, and the continuous improvement of its product. The Company's goods are in large demand, and are much approved for quality and finish as well as for their embodiment of the newest styles, particularly in gent’s shirts and collars. All articles are kept “up-to-date,” and many attractive novelties are placed in the market each season. This spirit of enterprise is quickly recognised in the trade, and meets with the fullest appreciation. Messrs. MacIntyre, Hogg, Marsh & Co., of London, Manchester, Liverpool, and Glasgow, are the proprietors of the mills, and also own and work other large mills of a similar character at London, Manchester, Cheddar and at Londonderry. They have certainly been fortunate in securing the services of such a manager as Mr. Powell at Taunton, and the manner in which this gentleman has repaid the confidence of his chiefs will be evident to any one who visits the Pool Wall Mills and notes their admirable organisation and fine productive capacity.

G. SAUNDERS, JUNIOR, STOCK AND SHARE BROKER, EXCHANGE CHAMBERS, BATH PLACE, TAUNTON.

MATTHEW CHIPLING, THE SQUIRREL HOTEL,
WELLINGTON.

THE old Squirrel Hotel bears the reputation of being the best of “Homes away from Home” in Wellington. Externally aa well as internally it is certainly one of the most unique of those old inns which happily survive in many parts of rural England. Unpretending though the building is in appearance, no sooner does the welcome guest enter its portals than he feels himself quite at home. This hotel has been in existence for a good hundred years or more, and during all that time it has enjoyed the patronage of the county gentry, as well as the support of visitors on business or on pleasure bent. The hotel building has a frontage of one hundred and forty-eight feet in Fore Street, which is on the high road to Exeter. A pleasant entrance hall gives the visitor some agreeable impressions, which become enhanced when he views the nicely furnished coffee, sitting, reading, and commercial rooms. The bars, too, are excellent, and furnish many first-class examples of the quality of the choice liquors stored in the vaults below. On the first-floor there is a remarkably handsome drawing room, while the bedrooms, numbering thirteen, are light, airy, admirably furnished, and spotlessly clean.

At the rear of the premises, accessible through a spacious entrance, is to be found the principal stabling and posting establishment in the district. In the stables there are twenty-three stalls and six loose boxes, and the coach-houses and other similar conveniences are equally extensive. A somewhat unique cottage stands in the middle of the stable yard. This curious little building, used as a hotel tap, is over a hundred years old, and presents a quaint appearance, quite in keeping with its respectable age. The lady in charge here has occupied the position for twenty-six years, — her two predecessors having respectively held the same position for thirty-six years and twenty-five years. The hotel is patronised by most of the hunting people in this keenly sporting district. Leading from the hotel vestibule there is a very beautiful and productive garden, in which Mr. Chipling takes much pride, — his hot-house vines and choice fruit and flowers being well-known throughout the country-side. Altogether these hospitable premises cover an area of about four acres. For the past four years visitors have found in Mr. Matthew Chipling an agreeable and genial host, whose family, as well as himself, are remarkably popular in the neighbourhood. The attendance at the “Squirrel” is unexceptionable, while the cuisine, as well as the wines and spirits, are fully up to what might be expected in a popular hunting house, where good judges meet to laugh and quaff and taste good cheer.

MR. EGERTON BURNETT, THE JUBILEE ROYAL SERGE WAREHOUSE,
WELLINGTON, SOMERSET.

THE house of Mr. Egerton Burnett is one of the most celebrated mercantile concerns in the West of England. Its history dates back for a number of years, during which it has been conducted with the greatest enterprise and ability by its founder and sole proprietor, Mr. Egerton Burnett, and from year to year it has become increasingly famous as a medium of supply for serges and woollen cloths of that matchless quality for which he is so celebrated. The growth of Mr. Egerton Burnett's business necessitated the erection of his present fine establishment, which, being opened in the year of Her Majesty’s Jubilee, was in commemoration thereof named the Jubilee Royal Serge Warehouse. These premises present a very handsome appearance, and are evidently specially planned and organised for the purposes of the business. They have a large entrance hall, with a very fine screen, bearing the arms of the principal countries of the world, and thus indicating in some measure the universal patronage Mr. Egerton Burnett enjoys. The reception rooms are suitably furnished for the convenience of customers, and stained glass windows enhance the appearance of these apartments. After glancing at the well-appointed offices, we proceed to the pattern rooms, where a busy scene may be witnessed as the thousands of patterns of serges, dress goods, &c., are prepared and made up for despatch to all parts of the world.

Mr. Egerton Burnett's business is largely done by means of the submitting of patterns and choosing therefrom, consequently the great importance of the pattern department and its elaborate routine is manifest. We next visit the packing room, where a vast amount of work is got through from day to day, and directly beyond this we reach the wareroom, which may be regarded as the most important department in the place. Here are systematically arranged and stocked in vast quantities the varieties of material which the resources of Mr. Egerton Burnett’s business can command, and for which his many customers may here make application, either in person or through the medium of the post. The warerooms are very extensive, and have a number of counters stretching across them, with every facility for handling and measuring the cloths, and executing the hundreds of orders that come in to this house in a constant stream from all parts of the world. Lifts communicate with the upper floors of the premises, and there is also a wide staircase, giving access to the pattern-rooms, stock-rooms, work-rooms, and tailoring department upstairs. The tailoring department, we may mention, has been accommodated here since 1893. The whole concern is under one extensive roof, and Mr. Egerton Burnett’s patrons can rely upon having his own celebrated materials made up and forwarded from the establishment.

The tailoring work done embraces the making of suits, overcoats, etc., to special measure, from Mr. Egerton Burnett's purewool Royal Serges, tweeds, etc., for gentlemen's and boys’ wear; also sailor costumes for girls and plain tailor-made skirts for ladies. Every care is bestowed upon orders sent in to this department, both as regards prompt fulfilment and style and quality of work. Mr. Egerton Burnett's world-famed Royal Serges need no introduction to our readers and no recommendation beyond that which has already been secured by their universal adoption. These splendid goods, with which Mr. Egerton Burnett's name has become so thoroughly associated, are renowned for the special intensity and permanency of the dye used in their manufacture, as well as for the absolute purity and fineness of the wool, and for their perfection of texture and finish. No finer goods of the kind have ever been placed in the market for ladies’, children's, and gentlemen's wear. They will not turn a bad colour in sun or rain, and even withstand the action of salt water, which is the crucial test of serges. In short, the Royal Serges of Mr. Egerton Burnett are perfect in their class of textiles, and are a credit to their proprietor and to the great West of England woollen industry.

Mr. Egerton Burnett holds Royal and Imperial Warrants of Appointment to Her Majesty the Queen, the Princess of Wales, the Empress Frederick, the Queen of Denmark, the Queen of Sweden, the Queen of Saxony, the Queen of Wurtemberg, the Crown Princess of Denmark, the Crown Princess of Sweden, the Duchess of Teck, the Comtesss de Paris, and Princess Adolph of Schaumberg-Lippe. He has been honoured by the patronage of nearly all the Royal and Imperial Courts of Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Austria, Italy, Denmark, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Greece, the Netherlands, Saxony, Wurtemburg, and Roumania, as well as by that of the nobility and gentry at home and abroad. In short, his business has had a career of phenomenal success, due in part to Mr. Burnett’s commercial capacity and enterprise, and in part to the splendid qualities of his goods, the merits of which have long since secured international recognition. Patterns are sent to any part of the world, and distance is no obstacle whatever to the transaction of business between this house and its multitude of customers. Special attention is paid to urgent orders by post and telegram, and “Burnett, Wellington, Somerset,” is the telegraphic address. We may add that Mr. Egerton Burnett's Jubilee Royal Serge Warehouse, which is the only one in the Kingdom, and so named from the fact of its commemorating, by the year of its formal opening, the Jubilee of the reign of Her Majesty the Queen, has, by the authority of Her Majesty's Postmaster General, received the most important addition of a Post Office of its own for the dispatch of parcels to all parts of the world.

WILLIAM THOMAS & CO., LIMITED, PATENT STEAM BRICK, TILE POTTERY & TERRA-COTTA WORKS,
POOLE SIDING, NEAR WELLINGTON, SOMERSET.

THE Patent Brick and Tile Works at Poole Siding, near Wellington, Somerset, which are the property of Messrs. William Thomas & Co., Limited, are amongst the largest and most imposing of their class in the United Kingdom, and they constitute a most important factor in the industrial economy of West Somerset. The operations which have grown into the enormous business of this company were begun over half a century ago by Mr. William Thomas, who commenced with one small kiln. About thirty years ago a strong combination was formed for the purpose of acquiring and extending the business, which had been created by the energy and industry of Mr. Thomas. That combination practically continues, to the present day, to control the concern, although, in the meantime, it has been incorporated as a limited liability company. The directors are Messrs. T. N. Sully, J.P., Richard Corner, G. B. Sully, J.P., John Gill, and Edward Corner. Mr. Thomas N. Sully is the managing director and secretary. He has been cradled in clay, and is an expert in the manipulation of it, and especially in the all-important work of the firing of kilns.

To the large amount of technical knowledge possessed by these gentlemen, together with their exceptional commercial aptitude and enlightened spirit of enterprise, are due the signally successful developments which have been made in the company's business. Their industrial premises are most conveniently situated on the Great Western Railway, about a mile and a half from Wellington Station, and are very extensive. Oil is the illuminant in most works of this kind, but these works have recently been fitted throughout with an electric light installation by Messrs. Crompton & Co., of Mansion House Buildings. London. This work was admirably executed by Mr. Herbert T. Sully, who, by the way, is the son of the manager of the brick works under review, and he has recently taken offices on his own account as an electrical engineer in the City of Bristol, where his undoubted abilities will find ample scope, and where it is safe to predict for him a brilliant future. The space, indeed, which they occupy for their brick, tile, and pottery manufacturing processes covers very many acres; the company are also the proprietors of a large amount of other land, consisting of fine beds of clay. The material equipment of the works is so complete as to represent the latest and most approved practical applications of scientific invention to the saving of labour, and the perfecting of processes. In regard to cost of production, therefore, and consequently with respect to quotations of prices, the company are able easily to hold their own in competition with any other house in the United Kingdom engaged in producing similar classes of goods. Amongst their operative plant they have at work three large size Hoffman kilns — said to be the best yet introduced for economy of fuel and for space. There are numerous moulding sheds for both machine and hand operations, and the various classes of goods manufactured are equal to any produced in the most famous factories in the country.

The company have, with notable success, made a speciality of the manufacture of solid and perforated facing bricks of a uniform red colour, of which Sir Frederic Leighton says: “A red brick grows in beauty through weather, wear and time. The paler material called ‘white brick’ increases in unwholesome dinginess with every week, particularly in a west country climate.” Their other specialities are bricks for engineering purposes, pipes for land drainage, of which they supply enormous quantities on account of their great durability, ridge tiles, mural tiles, and string course enrichments, of which they have an endless variety; vases for lawn and conservatory in endless designs; flower-pots from two inches to twenty-four inches in size; glazed pans, pitchers, wash-bowls, &c., &c.; and they are always prepared to make crease bricks, tiles, &c., to any pattern. The drying yards are commodious enough to admit of the storage of vast quantities of bricks and tiles. Sidings from the main run in and around the yards and kilns, so that goods are run direct from kiln to truck, and the practical conditions of the transport of the heavy classes of goods produced on the premises have, therefore, been most economically arranged.

The company’s offices and various places of business at Wellington are connected by telephone and with the manager’s house, so that the greatest promptness can be given to any communication reaching the firm at any point of its sphere of operations. The company’s commercial headquarters are in close proximity to Wellington Railway Station, while adjoining it is a yard in which are stored enormous stocks of all descriptions of pottery, tiles, bricks, slates, earthenware pipes, building materials, &c., as well as equally large stocks of coals. They have, moreover, a depot at Taunton, which is known as the Tangier Wharf, on the banks of the Tone, and others at Milverton, Collumpton, and Paignton. At Torquay they have another brick works, known as the Lowes Bridge Works, from where they supply the town of Torquay and other important towns in South Devon with a very superior red facing brick. These works are of great service when, as is often the case, the pressure for goods is so great at Wellington that orders cannot be executed with the promptness which has always characterised the firm.

Messrs. William Thomas & Co. have supplied a great many with their goods, among whom may be mentioned H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; the Right Hon. Lord High Chancellor, Lord Halsbury; His Grace the late Duke of Bedford, K.G.; His Grace the Duke of Cleveland, K.G.: His Grace the Duke of Somerset; His Grace the Duke of Wellington; and for Government works, Admiralty:— Marine Barracks, Plymouth; Naval Yard, Dartmouth; Her Majesty’s Ship Britannia, Dartmouth; Bull Point Lighthouse; Signalling Station, the Citadel, Plymouth; Reservoir for the Aquarium of the Marine Biological Association, Citadel, Plymouth; Coastguard Buildings at Axmouth, Brixham, Sidmouth, Weymouth, &c., and Lifeboat Stations, Lyme Regis. War Office:— Bodmin Barracks (facing bricks); Dorchester Barracks (facing bricks); Taunton Barracks (facing and general construction); Grangegorman Cavalry Barracks, Dublin (facing bricks); Forder Battery, Plymouth; Land and Harbour Defence, Plymouth.

MESSRS. FORD BROTHERS & CO., ENGINEERS, &c.,
RELIANCE WORKS, WELLINGTON.

THE Reliance Engineering Works constitute one of the most prominent industrial establishments in Wellington, and have long been famous for the excellence of their productions. The large business here carried on is an old-established as well as a noted one, and has been in the hands of the Ford family for upwards of fifty years. The present principals have done much to develop it, and to enhance its reputation, and they are even now making considerable additions to the works, in order to provide increased facilities for their steadily growing trade. The premises are well situated, almost adjoining the high road between Bristol and Exeter. For general convenience and completeness of equipment they are not surpassed by any similar works in Wellington, and in the matter of modern machinery they are well abreast of the times, the proprietors having constantly added to their plant in recent years such improved machine tools and appliances as might enable them to compete upon favourable terms with other engineers in the rapid and economical production of first-class work. They are now in a position to turn out the best description of work in all branches of general engineering, founding, mill-wrighting, and machine making, and they have a special reputation for perfected brick, pipe and tile making machinery, which they supply largely in the West of England and other parts. Besides this Messrs. Ford Brothers & Co. build water-wheels, horse-gear, pumps, and all kinds of agricultural plant, and their services are much in request for the execution of repairs, which receive prompt attention at the lowest terms compatible with reliable work. Other specialities of the business include rollers, cooking ranges, and a large variety of ironwork and general castings; and there is a special department for plumbing, gas and hot-water fitting, and sanitary work, which being skilfully performed, has increased the local repute of the firm considerably. The principals are thoroughly practical men, knowing their trade in every detail, and actively superintending the carrying out of all work entrusted to them. Their industrious methods, well-known skill, and straightforward habits of business have made them greatly respected in this district. Though their works are splendidly arranged for economy of labour, Messrs. Ford Brothers & Co. give employment to fully thirty skilled hands regularly, a fact which speaks for the substantial character of the trade they control.

MESSRS. CHARLES BAKER & CO., THE STORES,
HIGH STREET, FORE STREET, AND MANTLE STREET, WELLINGTON.

UNDOUBTEDLY the largest business of its kind in Wellington and district is that of Messrs. Charles Baker & Co., who have, with great enterprise and energy, developed in this thriving town a most important concern on the principle of the modern “stores,” the purpose of which is to supply the public of the neighbourhood with every domestic requisite in food stuffs and household necessaries. The business has had a long and eventful history, having been in existence no less than a century and a half, but not, of course, in its present form. It was brought more into line with modern progress by a Mr. Horsey, to whom in due course Mr. Charles Baker served his apprenticeship; but that was a good many years ago, and when at length Mr. Baker became sole proprietor (about 1878), further important changes were made, and the business has subsequently been kept thoroughly “up to date,” making it one of the very best sources of supply in Somerset for the various articles in which the firm have dealings.

The headquarters of the house are in High Street, where the premises comprise a spacious double-fronted shop, with extensive warehouses reaching Trade House Lane, at the back of South Street. There are also large stables, yards, and every general convenience for the conduct of an immense business in all branches of domestic supply. In the shop and warehouses are held heavy and comprehensive stocks, embracing every class of merchandise usually found in a general store of the period, such goods as groceries, provisions, and preserved produce of all kinds predominating. A special feature is the wine and spirit department, in which the stock is one of great variety and excellent quality, the firm being agents for the celebrated London house of Messrs. W. & A. Gilbey.

Messrs. Baker have two other establishments in Wellington, one called the “Central Stores” being in Fore Street, the other in Mantle Street. The “Central Stores” occupy a fine shop in Fore Street, and make a capital display, having large plate-glass windows, which are always very attractively dressed. The right-hand aide of this shop is devoted to groceries, provisions, and kindred goods, of which a vast assortment is in stock; and the left-hand side is taken up by one of the best displays of china, glass, and earthenware in the town. At the rear of this shop also there are capacious warehouses, and we note also the large beer cellars, well stocked with cask ales, for which the establishment is noted, Mr. Baker being the sole representative here of Messrs. Rogers and of the Garton Brewery. A capable staff of assistants is employed and they are well known for the careful attention they bestow upon customers and their requirements. Messrs. Baker & Co.’s Mantle Street Stores is a convenient establishment, in that part of the town close to Rockwell Green, where there is a considerable population to cater for. The stock kept here is a thoroughly representative one, and the shop is largely patronised. The Fore Street and Mantle Street establishments are both in telephonic communication with the head offices in High Street, where Mr. Baker and his two sons manage in person. The staff employed by the firm numbers upwards of thirty assistants, clerks, and other workers, of whose faithful services Mr. Baker speaks in the most appreciative terms. He himself enjoys the respect of all his employees, and master and men work together for the interests of the business in a manner that is both edifying and agreeable to see.

The whole concern is splendidly organised, and reflects great credit upon its proprietor and upon all connected with it. Having a widespread connection in the town and district Messrs. Charles Baker & Co. have a number of vans, carts, and horses engaged in the work of delivering goods and collecting orders, and in every way they offer to the public those advantages of good quality, low prices, and general convenience which are afforded by the great “stores” of London and other large towns. It is, therefore, quite unnecessary for Wellingtonians to send away from home for any of the many articles in which this firm are dealers; they can satisfy their requirements aa well and aa cheaply here as at any other place, and have the gratification at the same time of supporting a well-managed and enterprisingly conducted local concern. Mr. Baker has carried his operations farther afield than Wellington, for he has branches at Tiverton and at Bishop’s Hull, near Taunton, both of which are deservedly successful. Personally, Mr. Baker is a keen business man, unassuming in manner, and generally esteemed for his integrity and straightforward methods. He has “risen from the ranks” by industry and application, and has built up the fine business over which he now presides by his own unaided exertions — a fact which speaks sufficiently for his natural ability and powers of organisation. Establishments like Mr. Baker's are a public benefit and convenience in a town like Wellington, and as such they are duly appreciated by all sections of the community.

MINEHEAD.

SAMUEL COX, BOOKSELLER, STATIONER, PRINTER, AND> DEALER IN FANCY GOODS,
THE BAZAAR AND LIBRARY, 1, PARK STREET, MINEHEAD.

THE inhabitants of Minehead are, indeed, fortunate in having in their midst a bookseller who has a thorough knowledge of his business, and Mr. Samuel Cox's book connection is established as firmly as his knowledge of his business is assured. His shop was originally opened over forty-five years ago. The present premises consist of a single-fronted spacious shop, rather prominently situated in Wellington Square, close to the Plume of Feathers’ Hotel. Besides a circulating library and general retail bookselling connection, Mr. Cox conducts a large business in stationery and stationers’ sundries, account books, ledgers, &c.; fancy goods, toys, photographs, and so forth, in charming variety; and all the newspapers and magazines are supplied at the earliest possible time after publication. Mr. Cox, moreover, does a good business in job printing, and his is the publishing office of ‘The Minehead Advertiser and Visitor's List,’ and also ‘West Somerset Free Press.’ The library, which is kept well furnished with modern books, is largely patronised by the leading residents, as well as by general visitors, and Mr. Cox also has a branch establishment at Williton. He is a genial and affable gentleman, evidently fully acquainted with the insides as well as the outsides of many books. Several intelligent assistants help in moving the wheels of trade, which in the summer lime becomes especially active and exacting. The demands of patrons are at all times studiously attended to without unnecessary delay, and, in fact, there can be no cause for complaints so long as orders are executed with that promptness, correctness, and cheerfulness, which has heretofore characterised the progress of this excellently conducted business.

WILLIAM TARR, GENERAL AND FURNISHING IRON-MONGER, UPHOLSTERER, GAS, HOT-WATER, AND SANITARY ENGINEER,
WELLINGTON SQUARE, MINEHEAD.

THIS is an old-established business, probably the oldest in Minehead, and certainly a leading one in its important line of trade. Its history dates back over sixty years, and for fully three-fourths of that period it has been in the hands of Mr. Palmer's family. The present proprietor, Mr. Wm. Tarr, has displayed great enterprise in extending the scope of the business and keeping it thoroughly up to date, and under his able and vigorous administrations the establishment has become a recognised source of supply in this district for all kinds of general and furnishing ironmongery, and also for cabinet furniture of every style and design. The spacious premises form an establishment admirably adapted to the nature of the trade carried on, and here is displayed a most comprehensive stock of ironmongery of every description, all the newest and best productions of the day being shown in such departments — as stoves, grates, fenders and fire-irons, lamps in great variety, builders' ironmongery in very complete assortment, baths of all shapes and sizes, wire goods, garden implements, tools, etc., etc. A notable speciality is the new Rochester lamp, a clever American patent for which Mr. Tarr has the sole agency here. This lamp cannot explode, is easily fitted, and gives a splendid light with the least possible consumption of oil. Mr. Tarr has many other agencies for hardware and ironmongery specialities, and his stock throughout is unsurpassed for variety, novelty and quality. Connected with the warehouse are well-equipped workshops for carrying on all kinds of plumbers’ work, and special attention is devoted to gas and hot-water fittings, and to sanitary engineering in general, as well as to coppersmiths' and tinsmiths' work. For all this Mr. Tarr has the best facilities in men and appliances, and as there is a lot of building going on in this growing town of Minehead, he is well employed.

The business of house furnishing has also been taken up by Mr. Tarr with characteristic energy, and parties about to furnish cannot do better than inspect the fine stock he displays in Wellington Square. All classes of cabinet furniture and upholstered goods find a place in his show-rooms; and he combines moderate prices with good workmanship and material in a manner which is a strong inducement to the judicious buyer. In short, this comprehensive business is distinctly creditable to Minehead and to its proprietor, who personally supervises the entire concern, and gives careful attention to every order entrusted to him. A large and influential connection is maintained, and the trade of the house increases continuously in the town and district. Mr. Tarr enjoys much local esteem and popularity, both as a business man and as a citizen. He is a prominent member of the Local Board, and a Churchwarden of the Parish Church: and his enterprise, affabiliiy and public spirit have won for him many friends in this progressive community.

GEORGE HAYWARD, PARADE WINE AND SPIRIT STORES,
MINEHEAD.

IN view of the increasing popularity of Minehead as a summer and winter resort for pleasure seekers and those in search of rest and health, it is very satisfactory to note the existence in this town of numerous businesses admirably organised for the supply of all the necessaries and luxuries of life to a large resident population. Among these concerns mention must be made of that conducted by Mr. George Hayward, who is probably the largest wine, spirit, and beer merchant in Minehead, and whose business has been established upwards of seventy years. The premises now occupied are comparatively new, and stand in a prominent position on what is known as the Parade, whence they are called the “Parade Wine and Spirit Stores.” This is a capital site for a business establishment, and Mr. Hayward's premises at once command special attention by reason of their fine architectural proportions and imposing appearance. They are three storeys high, and afford excellent accommodation for the large business carried on. The ground floor is occupied by spacious offices, bar, and smoking-room, and beyond this, at the back, is a large and admirably equipped mineral water factory. This department of Mr. Hayward's business has been very successfully developed. Its output is large, and its product highly esteemed; the greatest care being taken to maintain a high standard of quality and purity in the goods manufactured. The whole of the premises are fitted up with electric light generated on the premises. This is the first instillation of electric light that has been put down in the neighbourhood, and shows Mr. Hayward’s determination to keep abreast of the times.

Mr. Hayward's cellars contain a large and valuable stock of selected foreign wines at moderate prices, the clarets being a speciality particularly worthy of attention. Max Greger's Hungarian wines and Burgoyne's Australian wines are also stocked, and there is a choice assortment of well-matured whiskies, genuine brandies, and other spirits. Mr. Hayward does a large trade in ales and stouts and represents many of the leading brewers, being sole agent also for W. J. Rogers's celebrated “A.K.” ale. Another speciality is Devonshire cider. For this Mr. Hayward is celebrated, and he supplies it in splendid condition. Altogether the business is a thoroughly re presentative one, ably administered, and possessing ample resources. Mr. Hayward’s enterprising methods have met with general approbation, and he has the support of a large and influential connection in this locality, many hunting men being included in his regular clientele. The general public largely patronise his establishment, knowing that they can rely upon the quality of the goods supplied, and upon obtaining value for money. The entire business is under the personal supervision of Mr. Hayward, who is ably assisted by his courteous manager, Mr. H. Beckett.

“THE PLUME OF FEATHERS HOTEL,”
Mr. G. THRISTLE, PROPRIETOR,
MINEHEAD.

THE town of Minehead is distinctly fortunate in the possession of such an old-established, well-managed, and thoroughly popular hotel as the “Plume of Feathers,” now, and for many years past, so ably conducted under the name of Thristle. This commodious hostelry has long enjoyed exceptional celebrity in the West Country as a central point for the meets of the Devon and Somerset staghounds, the Minehead harriers, and the Exmoor and West Somerset foxhounds; and it consequently receives a large measure of patronage from hunting men generally, who, perhaps, appreciate the excellent stabling of the hotel not less than the many comforts it affords for man as well as beast. The record of the “Plume of Feathers” extends back over at least a hundred years, but it has been much improved in every way during the proprietorship of the Thristle family, who have done the honours of the house for nearly half a century, and whose present representative, Mr. George Thristle, is probably the most popular and successful host the famous old inn has ever had. He has done much to bring the hotel up to the standard of modern requirements, and has made it a first-class establishment in every respect, adding to its appointments all the luxuries and conveniences so much appreciated at the present day, without in any way detracting from those substantial elements of comfort which characterised it in former times.

Situated on the direct road to Lynton the “Plume of Feathers” has the unique advantage in Minehead of a south aspect. It is within a few minutes' walk from the beautiful sands at this pleasant resort, which afford easy and safe facilities for sea-bathing, and is also within convenient distance of the golf links, where excellent play at the “Royal Game” may be had. The hotel is a stopping-place for all coaches running into North Devon, and is a headquarters of the Cyclists' Touring Club, and consequently a favourite rendezvous of wheelmen in this part of the country. In addition to the many advantages for the comfort and convenience of his patrons, Mr. Thristle has just laid out a beautiful bowling-green, a large space of ground enclosed by a well-planted garden. This will be found a considerable attraction on off-hunting days. From the sea the hotel is approached through a beautiful avenue of villas with luxuriant gardens and a plenitude of flowers and foliage quite suggestive of the Mediterranean.

The building is a spacious one of three stories, with handsome portico, vestibule, and entrance hall, and its internal arrangements are admirable. Visitors will find the drawing-room, coffee-room, billiard-room, &c., perfectly appointed, while the bed-rooms and private sitting-rooms are most tastefully and comfortably furnished. There are bath-rooms, with sea water available if required, besides lavatories and every other convenience that a thoughtful regard for the wants of visitors can suggest; and excellent accommodation exists for at least fifty guests. The stabling is unexceptionable, whether for posting or for hunters, and vehicles of all kinds can be hired, while the hotel busses regularly meet the trains and convey passengers to and from the station. In fact, there is no essential point in which the “Plume of Feathers” fails to give satisfaction, and in saying this we accord the highest praise possible to the efforts of the proprietor. Mr. Thristle is a capital caterer, and thoroughly understands his business. He is an ardent hunting man himself, and is, therefore, well qualified to provide for the wants of others devoted to this incomparable form of sport. Visitors to Minehead cannot do better than seek his hospitality, and we should imagine their numbers will greatly increase in coming years, for this pretty place is making rapid progress in public favour as a health and pleasure resort. Besides the attractions of the sandy bay and the sea it has the advantage of a most salubrious climate, and the scenery inland is among the most charming and picturesque in England.

ROBERT ELLIS, FISHMONGER, GAME AND POULTRY DEALER, AND EGG MERCHANT,
THE PARADE, MINEHEAD.

THIS, the principal establishment of its kind in Minehead, was organised under the able auspices of its present enterprising owner, Mr. Robert Ellis, who hails from Grimsby. The spacious premises on the Parade are well appointed, and fitted throughout in the best modern style, and always present a singularly neat, clean, and wholesome appearance, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant and varied stock of all the esteemed kinds of fish (wet, dry, and shell), poultry, and game in season. Mr. Ellis receives regular large consignments of fish from all the principal fishing stations in Great Britain, and along with poultry and game, commands a very large trade. Poultry and game, and especially pheasants and rabbits, he sends in large quantities to the London and other markets. Taking advantage, moreover, of the fact that Minehead stands in the centre of a very fertile region for fungi, he forwards many tons of the toothsome esculent mushroom to London, and other great centres, for re-distribution; and altogether controls a very vast and highly prosperous trade.

THE ESPLANADE FAMILY HOTEL,
MINEHEAD, SOMERSET.
MANAGERESS: MISS TYACK.

THE erection of the Esplanade Family Hotel, in 1893, has added very materially to the attractions of the delightful district of which Minehead is the centre. Its arrangements are the embodiment of luxurious comfort, and in every respect it will compare favourably with the most famous residential hotels in the country. The Esplanade Hotel faces the sea, standing in the quietest and most select part of the bay, and within three minutes’ walk of the railway station. It stands in its own beautiful grounds, on which are lawn-tennis courts; it is near the golf links and the cricket field, and it occupies a central position as regards the meets of the Devon and Somerset staghounds. The spacious building has an imposing frontage of about a hundred and eighty feet. A carriage drive, enclosed with ornamental wrought-iron palisades, leads to the entrance bull, which is exceptionally handsome. The spacious vestibule is roofed by a skylight of elegant design, the entrances to the various apartments on the several floors being by corridors running from this “well.” The succeeding floors are supported by handsome stone pilasters and arches, running the whole height and extent of the building. Between these pilasters the space is, in each case, filled by handsome wrought-iron balconies, which are pleasantly suggestive of the wholesome airiness which, as a matter of fact, pervades the whole establishment.

The ground floor, leaving the grand vestibule already described, contains a large dining-room, overlooking the sea, sumptuously decorated, and splendidly lighted by the great extent of its window area. The furniture includes a number of small tables for private dinner parties, in addition to the larger ones. On the left of the entrance hall, also overlooking the sea, is a handsomely furnished drawing-room, with the private parlour appropriated to the use of the manageress adjoining. At the rear and the side of the main building are two important adjuncts, where smokers may indulge in their favourite luxury without interfering with the sensibilities of other inmates of the establishment. One of these is a handsomely equipped and lofty billiard-room, supplied with one of the best of Thurston’s full-sized tables. The other adjunct is a smoking-room, whose furnishing constitutes the perfection of luxurious ease. This room overlooks the spacious and well-kept tennis lawns, gardens, &c. Handsomely appointed lavatories are adjacent.

In the kitchen the equipment is so complete as to represent all the latest practical applications of mechanical science to the perfecting of results and the guarantee of absolute cleanliness and propriety in the operations of cooking. This department is under the supervision of a chef of ample professional experience. The equipment of the still-room and the carving-room are in keeping. In the basement there are large wine and other cellars, and the stock includes a judicious selection of wines representing the choicest vintages. On the upper floors there are five suites of private apartments of varying extent, and in the aggregate, there are seventy-two bed and private sitting-rooms. On each floor are bath-rooms and lavatories, for ladies and gentlemen. At the back of the gardens are stables and coach-houses, built and fitted with all the latest sanitary improvements. The accommodation includes eighteen stalls, as well as loose boxes and lock-up coach-houses. The most assiduous of attendance to all the requirements of visitors is rendered by a large and highly-trained staff of waiters, porters, and others, and in every respect daily life at the Esplanade represents the triumphs of Western civilisation in their most attractive form. Much of the notable success which has followed the opening of this splendid hotel is due to the able management of Miss Tyack, whose unfailing courtesy equals her great business abilities.

TAVISTOCK AND OKEHAMPTON.

OBVIOUSLY, TAVISTOCK takes its name from the beautiful river Tavy, which flows through the town on its course to the Tamar, and which is a noted stream for trout and salmon. Without going into details as to the origin and history of the town, it may safely be assumed that it grew up in ancient times round the grand old abbey of Tavistock, notable remains of which still exist to charm the eye of the visitor and suggest reflections upon the distant past, when this was one of the great monastic establishments of the West Country. At the present day Tavistock realises one's ideal of a clean and well-ordered town. Local interests are admirably safeguarded by a “Mercantile Association,” and everything possible seems to have been done to make the place healthy, attractive, and prosperous. The situation of Tavistock is an advantageous one, and the railway service, via the Great Western and the South Western lines, is all that can be desired. Five hours will bring the traveller here from London; one hour will take him to Exeter, the Devonian capital; and he is within half-an-hour’s journey by rail from Plymouth, with its great store of naval and marine interest. The beauties of the surrounding country must be seen to be properly appreciated, and many a delightful day may be spent in excursions to places of interest in the vicinity, the mere enumeration of which would be impossible in the brief space at our disposal here. Mention must, however, be made of Dartmoor, which is close at hand. This vast expanse of moorland, some hundreds of square miles in extent, is one of the unique glories of Devonshire. There is nothing exactly like it any where else, with its lofty “tors,” its streams teeming with fish, and its splendid life-giving atmosphere. Small wonder that thousands of tourists flock annually to such a place to revel in all that can delight the sportsman and the lover of nature. Close to Tavistock, also, is Whitchurch Down, an immense tract of land which affords unsurpassed facilities for golf and other manly pastimes.

Tavistock has excellent schools, a public library, a superb old church, a public swimming-bath, a fine market, Town Hall, Guildhall — n fact all the institutions and characteristics of a well-to-do and ably governed community. The hotel and posting accommodation is excellent, and the inhabitants have all the inherent hospitality of true Devonians, who delight in making the stay of the stranger within their gates an enjoyable one. We need hardly add that the place is historic as the birthplace of that intrepid navigator Sir Francis Drake. Many notable trades and industries are carried on, particulars of which will be found in the following pages, and the business men of the town are as active and enterprising as their congeners anywhere else. We understand that moderate rents and taxes enable them to compete successfully with tradesmen in other towns, and to supply goods at prices which are a strong inducement to buyers. The population of Tavistock in 1891 was 6,252.

OKEHAMPTON is an ancient place, with a history dating back to the time of the Saxons, and the manor is mentioned in Domesday Book as held of the King by Baldwin the Viscount (de Brionus). Later it became the property of the Courtenays, who long resided at Okehampton Castle, remains of which stronghold still exist. A borough by prescription, Okehampton received its first charter from the Courtenays, and obtained a new and special one from James I., which Charles I. confirmed. In 1885 the petition of the borough for another charter was granted (June 24th, 1885), and the local government is now vested in the Mayor, four aldermen, and twelve councillors. Okehampton has the electric light, an excellent system of sanitation, and a fine water supply. The various local institutions are highly creditable to the advancement of the place, and the local trades are conducted with marked ability and enterprise. In former times, Okehampton sent two members to the House of Commons, but it has not been represented in Parliament since the passing of the Reform Act. The town has a station on the London and South Western Railway, and is on the high road from Exeter to Launceston. Its population in 1891 was—borough, 1,879; parish, 2,469.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

PERRY, SPEAR & CO., LIMITED, COAL, CORN, AND TIMBER MERCHANTS, MANURE MANUFACTURERS, AND STEAM SAW MILL PROPRIETORS,
HEAD OFFICES: WEST STREET, TAVISTOCK.

AN old-established business of considerable local importance and substantial standing, is that controlled by Messrs. Perry, Spear & Co., Limited, whose commercial headquarters are at West Street, Tavistock. Operations were originally commenced forty years ago, and under energetic control the concern has been kept in a highly satisfactory state of progress, increased vigour and enterprise being introduced with every passing year. At the premises in West Street are the private and general offices. The saw mills are at the Great Western Railway Station, and cover a large area of ground. They are well arranged and are equipped with plant and appliances of the latest and most approved kind, the whole being driven by steam-power. Large stocks of well-selected timber are kept on hand, and a leading business is in operation in the manufacture of gates and fencing of every kind. Manufactured goods — ash, oak, and elm planks, nave stocks, spokes, hurdles, &c., are always heavily stocked, and orders of any magnitude can be filed without loss of time. Competent men are also sent out to fit up the gates and fencing supplied. The manure manufacturing is carried on at Crelake, and some first-class machinery is employed. The productions of the firm in this direction are well known, and are in great demand among local farmers and agriculturists.

The Company is also largely occupied with corn-crushing and grinding; heavy stocks of house, smiths’ and other coal are constantly on hand; supplies of which are obtained from the best sources, and being bought in large quantities, every advantage in the matter of prices can be offered to customers, while the long and honourable career of the house is an ample guarantee that every satisfaction will be given in quality. To adequately meet the requirements of this widespread trade, depots have been established at Newquay; also at Beeralston, and Coryton, Callington, Calstock, Drakewalls, and Halton Quay on the Cornish bank of the River Tamar. At this latter-named place an extensive trade is done in English and Foreign timber. Here also are steam saw mills, together with strawberry punnett and box manufactory. This feature of the business has been largely developed during the past six or eight years, a considerable trade in punnetts being done, not only in the immediate neighbourhood, but with the fruit-growers of the Southampton district. Indeed, some have actually been sent as far north as Edinburgh. It should be stated that the Company are the owners of several barges, and are in every respect thoroughly prepared to carry out the various branches of their trade in an enterprising and superior manner. The Individual members of the firm are held in high esteem in trading and commercial circles for their ability, energy, and straightforward and liberal methods. Such a business as this, with its numerous branches and its admirable system of management, reflects the highest credit on the enterprise and progressive policy of the town.
The telegraphic addresses of the house are “Perry, Spear, Tavistock,” and “Perry, Spear, Calstock.”

THOMAS E. PEARCE, CHEMIST, STATIONER, SEED AND BULB MERCHANT,
1 & 4, WKAT STREET, TAVISTOCK.

THE important, dual business now under consideration was originally carried on as a pharmacy at No. 4, West Street, over a century ago, and consequently stands to-day as one of the oldest and best known houses in Tavistock. A few years ago, however, Mr. T. E. Pearce, the present estimable proprietor of the concern, removed to No. 1, West Street, now known far and wide in the countryside as the “West-End Pharmacy,” and in the year 1883 instituted a new departure by opening No. 4, West Street, as a general seed and bulb depot. With regard to this last-named business, its progress has, to say the least, been quite remarkable, for Mr. Pearce has won a well-merited renown for the soundness and germinating power of his carefully selected vegetable, flower, and agricultural seeds, Dutch and other bulbs, and sturdy plants in pots and graceful ferns, a splendid stock of all of which he maintains and displays in his spacious double-fronted shop and six commodious store rooms at the rear. Here also may be seen a particularly fine stock of fancy articles in the way of artificial wreaths, in memoriam crosses, and so forth. In connection with this department of his business Mr. Pearce publishes, for free distribution, catalogues of seeds, bulbs, and horticultural sundries of every kind, as also his Farmers’ Almanack on the 1st of January; and in addition to a brisk general trade, is very largely patronised by farmers, gardeners, and others from many miles around. In the “West-End Pharmacy” Mr. Pearce holds an exhaustive stock of drugs and chemicals, all the popular patent medicines of the day; toilet and kindred requisites, and photographic chemicals and appliances, in connection with a well-equipped darkroom for the use of amateurs and tourists; and acts as the agent for Lipton’s celebrated Ceylon teas. With assistants he operates in his laboratory in the production of many valuable preparations — notably, “Pearce's Pectoral Elixir” for coughs and colds, and the celebrated “Tavistock Baking Powder”; and devotes the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions and the compounding of family recipes, from which it is manifest that he studies faithfully to identify his own interests with the welfare of the community at large, and deservedly merits the position he fills as the leading local agricultural chemist.

W. JOHNS, FISHING-TACKLE MANUFACTURER AND GOLF-CLUB MAKER,
DRAKE ROAD, TAVISTOCK.

As an expert devotee of the “gentle sport” Mr. W. Johns is peculiarly well fitted to carry on the prosperous business he has acquired, and which has stood unique in its special line at Tavistock during the past sixteen years. The town of Tavistock has long been a favourite centre for anglers who appreciate good salmon and trout fishing, and their requirements could scarcely be better met and supplied than by a local lover of “Old Izaak,” to wit, Mr. Johns, who is also the keeper of the links for the Tavistock Golf Club. In other departments of outdoor sports and pastimes, Mr. Johns is also an authority, and his cricket-bats and footballs, like his fishing-rods, lines, flies, bait, &c., are favourably known throughout the world, and wherever they are introduced are received with the favour that is only accorded to articles of standard worth and excellence. In his neatly ordered shop in Drake Road may always be seen a splendid stock of fishing-rods and tackle of every description, his celebrated golf-clubs, all of which are made on the premises, cricket-bats footballs, &c., together with all manner of requisites for cyclists; and his house stands high in the estimation of a very large local and countryside connection, as much by reason of the reliability and exceptional excellence of all his productions, as for the moderation of his prices, and the sound methods and honourable principles which characterise all his business transactions.

W. BAKER, WHOLESALE, RETAIL, AND FURNISHING IRONMONGER AND GUNSMITH, &c.,
LOWER MARKET STREET, TAVISTOCK.

IN the industrial departments of the iron and hardware trades, the leading position is held by the admirably equipped establishment of which Mr. W. Edmund Baker is the proprietor, while the commercial business which he controls in his warehouses is not surpassed in magnitude by that of any other house in the district. His premises occupy a commanding corner position, opposite the church, and include a roomy building three storeys in height. The rapid growth in the volume of the firm's business and the consequent demand for additional space has recently necessitated the material enlargement of the stores at the back, these having had an extra storey added to them. The whole of the main structure is utilized as showrooms, offices, stores, and stock rooms, and there is ample space for the effective display of samples, and the systematically classified arrangement of the comprehensive stocks, which form most useful adjuncts to the leading industries, as well as to the domestic life of the district. The warehouse on the ground floor has a fine double frontage, with ample plate-glass windows, whose numerous exhibits, including a constant succession of useful and attractive novelties, are of never-failing attraction. The show-rooms are equipped with numerous elegant fittings, including a series of air-tight cases for the display of the more valuable classes of goods, including silver plate, cutlery, lamps, mechanics' tools, &c. There is a splendid stock of guns and cartridges, as well as of baths and enamel goods, general tin ware, and lamp and paint oils. At the rear are the workshops, which are equipped with all the requisites of the most approved modern type for facilitating the operations of tin-plate working, plumbing, and smithy work. The firm are, too, the most extensive hot-water engineers in Tavistock. They also produce large quantities of farm implements, brass goods, plumbers' requisites, stoves, and locks. A staff of eighteen or more skilled hands is always employed, including expert specialists as heads of departments. Mr. Baker conducts one of the largest wholesale businesses in Tavistock. He is endowed with great administrative ability, and personally supervises all the working details of the establishment.

WILLIAM H. ANDREWS, BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURER, LEATHER AND GRINDERY SELLER,
OPPOSITE THE QUEEN'S HEAD HOTEL, TAVISTOCK.

THIS branch of commercial activity is admirably well represented in Tavistock by the well-known and prosperous house of Mr. William H. Andrews, whose headquarters are prominently located directly opposite the Queen's Head Hotel. This business has been before the public for the past twenty years, and has all the time enjoyed an excellent repute for superior management and first-class goods. Mr. W. H. Andrews took over the concern sixteen years ago, and under his energetic control a continuous and eminently satisfactory progress has been maintained. Operations are conducted in a three-storey building of attractive appearance and having a plate-glass frontage of fifteen feet in extent.
An exceedingly attractive display is made in the window, as well as in the spacious and well-appointed shop, of ladies’ and gentlemen's boots and shoes, dress goods, and slippers. At the rear of the shop are comfortable private rooms for trying on purchases, and also a compact office. Here too are the work-rooms, where constant employment is found for a number of skilled hands. A large stock of ready-made boots and shoes is kept, and those patronising this department can always rely upon getting first-class goods at reasonable prices and securing an absolute fit. Pinet's and other French makers’ boots and shoes are stocked or procured at a very short notice. A leading branch is made of bespoke orders. The work the house is doing in this direction is of a very superior kind, and in quality, finished workmanship, and style cannot be beaten. Every inducement is offered to customers in the way of prices, together with prompt and careful attention to all orders. Repairs of every kind are executed on the premises. Mr. Andrews is controlling also a valuable business in leather and every description of grindery. He buys largely and in the best markets, and is in a position to guarantee satisfaction in every respect. The business is of a substantial and influential kind and mainly local in character, among its patrons being many of the leading families and resident gentry. Mr. Andrews is a gentleman widely and favourably known in business circles for his enterprise, ability, and honourable methods.

T. TRUSCOTT,
TAYY MEWS, VIGO BRIDGE, TAVISTOCK.
Telegraphic Address: “Truscott, Tavistock.”

No business establishment in Tavistock is better known to visitors than the Tavy Mews at Vigo Bridge, of which Mr. T. Truscott is the popular and respected proprietor. Mr. Truscott commenced business in this direction thirty years ago, and his experience has been of the most varied and valuable character. He soon succeeded in establishing a first-class connection, and early acquired a name for the excellence of everything he supplied and the thorough reliability that could be placed upon him to carry out, punctually and promptly, whatever he undertook. the premises were burnt down in 1892, but a handsome block of buildings has been erected on the old site; the accommodation and convenience now possessed by the firm are unequalled by any similar establishment in the town. The stables are fitted up with the most modern appliances and the sanitary arrangements have been carried out on the most advanced lines. On these extensive premises are always kept a large selection of well-appointed vehicles, including chars-a-bancs, breaks of various sizes, landaus, broughams, dog-carts, phaetons, governess carts, &c. He owns a splendid stud of horses, including hunters and hacks, that are let out by the job, day, week, or month. Horses are taken to bait and stand at livery; they are also bought and sold on commission, a very considerable business being done in this branch. Carriages are promptly furnished for weddings, balls, parties, shopping and funerals, Mr. Truscott having a great number always on hand, and every satisfaction is guaranteed in the style and neatness of the turn-outs and the extremely moderate nature of the charges. The proprietor's chars-a-bancs are ran on circular tours every day of the week from Tavistock, and four days of the week from Moretonhampstead through the most charming and romantic scenery of Dartmoor. These excursions are largely patronised by visitors, and the vehicles provided and the admirable manner in which everything is managed appear to give unqualified satisfaction. Mr. Truscott never disappoints his patrons, but always secures their respect and confidence by his strictly honourable methods of doing business and his pleasant and obliging manners.

R. WILLIAMS & CO., MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURERS, TAVISTOCK MINERAL WATER COMPANY,
12, HIGHER MARKET STREET, TAVISTOCK.

THE manufacture of aerated waters of every description finds a competent and enterprising representative in the person of Mr. R. Williams, who trades under the title of The Tavistock Mineral Water and Ice Company. The business has been before the public for a considerable period, having been established upwards of thirty years. The firm became Messrs. R. Williams & Co. some fifteen years ago, and the present proprietor has been in full possession for the last eight years. He has been highly successful in the control of the business, and the prosperity and prospects of the house were never better than they are at the present time. Large and admirably adapted premises are occupied at 12, Higher Market Street, being a portion of the building formerly used as the Tavistock Brewery. The various departments include a large and handsomely appointed office, laboratory, syrup-room, bottle-washing, filling, and corking departments, together with machine-room, stores, and various stables and cart sheds. The equipment has been carried out in an elaborate and enlightened manner, and every facility is possessed for manufacturing aerated waters on the latest and most improved system. Part of the appliances consists of the machinery that obtained the Gold Medal at the Paris Exhibition in 1878. The motive power is supplied by one of Crossley's Otto gas engines, and a number of skilled hands are employed.

The beverages made here are too well known to need any special recommendation at our hands. The choicest ingredients alone are used, and the water, which is obtained from the famous Dartmoor springs, possesses special properties for producing the most desirable results in the manufacture of this class of drinks. The perfection of the appliances and the care bestowed upon every stage of manufacture insure the absolute purity of the firm’s productions. The uniform excellence of these beverages is also further preserved by the use of the Patented Globe Stopper bottles, and much time and trouble are saved thereby, as half-a-dozen bottles can be opened in the time required to open a single one with a common cork. The leading specialities with the firm are soda-water, seltzer-water, potash, ginger-beer (in glass bottles), and home-brewed ginger-beer in stone jars, ginger-ale, and hop-bitter ales. The trade is wholesale, and extends throughout Tavistock and for many miles in the vicinity among hotel proprietors, restaurant keepers, and confectioners, and orders of any magnitude are promptly delivered by their own carts. Mr. Williams gives the business the benefit of his close personal application, and no effort is spared on his part to maintain the acknowledged excellence of his goods and to secure the renewed confidence of his supporters. His dealings are marked by methods of strict fairness, and he is highly respected by all that know him.

OKEHAMPTON.

J. HUTCHINGS & SON, BAKERS, CONFECTIONERS, PASTRY COOKS, AND GENERAL GROCERS,
4, WEST STREET, OKEHAMPTON.

IN the everyday economy of all communities, there is no branch of business, perhaps, that can claim to be of greater importance than that of the modern baker and confectioner, and in this connection dwellers in the rising town and neighbourhood of Okehampton, are indeed fortunate in the possession, in their midst, of an establishment of the calibre of the one which, organised twenty years ago by a Mr. Ewings, has for the past five years been under the capable proprietary control of Mr. J. Hutchings, who recently admitted his son to partnership. Standing as the largest and principal establishment of its kind in the town, the spacious well-appointed shop always presents a singularly neat, clean, and wholesome aspect, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant and varied stock there maintained. Plain and fancy breads and biscuits, including the celebrated biscuits of Messrs. Huntley & Palmer, and those of Messrs. Gray & Dunn; toothsome cakes and confectionery, pastry, &c., such as wedding, school, sponge, Madeira, and other cakes and table delicacies; “Horniman's Pure Teas,” also Johnson, Johnson & Co.’s, and all manner of select general groceries and prime provisions, are all fully represented at their very best, and are all courteously offered for sale by the staff of attentive and capable assistants, while families are also waited upon daily for orders. In their well-equipped model hygienic bakery at the rear, Messrs. Hutchings & Son employ a picked staff of expert bakers in the daily production of supplies, not only for their own stock and large round of regular customers, but also for a steadily growing wholesale trade connection; and it is clear that they spare no effort, not merely to sustain, but to enhance the high reputation they now so deservedly enjoy.

H. BLACKMORE, LADIES’ AND GENTLEMEN’S COMPLETE OUTFITTER,
MANCHESTEK HOUSE, OKEHAMPTON.

IN catering adequately to the personal needs and requirements of ladies and gentlemen in all that appertains to fashionable attire, the modern complete outfitter fulfils a most important function in all communities of any consequence, and in this connection at the rising town of Okehampton there is no name that is better or more favourably known amongst the upper and middle classes of local society than that of Mr. H. Blackmore, who has conducted a thriving business during the past ten years in his eligible premises, familiarly known amongst residents aa “Manchester House.” Brilliantly illuminated by the electric light, the spacious double-fronted. shop, with its well-equipped workrooms at the rear, is admirably appointed throughout, and contains a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the latest productions of the leading manufacturers of the day. In the ladies’ department may be seen the newest patterns and textures in dress materials of every conceivable kind: calicoes, flannels, linens, and household drapery goods generally; fancy drapery wares, in the way of feathers and flowers, ribbons and laces, and the like; gloves and corsets, and haberdashery; while a staff of expert modistes, couturieres, and clever needlewomen is retained to exemplify the latest London and Paris fashion fancies in millinery and dress and mantle-making. The gentlemen’s department is equally well cared for, being replete with a very large stock of stylish ready-made suits and single garments in all standard sizes; silk and felt hats and caps for all occasions; hosiery, shirts, and underwear; ties, scarfs, and gloves; handkerchiefs, braces, and outfitting items of all sorts; all of which are offered for sale at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading; while bespoke tailoring, by skilled craftsmen, is carried out with high efficiency and despatch. The business is indeed a splendid example of substantial success worthily achieved; and all its characteristics are those of a house whose nature has been influenced and whose methods have been formed by a constant connection with a good class of trade.

B. PARKER, SADDLER AND HARNESS MAKER,
OKEHAMPTON.

POSSESSING an historical interest, as being the house at Okehampton in which King Charles sojourned during the turbulent times preceding the Commonwealth, the saddle and harness-maker’s establishment now under review, was organised as such by a Mr. Webber, as far back as the year 1835. About twenty-eight years ago Mr. B. Parker sought and found employment under Mr. Webber, and, by dint of perseverance and faithful labour, succeeded to the proprietary control some nineteen years later, carrying on the trade with such vigour and success that he subsequently found it expedient to take over an establishment at North Tawton, trading under the style and title of Messrs. Parker & Sons, Saddlers, Harness Makers, and Ironmongers. The headquarters at Okehampton are, in every point of character and situation, precisely adapted to the requirements of a brisk business of the kind. They consist of a well-appointed double-fronted shop, well fitted with show-cases, and so forth, for the display of a goodly stock of ladies’ and gentlemen’s park and hunting saddles, and harness of every description, together with equestrian equipments and stable requisites of every kind, including the productions of Messrs. Owen & Miller, of London, saddle and harness makers to Her Majesty the Queen. In his workshops at the rear, Mr. Parker is assisted by a staff of workmen in the making of saddles, harness, &c., to measure; bags and portmanteaus; and repairs of every kind; and his house stands high in the estimation of a very large and valuable local connection, for the excellence of all his work, the moderation of his charges, and sound and straightforward business methods.

SETH HARRY, FAMILY GROCER AND TEA DEALER, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT, AND DISPENSING CHEMIST,
CENTRAL SUPPLY STOKES, FORE STREET, OKEHAMPTON.

THE establishment of Mr. Seth Harry, with its fine, handsome proportions, its attractive windows and electric lighting, is a credit to the enterprise and progress made by Okehampton in trade and commerce during the last quarter of a century. This business is not only one of the most prominent and important, it is, also, one of the oldest, its inception dating back for something more than a century. The founder was a Mr. Aaron Bayley, and the business was for some considerable time in the hands of Mr. George Lacy, who was succeeded, twenty-one years ago, by the present proprietor. Under this gentleman’s control the business, in its entirety, has been brought into close touch with the requirements of the present day, and raised to a prominence it never before occupied during its long career. The premises in Fore Street are three lofty storeys high, and are spacious in size and handsomely and elaborately fitted up. One window contains a large display of grocery and general colonial produce, and the other is replete with a fine assortment of patent medicines and chemists’ sundries. The three businesses with which the enterprising proprietor is concerned — those of the grocer, the chemist, and the wine and spirit merchant — are carried on in separate departments. In each ample supplies are held of the very best class of goods. The groceries and provisions are procured from the best sources of supply, and have been carefully selected with a thorough knowledge of the requirements of the public. The stocks include India, China and Ceylon teas, coffees, preserved fruits, spices, pickles, and biscuits, as well as every description of provisions and English and foreign produce. Mr. Harry is the local agent for some of the famous Burton and Dublin brewers, and he is supplying their specialities in the primest condition. His wines and spirits, too, are unexceptionable in character, and are giving absolute satisfaction to the very best judges. There is adequate storage accommodation at the rear, and in the spacious cellars beneath, and Mr. Harry’s stocks ore the largest of the kind in the town.

As a chemist and druggist Mr. Harry is controlling an influential and valuable business. He is a thoroughly qualified dispensing chemist by examination, and can be relied upon to dispense physicians' prescriptions and family recipes with perfect accuracy. The purest and most genuine drugs and chemicals alone are handled, and in his stores will be found everything in this line, including toilet requisites, proprietary goods, surgical and sick-room appliances, and druggists' sundries. The proprietor is the manufacturer of the well-known Areca Nut Tooth Paste, and, also, of several popular perfumes. In every department of this well-organised business the most favourable prices prevail, and a staff of well-trained assistants promptly and politely attend to the wants of all callers. The house numbers among its patrons some of the best families in the town and district, and Mr. Harry is everywhere regarded as an able, upright, and reliable business man, who well merits the success he is enjoying.

TEIGNMOUTH AND DAWLISH.

FINELY situated at the mouth of the river Teign, and about thirteen miles south of Exeter, via the South Devon Railway, the seaport and market town of TEIGNMOUTH combines the characteristics of a busy seat of trade and a fashionable watering-place. It occupies an advantageous position on the north side of the Teign estuary, and being well sheltered by hills, the salubrity of its air is not discounted by the intrusion of chilly northerly or easterly breezes. In fact, Teignmouth is an ideal summer resort and winter residence, and is recognised as such by a multitude of visitors, for whose accommodation and entertainment ample provision is made. Teignmouth is very old, and was a place of some consequence in the time of the Saxons, who called it Tegnton. It was considered by the Danes sufficiently important to be burnt, and this delicate attention was repeated in future periods by the French, who carried fire into the town in 1338 and 1690 — on the latter occasion with particularly destructive effect. In company with other Devonian ports, Teignmouth supplied ships to Edward III. for the siege of Calais, and was presumably a trading port of some consequence at that time.

Modern improvements have demonstrated in many ways the public spirit of the local government, and the town is well advanced in all matters pertaining to the health and comfort of residents and visitors. The sea bathing is a great attraction, and a fine promenade is afforded by the Dene, which also forms a racecourse. Between Teignmouth and the suburb of Shaldon there is a notable bridge. From the high ground at the north-western end of the town very fine views are obtained, both landward and seaward. Teignmouth possesses good quays and railway facilities, and has a considerable coasting trading. One of its chief exports is granite from the famous Haytor quarries, which yields a stone of much beauty and durability. Timber, bark, and cider are also prominent items in the trade of the port, and there is a large export of potters’ clay and pipe clay, which commodities are obtained in Kingsteignton, close by, and shipped from Teignmouth to the potteries of Staffordshire principally. Generally speaking, the local trades, which include brewing and the manufacture of aerated waters, are in a flourishing condition, and are conducted in a very able and enterprising manner. Visitors will find the hotel and boarding-house accommodation thoroughly satisfactory, and these and other circumstances combine to make a holiday sojourn in Teignmouth a very agreeable experience. The population of the town in 1891, when the last census was taken, was 8,292.

DAWLISH is three miles to the north-east of Teignmouth, along the coast towards the mouth of the Exe, and is a station on the South Devon Railway. It has an excellent situation in a sheltered valley, and the scenery round about is among the most beautiful and picturesque in Devonshire. Like Teignmouth, Dawlish enjoys superior facilities for sea bathing, possessing a fine sandy beach, sloping gently to the sea; and there is also a pier, a promenade, and other characteristic appurtenances of a favourite watering-place. The climate of Dawlish is all that can be desired in point of mildness and healthfulness, and sanitary matters are carefully studied by the local authorities. The water supply is particularly good. That part of Dawlish which stands nearest the sea is modern, and the well-built houses here to be seen are the outcome of the rapid rise of the place in popularity as a health and pleasure resort. Farther inland stands the old town. The two principal churches are St. Michael’s and St. Mark’s; and there are several other places of worship, including Wesleyan and Congregational chapels. The Town Hall, the Assembly Rooms, the Baths, and the Library, are all noteworthy buildings. Dawlish has good hotels, and those visitors who prefer to occupy private apartments or to live at boarding establishments will have no difficulty in satisfying their requirements, though it is always wise to be beforehand in looking out for, and securing such accommodation, at a place where so many visitors have to be provided for. The business establishments of Dawlish exemplify all branches of trade associated with the supply of the necessaries and luxuries of life, and in this respect the place is in nowise behind any other of the favourite Devonian resorts. The population of the town in 1891 was 4,210. The following articles afford detailed information respecting prominent trading firms both here and at Teignmouth.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

CURTIS BROTHERS, FORE STREET AND TEIGN STREET BREWERIES,
TEIGNMOUTH.

THIS notable firm of brewers and wine and spirit merchants hold a very prominent position in the trade in the neighbourhood of Teignmouth. Their two breweries, one situated in Fore Street and one in Teign Street, originated some forty years ago, and are doubtless the largest in the town. They possess a fine plant of modern machinery, and the whole industry is conducted under conditions calculated to ensure the best possible results in the character and quality of the product. Messrs. Curtis Brothers use the purest malt and selected hops in their brewing operations, and have an excellent water supply. They are consequently in a position to maintain a high standard in everything they turn out; and public opinion, which is the great criterion in these matters, speaks highly of all their beers, which include, as specialities, a capital light DINNER ALE, a fine BITTER ALE, a PALE ALE of great brilliancy and superior style, and a first-class NOURISHING STOUT. The firm supply their beers both in cask, in jars, and in bottle, and in each case they are very popular and in large demand. The special LIGHT BITTER ALE at one shilling per gallon, is brewed expressly to meet the taste of the present day. It is well “hopped” and, at the price at which it is offered, cannot be surpassed as a sound wholesome beverage. Although of lower strength, it possesses all the tonic and invigorating properties of India Pale Ale, and can be highly recommended for its digestive qualities. In addition to their extensive operations as brewers, Messrs. Curtis Brothers do a large trade as WINE and SPIRIT merchants, holding carefully selected stocks in this department. Their COGNAC BRANDY, fine London GIN, special Scotch and Irish WHISKIES, old Jamaica RUM, and sound PORT and SHERRY wines, are all specialities which may be commended to the notice of licensed victuallers, &c. Throughout the town and district of Teignmouth this firm control an extensive business, with a valuable and old-established connection. Mr. G. E. Curtis is now the sole principal of this important concern. He personally administers its affairs with the judgment and ability born of long experience, and fully maintains in every way the reputation his house has for so many years enjoyed for honourable and straightforward dealing.

T. H. KNIGHT & SONS, SCULPTORS’ MONUMENTAL WORKS,
FORE STREET, TEIGNMOUTH, AND DAWLISH.

THE artistically industrial business which Mr. T. H. Knight controls is by far the most extensive of its class in the Teignmouth district. Its record goes back as far as 1822; and the present proprietor has very materially extended the area of the firm's operations. His industrial premises cover a considerable area, and are situated on the Old Quay; while his commercial headquarters are in Fore Street. The premises here have a double frontage, and comprise a spacious show-room with a well-appointed office adjacent. The show windows are always points of interest, including a representative selection of beautiful Devonshire and other art pottery, comprising jugs, vases, cups, and ornaments. Here, too, is shown a good variety of porcelain memorial wreaths and crosses, and the interior contains many beautiful examples of the work produced at their Quay works, including headstones, crosses, tablets, fonts, altars, marble chimney-pieces and fenders, many of these articles bearing evidence of great artistic skill in designing. Here, too, is a large collection of all sorts of plain and fancy decorative tiles. He employs an efficient staff of skilled carvers, as well as workers in granite, marble, and other varieties of stone. Contracts for the fixing of tiles and similar classes of work are constantly executed.

As a memorial mason his reputation extends not only in Devonshire, but his work is sent to all parts of the United Kingdom, also to foreign parts. He also controls a very extensive business, with all parts of the country, as a dealer in Devonshire art pottery. Extract from the Teignmouth Echo, Dec. 22nd, 1894.— “On visiting our Cemetery I observe that another beautiful monument has just been added to the many handsome ones already erected there. This one is in the form of a square obelisk, designed in the classic style, with renaissance treatment. It is erected to the memory of the late Mrs. Coysh, stands about eleven feet high, and is surmounted with a fluted urn of most unique form, from the mouth of which burst forth flames (an emblem of life). The whole is encased with a massive kerb, with eight octagonal posts at intervals. The whole work is wrought in Italian marble, about four tons weight. The workmanship is most exquisitely executed, and the rich carving very delicately treated. The artistic merit and finish of this memorial, has called forth general admiration, and certainly reflects the highest credit upon Messrs. T, H. Knight & Sons, who were entrusted to carry out the same. Our Cemetery in itself is well worthy a visit. Its delightful situation, together with the beautiful work it contains, combine to make it the most attractive Cemetery in Devon, and so gain for it the general admiration of Teignmothians and visitors. I learn also that this firm have recently erected two high-class memorials at Dawlish. One is a rock, cross and anchor, erected in the Cemetery, the whole wrought out of one solid block of Italian marble, some three tons weight, which I hear from connoisseurs who have viewed it, is far and above the usual class of memorial work. The other memorial is a massive cross and three steps, about six feet high, erected in the churchyard, which is most tastefully executed with foliage and flowers very naturally carved.” Mr. Knight is endowed with much administrative ability, and personally supervises all the details of his extensive and prosperous business.

THE BEACH PRIVATE HOTEL AND BOARDING ESTABLISHMENT,
TEIGNMOUTH.
PROPRIETOR: MB. J. H. HERRIDGE.

THE Beach Private Hotel and Boarding House has, under the experienced and judicious management of Mr. J. H. Herridge, the proprietor, justly acquired a reputation as a seaside residence of the highest class. Its situation is unequalled by that of any other hotel in the district, being almost immediately on the sea-shore, two minutes from the railway-station, and adjoining the pier and the promenade. The building, erected in 1892, was specially designed to meet the modern requirements of a first-rate hotel. It stands three storeys high, and from its windows magnificent views are obtainable, not only of the sea, but, on clear days, of a long line of coast, dotted by such picturesque points as Exmouth. The sanitary arrangements throughout the house are perfect, and all the apartments are well ventilated. There is a total of sixteen bedrooms, single and double, together with drawing, dining, sitting, and smoking rooms. There are admirably-equipped lavatories and baths supplied with both hot and cold water — salt and fresh. Throughout the house the appointments and fittings are handsome and substantial. The cuisine is all that could be desired, and, during the season, a table d'hote dinner is served every evening at seven o'clock. Having regard to the high class of the entertainment which, in every respect, is offered at the Beach Hotel, the tariff is remarkably moderate. Mr. Herridge makes the comfort of his guests his daily care, and is constantly adding to the attractions of the establishment, gaining thereby a large measure of well-deserved popularity.

WILLIAM BOWDEN, HOUSE DECORATOR, PAINTER, GLAZIER, PAPERHANGER, CARVER AND GILDER, DEALER IN HIGH-CLASS PAINTINGS, DRAWINGS, AND PRINTS; PICTURES CLEANED AND RESTORED;
16, BITTON STREET, TEIGNMOUTH.

THE interesting establishment, of which Mr. W. Bowden is the proprietor, was founded in 1820 by his grandfather. Born on the premises where he conducts his business, he has resided in them during the whole of his life, having received, from an early age, a thorough technical training under his father, from whom, too, he inherited a sound artistic taste, which has since been highly cultivated. These advantages he has applied to such good purpose that his business is unrivalled in the district. His premises occupy a commanding position in Bitton Street, which was formerly the leading thoroughfare in the town, and have a fine double frontage whose attractive appearance is altogether in keeping with the character of the establishment. In the ample windows are many examples of a splendid collection, to which additions are constantly being made of very valuable oil paintings, water-colour drawings, and other works of art, representing old and modern masters. Amongst the numerous pictures in the gallery are a rare lot of marine paintings by “Luny,” about 1830, Traies, Leakey, Pike, Cook, Jenkins, and many other noted Devonshire artists; whilst the drawings include capital specimens of W. Collingwood, J. Fahey, Parris, B. R. Green, Pearson, Syer, Hart, Poole, Pyne, Mitchell, McArthur, Stuart Lloyd, Rayner, Coleman, and other well-known names. A collection of such value in so small a centre of population is probably unparalleled in the case of any other English dealer, and the collection, which proves a great attraction to all visitors to Teignmouth, has justly gained the title of the “Fine Arts Gallery.”

In the well-appointed interior there is ample space for the effective display of the works of art, which include many Dartmoor and other landscapes, marine pictures, battle pieces, still life and animal and figure subjects. The stocks also comprise all descriptions of artists’ requisites of the best quality. In connection with this department a large business is conducted in the manufacture, regilding, cleaning and restoration of picture-frames; and the excellent taste of the principal is constantly consulted in reference to the selection of appropriate frames and mounts for particular works of art. It should be added that numerous handsome mirrors and elegant mouldings are utilised in the decoration of the show-rooms. Mr. Bowden's reputation as a picture dealer of culture and eminence extends all over the country, and he constantly executes commissions from distant places with reference to special works of art. The premises also include spacious work-rooms and large stores, in which are held heavy stocks of wall-papers and other appliances for mural decoration, and also paints, mouldings, &c. He employs a staff of thirty or more skilled workmen, including expert specialists as heads of departments. Mr. Bowden's excellent artistic taste manifests itself in the execution of all the decorative work which he executes.

DAWLISH.

T. G. SENIOR, LADIES’ AND CHILDREN’S OUTFITTER, GENERAL DRAPER, MILLINER, AND DRESSMAKER,
PIERMONT PLACE, DAWLISH.

ESTABLISHED almost half a century ago by the late firm of Messrs. J. Hearn & Son, this typical drapery establishment now conducted by Mr. T. G. Senior ranks high among the principal and most popular of the trading concerns of Dawlish. Eligibly located, the spacious double-fronted shop is admirably fitted and appointed throughout in the beet modern style, and arranged to hold and display a complete stock of goods, rich in fashionable novelties and articles of standard worth and excellence, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment. All manner of every-day drapery goods for both household use and personal wear, fancy drapery in charming variety, haberdashery of every kind, special lines in costumes, ladies’ lingerie, children's underwear, and out-fitting items of every kind, are all fully represented, at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading; while a staff of expert modistes is retained to exemplify all the latest fashions in millinery and dress and mantle-making with efficiency and despatch. Mr. Senior personally directs all the affairs of his house, and the methods of his management are of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically ensure a very long continuance of the satisfactory conditions under which his house already operates.

EDWARD JOHNS, REGISTERED PLUMBER, GAS-FITTER, BELL-HANGER, &c.,
10 & 11, KING STREET, DAWLISH.

THIS is one of the most important plumbing and gas-fitting businesses in Dawlish, having been in existence upwards of thirty-three years. Mr. Edward Johns, the present proprietor, is a thoroughly practical man, who gives his whole attention to the business. He enjoys a splendid name for the character of the goods he handles, and the care he bestows upon every kind of work placed in his hands. The premises occupied comprise a large double-fronted shop with fine frontage, rendered still more attractive by an extensive and admirably-arranged display of the goods on sale. The interior has been fitted up in a handsome and elaborate manner, and is stocked to repletion with everything that comes within the category of the plumber and gasfitter. The upper part of the building is utilised as showroom, warehouses, and stores, and at the rear are shops where a number of skilled workmen are kept employed. Mr. Johns is thoroughly conversant with every branch of his complicated business, and knows all the best sources for the most desirable goods. He is, consequently, always in possession of the latest and most improved class of commodities, while at the same time prices are invariably of the most reasonable and satisfactory nature. The supplies comprise gas-fittings, shades, chandeliers, electric and crank bells, baths fitted with the newest improvements, hot and cold water apparatus, grates, stoves, and other heating appliances, lavatory and water-closet fittings, and a full line of plumbers' requisites. There are also ample supplies of various kinds of burning oils, and Mr. Johns is sole local agent in Dawlish for the Incandescent light. As a sanitary plumber, the principal is well-known and respected throughout the district. He has made a long practical study of his profession, and carries out whatever he undertakes on the most advanced lines, and, what is still better, in a thoroughly effective and efficacious manner, he makes a speciality of examining and testing drains with patent appliances, and of reporting upon their condition. Workmen are sent to any distance to fit up every description of heating apparatus, and to execute every class of work appertaining to the plumber, gasfitter, and bell-hanger. the connection extends throughout Dawlish and for a distance of several miles round, lying among householders, property owners, builders, and architects; and its still constant development, under energetic management, is a sure sign that every satisfaction is being given. Mr. Johns is highly regarded both in trading and social circles for his ability, upright methods, and personal integrity.

R. B. FERRIS, BREWER, MALTSTER, AND COAL MERCHANT,
DAWLISH.

THE excellent reputation which Dawlish possesses for the brewing of good ales is based entirely upon the operations of Mr. R. B. Ferris, as proprietor of the only brewery in the town. It occupies a most central position, and the premises cover a large area on both sides of the street. The brewery has a long and honourable record, and Mr. Ferris fully sustains all its best traditions. The premises, in addition to the brewery proper, and the malt-houses, comprise a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of business. There is, too, a range of well-equipped stables, with forage stores adjoining. The working plant of the brewery is so complete as to represent all the best and latest applications of mechanical science to the perfecting of results in the processes of brewing. The stores and stables on the opposite side of the street are of recent erection, and are models of their class. Mr. Ferris himself malts the barley which he employs in brewing, the excellently-constructed malt-houses being on the premises. He brews a variety of ales as well as stout, amongst which may be mentioned his ordinary mild ale, XXX mild ale, XXXX old vatted ale, India pale ale and stout. All these are held in high esteem throughout a wide area, but the speciality which has given him a great reputation is his X.P.A. sparkling dinner ale, which is in very great demand. He is also agent for Allsopp’s and Bass's ales and Guinness's stout on a large scale, and supplies these favourite beverages in nine, eighteen, and thirty-six gallon casks. The business is principally wholesale, although he supplies some of the most influential families resident in the district with his specialities. His principal customers are the proprietors of the leading hotels and taverns in the district.
His premises are on the telephonic exchange system for Dawlish, the number being 2.

WINCHESTER, BASINGSTOKE, AND ANDOVER

OF all the cities of Britain there is none more venerable, for there is every reason to believe that Winchester owed its origin to the Celtic tribes who inhabited this region long prior to the first visit of the Romans, though all record of the rise and growth of the place in that remote ago is merged in the obscurity and vagueness of fable and legend. When the Romans came, with conquest in their train, the town was of some importance locally, and during the ensuing centuries it rapidly advanced in national influence and prestige. About 520 A.D, it became the capital of the West Saxons, under Cerdic, and some three hundred years later (827 A.D.) it was made the capital of England by Egbert, the first King of the united realm. This dignity it retained until the Days of Edward the Confessor, and in the noble Cathedral of Winchester rest the ashes of a long line of Saxon kings, sovereigns of Wessex and of England.

The fortunes of Winchester wore at a low ebb in the time of the Civil War, when the city and castle were secured for the Parliament by Sir William Waller. After the battle of Naseby, Winchester surrendered to Cromwell, and the castle, the fortifications, the ancient palace of the bishops, and a number of other edifices were destroyed by order of the Lord Protector. Since then the city’s history has been uneventful in a political sense, but the commercial energy of its people in modern times has arrested the decline that once threatened it, and at the present day the ancient capital is well to the front among the communities of Wessex as a centre of local business and industry, while it retains much of its old-time renown in the ecclesiastical and educational world. During the seven centuries of its corporate existence it has enjoyed many marks of Royal favour. Parliaments were held here by the Plantagenet kings; here King John resided, and Henry III. was born; here Henry IV. was married; Henry VIII. entertained Charles V. of Spain; and the nuptials of Mary of England and Philip of Spain were solemnised. In such measures as the “Winchester ell” and the “Winchester bushel” (the use of which has not long been discontinued), we have memorials of the ancient prestige of a city which was in its time the headquarters of a sovereign state and civic dignity in England. To this day the episcopal eminence of the see of Winchester is preserved, and the Lord Bishop of the diocese takes rank in precedency with his brothers of London and Durham.

Winchester Cathedral was begun about the year 1075 by Bishop Walkelyn, the thirty-fourth bishop of this ancient diocese, and was completed in 1393 by Bishop Wickham. The city of Winchester receives its charter of incorporation from Henry II. in 1184, and the seven hundredth anniversary of that notable event was celebrated in July, 1884. Winchester returns one member to Parliament, and its population in 1891 was 19,073.

BASINGSTOKE, an important municipal borough and market-town of North Hants, is a place of considerable antiquity, and the borough cemetery is supposed to have been used as a burial-ground as far back as the Saxon period. The principal public buildings are the Parish Church and the Town Hall, and among the noteworthy local institutions are the Mechanics’ Institute (with club and class-rooms and a good library), St. Thomas’s Home, the Cottage Hospital, and a number of charities. John of Basingstoke, a noted thirteenth century scholar; Sir James Lancaster, the navigator; Dr. Joseph Warton, of Winchester school; and Thomas Warton, poet-laureate, were natives of Basingstoke. The industries of the town include brewing, engineering, van and cart-building, coach-building, clothing manufacture, and the production of agricultural machinery on a large scale, and has a population of 8,000.

ANDOVER, another ancient borough of North Hants, is situated on the Anton, sixteen miles north-east of Salisbury, with a junction station on the London and South Western Railway. It has a handsome parish church (replacing the old one destroyed in 1846), a Town Hall, a Cottage Hospital, and a number of beneficial charities. The population is 6,048 (according to the census of 1891), and the local industries include brewing, coach-building and harness making, and the manufacture of iron and agricultural implements; while in the several departments of general trade the town is well supplied with shops. The articles which here follow are designed to illustrate the nature and scope of representative business undertakings in Winchester, Basingstoke and Andover.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

JEWELL & SON, BREWERS, HYDRAULIC, AND GENERAL ENGINEERS, IRON AND BRASS FOUNDERS,
CITY FOUNDRY, LOWER BROOK STRICT, WINCHESTER.

THIS extensive business has been established upwards of forty years, and is one of the most important concerns of its kind in Hampshire. The large premises situated in Lower Brook Street, present a scene of much interest and activity, and form a thoroughly representative engineering works and brass and iron foundry, admirably organised and conveniently arranged throughout. The various workshops are equipped with the best modern machinery; and the firm employ a numerous staff of skilled workmen in the different branches of their industry. The resources of the establishment are very considerable, and the firm have facilities for turning out large quantities of work of the best class on short notice. The foundry is the principal one in Winchester, and is equipped for the rapid production of all kinds and sizes of iron and brass castings, for which a high reputation is maintained. Messrs. Jewell & Son have long been noted for their hydraulic work, and particularly for pumps for brewers’ use, and they have given a large amount of attention to brewers’ engineering in general. The firm are also contractors for water supply by means of tube wells, driven or bored; also for sunk wells and tunnelling underground, as recently executed for the Andover Waterworks Company; and they are recognised experts in all kinds of millwrights’ work. Gas and other engines are dealt in and repaired, and machinery of every description is valued and reported on. In the several departments of their business this firm have always shown a progressive spirit, and their name is identified with many improvements in the different classes of plant and machinery, of which they have made a special feature. A very large trade is controlled, and the firm stand high in the confidence of an extensive and influential connection. Mr. Jewell, senr., is a much respected resident of Winchester, and as an engineer, his practical skill and knowledge are widely known. His son and partner, Mr. H. W. Jewell, M.Inst.M.E., and Mem. Society of Engineers, is also well known as a highly accomplished mechanician, both practical and theoretical; and in view of his eminent professional attainments he is frequently called in to advise owners and users of machinery and steam-power throughout the county.

H. WYETH, HYDE ABBEY BREWERY,
WINCHESTER.

This is one of the oldest general breweries in Winchester, and Mr. Wyeth has been established in the trade upwards of forty-five years. The Hyde Abbey Brewery is of comparatively modern design and construction, and has a handsome facade in Hyde Street. Besides the brew house, which is equipped with a six-quarter plant upon the most approved modern principles, there are extensive stores, maltings, and all the incidental departments of a first-class brewing establishment, and the visitor cannot fail to be favourably impressed by the prevailing good order and cleanliness. Possessing an excellent water supply, and brewing with care and skill from the best malt and hops, Mr. Wyeth's beers are justly noted for their purity and high character, and he has long been famous for his fine pale and light bitter ales for family use. These are in great demand, and an influential connection is maintained among the leading families in and around Winchester. Mr. Wyeth is a gentleman of remarkable enterprise, and he is now actively carrying out a scheme for developing a portion of the historic New Forest, about twelve miles from Bournemouth. He has already erected there a handsome hotel, and several detached villas. The name of the place is Milton, and it is in one of the loveliest of the many beautiful spots to be found in the New Forest, and one of the healthiest withal. Mr. Wyeth has offered a valuable tract of land on this demesne to the Pariah Council of Milton for the purpose of erecting a parish hall, reading room, and office therein. Those who are desirous of ascertaining the value of this charming locality as a health resort or place of residence should visit Milton without delay. Failing that, we recommend them to communicate at an early date either with Mr. Wyeth at Winchester, or with his agent at the Milton Hotel, from whom all information can be obtained.

M. LEE, TEA-TASTER AND COFFEE ROASTER,
2, EASTGATE STREET, WINCHESTER; AND EASTCHEAP, LONDON, E.C.

This business was founded by Mr. A. Etheridge, but is now in the possession and able control of Mr. M. Lee. This gentleman's experience has been of a varied and valuable kind, and, under his well-directed efforts, the business has made rapid and important strides. The premises utilised are well located at the end of High Street and commencement of East Gate, W., and almost directly opposite the Guildhall. They are ample in size, and thoroughly equipped with everything requisite for facilitating the business. Mr. Lee is a professional tea-taster, and has offices at Eastcheap, London, E.C., close to the wholesale market. It can thus be readily believed that his supplies in this department are of a high-class and superior character. Another leading line with the house is coffee. This favourite berry is roasted here fresh every day, an improved process being employed by which its whole strength and aroma are retained. A large and well-assorted stock of groceries and provisions is always on hand, including spices, fruits, preserves, pickles, biscuits, and Italian and Colonial goods in great variety. Mr. Lee deals also in foreign wines, spirits, and mineral waters, representing the well-known firm of Messrs. W. & A. Gilbey. The house under notice has secured a large connection both in the city and suburbs. Special attention is given to the prompt execution of all orders, and this, combined with high-class quality of goods, and a reasonable scale of prices, makes the house an especial favourite with all classes of the community. Mr. Lee is an able, energetic, and enterprising business man, fair and liberal in all dealings, and much respected by all who know him, whether in the way of business or in private and social life.

GEORGE HOLLAND, FISHING-TACKLE MANUFACTURER,
THE SQUARE, WINCHESTER.

As a rod and tackle manufacturer, artificial fly dresser, and expert specialist in practical angling, the name and the fame of Mr. George Holland are familiar to Waltonians, not only over all the United Kingdom, but throughout many of the British Colonies, in the United States of America, and in France. His rods, tackle and flies are renowned wherever British traditions, in angling, are being followed. Until about two years ago, Mr. Holland was carrying on his business in Plymouth. Finding that locality, however, altogether unsuitable to his vocation, he has judiciously shifted his location from “Tamar’s glittering wave,” to the close neighbourhood of those two finest of English trout and grayling streams — the Itchen and the Test. His premises are conveniently situated in the Square, and form a constant centre of attraction for many enthusiastic sportsmen, within a wide area. The interior is well appointed, and the stock comprises fly and salmon rods, winches, trout and salmon lines; together with such artificial flies as detached bodies, and Holland’s floaters, as well as hackle, May, and salmon flies. The specialities also include fine drawn casts, dry fly reel lines, Hardy’s built cane rods, and greenheart dry fly rods; and he executes repairs with great promptitude and efficiency. Special attention, too, is given to the loading of cartridges. He is assisted by his wife and children; and Mr. Holland’s ever-growing success is due to the care which he takes in meeting the individual requirements of his customers.

A. J. GAY, FURNITURE DEALER, BICYCLE AND TRICYCLE DEPOT,
THE MARKET HOUSE, WINCHESTER.

THE Market House in the High Street, in the present day, constitutes a centre of much popular interest, as it is utilised for the exhibition of enormous stocks of high-class new and second-hand furniture, together with cycles of all descriptions. For these purposes the building forms two separate establishments, one of which is, in certain respects, without a rival in the city, and belongs to Mr. C. J. Gay. These spacious premises were formerly the fruit and vegetable market of the city, and the ample accommodation which they afford is admirably adapted to the effective display of the comprehensive stocks which are always held. Mr. Gay possesses a thorough technical knowledge of the several branches of the business, and he uses it to such advantage in the interests of his clients that he has created a very valuable and ever-growing connection. There is a fine display both of new and of second-hand domestic furniture, the latter class, including many articles which, although they are offered at remarkably moderate prices, it would be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from new goods. Here is every facility for viewing the choice assortments of dining, drawing, and bedroom furniture, and the purchaser may select from Mr. Gay’s well-equipped showrooms the requisites for the complete furnishing of any private residence from a mansion to a cottage. One specially attractive department is devoted to the exhibition of antique and decorative china, and a great variety of other ornamental curios. Many more or less frequent customers of Mr. Gay’s have learned, by experience, that it is frequently possible to obtain at his establishment articles of very considerable value — either archaeologically or intrinsically — at remarkably moderate prices. The house, too, is noted for the practically unlimited choice which is afforded of sideboards, cabinets, and wardrobes. The carpet department also is replete with the latest designs in every description of fabric. The stocks, moreover, comprise mirrors, overmantels, fenders, fire-irons, and other ironmongery. A distinct department, again, is devoted to a most comprehensive stock of bicycles and tricycles, representing the productions of many of the most eminent manufacturers in the United Kingdom. With many of these he maintains such intimate and extensive relations that he is able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to his customers. The proprietor is endowed with notable administrative abilities, and personally supervises all the details of his extensive business.

MR. F. W. HOLDAWAY, PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER, COOK AND MESS CATERER, GENERAL REFRESHMENT CONTRACTOR, ETC.,
18, HIGH STREET, WINCHESTER.

MR. F. W. HOLDAWAY founded his business as a family baker and pastrycook in Winchester some twenty years ago, and in these capacities he has gained the unreserved confidence and the steady support of many of the leading families resident in the city and the surrounding district. Of late years, however, he has become one of the best known refreshment contractors in the United Kingdom, especially amongst the military regulars and volunteers, for thousands of whom he has catered at the annual manoeuvres in all parts of England. His premises are conveniently situated in High Street, and are replete with every appliance requisite for facilitating the conduct of his extensive and ever-growing business. He produces, under the best possible conditions, all kinds of pastry and confectionery, and in his several warehouses he holds a large stock of camp appliances, as well as of marquees, plate, cutlery, table linen, china, and glass. As to the excellent manner in which he fulfils his catering contracts, he has received many testimonials couched in terms of high approval, and amongst the list are those from Brigadier-General Sir W. H. Humphrey, Bart., K.C.B., commanding the Portsmouth Volunteer Brigade; Colonel T. S. Cave, commanding 1st V.B. Hampshire Regiment; Colonel Edis, commanding “Artists’” R.V.; Lieut.-Colonel Sir Thomas Bovey, commanding 2nd V.B. Gloucester Regiment; Captain F. C. Griffith, 2nd V.B. Gloucester Regiment; Major and Quartermaster W. R. Baggalay, London Rifle Brigade; Lieut.-Colonel Cholmondley, commanding London Rifle Brigade; Captain B. W. von Straubenzee, 1st Batt. 84th Regiment; J. F. Kirby, Esq., Bursar, Winchester College (on account of a dinner of fifteen hundred old Wykhamists to meet the Prince of Wales), &c. Mr. Holdaway also catered for the 3rd Batt. Royal Scots at Barry Links, near Dundee, and very recently he supplied provisions and rations for six hundred, early in the morning, on the occasion of the destruction of Winchester Barracks by fire. He has every facility for catering for large numbers in any part of Great Britain or Ireland, having all his staff ready at a moment’s notice. The dinner at Winchester College, referred to above, was of a most recherche character, and an army of a hundred and fifty were employed in serving it. Gifted with administrative abilities of the highest order, and still in the prime of youthful energy, Mr. Holdaway has evidently a brilliant career before him.

HENRY WARREN, AUCTIONEER, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT AND VALUER,
15, JEWRY STEEET, WINCHESTER.

DURING the sixteen years which have elapsed since Mr. Henry Warren began business, his admirably organised establishment has become one of the principal of its kind in Winchester and the surrounding districts. His premises are conveniently situated in Jewry Street, and include a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. In the conduct of Mr. Warren’s business, his strong personality makes itself felt in a marked degree and to the best advantage. Amongst his clients he numbers some of the most financially substantial residents in Winchester and throughout Hampshire generally; and he frequently undertakes important commissions for the conduct of business in adjacent counties. He is also agent for the Winchester estates of the Earl of Northbrook. In his capacity as an auctioneer, the scope of his operations is very comprehensive, although a large proportion of his transactions consists in disposing of land and house property. Whether in regard to this class of business, or with respect to sales by private contract, Mr. Warren’s absolute rectitude and impartiality most favourably impresses all who have occasion to have dealings with him. In the selling of furniture and other personal property, he possesses, in a large measure, the tact and savoir fain which make a popular and successful auctioneer. He holds numerous sales by auction in the several markets and exchanges in the city and the neighbourhood. As a valuer, his services are in frequent requisition by leading solicitors, accountants, and others for probate, transfer, &c.; and his mature judgment and ample experience lend much weight to his valuations. As a house and estate agent, again, Mr. Warren has a widespread and valuable connection, and he keeps, in this connection, a list, always carefully corrected up to date, of property for sale or rental, or both. Mr. Warren’s invariable courtesy has gained for him a large measure of popularity amongst all classes of the community.

THE MARKET HOTEL,
JEWRY STREET, WINCHESTER.
PROPRIETOR: Mr. H. READING.

THE Market Hotel is most conveniently situated in Jewry Street, adjoining the cattle and stock markets and the Corn Exchange, while it is within three minutes’ walk of the railway station. The house has long been held in high repute by the large number of farmers, graziers, and others frequenting the markets, and also by many of the most influential tradesmen residing in the city. Mr. H. Reading has been the proprietor of the Market Hotel for the last twenty-four years, during which period he has fully maintained all the excellent traditions of the house; while, at the same time, he has so thoroughly brought its internal arrangements up to the standard of modern requirements that he has very materially extended the area of the house’s reputation. The viands and the beverages which are served up on his hospitable board invariably represent the best of old-English fare — everything, indeed, coming up to the ideal standard of the accommodation which ought to be supplied by a first-class market-house in a venerable English cathedral city. This is a favourite place for the consumption of snug dinners and suppers by the members of benefit or festive clubs; while experts, who ought to know, declare that the market ordinary, for which Mr. Reading is responsible, is the best in Winchester. There is every accommodation for families and commercial gentlemen, a commodious coffee-room, and numerous convenient private sitting-rooms. The charges for the comfortably furnished and well-ventilated bedrooms are, like the rest of the tariff, on a scale of remarkable moderation. Attached to the hotel is a range of coach-houses with excellent stabling. It also forms the headquarters of the Cyclist Touring Club, so far as regards Winchester.

BASINGSTOKE.

JOHN MAY & CO., LIMITED, BREWERS AND WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS,
BASINGSTOKE.

The well-known firm whose name appears above, control the oldest and largest brewery in Basingstoke, and their business is undoubtedly one of THE most important of its kind in Hampshire. It was founded upwards of a century and a half ago, and it is interesting to note that next year will be celebrated the centenary of the mayoralty of Mr. May's great uncle, who was A leading personality in the borough in his time, and attained to THE highest municipal honours. In 1892, this large brewing concern was registered as a limited liability company, and since then its characteristic success has been fully maintained, while increased resources and facilities have helped the further development of the trade. The premises occupy A fine property of about four acres, the greater part of which is covered by large malt-houses and the buildings of the brewery, which contains a splendid plant of modern machinery, driven by steam power. The firm supply their ales, stout, and porter to over one hundred inns and licensed houses in various parts of the county, besides doing a considerable family trade. To meet these large requirements they have exceptional resources, and there is not a better equipped brewery in the South of England than the one under notice. The firm are locally famous for their fine ales, and it may safely be asserted that wherever The traveller sees the sign of “John May & Co.,” he can rely upon obtaining some of the best and purest beer brewed in England. Possessing an inexhaustible supply of very superior water, and using only the finest malt and hops, Messrs. May are in a position to fully maintain the high standard of quality that has always distinguished their productions. Their A.K. dinner ale cannot be beaten at the price, for sound quality and fine flavour, and their stout and porter, as well as their bitter ales, pale ales, and strong beers, are in our opinion the perfection of honest malt liquors, well qualified to do justice to the renown of English brewers in general. The firm have also a large wine and spirit trade, and hold comprehensive and carefully (elected stocks in this department.

The company may be described as a private one, the capital shares being held in a few hands. Mr. John May (Chairman), Mr. W. H. Blatch (Managing Director), and Mr. S. Ashby form the directorate, and Mr. Jesse Roper is Secretary to the company. All these gentlemen are well known and much respected in Basingstoke, and are equally esteemed for their honourable business methods, and for the consideration they show to the many who are in their service. There is no more influential family in Basingstoke than the Mays, who have always taken a leading part in promoting local interests, and to whom the town is greatly indebted in many ways. Mr. John May follows the traditions of his family in this respect, and a great amount of excellent public work stands to his credit here. For many years he has been a borough magistrate. He has also been an alderman, and was mayor in the Jubilee year (1887), to commemorate which he presented the town with a magnificent clock tower, over the town hall, bearing the following inscription:— “Presented by Alderman John May to commemorate the Jubilee of Queen Victoria.” Mr. May is also deputy mayor, and Lieut.-Colonel of the local volunteers. He built the fine drill-hall at Basingstoke, and also the Masonic Hall, and the townspeople could tell of many other instances of his liberality, not the least noteworthy of which would have reference to his generous and disinterested support of local charities and benevolent institutions. Mr. May’s private secretary, Mr. Neville, is deputy town clerk of Basingstoke, and, like his popular chief and the other gentlemen interested in the house of John May & Co., Limited, is an active participant in the local affairs of this ancient and thriving borough.

EDWIN C. WHITE, TIMBER AND BARK MERCHANT,
STEAM SAW MILLS, CANAL WHARF, BASINGSTOKE.

THIS business is the largest in the timber and saw-milling trade in Basingstoke, and one of the largest of its kind in Hants. It is over a hundred years old, having been founded as far back as the year 1792. Mr. Edwin C. White has been interested in the concern for thirty-seven years, and for the last twenty years he has been sole proprietor. The premises comprise the whole of the wharfage, yards, and buildings — some eight acres in extent — surrounding the terminal basin of the London and Basingstoke Canal, and here may be seen a large stock of English timber, such as oak, ash, elm, larch, &c. This timber is stocked both in round and square, and its superior quality is well known in high places, Mr. White being a large Government contractor. His saw-mill is a very notable establishment, completely isolated, adjoining the canal basin, and well equipped with the very best modern machinery, the sawing plant being of the best type, and capable of a large daily output. Steam is the motive power, and the place is a model of saw-mill organisation. Here Mr. White turns out most of the sawn work for the Thames barge builders, this class of material being ono of his specialities. In smaller and finer work he produces all necessaries of timber for coach-builders and wheelwrights, and many large contracts are yearly carried out for railway-waggon wood. In London and other large centres Mr. White is noted for his oak fencing, supplying large quantities of this by contract; and there are many other items connected with his trade in English timber which might be mentioned did space permit. Another important branch of Mr. White’s operations is his sale of deals and battens, match and floor boards, of which he holds a large stock. Mr. White’s yards, stores for seasoned timber, stabling, waggon-houses, &c., are all upon a very extensive scale, and his establishment in its entirety lacks nothing that could contribute to the smooth and satisfactory working of this large and important business.

Mr. White is one of the best-known and most prominent men in Basingstoke, where he is a Borough Magistrate, and was for some time Chairman of the School Board. He was formerly a Town Councillor and vicar’s Churchwarden, but the demands of his extensive business have obliged him to withdraw from some of his public engagements. Among his fellow-townsmen Mr. White is much respected for the good and useful local work he has done, and for the active interest he has always manifested in the welfare of the borough and its inhabitants.

GLOVER & MILSOM, PLUMBERS AND DECORATORS,
BASINGSTOKE.

THE business carried on under the above title calls for special notice, no less for its great antiquity than for the extensive and important character of the transactions it is engaged in. The inception of this notable house dates back to the year 1766, and for more than a century and a quarter it has been supplying the wants and requirements of successive generations in its line, and still remains at the present day more vigorous and efficient than ever. The firm consists of two gentlemen, members of the Milsom family, one of whom is a registered plumber, and is also their principal workman. Their operations extend throughout the whole of the country, and the high reputation they bear is the result of years of first-class work and straightforward and honourable dealings. The premises are conveniently situated and comprise private and general offices, large warehouse, and well-equipped workshops in which employment is found for a numerous staff. As sanitary plumbers and engineers the firm have acquired a splendid reputation which may be designated national in character. Their information, advice, and practical assistance are sought far and wide in all matters connoted with the sanitary supervision and improved construction of drainage, water supply, ventilation, heating, and lighting, and whatever they undertake is promptly and conscientiously carried to a satisfactory conclusion. As painters and decorators, too, they enjoy a name no less widespread and enviable. The house holds extensive stocks of material selected from the best sources. Among these are ample selections of the most improved baths, lavatories, and other sanitary appliances; gas, steam, and water-cocks and fittings; chandeliers, brackets, paperhangings, and every kind of plumbers’ and decorators’ requisites.

Every description of work and general repairs connected with plumbing, painting, and decorating, is taken in hand. Many very large contracts in various parts of the kingdom have been placed with this responsible firm, and, it need hardly be said, have been carried to completion in a manner eminently satisfactory to all concerned. The firm are contractors and sanitary engineers to the Royal Hants County Hospital, Winchester, and to Basingstoke and other town councils, and have done the decorating and plumbing work of Portsmouth Town and other stations, particularly on the London and 8outh-Western Railway, and London and Brighton Railway. A large amount of work, too, is done with local architects and builders, and the principal residents and property owners in Basingstoke and the surrounding districts. The firm are the appointed agents for the Norwich Union Fire Office. The business in all its various branches receives the personal attention of the partners, who are men of high standing in trading and commercial circles, and everywhere respected for their practical skill, enterprise, and unswerving probity.

ALLEN & SONS, DISPENSING CHEMISTS AND MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURERS,
MARKET SQUARE, AND 7, CHURCH STREET, BASINGSTOKE; AND AT ALDERSHOT.

MUCH interest attaches to the establishment of Messrs. Allen & Sons, as well from the length of its honourable record as from the professional and commercial importance which it claims at the present day. The house was founded some one hundred and ten years ago, and it has ever since formed one of the best-known and most popular institutions of the borough, and it now possesses a business connection which for value and extent is unsurpassed, if, indeed, it is equalled, in the district. For very many years the establishment has been under the control of the much-respected family which is represented by the present proprietors, Messrs. H. Llewelyn Allen and W. Allen. The late Mr. Allen was Mayor of the borough several times, and the family annals, if written in full, would constitute an interesting chapter in the local commercial and social history. The premises which form the headquarters of the firm occupy a very prominent position at the junction of Market Place and the London Road, whose attractive appearance is altogether in keeping with the high class of the business which the firm control. The well-appointed interior is commodious enough to admit of the systematic classification and arrangement of the valuable and comprehensive stocks, which include all the drugs and chemical preparations that find a place in the British pharmacopeia, including the most recent additions thereto. Special attention is given by the principals to the dispensing department, all the drugs used being of absolute purity, and in the best possible condition. Here, too, will be found a large stock of the choicest toilet requisites, including the specialities of such eminent manufacturers as Rimmell, Piesse & Lubin, Budenbach, Cleaver, &c. The stocks, too, include all the most popular patent medicines and proprietary articles.

The firm have gained a reputation which is more than merely local for some specialities, of which they are the proprietors and sole manufacturers. Among these are Allen's cough mixture, which is in constant demand throughout a wide area; also Allen's neuralgic mixture, floor-polishing composition, &c. They are also the sole proprietors and manufacturers of Eau Ecarlate, a preparation used in considerable quantities for cleaning and renovating scarlet uniforms of our army at the various depots, both at home and abroad, and also is used for the same purpose by country customers, and whenever scarlet cloth requires cleaning. They have, moreover, a comprehensive and valuable assortment of all kinds of surgical and medical appliances. The Messrs. Allen, too, are agents for Messrs. W. & A. Gilbey, and hold fully representative stocks of the wines and spirits of that celebrated firm, and Lipton’s teas. For the purpose of this department of their business, they have very commodious cellars, and they are, too, agents for the non-alcoholic ales and stouts of Kops, of Fulham.

At No. 6, Church Street, they have a branch establishment, where they hold a comprehensive but somewhat smaller stock of the classes of goods enumerated in connection with their headquarters. These Church Street premises are pleasantly quaint in their appearance, and are notably commodious, the sale-shop having an excellent double frontage. Adjoining is the spacious yard entrance to the factory, where the firm conduct an extensive and rapidly growing business as manufacturers of mineral and aerated waters. The premises which they use for this purpose comprise a roomy building, two storeys in height. The equipment of the works is so complete as to represent the latest practical applications of mechanical science to the attainment of absolute cleanliness, and the perfecting of results, in the production of aerated waters of the highest possible quality, the output of the factory, in the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. The firm produce, as a winter beverage, a non-intoxicating liquor which is favourably known as Allen's winter stout. In this department they have the leading connection amongst the restaurants and taverns in Basingstoke and for miles round.

The Messrs. Allen are both in the prime of their youthful energy, and are gifted with such well-developed organizing and administrative abilities that they personally supervise ell the working details of their extensive business. Their genial courtesy has gained for them a large measure of popularity amongst all classes of the community, and they are highly esteemed, as their-family have been in the past. They have, it may be added, a well-equipped branch establishment in Aldershot. Fortified by these exceptional advantages, and endowed with a spirit of enlightened enterprise, a brilliant commercial future may safely be predicted for these gentlemen.

W. H. DUNN, TAILOR, WOOLLEN DRAPER & OUTFITTER,
NORTH HANTS TAILORING & CLOTHING STORES, LONDON STREET, BASINGSTOKE.

THE excellently organised business, of which Mr. W. H. Dunn is the proprietor, is conducted in premises in London Street, and the family record, extending back for half a century, forms an important and interesting chapter in the modern commercial history of Basingstoke. His premises comprise a handsome double-fronted sale shop and showroom, in which there is a splendidly representative stock of woollen cloth, in all the latest and most approved fabrics and patterns, suitable for
making up into gentlemen’s garments. The close touch which Mr. Dunn has long maintained with the best markets for the supply of such goods, enables him to introduce to his customers, at the earliest possible moment, a constant succession of attractive novelties. In the stocks are included some high-class ready-made goods; but Mr. Dunn devotes his attention, for the most part, to the production of gentlemen’s clothing specially made to order and measurement. Mr. Dunn has gained a widespread reputation for the invariably high quality of both the materials and the workmanship which he employs. All garments ordered are cut out by a first-class cutter, with the result that a beautiful design and an exquisite fit are invariably obtained. All the industrial operations are performed under the supervision of the principal, who thus maintains the high reputation of the house. In his capacity as a maker of hunting and other breeches, he has gained the unreserved confidence and the steady support of gentlemen representing many of the most distinguished and influential families in the county, for whom, also, he executes large and important orders in the production of liveries. At the rear of the show-rooms is a conveniently furnished room for fitting and measuring. the stocks held also include a fine assortment of hats in all the newest shapes, and of hosiery. Mr. W. H. Dunn is highly esteemed by all with whom he is brought into contact, professionally or socially.

WALTER WADMORE, GROCER, PROVISION MERCHANT, AND ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMAN,
WINCHESTER STREET, BASINGSTOKE.

MR. WALTER WADMORE, Alderman of the Borough of Basingstoke, has, during the past twenty-one years, vigorously conducted what stands today as one of the leading grocery and provision providing establishments in the town. Occupying a commanding position, the spacious shop, with its ample warehouse accommodation at the rear, and supplementary stores in Sarum Hill hard by, is admirably appointed and fitted throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically arranged, displaying a very large and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment. In addition to all manner of select everyday groceries, including special lines in pure und choicely blended teas (among which are the notable Mazzawattee teas, which have such a high reputation and enormous sale all over the country) and coffees, the stock is rich in British and foreign canned and bottled comestibles and table delicacies of the highest order, coming -under the elastic designation of Italian wares; while prime provisions of every kind, in the way of choice hams and bacon, butter and cheese, lard, and the freshest of eggs, are also fully represented at their very best, and are all offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants. Orders are promptly delivered by Mr. Wadmore's own carts in all parts of the town and countryside, amongst his numerous family patrons; and he continues to personally direct his entire business upon lines that can scarcely fail to preserve and even enhance the high reputation he has be long and so deservedly enjoyed.

H. M. JULIAN, WHOLESALE IRONMONGER,
CHURCH STREET, BASINGSTOKE.

THE prosperous business which Mr. H. M. Julian conducts as an ironmonger, is in some degree a retail one, but the transactions are for the most part wholesale, and to their magnitude is largely due the reputation possessed by Basingstoke as a leading centre for the distribution of hardware goods, and especially for those required in rural vocations. The record of the house goes back to 1747. The establishment has always been famous for the amplitude of its resources, and amongst the notable incidents in its annals is the fact that it has received the illustrious patronage of Her Majesty the Queen, and the Empress Eugenie. Twelve years ago this time-honoured business was acquired by Mr. H. M. Julian, who brought to his enterprise an intimate technical knowledge of the requirements of the trade. His premises, which occupy positions on both sides of Church Street, and immediately adjoin the Town Hall, are very extensive, and have been admirably adapted to the requirements of the immense business which the proprietor controls. The premises which are numbered 4, and which are on the same side of Church Street as the Town Hall, are commodious enough to admit of the carefully systematic classification of the comprehensive stocks which are always held. These include all descriptions of general and furnishing ironmongery, and there are specially representative assortments of such goods as guns, rifles, agricultural implements, stable fittings, &c. On the other side of the street is a large show-room, handsomely decorated in modern style, where are displayed, with every facility for their inspection, samples of the several classes of goods enumerated, and more particularly of high-class tools and implements for various crafts. At the rear is a spacious yard with roomy warehouses, in which are held heavy surplus stocks of all kinds of hardware, and especially of bar and sheet iron and steel, nails in vast quantities, stoves and ranges, pipes and gutters, with all sorts of galvanised work. Mr. Julian is endowed with such exceptional powers of organisation and executive that he is able, not only to personally supervise all the working details of his extensive business, but to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. He is highly popular amongst all classes of the community, and in 1894 was elected a member of the Basingstoke Town Council.

J. MOODY, CABINET MAKER, UPHOLSTERER, AND COMPLETE HOUSE FURNISHER,
LONDON STREET, BASINGSTOKE; AND PROPRIETOR OF “THE LITTLE DUST-PAN” FURNISHING WAREHOUSE, CHURCH STREET, BASINGSTOKE.

THE admirably organised establishment which Mr. J. Moody controls as a complete house furnisher, has a record dating back to 1800, and throughout the whole of the subsequent period it has formed a leading factor in the industrial and commercial resources of Basingstoke. His spacious premises in London Street have a most attractive double frontage, and in the several spacious show-rooms and warehouses there is ample accommodation for the effective display of the large and comprehensive stocks which are always hold of domestic furniture of every kind, so varied as to give the proprietor ample facilities for the complete furnishing, almost at an hour’s notice, of any kind of residence, from a mansion to a cottage. The stocks oven include pictures and bric-a-brac, and there is a splendid assortment of carpets from the leading makers. A speciality of much interest is constituted by a number of fine specimens of antique furniture. At the rear of the premises is a spacious two-storeyed repository for furniture and other valuable goods. Mr. Moody is, too, one of the most extensive (if not, indeed, the principal) furniture removers in the town, having an excellent working plant, consisting of pantechnicon vans, &c. He is also a house agent and valuer, funeral furnisher and insurance agent, and has an extensive connection in these departments in the neighbourhood. He has a large staff of workmen for making and repairing furniture and upholstery work, polishing, blinds, paperhanging, and undertakes the entire fitting up of any sized house or mansion. He is, moreover, the proprietor of “The Little Dustpan” furniture warehouse in Church Street, which has the desirable reputation of being the cheapest house in Basingstoke for the purchase of domestic furnishing goods. Of this useful branch establishment, which is most popular amongst the working classes, Mr. J. Longly is the courteous and active manager.

ANDOVER.

W. O. NUTLEY, PHOENIX BREWERY,
ANDONVER.

THIS is an old and noted local brewery, established over half a century ago by Mr. Nutley’s ancestors, and famous from the first for the excellent quality and purity of its productions. Under its present principal this reputation is fully maintained, and a large and substantial business is carried on. The Phoenix Brewery, locally known as “Ye Old Chantry,” is undoubtedly a good property. It is well built and conveniently arranged, possesses an effective plant in which all modern appliances are included, and has every facility for maintaining a considerable output. The water supply is ample and of superior quality, and the best malt and hops only are used. Under these favourable conditions the beers produced attain a high standard of merit, and are greatly esteemed by a wide circle of customers. The warehouses and cellars attached to the brewery afford admirable storage accommodation, and enable the firm to send out all goods in faultless condition. Mr. Nutley owns a number of licensed houses, which supply his beers retail to the public, and he also does a large family trade. He is agent here for Barclay, Perkins & Co.’s noted London Stout, and deals extensively in malt, hops, grains, and yeast. Personally Mr. Nutley is very popular in Andover and the neighbourhood. His genial qualities have made him a general favourite; but, though he has a large stake in the town, and takes genuine interest in its welfare, he does not now actively participate in local public life, having retired from the Council last November, to devote his attention mainly to the brewing business, over which he exercises a close supervision, with excellent results.

PARSONS & HART, GENERAL DRAPERS, TAILORS, OUT-FITTERS, AND FURNISHING WAREHOUSEMEN,
WATERLOO HOUSE, ANDOVER.

IN these days of keen commercial competition, it is a pleasure to be able to refer to a firm that has won its position in the mercantile world by the most honourable and straightforward business methods. The extensive business, now so successfully carried on by Messrs. Parsons & Hart, was established over half a century ago, and in late years, under the able and energetic management of the present enterprising proprietors, the scope of the business has been greatly extended. The premises are singularly eligible both in position and character, and they are probably the most extensive of their kind in the town. The general drapery, outfitting and millinery departments are located in two spacious double-fronted shops, three storeys in height. Next door is a building of two stories, with a large double-fronted shop devoted to the bespoke tailoring and boots and shoes. Adjoining are large double-fronted two-storey premises, running back to a depth of fully two hundred feet and stocked with general house-furnishing goods. The entire premises possess a splendid range of show windows which are always most tastefully and artistically dressed with dainty and fashionable goods. The interior of the depot is particularly attractive in every matter of appointment and decoration, all arrangements being singularly complete. The very perfection of order prevails everywhere and the several shops are veritable bazaars — exhibitions of the best classes of goods procurable in the various lines to which they are devoted. General and special lines of drapery, household linens, collars, blankets, flannels, costume and dress fabrics in all the newest designs and patterns, silks, satins, velvets, hosiery, gloves, laces, millinery, mantles, jackets, a wide range of woollen goods and superfine cloths, tweeds, &c., in the tailoring department, ladies’ and gentlemen's boots and shoes in endless variety. Dress-making and millinery are carried out on the premises, in all their branches.

The stock of goods in the house-furnishing department is of a most comprehensive character, and embraces every class of furniture requisite for the perfect appointment of drawing, dining, bed and breakfast rooms, halls, libraries, kitchens, and servants’ offices; and nothing is more likely to impress even the least observant visitors to this vast emporium, than the singularly commendable manner in which Messrs. Parsons & Hart have combined in each important item the prime qualities of sound material, conscientious workmanship, fine finish, strength, durability, and notable grace and beauty of design and pattern. The business of the house, as before intimated, is both wholesale and retail. Several experienced commercial travellers are employed, and an efficient staff of quick and obliging salesmen and lady assistants. The business in every department is conducted with the energy and ability that come of long experience and careful consideration of customers’ requirements. The trading operations carried on are of wide-spread extent, and a superior and valuable connection is consistently maintained.

H. T. HOWARD, PURVEYOR,
42, 44, & 46, HIGH STREET, ANDOVER.

Prominent among the houses occupied with this important branch, of trade stands the well-known and eminently responsible establishment of Mr. H. T. Howard, whose headquarters are at Nos. 42, 44, & 46, High Street. The inception of this business goes back for over a century. Mr. Howard, the present proprietor, has been connected with the trade for many years, and his experience has been both varied and valuable. He enjoys a splendid name among all classes of customers for the uniform superiority of everything he handles, and the fair and straightforward methods that mark all his transactions. The premises occupied consist of an extensive block of building well arranged and divided into separate departments. In one division he has always on show a large selection of the primest Devon and other beef, and the famous Hants Down mutton, and in another is an array of pork, almost endless in extent. Here, also, are to be seen rows of home-cured hams and bacon and the toothsome etceteras of a large and well-managed pork butcher's establishment. The windows are always attractive, and the interiors, with their bright fittings, marble-topped counters, and enamelled tiled walls, have an exceedingly pleasant and inviting air. The slaughter-houses are at the back, being approached by a side entrance. These have been constructed on the most efficient and satisfactory lines, and the visitor to these well-conducted abattoirs cannot fail to be struck with the perfect cleanliness that pervades every part, and to notice with appreciation the care that is taken to preserve the purity and wholesomeness of the meat. Mr. Howard kills only the best class of stock, and certainly no man has better means for obtaining the best of everything. He buys his own stock, and the slaughtering is done under his close personal supervision. With these guarantees for the high excellence of his supplies, it is not surprising to find that he numbers among his patrons the leading gentry and principal business families in Andover and the district The house bears a specially good repute for the many desirable delicacies it produces, among which are sausages, fresh every day, pickled tongues, corned beef, and choice home-cured hams and bacon. The business is both wholesale and retail, and all orders are carefully and promptly executed, quality and quantity being fully assured in every case. The worthy proprietor is a sterling business man, and genial and obliging in his manners. He is thoroughly in touch with the requirements of his customers, and spares no efforts to merit the continuation of that widespread and influential patronage he has so long enjoyed.

E. CHAMBERLAIN, GUN-MAKER & FISHING-TACKLE MANUFACTURER,
ANDOVER.

THIS is the only establishment of the kind of any note in Andover, and was founded many years ago by Mr. Chamberlain, who had acquired great experience with Mr. Gibbs of Bristol, he is therefore a thoroughly practical man, and his name is almost a household word amongst sportsmen in Hampshire, Wilts and Dorset. The premises occupy a good position, and comprise a large double-fronted shop at the corner of Winchester Street in the centre of the town and overlooking the Town Hall. The interior is admirably appointed and well arranged, both for the display and storage of the stock and for the reception of patrons. It contains a very large and comprehensive stock of sporting guns and rifles — the Ejector Hammerless Guns are noted for good shooting qualities, lightness, strength, and cheapness. Cartridge making is a leading speciality. The specially loaded E. C. Schultze, Amberite Walsrode and Cannonite cartridges are made with the greatest care and accuracy, an the quality is unequalled. Mr. Chamberlain’s Pigeon cartridges are supplied to the members of the London, Southampton, Hendon and other gun clubs. Eley's and other cartridges, all kinds of the best powder, Newcastle chilled shot, wads, game bags, cartridge belts, a fine selection of cutlery, and all kinds of sportsman’s requisites are kept in stock. Mr. Chamberlain has also a very fine assortment of trout and salmon rods, ordinary angling rods, bait and flies, creels, line, and every description of angler's requirements. In fact this is the recognised emporium in the district, and the proprietor is an enthusiastic sportsman, ever willing to give useful information to visitors and others respecting the fishing and sporting of the district. Mr. E. Chamberlain is a very popular man of business, and is possessed of that happy combination of courtesy, talent and energy which has gained for him the patronage of the aristocracy and the esteem and confidence of a large and valuable connection.

WALTER LAYTON, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CHINA AND GLASS MERCHANT,
49, HIGH STREET, ANDOVER.

No record of the business establishments of Andover would be complete that was without reference to the old-established and eminently reputable house controlled by Mr. Walter Layton. This noteworthy business has been established for upwards of forty years, operations having been commenced in this direction by the late Mr. Z. Layton, the father of the present proprietor, in 1853. Being a man with a sound knowledge of the trade, and possessed of no inconsiderable amount of energy and perseverance, he was not long in laying the foundation of his undertaking on a secure and firm basis. Since Mr. Walter Layton succeeded to the business it has been conducted on the old lines, but with renewed vigour and enterprise, with the result that it now stands at the head of similar concerns in Andover. The premises are centrally situated, overlooking the back of the town hall, and consist of a handsomely fitted-up double-fronted shop, spacious showroom, and large warehouse. The stocks are exceedingly fine, and have been selected with great care from the best-known sources of supply. All the leading manufacturers and makers are represented, including Minton, Worcester, Staffordshire, Derby, Wedge wood, and Copeland. Every taste and every requirement in this direction has been fully catered for, and a copiousness of selection is offered that leaves nothing to be desired. The leading lines with the firm are dinner, tea, and dessert services, in every style and at all prices, toilet and chamber sets, plates, dishes, jugs, artistic-cut table glass, decanters, flower-stands, bowls, English, French, and Dresden fancy goods, and a full line of general and useful earthenware. Doulton’s famous art pottery is shown in large variety, and the establishment is replete with superior goods, suitable for holiday and wedding presents. Mr. Layton buys his articles first-hand and in the best markets, securing every advantage in the matter of price that can result from large orders judiciously placed. He is consequently in a position to offer his patrons inducements in this direction such as cannot be duplicated at any similar establishment. All kinds of goods are lent on hire for school treats, private parties, and public banquets. The trade is both wholesale and retail, the patronage of the house comprising the leading families, hotel proprietors, and licensed victuallers, and the smaller shopkeepers in the district. Mr. Layton is an able, intelligent, and pushing tradesman, fair and honourable in all his dealings, and commanding the confidence of all who come into business relations with him.

J. & W. A. COOPER, FAMILY BAKERS, GROCERS & PROVISION MERCHANTS,
49, NEW STREET, ANDOVER.

THIS old-established business has recently been acquired by the Messrs. J. & W. A. Cooper, and under their enterprising and well-directed efforts a marked increase has already been effected in the extent and value of the transactions engaged in. These gentlemen have had a considerable experience in every branch of the business, and they spare neither trouble nor expense in providing everything of the best possible kind, and in offering such inducements as shall secure the continued support and confidence of all who once come into relations with them. Large and commodious premises are occupied in New Street, which comprise a double-fronted shop with windows attractively dressed with a choice selection of the various goods handled, together with warehouse and storeroom, and a large yard at the back, access to which is gained by a side entrance. The bakeries are built and equipped with modern appliances, and in the important matter of neatness and cleanliness are deserving of the highest commendation. As bakers, Messrs. Cooper are controlling a valuable trade. Only the finest flour is used, and every stage of preparation is carefully watched so as to preserve that purity and wholesomeness for which this bread and confectionary have so long been noted. The firm’s wheaten and wholemeal bread enjoys an excellent name, and these specialities are supplied to many of the principal families in this part — while the tea, sultana, seed and other cakes and confectionery made by the house are great favourites all round. In the grocery department, the firm carry a splendid stock of the best class of goods. They comprise teas of various kinds, coffee, cocoa, spices, all the best known proprietary articles, Italian goods, jams, jellies, and preserves. The provisions include some well-known mild-cured breakfast bacon, smoked hams, cheese of various kinds, butter, and the best brands of American and Continental produce. A leading line is made of tea, and the specialities of the house in this direction are recognised as being unsurpassed for strength, flavour, and piquancy. The connection is large and substantial, and is firmly based upon the only true foundation of prosperity — superior goods and best value for money. Mr. J. and W. A. Cooper are brothers, and they each take an active part in the business. They are of good standing in local trading circles, and are everywhere held in high respect for their sterling business ability, and their strict personal integrity.

THE WHITE HART FAMILY AND COMMERCIAL HOTEL,
ANDOVER.
PROPRIETOR: MR. A. H. WHITE.

EVEN if public opinion may not be quite unanimous as to the claims of the White Hart to be regarded as the leading hotel in Andover, there can be no question as to the supreme popularity of this fine old-established posting house and hostelry. While all the best traditions of the time-honoured house are fully maintained by the genial proprietor of the present day, Mr. A. H. White, the appointments and arrangements of the establishment have been altogether modernized daring the last few decades. Every accommodation, therefore, which the most exacting visitor could expect is now obtainable at the White Hart, and that at very moderate charges. The public apartments include spacious and most comfortably furnished drawing, dining, commercial, smoking and billiard-rooms. There are, too, twenty bedrooms, all well ventilated, and the perfection of snugness. There is a survival of the old posting glories of the house in the form of spacious yards, and splendid stabling for fifty horses. The cuisine of the White Hart is famous, and the generous contents of the ancient cellars, which can be conveniently sampled at the attractively appointed bar, form an appropriate accompaniment to the artistic productions of the cook. The exceptional popularity of this well-ordered hotel is largely owing to the delightful personality of the proprietor. Mr. White is, indeed, an ideal host, taking a leading and active share in the promotion of sporting, musical, and other recreations. The result is that he is equally popular with the “ambassadors of commerce” and the tourists who make the White Hart their temporary home, and with the residents in the town and the surrounding districts, who frequently avail themselves of the hospitality of the house for the transaction of business or for social intercourse. It should be added that the situation of the hotel has the special advantage of being close to the railway station.

H. HAMMANS, PALE AND BITTER ALE BREWER, MALTSTER, AND WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
ANDOVER.

HISTORY does not record the name of the worthy bon vivant who once declared that there was no such thing as bad beer. “Some beer,” said he, “is better than others, but no beer is bad.” This assertion, though seemingly open to dispute, nevertheless contains a very solid substratum of truth. Genuine beer is undoubtedly good, for by the very nature of its composition it embodies the elements of a tonic, a digestive, and a nutrient. Beer which can be denominated “bad” is simply a counterfeit of the genuine article, and it is this sort of concoction which, though it has little in common with good malt liquor, masquerades as such, and gets the noble beverage of King Gambrinus into disrepute among those unthinking persons who are prone to generalise from particular instances. Hampshire has a renown for good ale, and at Andover this renown is well sustained by the old and notable brewery over which Mr. Alderman Henry Hammans has presided with so much success for the past thirty years. This brewery is one of the largest in the district, occupying, with its maltings and out-buildings, about two acres of ground, and possessing a ten-quarter plant which is well up to date in the matter of modern improvements. The brewing processes are here carried out with the greatest care and skill, and only specially selected barley and hops, mainly grown in Hampshire, are used, with the result that a very superior class of ale is produced. Mr. Hammans’ Andover Pale Ale, Andover Amber Ale, Andover Bitter Beer, Fine Old XXXX, Mild Ale, Family Ale, and Double Stout, all realise one’s ideal of high-class malt liquor, and the higher grades of ales especially will compare favourably with any in the market for brilliancy, delicate flavour, purity, and appetising properties. Their tonic and nutritious qualities entitle them to all possible respect, and they seem to us to exemplify everything that genuine English beer should be. Both as a brewer and as a spirit merchant Mr. Hammans controls a large and successful trade, which is admirably managed; and he owns and supplies some forty to fifty of the best inns and licensed houses in and around Andover, besides doing an extensive family trade. He is an Alderman of the borough, is Chairman of the Fire Brigade Committee, and a member of the Watch, Finance, and other Committees of the Town Council; has filled the mayoral chair three times.

SALISBURY

THE origin of the interesting city of Salisbury is traceable to those circumstances which, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, led to the transference of the episcopal see and cathedral to the site from Old Sarum. The bishopric (which has yielded one saint and two cardinals to the Church of Rome) was founded by St. Aldhelm about 705, and had its first seat at Sherborne, in Dorset. Towards the latter part of the eleventh century Herman, the then bishop, removed the see to Old Sarum, a very ancient town of early British origin, noted in modern times for the fact that, despite its complete decadence, it continued to return two members to Parliament until the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832. Without going into details concerning those monastic and ecclesiastical differences which actuated the step, it will he sufficient here to say that in 1217 the see of Salisbury was removed to its present habitation, and round the great mother church of the diocese eventually grew up New Sarum, or Salisbury, the flourishing city which remains to this day the principal community in Wiltshire.

The beautiful cathedral of Salisbury was commenced in the year 1220, and was virtually completed thirty-eight years later, the building being accomplished with an energy and rapidity rather remarkable at a period when work of this nature was usually carried out with extreme slowness. At all events, the architects and artificers of New Sarum thoroughly understood their business, and the cathedral they erected is by common consent regarded as one of the finest ecclesiastical edifices in the Kingdom. As a specimen of the graceful architecture of the thirteenth century it commands universal admiration, and in some of its beauties it is unique. For example, the elegant lanceolated windows are quite unrivalled in their way, and the glorious spire, four hundred and four feet high, is the loftiest and most symmetrical in England. This spire was thought to be in danger in 1861, and was repaired forthwith, funds being raised by subscriptions. The choir of the cathedral was reopened in November, 1876, after restoration by Sir G. Gilbert Scott. The Right Rev. John Wordsworth, D.D., is the present Bishop of Salisbury.

The city of Salisbury rapidly grew in size and importance after the establishment of the episcopacy here, and within the first century and a-half of its existence it played a conspicuous part in the national history, notably as the scene of important legislative and deliberative councils, which were held here by Edward III. in 1296; by Edward III. in 1328; and by Richard II. in 1384. It was in the market place of Salisbury that Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, having failed in his rebellion of October, 1483, was beheaded by order of Richard III. Many other events have transpired in the city, which we have no space to record. Our chief concern is with the Salisbury of to-day, a city and municipal and parliamentary borough of nearly 16,000 inhabitants (15,980 at the census of 1891), and the seat of some notable business concerns. Advantageously situated at the south-eastern extremity of Salisbury Plain, where the Wiley and the Avon join their waters, the city has excellent facilities of transport, which afford valuable help to the local trades. Salisbury is well built, and presents many interesting features, some of the old houses and streets being as picturesque as any in England. Besides the great cathedral, which is a landmark for many miles round, there are numerous churches and other public buildings, charitable institutions, and schools, including a grammar school at which Addison was educated. Many fine shops adorn the streets of Salisbury, and exemplify every branch of modern retail trade in a manner betokening great enterprise and progressive spirit on the part of their proprietors. Of local industries there are not a few of importance. Salisbury has long been famed for its fine cutlery, and this speciality of the place is still produced in a very creditable fashion. There is also a noted clock factory here, and among other prominent industrial establishments may be mentioned a brush factory, tobacco and snuff factory, carriage works, breweries, tannery, cabinet-making works, steam printing offices, boot and shoe manufactory, engineering works, machine shops, and seed nurseries. A large trade is also done in manure and oil cake, ironmongery, and domestic machinery. These various trades are carried on with conspicuous ability and success. Many of thorn are of long standing and extensive reputation, and collectively they afford employment to a large number of hands. Salisbury has excellent hotels, which afford highly satisfactory accommodation to the many persons who visit the city, some on business bent, others for the purpose of inspecting the cathedral and the local antiquities. Of the latter the chief is Stonehenge, the far- famed Druidical remains, situated on Salisbury Plain, and easily accessible from this city. Arrangements exist for excursions to this interesting spot.

The following articles are designed to illustrate the condition of commercial and industrial enterprise at Salisbury, and to indicate the part played by individual firms in the development of the local trades and manufactures.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

BROWN & CO., PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS, AND STATIONERS,
NEW CANAL, SALISBURY.

As publishers, booksellers, and stationers, Messrs. Brown & Co. hold a most prominent position is the West of England, while their flourishing business forms a leading factor in the commercial resources of the city. The honourable record of the house goes back for a century; and its excellent traditions are fully maintained by Mr. Alderman H. Brown, who has been proprietor since 1848, and whose enlightened enterprise has very materially extended the area of the firm’s influence. The high reputation which Messrs. Brown & Co. have gained, far and wide, is, in some degree, owing to the fact that, in addition to their vast operations as stationers and booksellers, they are one of the most extensive dealers, in the western counties, in second-hand books, having always some fifty to sixty thousand volumes in hand. They also conduct a large business as general and fancy stationers, bookbinders, and frame-makers; also as advertising and news agents, printsellers, and artists’ colourmen. They are, alike, publishers, on an extended scale, of local guides, etchings (of which they hold a specially fine assortment}, and photographs. The firm are, moreover, engravers and die-sinkers, and are, likewise, proprietors of one of the best equipped subscription libraries in the west. Their premises have an attractive frontage, and the well-appointed interior runs to a considerable depth, affording ample space for the effective display, and the carefully systematized classification and arrangement, of the valuable and comprehensive stocks which are always held. They include all descriptions of stationery, etchings, photographs, leather, and other fancy goods; together with a collection of books, old and new, representing every branch of standard and popular literature.

As publishers the firm have a wide reputation, and here might be mentioned that the first edition of Oliver Goldsmith’s “Vicar of Wakefield” was printed here in the eighteenth century. They were the original publishers of the famous “Fight in Dame Europa’s School,” and they have since issued many more brochures of a similar character. They are, also, the publishers of many exquisitely printed volumes, by eminent authors, on archaeological and other subjects. Amongst their precious collection of second-hand volumes they have copies of Hoare’s “Ancient and Modern Wiltshire.” They have, also, some copies on sale of Hutchinson’s “Dorset.” The premises include large show-rooms, principally used for the display of a fine assortment of fancy goods. In these rooms are also the library, and a range of stores for the firm’s wholesale trade in stationery, &c.

The principal, Mr. H. Brown, is exceptionally endowed as to his powers of executive. He is thus enabled, while personally supervising the details of his extensive business, to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. he is an alderman and justice of the peace for the city; and, in 1874, he filled, with efficiency and dignity, the supreme municipal office. He is a member of most of the council committees, and is also the Mayor’s auditor. His high culture, too, enables him to render valuable services as a member of the School Board, and he is held in much esteem by all classes of the community.

KEYNES, WILLIAMS & CO., NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, AND SEEDSMEN,
SALISBUBY.
OFFICES AND WAREHOUSE:— FISHERTON BRIDGE.

THIS eminent firm conduct one of the oldest and most famous horticultural businesses in Great Britain, their house having been founded no less than a hundred and fifty years ago. The present proprietors are Mr. John Wyatt and Mr. Charles George Wyatt, whose special practical skill and large experience have enabled them to maintain to the full the renown of the concern. The firm are proprietors of five nurseries, covering an area of over forty acres, three of these being in Salisbury, one at Laverstock and one at Harnham. The chief, or home nurseries, have about an acre under glass, and are maintained in a splendid state of cultivation. Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co. (the old title of the house being retained by the present proprietors) are famed for their magnificent roses, and are one of the leading growers of the “royal flower” in England. The peculiar character of the soil round Salisbury invigorates the growths of roses, producing an abundance of fibrous root, and thus rendering the transplanting perfectly safe to almost any locality. It would take up too much space here to enumerate the many splendid varieties of roses this firm have developed, but what the list amounts to may be seen by anyone who obtains one of Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co.’s catalogues. This publication (sent gratis to any applicant) gives a succinct description of three hundred and eighty-four different classes of roses grown by the firm, to which are added sixty kinds of climbing roses; and the book also contains valuable hints on cultivation.

We must say a word of special praise for the “A. K. Williams” rose, a beautiful carmine-red hybrid perpetual; the “Catherine Mermet,” a delicate flesh-colour tea-rose of large size; and “La France,” a hybrid tea-rose, silvery with pale lilac-shading, and very fragrant. These are exquisite blooms, and so are the firm’s “Marechal Niels,” the finest yellow roses grown, and the “Rosa Rugosa,” a beautiful white variety of Japanese garden-rose. The extent of the business done by the firm in this department of their trade may be understood from the fact that in the season 1893-94 they despatched over a hundred and twenty thousand rose-plants to various parts of England and abroad. They are hardly leas renowned for their dahlias, of which their list comprises upwards of six hundred varieties, and during 1894 they sent away over sixty thousand dahlia-plants. Among the various cactus varieties of dahlias for which this house is also celebrated must be mentioned the “Lady Penzance,” which is, without doubt, the finest variety yet produced, perfect in shape, and of the purest yellow colour. Their single cactus dahlias are also noted, and achieve triumphs at all shows by their elegance and lovely colourings, ranging from white to golden yellow or deep crimson. As for their “Pompon Dahlias,” they are simply magnificent, and enjoy universal favour.

Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co. show among their latest novelties a veritable triumph of horticultural art in Lord Penzance's “Hybrid Sweet Briars,” an absolutely new feature in roses, and consisting of hybrids obtained by Lord Penzance between the common sweet briar, or eglantine, and various old-fashioned garden roses, Austrian briars, &c. The foliage of every one of these hybrids is as sweetly scented as the common sweet briar, with the addition of a wondrous profusion of beautiful blooms, varied in colour from pale yellow to terracotta and crimson. The trees are perfectly hardy. For vigour there is nothing in the rose-world to beat them, and for ornamental beauty in flower and foliage they are equally unsurpassed. Lord Penzance’s “Hybrid Sweet Briars,” which were sent out for the first time last autumn by Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co., are very highly spoken of by the horticultural journals, and have achieved a widespread and brilliant success. Although the stock worked up was a very large one, the whole number of plants was sold by the time appointed for their distribution.

Among the many other notable specialities of this leading firm are their excellent grape-vines, their fruit trees, and their great assortment of bulbs, special selections of which are imported direct from the growers in Holland. Few firms could show a finer stock of choice hyacinths, tulips, crocuses, gladioli, &c., and these are all offered at the lowest prices consistent with good quality — a rule prevailing in each department of the business under notice. We must not omit mention of Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co.’s fine strains of general flower and vegetable seeds, nor of their large resources in the matter of flowering and other shrubs, while they also have an enormous quantity and variety of bedding-out plants in season. A large business is done in cut flowed and floral decorations; the taste and care shown in the arrangement of their bridal bouquets, memorial wreaths, &c., giving universal satisfaction. They hold stocks of all gardeners’ implements and requisites, and themselves make a speciality of landscape gardening upon a large scale. In this branch of art they have achieved some very charming results, and have gained a high reputation for taste and skill.

Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co. have been remarkably successful in open competition, and among the numerous horticultural shows at which they have exhibited during the past year (1894), scoring special triumphs with their roses and dahlias, may be mentioned:— Royal Horticultural Society (Banksian Medal), Royal Botanic Society (Four First Certificates), Crystal Palace (two First Class Awards), Royal Aquarium (two Seconds for Dahlias), Bath, two shows, gaining a Second Prize for roses and two Firsts and a Second for dahlias; Taunton (four First Prizes for roses), and many other awards at Cardiff, Trowbridge, Shrewsbury, Southampton, Hereford, Gloucester, Bagshot, Windsor, Reigate, Dean, and Sandy. With these evidences of continued success, coupled with the conclusive testimony furnished by an immense trade and a far-reaching and steadily-increasing connection, we need hardly add that this old and representative business is directed with conspicuous ability by its present proprietors, the Messrs. Wyatt, whose courtesy, so well known to their many customers, has enabled us to present this brief review of a distinguished concern to the notice of our readers.

BROWN BROTHERS, WHOLESALE BUILDERS' MERCHANTS,
FISHERTON, SALISBURY.

THIS admirably-organised business was established thirty-two years ago, by the father of the present proprietors, and the record of this highly respected family has ever since formed an important chapter in the history of the modern commercial development of the city. Their premises are situated in York Road, within a conveniently short distance of the stations of the London and South Western, and the Great Western Railways. They comprise a spacious building for the manufacture of their speciality, viz.: pressed cement concrete goods; also a yard and stores, with ample accommodation for the heavy and valuable stocks which are always held of the best Portland and Keen's cement; the best plaster of Paris, ground blue-lias and chalk lime, crushed granite and sand, slates, battens, ridging, and chimney-tops; pipes, traps, gullies, sinks, and sanitary ware generally; stable and paving bricks and quarries; fire-bricks, tiles, lumps, and clay; the best plasterers’ hair and laths, and the best putty, white lead, oils, &c. With all the best sources of supply for these various classes of goods, they have such intimate and extensive connections that they are able to offer them to their customers upon exceptionally advantageous conditions. They are thoroughly acquainted with the practical requirements of the trade, and builders can always rely upon a very prompt delivery of goods ordered within a reasonable distance of Salisbury. The enterprise of the Messrs. Brown Brothers has met with such deserved success that while these lines are passing through the press, they are materially increasing their warehousing resources by taking over spacious stores in the Three Swans Hotel Yard, Winchester Street. For the future, therefore, all the commodities in which the firm deal will be obtained in the heart of the city. The Messrs. Brown being still in the possession of youthful energy, and having deservedly gained a large measure of popularity amongst all with whom they have business transactions, they have apparently before them a brilliant commercial career.

WATERS & RAWLENCE, AUCTIONEERS, VALUERS, AND ESTATE AGENTS,
CANAL, SALISBURY.

THIS old and well-known firm stands in the front rank of the profession in Wiltshire and North Hampshire, and was founded in 1851. Messrs. Waters & Rawlence enjoy the patronage and confidence of a remarkably large and influential connection. They occupy at Salisbury spacious offices, with sale-rooms, cattle and horse repository, yard, stores, &c., in the busy thoroughfare known as The Canal, and have also a large yard for sheep sales adjoining the Corn Exchange. A leading feature of the business consists in the sales of live stock. Messrs. Waters & Rawlence hold sales of horses at their yards once a month, and of cattle, sheep, and pigs every fortnight. These sales, which are always largely attended by buyers, really occur every week, cattle and sheep alternating. Furthermore, the firm conduct stock sales all over the agricultural districts, and have an unsurpassed reputation in this branch of the profession. Another notable department is that for real estate sales, which command a great amount of attention in and around Salisbury. It is stated that about two-thirds of the land and house property in the city and its environs have been negotiated in one way or another by this firm, showing the extent of their local business and clientele. Messrs. Waters & Rawlence have large and convenient stores and sale-rooms for furniture of all kinds, which, of course, comes very extensively into their hands at all times. The offices, sale-room and covered yard in Canal have an area of over half an acre, while the yard by the Corn Exchange will accommodate upwards of six hundred sheep in pens at a time, so that the facilities of the firm for conducting an exceptionally large business are unquestionable. As valuers, Messrs. Waters & Rawlence are highly esteemed for their skill and probity. They employ a numerous and highly efficient staff, and their manager is Mr. J. Mountford, a courteous gentleman, and “right-hand man” to the principals, he having been with the firm for no less than twenty-two years.

Mr. Edward Waters, who looks after the property and furniture sales department, is a Justice of the Peace for the city, and an esteemed and diligent member of the Town Council. Both he and his colleague, Mr. James Edward Rawlence, are Fellows of the Surveyors’ Institute. Mr. Rawlence is especially well known in the agricultural world as the founder and Hon. Treasurer and Secretary of the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders' Association, the offices of which are at the firm's headquarters in The Canal. This association was formed about six years ago “for the encouragement of the breeding of Hampshire Down sheep at home and abroad, and the maintenance of the purity of the breed.” Connected with this primary idea are other objects of an allied nature, which all tend to promote the interests of the special and celebrated sheep with which the association concerns itself. The present President of the association is A. F. Jeffreys, Esq., M.P. for North Hants, and the President-elect is the Hon. Percy Wyndham, “Clouds,” Eash Knoyle, Wilts. On the Council are many distinguished agriculturists, and the association is affiliated with the National Sheep Breeders’ Association. Though not carried on for purposes of pecuniary gain, it has been so well managed, thanks to Mr. Rawlence’s indefatigable efforts, that it has a considerable sum at the credit of its banking account. The extensive nature of the breed of Hampshire Down sheep is shown by the last report, in which the number registered in the Association Flock Book No. 4 was 150,471. Consignments of the same have been sent to the United States, Canada, South America, New Zealand and the Continent, with very satisfactory results.

F. SNELGAR, CORN AND SEED MERCHANT,
28, MILFORD STREET, AND BROWN STREET, SALISBURY.

MR. F. SNELGAR formed the nucleus of his now prosperous business in Milford Street some fifteen years ago. Occupying a conspicuous position, the spacious double-fronted shop, with office adjoining and extensive stores at the rear, is admirably appointed throughout and precisely adapted to the business there carried on in corn, special strains of agricultural and garden seeds, bran, pollard, barley meal, rice meal, oilcakes and greaves, hay, straw, chaff, litter and the like. In larger warehouses located at Brown Street, where there is also a three-storeyed mill driven by a powerful gas engine and machinery for manipulating meal, chaff-cutting, and so forth, Mr. Snelgar maintains an enormous stock of produce, a yard for wagons, and a well-organised service of hands in the various departments. Mr. Snelgar’s resources and facilities are indeed of a distinctly superior character, enabling him to offer many exceptional advantages to regular customers and large consumers, and to execute all orders for either the city or countryside in a prompt and satisfactory manner. Personally Mr. Snelgar is well known and much esteemed in both urban and rural circles as an enterprising, honourable, and thoroughly capable business man, liberal and fair in all transactions, and well deserving of the substantial success he is achieving.

THE WHITE HART HOTEL,
SALISBURY.
PROPRIETORS: THE WHITE HART HOTHL COMPANY, LIMITED;
MANAGER: MR. H. T. BOWES.

"WITH the dignity of a state procession we were drawn through the beautiful cathedral town, and, to our astonishment, conveyed to the chief hostelry of Salisbury.” Thus wrote Mark Twain in the San Francisco Sunday Chronicle in 1878. The genial and universally popular humorist referred to the White Hart Hotel, and on this occasion, at least, he spoke without the suspicion of jocularity, when he assigned to it the chief place among the hostelries of the city. The writer of this article remembers an early visit to Salisbury, when he asked a youthful citizen of that ancient town to direct him to the cathedral. “Yees, zur,” was the ready response, “ye goes straight up Cattereen Street teel ye cooms to a plaze what looks like a palliz. That’s the White ’Art ’Otel. Bit farder on is a little public ’oose, and asperzite ’er is the cortedral.” The “plaze what looks like a palliz,” to wit, the White Hart Hotel, is palatial in every sense, and even in the remote ages of history it preserved an association with royalty, for Henry VII. stayed here when he went a-hunting in the neighbourhood of Sarum; and down to modern times the house has retained an ample measure of royal patronage. Among its most illustrious visitors in recent years have been Her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of Connaught, the Prince of Wales, the late Duke of Albany, and Princess Beatrice. Thus it will be seen that Mr. H. T. Bowes, the able and courteous manager, inherited a fine record, and we venture to think that he has improved thereupon, for he has achieved the distinction of treating his guests with the lavish hospitality and consideration practised as a rule only by men of cosmopolitan instincts and training, and, at the same time, of paying the shareholders in the proprietary company the handsome dividend of ten per cent, for the part eighteen years.

The White Hart Hotel, we need hardly say, is magnificently appointed and perfectly organised throughout. It presents every feature of luxury and comfort so gratifying to the pampered hotel sojourner of modern times, and to all this it adds the magical glamour of singularly interesting personal associations. Through its spacious halls and apartments have passed from time to time men of light and leading in most of the prominent walks of life — lawyers, divines, politicians, scholars, and many a writer who has left a record of his favourable impressions on many a printed page. Charles Dickens, for example, describes it as a “famous inn” in Martin Chuzzlewit, and we all remember the notable dinner of the immortal Mr. Tom Pinch and his friends at the “White Hart” — “a table spread for three, and silver and glass enough for thirty” — whereat “nobody ever dreamed such soup”; and as to the wines, “the men who can dream such iced champagne, such claret, port, or sherry, had better go to bed and stop there.”

The extent of the business transacted at this house can be imagined when we say that Mr. Bowes entertained no less than seven thousand Americans here during the season of 1894, to say nothing of a multitude of Britishers and Continental visitors. The hotel is splendidly situated, and has fine stabling, with every description of vehicles for hire. The noble cathedral is almost opposite, and the chief houses of business are in the immediate vicinity. The directors and shareholders of the hotel company include many of the leading merchants and citizens, which is a guarantee of ample liberality and resource in the conduct of the establishment. Mr. Bowes, the ever-popular manager, is Posting Master to Her Majesty, and a man of unwearying energy and enterprise. He is now arranging with the London and South-Western Railway to run excursions from Exeter, Southampton, Bournemouth, and other places, to Salisbury for Stonehenge, that wonderful survival of the Druidical period; and, of course, the excursionists can depend upon the “best of everything” at the White Hart Hotel. Descriptive details would be superfluous in the case of such an establishment as this. Its reputation could not be enhanced by pages of written comment; and it is one of those unique hostelries which, even in this age of competition, occupies a place far above the need of advertisement.

CHARLES HASKINS, CLOTHIER AND GENERAL OUTFITTER; ALSO CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE MERCHANT,
POULTRY CROSS AND MARKET PLACE, SALISBURY.

THE several extensive establishments of which Mr. Charles Haskins is the proprietor constitute, in the aggregate, one of the factors in the commercial importance of Salisbury, and at least one of the departments of the business which he successfully conducts has been in existence for over a century. At the People’s Clothing Stores Mr. Haskins conducts a very extensive business, both wholesale and retail, as an outfitter, hosier, hatter, &c. The premises where he conducts his commercial operations in this direction are situated almost directly opposite his china and glass warehouses. They have a spacious double-frontage, and the commodious interior affords ample accommodation for the effective display of the large and fully representative stocks which are always held. These include an extensive assortment of ready-made clothing, remarkable for the excellence alike of the materials and the workmanship, along with the notable moderation of the prices quoted. Here, too, is a practically unlimited choice of hats, hosiery, and outfitting goods — all in the latest and most approved styles. Mr. Haskins is, moreover, the proprietor of a fully equipped branch establishment in Andover.

The People’s China and Glass Stores, of which he is the owner, cover a considerable ground space extending from Poultry Cross to Market Place, and the display which is here made of porcelain, china, glass, and earthenware is excellent. The ground floor of the premises forms a splendid show-room, in which there is a magnificent assortment of the finest English decorative Ceramic art, including numerous examples of Minton, Wedgewood, Copeland, and Doulton ware. There is, too, a comprehensive show of Aller Vale and Exeter Art ware, of the supply of which Mr. Haskins has with notable success made a speciality. In the portion of the premises facing Market Place there is a handsome display of varied useful and ornamental lamps, and a large stock of memorial wreaths in porcelain and other materials. Adjoining this is a spacious apartment containing a wide choice of dinner and chamber services in china, porcelain, and earthenware. The proprietor, it may be here noted, controls a very extensive business in the supply of mugs and other requisites for inn and tavern proprietors. In the main show-rooms is a very large assortment of domestic and decorative cut-glass.

One of the most popular specialities associated with the business of the house bears the name of the “Salisbury Kettle,” which are in much favour in some distinguished social circles, and are used as hot-water jugs for tea, &c. These are made at the Lambeth Potteries, and were originally produced for the house of which Mr. Haskins is now the proprietor. He also holds large stocks of Salisbury biscuit pottery, made at Verwood, near Salisbury, specially prepared for hand painting. The Old Salisbury Jug, another speciality of the house, is specially manufactured for the firm by Doulton. This, too, is in large and constant demand, and examples are always being forwarded to every part of the country. This branch of the business has been in active existence for upwards of a hundred years. With all the best sources of supply for the various classes of goods in which he deals, he is able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to his numerous customers, amongst whom are representatives of all social classes.

He has been engaged in business in Salisbury since 1871, and notwithstanding that he personally supervises the working details of his extensive business, he has been able to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public. Elected a member of the City Council in 1888, he, in the official year 1893-4, filled the high office of Mayor of Salisbury, gaining an added meed of popular esteem by the energetic and dignified manner in which he performed his duties. His period of office will be specially remembered for the laudable work in which he took a large share by bringing his influence — in conjunction with the ex-mayor, Mr. Whitehead, and aided by the most distinguished residents in Wiltshire, including the Marquis and Marchioness of Bath, the Earl and Countess of Pembroke, the Earl and Countess of Radnor, and Earl and Countess Nelson — to bear upon promoting the success of a bazaar in aid of the building fund of the Salisbury Infirmary. The result of the effort thus made was the addition to the fund of £1,600, thereby materially extending the usefulness of this noble institution. Mr. Haskins has been for many years an enthusiastic horticulturist, and at one of the summer exhibitions took as many as nine first prizes out of ten exhibits. He is a member of the committee of the Wiltshire Horticultural Society, and won three years in succession one of the challenge cups for groups of ohrysanthemums, and has always taken a great interest in floriculture. He is one of the trustees of the Victoria Park, and holds many other offices of public interest.

FREDERICK SUTTON, COOK, PASTRY-COOK, AND CONFECTIONER,
13, HIGH STREET, SALISBURY.

APART from the fast that this has been powerfully developed by its estimable and talented proprietor, into the principal public refectory at Salisbury, the house itself is possessed of quite an unique historical interest, which has endowed it with a just claim to rank as one of the show-places of the city, an advantage which is enhanced by the “creature comforts” always at hand. It has been well authenticated that No. 13, High Street, has figured in the annals of the city, as a house for refreshments, since 1743. Certain it is, however, that the present premises once formed part of the “Old George” and “Fountain” Inns, the former of which is mentioned by Pepys, of Diary fame. The restaurant as it now stands is the best in the city, and immensely popular amongst the elite of local society. The ancient portals lead into a time-honoured ground-floor chamber, which, however, has been elegantly fitted up in modern style. An abundant and varied supply of good things, in the way of plain and fancy breads and biscuits, pastry, cake, and confectionery, and table delicacies of every kind, together with choice wines and ales and stouts on draught, are displayed, while there are neat tables at the rear, where chops, steaks, cold viands, &c., can be partaken of at leisure, with every attendant comfort up to date. On the left-hand side is Mr. Sutton’s private office, which is at times thrown open to the public for an overflow of customers. In this department there is a very fine old carved chestnut mantel-shelf of the Tudor period, panelled with cunning carving, and alleged to date back to A.D. 1560. A doorway here leads down to what were the old wine cellars of “The Fountain,” and have often been learnedly commented upon by modern antiquarians, notably by Mr. Doran Webb, F.S.A., of Salisbury. Leading backwards from this floor there is the way to the extensive kitchens and hygienic bakery, elaborately equipped with all the latest and best improvements.

Returning to the restaurant, a convenient staircase will be found to lead upwards to the spacious dining-room. This low-ceilinged mediaeval apartment is possessed of much old-time interest, in the form of another fine old carved mantel in a beautiful state of preservation. The mantel is embellished with four medallion portraits of a gentleman and his wife, &c., with two other panel portraits, said to represent a popular merchant of bygone days and his wife and relations. It is said that there are very few examples of these quaint old fireplaces now in existence; but Mr. Sutton, at any rate, cannot be accused of any act of vandalism, for he has done his utmost to preserve intact all the historic relics of his house. In this quaint dining-room there is also an oak or chestnut beam, which traverses the centre of the chamber, on which there is painted (carefully preserved), in medieval characters, the following inscription:— “Have God before thine eies, who searcheth hart and raines, and live according to his lawe, then glorye is thy gaines.” The superstructure of the building at this part had been erected in hurdles and clay, and it is believed that a portion of it, now hidden, has been frescoed, portions of frescoes having, indeed, been discovered by Mr. Sutton, during some necessary alterations. Adjoining, there is another old and handsomely panelled room, of either Tudor or Jacobean age, and from this room, leading back to the main staircase, there is a corridor, lighted by an old open traced window, still retaining vestiges of some genuine antique stained glass.

Altogether this venerable building is well worthy of a visit on its own account, by all such as are interested in the history of the times when it was the rendezvous of many notable personages. Great credit is, therefore, due to Mr. Sutton, who not only discovered, but has incurred considerable expense, in preserving these interesting mementoes of historic Salisbury. In his business, Mr. Sutton stands second to none in the city as a refreshment caterer and contractor for wedding breakfasts, ball suppers, banquets, and other festive functions, he being called upon to cater for royalty, the occasion being the Masonic banquet at the County Hall, when the Duke of Connaught installed Lord Radnor Provincial Grand Master of Wilts, and the banquet is still remembered as by far the best and most recherche ever tabled in the town, and stands as testimony to the high qualifications of Mr. Sutton as a first-class purveyor.

FREDERICK GRIFFIN, MERCHANT IN COAL, TIMBER, BUILDING MATERIAL, ETC.,
FISHERTON, SALISBURY; AND SOUTHAMPTON, POOLS, ETC.

[No description under this heading.]

RICHARD DEAR, IMPORTER OF WINES AND SPIRITS,
MARKET PLACE, SALISBURY.

AN important addition was made twenty years ago to the resources of Salisbury by the establishment of the admirably organised business which Mr. Richard Dear conducts as an importer of wines and spirits. Mr. Dear brought to his enterprise a thorough technical knowledge of the trade, and he has so fully utilised his intimate acquaintance with the markets that he has gained the unreserved confidence of many of the most influential residents in Salisbury. His commercial headquarters occupy a commanding position in the Market Place, and comprise a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. Conveniently fitted sampling rooms are adjacent, and Mr. Dear retains spacious cellars and stores in Winchester Street. He directly imports his own special brand of champagne, which is known as “Champagne Superieur,” “Medium” and “Sec,” in bottles and pints. Many of his clients who are most fastidious in their choice of wines are wise enough to rely upon the judgment of Mr. Dear as an expert specialist in champagnes as well as in other wines. For a very moderate figure, accordingly, they are supplied with a champagne of higher quality than that of many of the fashionable brands for which much longer prices are charged. His stock is also famous for the high qualities of the clarets, ports, and sherries. In the spirit department, the establishment is noted for the special importation of brandies of the highest class, and for splendidly matured blends of whiskeys, notably his own special blend of old Scotch, which is well known and highly appreciated under the registered brand of “Champion Old Scotch Whiskey.” He is the agent for the “Big Tree” brand of Californian wines, the trade in which has been so considerably developed of recent years, and which have only to be tried to be appreciated. A very large and increasing trade is carried on in all branches of the business. Mr. Dear is the sole district agent for Raggett's nourishing stout and the Burton Brewery Company's ales, and he supplies large quantities of the ales of Bass and Allsopp, and the stout of Guinness both in cask and bottle.

W. BURDEN, THE CITY CLOCK FACTORY,
101, FISHERTON STREET, SALISBURY.

FROM the magnificent examples of clock manufacture to be seen at the establishment of Mr. Burden, there can be no doubt that, as a practical horologist, he has few equals in the kingdom. In his special line of industry he stands alone in this part of the country, and since he established himself here about six years ago, his work has borne the stamp of high scientific excellence in such a degree as to extend his reputation and connection over a very wide area. His premises are indicated by a large outside illuminated clock, visible for a considerable distance, and very useful to the public as a reliable recorder of the flight of time. Within these premises one may see some of the finest specimens of English clock-making. We were particularly struck with the beauty of a singularly handsome hall clock, standing as much as eight feet in height, beautifully cabinetted in the style of Chippendale, and having brass Corinthian pillars and capitals, and a wealth of elegant openwork tracery for ornamentation. This superb eight-day clock chimes the quarters and strikes the hours on tubes of a rich musical tone, and has the most perfect mechanism to ensure accuracy in time-keeping. It is a piece of work of which any horologist might be proud, and is a splendid example of Mr. Burden’s capabilities. We saw many other notable clocks here, including several of antique style; and particularly interesting is the fine mechanism of a turret clock, working the hands of the illuminated two-dial clock outside the premises.

Another show-room at the back exhibits other examples of superior clock manufacture, all of which are very noteworthy. One is especially prominent, being eight feet and six inches high, and encased in a charming Sheraton cabinet. All Mr. Burden’s docks can be constructed to chime and strike on bells, gongs, or tubes, as may be desired. The workshops occupy considerable space, and are fully equipped with every appliance for high-class clock and watch-making, and the staff employed is composed of the most skilful workmen, who do everything under the supervision of the principal. Mr. Burden’s speciality is the actual manufacture of superior clocks, but he also undertakes all kinds of conversions and restorations — such as converting Old English clocks to chime; fitting Old English clocks with brass dials in lieu of painted ones; and cleaning, silvering, lacquering and otherwise restoring Old English clocks of every description. All kinds of watches, clocks, and jewellery are carefully and skilfully cleaned and repaired, and in every instance the work is entirely executed on the premises under conditions which ensure the best results. Mr. Burden has designed and erected, or restored, many turret docks, including the fine one at Bulford Manor, Wiltshire, and his reputation has spread even as far as Fort Salisbury, South Africa, for he made the large chiming dock for the Market Building there. For really fine work, perfect in every detail of mechanism, and beautiful in design and ornamentation, Mr. Burden can safely challenge comparison with any other English make — indeed, we have not seen anything at home or abroad to surpass his house clocks, particularly those in long cases for halls, &c.; and we can say without hesitation that Salisbury has every reason to be proud of her “City Clock Factory,” and of the reputation attaching to its productions.

JOHN T. WOOLLEY, AUCTIONEER, SURVEYOR, AND VALUER,
THE CASTLE AUCTION MART, SALISBURY.

NO name is better known or more respected in the trading and commercial circles of Salisbury and district than that of Mr. John T. Woolley, who has been established upwards of thirteen years and has developed his undertaking with notable energy and success. His methods of business are based on the strictest principles of integrity, and his experience has been of the most varied and valuable character. He is fully qualified, being a Fellow of the Institute of Auctioneers and also of the Institute of Surveyors. The premises occupied are conveniently and centrally situated. They comprise a handsome suite of offices, well furnished and provided with every convenience for the control of the business, together with large and commodious sale-rooms. The stockyards are spacious and capable of accommodating a very large number of cattle, sheep, and pigs. A periodical sale of horses, carriages, &c., is held on the premises, which are well fitted up for the purpose, and occupy a good central position close to the market-place. Mr. Woolley is largely and influentially occupied in the disposal of real property in houses and land shares, furniture, works of art, merchandise, and other effects. A special department is made of agricultural stocks, and a splendid reputation is enjoyed in this respect, his services being in constant requisition not merely in Salisbury and the vicinity but throughout the whole of South and West Wilts and parts of Hants and Dorset. His Christmas fat stock market has become a local institution. Mr. Woolley’s enterprise in offering prizes for the finest fat beasts and the best pens of sheep and pigs sent to the sale is being extensively responded to by farmers and breeders. All kinds of surveying are undertaken and carried out in an able and thoroughly satisfactory manner, estates and residential property are carefully and economically managed, and valuations an made for probate, legacy, transfer, &c. An efficient staff of clerks and assistants is employed, and the connection is a substantial and high-class one, and is the merited result of well-directed enterprise and strict integrity. Mr. Woolley is personally held in high esteem in social and professional circles for his genial and courteous demeanour and many good qualities.

CHARLES RAWLINGS, FASHIONABLE TAILOR, HATTER, HOSIER, AND GENERAL OUTFITTER,
60, SILVER STREET, SALISBURY.

FASHIONABLE tailoring at popular prices, where a saving of fifteen per cent, can be easily effected, is a desideratum not often to be met with. “When found,” as Captain Cuttle would say, “make a note of.” Mr. Charles Rawlings, of 60, Silver Street, Salisbury, has for the past ten years conducted a brisk business on the lines indicated above, his motto, which he adheres to closely, being, “prices reasonable, quality reliable, style recherche" and his system — small profits and quick returns for ready money. Occupying a commanding position in Silver Street, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely appointed throughout, displaying A complete stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment. Stylish ready-made suits and single garments for gentlemen and juveniles, silk and felt hats and caps, shirts and underwear, ties and scarfs, collars and cuffs, braces and studs, and outfitting items generally, are all fully en evidence, and kept strictly up-to-date. As a practical expert in tailoring, Mr. Rawlings undertakes the making to measure, from the best of fashionable fabrics, gentlemen’s and boys’ attire for all occasions, and every such garment emanating from his well-known establishment is turned out in a state of perfection. Moderate in his charges and prompt in the execution of all orders, Mr. Rawlings has won the confidence and liberal support of a very large and desirable clientele, and it is clear that he spans no effort to sustain, and, if possible, to enhance the high reputation which he now so deservedly enjoys.

FOWLER A BAILEY, GENERAL AND FANCY DRAPERS,
CRYSTAL HOUSE, 31 AND 36, CATHERINE STREET, SALISBURY.

“NOVELTIES up-to-date,” “Sterling Value,” and “Popular Goods at Popular Prices,” are the work-a-day mottoes of this enterprising firm, who organised their present prosperous business in the city of “New Sarum” ten years ago under the able auspices of its present estimable proprietors. The double shop, with its two entrances and intercommunicating interior in Catherine Street, is well appointed throughout and supplemented by convenient show and work-rooms for millinery, ladies’ lingerie, and dress and mantle-making at the rear. The stock maintained is of a very comprehensive character, rich in fashionable novelties and articles of standard worth and excellence; and all the goods have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the latest productions of the leading manufacturers of the day. All manner of everyday drapery goods for both household use and personal wear, fancy drapery wares in charming variety, and the numerous items included under the somewhat elastic term of haberdashery, are all fully represented, and are all offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading, while special attention is devoted by a staff of expert modistes and skilled needlewomen on the premises to the exemplification of the latest fashion fancies in millinery and dress and mantle-making. Messrs. Fowler & Bailey direct all the affairs of their house in person, and the methods and principles of their management are identical in nature with those which have in time past influenced and brought about a continuous increase and development in the resources and undertakings of their now popular and noteworthy business.

JAMES MACKLIN & SON, CUTLERS, JEWELLERS, AND SILVERSMITHS,
7, CATHERINE STREET, SALISBURY.

THIS eminent firm are the oldest-established cutlers in the city, having a history in that trade which dates back to the year 1692; and they also carry on a large and high-class business as jewellers and silversmiths, though these departments are of more modern date. In early times the premises were in the old-fashioned open-fronted style, with forges, grindstones, &c., all en evidence, and the workmen plied their interesting craft in full view of the public. During the reign of George III. the Botly family conducted the business, and they stood high in the favour of that monarch, who invariably gave them orders when he was passing through Salisbury en route for his favourite resort at Weymouth. His Majesty’s most customary commission to the firm was for the making of ornamental scissors for presentation to the ladies of his court. The patronage of royalty was enjoyed by this house until a later date than that of the popular sovereign just mentioned, for we find in the Salisbury and Winchester Journal of November 1st, 1830, the following paragraph “Messrs. S. & H. Botly had also the honour of selling several articles of cutlery to the Duchess of Kent. Her Royal Highness and Sir John Conroy were pleased to pass the highest encomiums on a superior collection of scissors submitted to their inspection by the manufacturers. The great superiority of the Salisbury cutlery has been long acknowledged.” Messrs. Botly also had the honour of making scissors for Her Majesty the Queen when she was Princess Victoria. Messrs. Macklin show at the present day a fine pair of scissors with ornamental handles, made by their predecessors, and once the property of King George III.

For upwards of forty years past this fine old business has been under the control and proprietorship of Mr. James Macklin, who has lately admitted his son, Mr. J. Macklin, junior, into partnership. The premises of the firm now comprise a handsome double-fronted establishment, elegantly fitted up, and admirably arranged in the best modern style. One side of the spacious shop is set apart for the high-class cutlery which still forms a leading speciality of the house, and in this connection Messrs. Macklin show an assortment of knives, scissors, &c., of such fine quality and faultless finish that they may be credited with fully maintaining the renown and superiority of the Salisbury cutlery to this day. The other side of the establishment exhibits a magnificent array of clocks, jewellery, and silverware; the show of goods in the latter respect being probably the finest in the city. We notice many beautiful articles, especially suitable for presents, and there is a splendid display of high-class clocks in many attractive designs, besides artistic jewellery, optical goods, barometers, &c., &c. In its entirety, this establishment is a credit to the city, and would command attention und admiration anywhere. We have heard it said that no finer cutlery is made in the world than that produced in the workshops of this old and distinguished firm, and after an inspection of the stock in this department we can readily believe that the statement has every foundation in fact. Both Mr. Macklin and his son are courteous and unassuming gentlemen greatly respected is Salisbury, and possessed of every qualification for the continuance of this notable business upon the high-class lines that have secured to it such prosperity and prestige in the past. We need hardly add that the firm do a large and widespread trade, or that their connection is of a most valuable and influential character.

AYLWARD & SPINNEY, PIANOFORTE AND GENERAL MUSIC WAREHOUSE, AND MUSIC LIBRARY,
SALISBURY.

THE resources of the admirably equipped establishment of Messrs. Aylward & Spinney are certainly not equalled in Salisbury, they holding by far the largest stock of music in the West of England. The record of the house goes back for sixty years, and its prestige is fully sustained at the present day by Mr. Spinney, the surviving member of the firm, while, at the same time, by his enterprising methods of conducting his business, he is constantly extending the area of its operations. The premises occupy a commanding position, and the well-appointed interior contains a splendidly comprehensive assortment of pianofortes, organs, and harmoniums, as well as of stringed instruments. Amongst the pianofortes are some excellent examples of Broadwood, Collard, Schiedmayer, Kaps, Ibach, Knauss, &c., with organs by Estey, Mason & Hamlin, and Bell. There is, too, a very large stock of violins, Messrs. Aylward & Spinney being sole agents for the Wolff violins and also for Muller's “Erato” harp. They have introduced with notable success the new auto-harp, a charming instrument. There is also a large and varied assortment of mandolines, guitars, banjos, accordions, &c., and, in fact, as Messrs. Aylward & Spinney are always in touch with the best sources of supply, they are able to supply all kinds of musical instruments under the best possible conditions. Equally comprehensive is the equipment of their music library. The firm are the sole agents for Augener's Library, and are agents for Novello's publications, and are always able to supply the latest-issued good music. They also control an extensive business in the restoration of musical instruments, and their unsurpassed connection as pianoforte tuners extends all over Wiltshire and into the adjacent counties of Somerset, Dorset, and Hants. Mr. Spinney is highly respected by all classes of the community, and his genial courtesy has won for him a large measure of popularity.

WILLIAM CRIPPS, FAMILY GROCER AND DEALER IN FOREIGN WINES AND SPIRITS,
CATHERINE STREET, AND MILFORD STREET, SALISBURY.

THE record of the flourishing business goes back for over a century. As it is one of the two oldest established, so, also, it is ono of the two most extensive and important of its class in the town. Mr. Cripps himself has been the proprietor for thirty-seven years. Old citizens of Salisbury remember that Mr. Cripps succeeded Mr. W. Botley in the proprietorship, the latter having been well known in connection with large financial institutions in London. Mr. Cripps’s premises occupy a commanding corner position at the junction of Milford and Catherine Streets, and include a range of three-storeyed warehouses in Milford Street, which extend as far as the Red Lion Hotel. In these warehouses are held large stocks of groceries, provisions, wines and spirits, used in the conduct of the business which Mr. Cripps controls. The retail establishment has its entrance at the comer, and the interior is well appointed, while it is commodious enough to admit of the effective display of samples, and the systematic classification of goods. The comprehensive stocks comprise A splendid assortment of table delicacies, such as might be looked for in the establishment of a high-class Italian warehouseman. In the conduct of this branch of the business Mr. Cripps is favoured with the confidence and the steady support of many of the most distinguished and influential families resident in the city and the surrounding districts.

E. GODDARD & CO., RAILWAY GARRIERS AND COAL MERCHANTS,
36, MILFORD STREET, SALISBURY.

THE record of the well-known house of Messrs. E. Goddard & Co. goes hock to 1763, and forms, in effect, an epitome of the story of the development of locomotive traffic during the century. The premises, which, in former days, were known as “The Waggon Office,” are spacious, and contain ample accommodation for waggons and for the systematic storage of goods. The quaintly antique oak roof and crane are well worth the notice of those who are interested in the antiquities of commerce. the entrance is from Milford Street, with a spacious waggon entrance, while a thoroughfare to the right leads into the old London Road. Here, during the last century, most of the goods traffic to and from Salisbury was conducted, and there is ample evidence to show that the late Mr. Goddard and his ancestors before him, in their capacity as general carriers, had the goodwill and sympathy of the public to a much greater extent than do the railway companies in the present day. The late Mr. Goddard, who was very much respected by all classes of the community, died in venerable old age in 1882. The business has since been ably conducted by Mr. Cookman, who has been associated in important capacities with the establishment for twenty years, and was Mr. Goddard’s active coadjutor. His late chief, as Mr. Cookman enthusiastically puts it, deserves to have his memory held in grateful remembrance by all who object to railway tyranny, especially in regard to goods rates. Mr. Goddard fought the first case, single-handed, before the then newly-created Railway Commissioners, in 1873, conducting his case in person. He claimed re-arrangement and rebate from the London and South-Western Company, in reference to their Salisbury and London traffic. The trial occupied six days, with the result that of six claims which Mr. Goddard presented, two were allowed, two given against him, and two — the most important — non-suited on account of insufficient evidence. The litigation closed with Mr. Goddard receiving his costs, the two claims non-suited being compromised to avoid further fighting. The general result of his action has been very valuable to the public and especially the tradesmen of Salisbury. The firm — Mr. Cookman being the sole proprietor — are the loading railway carriers in Salisbury, and have daily communication with their houses in London and in Bristol. Mr. Cookman is possessed of great commercial aptitude and administrative ability. In his capacity as a coal merchant he has a large wharf at Milford, capable of stocking five thousand tons of coal. His genial courtesy makes him popular everywhere.

F. SIMMONDS, CABINET MAKER AND UPHOLSTERER, ETC.
38, CATHERINE STREET, SALISBURY.

ONE of the leading factors in the industrial and commercial resources of Salisbury consists in the well-ordered establishment of Mr. F. Simmonds, which has been in successful existence for considerably over half a century. On the ground floor is a spacious show-room, displaying a large and comprehensive stock of high-class furniture. Here may be inspected a notable variety of chairs, in many cases en suite for the dining or the drawing-room, upholstered in most artistically decorative style. Here, too, will be found hall-chairs, wardrobes, over-mantels (some of them very elegantly mirrored and bevelled), with curtains, tapestry, &c., in practically inexhaustible variety. Leading from the ground floor is found a spacious staircase, which conducts the visitor to large show-rooms on the first floor. Here are for inspection all kinds of dining and drawing-room furniture, bedroom suites, brass and iron bedsteads in great variety; and, indeed, every article required in the furnishing of a modern dwelling-house of any dimensions. Most of the cabinet work, and all the upholstering exhibited by Mr. Simmonds, is executed by highly-skilled workmen, on his own premises, and under his own supervision. His spacious and well-equipped workshops are at the rear of the show-rooms, extending straight backwards some one hundred and eighty feet. The resources of the establishment are completed by heavy stocks of the best carpets, with mats, mattings, rugs, linoleums, floor-cloths, &c. He also undertakes mural decorative works, and holds representative stocks of paperhangings. Mr. Simmonds also controls an extensive business aa a contractor for the removal of household furniture by the aid of “pantechnicons” and lock-up vans, and he has large and safely constructed warehouses for the storing of furniture. In yet another department he undertakes the entire conduct of funerals, his methods and charges being is accord with the advanced modern ideas of funeral reform. Mr. Simmonds controls all the working details of his extensive business, the valuable connection of which is constantly being extended.

FRANK HIGHMAN, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL STATIONER, LITHOGRAPHIC ARTI8T AND STEAM PRINTER,
“NIL TIME” PUBLISHING WORKS, HIGH STREET, SALISBURY. A

MONG the many industries carried on in the city of Salisbury, mention must be made of that conducted by Frank Highman, who is a prominent and successful lithographic artist and printer, and who also controls an important wholesale and retail stationery business. This representative concern has been established since 1842, and occupies spacious premises in High Street, the front portion consisting of a convenient double-fronted shop and show-room, well stocked with every variety of stationery, account-books, and stationers’ sundries, forming a very complete collection of new goods, both of a useful and fancy character. At the rear of this shop are the working departments for designing, engraving, relief stamping, and lithographic printing. These are all admirably arranged and fully equipped with every requisite in machinery and appliances. Mr. Highman certainly possesses every facility for adequately maintaining the reputation his house has so long enjoyed, and enterprise has prompted him to produce more than one speciality of an attractive character, which has speedily achieved success. For instance, he publishes some capital stone-etchings of the original plans of Old Sarum and Stonehenge, and also a series of twenty-four very beautiful etchings of all the noted architectural features and antiquities of the city. This series is issued at the moderate price of one shilling each, but the work is excellent, and is really worth two or three times that modest figure. Mr. Highman has also been quick to meet the requirements created by the new regulation concerning post-cards, and has issued packets of cards of the proper size very artistically adorned with views of the city and neighbourhood, placed in the left upper corner of the card. Those are sure to be widely popular, and Mr. Highman deserves credit for his promptitude in bringing them out. He has also acquired a high reputation for handsome and artistic catalogue, show-card, and other designs. Designing and illuminating are special departments of the business, in which work of a very superior class is turned out. All orders are executed on the premises, where a numerous and skilful staff is employed, and Mr. Highman’s resources enable him to quote wholesale terms and prices. He personally supervises the entire business, and its substantial success is clearly the outcome of his practical ability and energetic methods. For the information of visitors to Salisbury, we ought to mention that a full assortment of Carl Norman’s and Valentine’s prize photographic views of the Cathedral, Stonehenge, and other interesting places and buildings in this locality, can be seen at Mr. Highman's establishment.

W. LARKAM, JR., HOSIER, HATTER, TAILOR, & SHIRTMAKER,
31, CATHERINE STREET, SALISBURY.

It is now just exactly ten years since Mr. W. Larkam, jun., first opened his doors to the public in Salisbury, and his house already stands in worthy prominence among the leading tailoring and outfitting establishments in the city of “Old Sarum.” Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in Catherine Street, the spacious shop is admirably appointed throughout, and displays a thoroughly typical stock of goods, which are offered for sale by a staff of polite and attentive assistants at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. The departments represented include all the best makes in hosiery, such as merino and wool vests, pants and half-hose, silk half-hose for dress, specialities in ladies’ gloves, silk umbrellas and handkerchiefs, Gladstone bags and portmanteaus, &c.; fashionable readymade covert coats, overcoats, lawn-tennis and cricket coats, vests, and trousers; dressing gowns, rugs and plaids; braces, umbrellas, mufflers, and belts; gloves in all the newest makes; a select assortment of silk scarfs and ties, all the newest shades, shapes and designs; the largest stock of linen collars and cuffs in the country, white shirts in every size and quality, Oxford and flannel shirts, and silk and felt hats and caps in a great diversity of styles, shapes and sizes, fitted with Larkam’s patent easy fitting pad. In his executive department, Mr. Larkam employs a picked staff of expert craftsmen, and has won a widespread and well-merited renown as a maker of perfect fitting shirts of every description, this being a specialite of his house; but his great speciality, and one in which he does a very wide special trade both at home and abroad, is the making of perfect fitting shirts for ladies in white and all the newest materials. He also acts as the sole agent in Salisbury and its neighbourhood for a celebrated London West-End tailoring firm, maintaining a very select stock of splendid suitings and other fashionable fabrics for the current season, and all garments made to his measure from these are guaranteed to be perfect in fit, fashion, and fabric. Moderate in all his charges, and prompt and punctual in the execution of all orders, Mr. Larkam has won the confidence and liberal support of a very large yet select clientele, and it is manifestly his resolution that the h reputation he has won shall not only be well sustained, but steadily enhanced and consistently developed in days to come.

CHELTENHAM.

AMONG the inland watering-places of England there are few that have been more successful than Cheltenham in attracting the patronage of the fashionable world, and the secret of the prosperity of this town may be found in the fact that it combines, in a notable degree, the attractions of a large and well-governed municipality with those of a beautiful and salubrious health and pleasure resort. Natural advantages much beyond the ordinary have contributed to the development of Cheltenham. Situated on the river Chelt, in the eastern part of Gloucestershire, it has a delightful position, sheltered on the north and east by the Cotswold Hills, and thus enjoying not only the beauties of scenery which are always found in places affording the varied prospects of mountain, valley and stream, but also a climate and atmosphere sufficiently mild and genial to compel the attention of those in quest of health. There is no necessity here to trace the early history of Cheltenham. Though it is a place of some antiquity, its record in olden times appears to have been quite uneventful; and its more noteworthy modern career may be said to date from the discovery of its valuable mineral springs, and the subsequent influx of visitors from the great outer world. Owing to the difficulty and expense of travelling in the last century, these visitors were exclusively drawn from the upper and wealthy classes, and it was not long ere Cheltenham became almost a rival even to Bath as a focus of fashionable attraction in the Georgian era.

The mineral springs were first discovered in 1718, and the King’s Well was sunk in 1778. Then George III. visited the place, and at once Cheltenham leaped into favour with the beau monde. Other wells were opened by Mr. Thompson in 1806, and five years later the important discovery of magnesian salt in the waters was made. From that time onward Cheltenham has maintained its fame as a health resort for people of fashion and position, and the waters have been found extremely beneficial in certain ailments, particularly those of a bilious and dyspeptic nature. Three of the springs are saline and one is chalybeate. The Pittville Spa, opened in 1830, is now the property of the Corporation, and possesses a splendid pump-room, with every convenience for visitors. The grounds are finely laid out, a beautiful lake and several miles of charming walks and drives being among their varied attractions. Pittville Park is a delightful pleasaunce, opened in 1894, and adjoining the Pittville Spa. The Montpelier Spa dates from the year 1818.

In addition to its popularity as a watering-place, Cheltenham has acquired great favour and celebrity as an educational centre. There are some excellent schools here, which deservedly enjoy high repute and extensive patronage. Among them is the ancient Grammar School, founded and endowed by Richard Pates in 1575, and reconstituted thirteen years ago. The Cheltenham Proprietary College is attended by some hundreds of pupils, and its curriculum embraces special training in the classical, civil, and military sections, besides a department for juniors. Scholarships are available both at this college and at the Grammar School. The education of women receives due attention at Cheltenham also, as witness the Ladies’ College and the Dean Close Memorial School; and there are also schools for the training of teachers, male and female, in the work of their profession.
Cheltenham was incorporated in 1876 as a municipal borough, and it is also a parliamentary borough (returning one member to the House of Commons), and the headquarters of a County Council District. It is situated seven miles to the north-east of Gloucester, has excellent facilities of railway communication, and contains a population of 42,914, according to the census of 1891. Every evidence of healthy municipal development and public-spirited local government is manifest in the town, which has become one of the most beautiful in England, not only on account of its situation and surroundings, but also by reason of the many handsome buildings that have been erected here in modern times. Visitors are always favourably impressed with the fine appearance of the principal streets, notably the long and well-built High Street, with its varied array of attractive shops; the fashionable Promenade, where may be seen some mercantile establishments that would do credit to London itself, and the handsome avenue that connects Montpelier with the High Street. Among the numerous churches and chapels the ancient parish church of St. Mary stands first in antiquity and interest. The public buildings and places of amusement include the Froe Library and Science Schools, the General Hospital and Dispensary, the Corn Exchange, the Rotunda, the Winter Garden, and the Assembly Rooms. There are several clubs, and the hotel accommodation is excellent, while visitors will find ample arrangements for private boarding and residence.

As may readily be imagined in the case of a town so large and populous as Cheltenham, the commercial aspect of the place is not a little noteworthy. Local tradesmen have the double task of supplying the daily wants of the inhabitants of the town and district, and of catering to the requirements of a large number of visitors, most of whom are accustomed to the abundant resources of the metropolis and other great centres of trade. Of this by no means light responsibility they acquit themselves with conspicuous credit. It may be said at once that the merchants of Cheltenham are second to none in energy and enterprise; and that they keep their establishments replenished with the best products of the leading markets is apparent to anyone who cares to make the round of the shops here, and note the completeness of their stocks, and the excellence of their working organisation. The silk, drapery, fashion, and furnishing trades are admirably represented, and so are those concerned in the supply of groceries, wines, and other household requisites. There are important nurseries and seed warehouses, goldsmiths’ shops, leather warehouses, bakeries, and establishments for the supply of clothing and personal effects; while the larger industries carried on embrace brewing, building and contracting, sanitary engineering, mechanical engineering, art-metal working, stone and marble working, and the manufacture of cutlery. There are livery stables, a horse repository, and a riding-school, and a large and well-known firm of contractors for household removals. For particulars concerning some of the leading business concerns of Cheltenham the reader may now be referred to the following series of articles, which are written up- to-date from authentic information.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

HEATH & SON, NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, AND SEED MERCHANTS, EXOTIC NUBSEBIES,
COLLEGE ROAD, CHELTENHAM.

THE high reputation of Cheltenham as a leading centre for the production and distribution of valuable exotics and seeds for horticultural purposes has, for very many years, been based, to a great extent, upon the magnitude of Messrs. Heath & Son’s operations. Their admirably organised business has a record which extends as far back as the year 1830, and all the best traditions of the establishment are fully sustained by the present members of this firm. The nurseries are conveniently situated in College Road, and occupy an area of over seven acres, which are laid out with an admirable combination of scientific skill and artistic taste. The enormous extent of the glass-houses represents a liberal and judicious expenditure of a large amount of capital, and the same may be said of the ample system of hot-water supply. In the nurseries there is always a splendid exhibition of choice plants, bulbs, ferns, &c., &c. The firm are also extensive growers of seeds of all descriptions, and they have a copious supply of all kinds of fruit in season. Their well-appointed branch establishment, situated at Promenade Villas, always exhibits an attractive display of cut flowers, together with most artistically-arranged wreaths, crosses, bouquets, button-holes, &c., with samples of all kinds of fruits. A large staff of experienced assistants is employed in the several departments. By maintaining a very high standard of excellence in the conduct of their business, Messrs. Heath & Son have gained the well-deserved confidence and the steady support of the most distinguished and influential families resident in Cheltenham and the surrounding districts. The seeds grown by them have a high reputation amongst horticulturists all over the country, and the numerous prizes constantly taken by them at leading shows prove conclusively that their productions in the shape of flowers, plants, and fruits are of the highest order. The major portion of the greenhouses is devoted to orchids, of which Messrs. Heath's collectors in South America, India, and the Australian islands are constantly sending large importations; and the perfect system of packing enable them to reach their destination in such excellent condition as to be equal to plants which have been established for years. The celebrated “Saccolabium Heathii,” imported from the Burmese frontier, and which was sold for two hundred guineas, is one of the forms of unrivalled beauty. Thousands of seedlings of Laelias, Cattleyas, Dendrobiums, Masdevallia, and Cypripediums fill one house sixty feet long, and will eventually supersede collecting in foreign and dangerous countries. At any time of the year these recherche beauties are in flower, and always worthy of a visit, and either member of the firm will personally conduct visitors and point out the various gems, giving a description and history of them.

THE QUEEN’S HOTEL (The QUEEN’S HOTKL COMPANY, LIMITED),
CHELTENHAM.
MANAGERESS: MISS J. HILL.

THIS magnificent hotel may fairly be said to hold the leading position for magnitude and importance among the superior hostelries of Cheltenham. The Queen’s Hotel has a record of over sixty years, and during the whole of that period it has enjoyed the most distinguished patronage. The whole character of the hotel is one of distinction, whether we regard it from a structural point of view, or consider the influential nature of the clientele to which it habitually caters, or the perfection of its arrangements for the comfort and satisfaction of its guests. The building is a superb edifice, four storeys high, in the classic style, and graced by a noble Corinthian portico, which renders it one of the most majestic structures in this well-built town. Immediately facing the portico is the memorial to the heroes who fell at Sebastopol, and two large cannon, taken at the downfall of that stronghold, further commemorate the achievements of British arms in the Crimea.

Internally, the Queen’s Hotel is well and substantially appointed, and is supplied with a recently constructed lift, running through each floor from top to bottom, and adapted for either passengers or luggage. It has been designed and equipped to fulfil all the requirements of a high-class family hotel, and in this respect nothing is wanting to ensure satisfaction. The public rooms are comfortably and thoroughly furnished, and the private apartments are equally perfect in every detail. Special attention is bestowed upon the cuisine, and the table d’hote, served daily at separate tables in the fine salle d manger, is calculated to satisfy in all respects the most fastidious. Wines and spirits of the choicest quality prove that the reputation of the house in this matter is carefully maintained; and the attendance in all departments continues to be, as it always has been, excellent. The hotel, with its fine private and livery stables, grounds, etc., covers an area of about three and a-half acres, and guests have the advantage of a splendid lawn for tennis. From the stables post and job horses and flys and carriages of all kinds can be obtained, and in this connection it may be mentioned that the promptest attention is given to orders for funerals and weddings, however short the notice. Flys and omnibuses meet every train. The Company make all their own carriages, harness, etc., and execute all repairs and horseshoeing in their own workshops.

Altogether this is one of the most important hotel enterprises in the county, and its affairs are conducted to the entire satisfaction of a very large and valuable clientele. Miss J. Hill is the experienced and painstaking manageress of the hotel, whose careful and effective supervision of all the routine work of the hotel is so highly appreciated by guests. Visitors to Cheltenham desiring unexceptionable accommodation will find it at the Queen’s Hotel, and at reasonable charges withal. Those making a lengthened stay can adopt the boarding system by notifying their intention on arrival, and will thus have the advantage of special weekly terms.
The telephone number is 13.

H. MALLORY A SONS, FURNISHING IRONMONGERS,
395, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.
TELEPHONE NO. 109.

Three are few names that have been so long and honourably associated with the trade and industry of Cheltenham as that of Messrs. H. Mallory A Sons. This business, which is one of the oldest established of its kind in the town, was founded over one hundred years ago, and has been in the family of the present proprietors for over sixty years. Steadily progressing, and to meet the requirements of the times, Messrs. H. Mallory A Sons have developed to the full every branch of their business, which now embraces the several departments of furnishing ironmongers, smiths, bellhangers, gasfitters, tin-plate workers, hot-water engineers, &c., giving employment to a considerable staff of skilled and experienced mechanics, artizans, salesmen, and assistants. The premises comprise a spacious and handsome double-fronted shop, with plate-glass windows and well-appointed interior, fitted with glass show-cases, stands, &c. There are also show and stock-rooms, with extensive warehouse accommodation, and well-fitted-up workshops. To fulfil the many and varied requirements of their trade, Messrs. Mallory & Sons hold a very large and comprehensive stock of goods, each department being replete with items of interest and novelty, and, in addition to the immense stock of general and furnishing ironmongery, the firm display in their show-rooms a fine selection of drawing, dining-room, and other grates, fenders, tile-hearths, chandeliers, lamps, gas brackets, &c., of novel and artistic design, and embracing all the most recent improvements. These goods are the productions of the best houses in their respective lines, and are supplied at the most advantageous prices.

Messrs. H. Mallory & Sons undertake all kinds of outdoor work as gasfitters, bellhangers, hot-water engineers, &c. Estimates are given free of charge, and, as before intimated, a large staff of skilled and experienced workmen are constantly employed. They have successfully carried out many large and important contracts in connection with public and corporate buildings and institutions, &c., in Cheltenham and the district. Messrs. H. Mallory A Sons have a very extensive and influential connection, which is well maintained by the direct personal attention of the proprietors to all orders and the promptness and systematic manner in which they are executed. In a notice of the trades and industries of this ancient town, it is both a duty and A pleasure to give special prominence to a firm which has so well maintained its eminent position, and still holds its place in the first rank of the trade of the district.

G. A WILLIAMS & SON, ENGLISH & FOREIGN LIBRARY,
393, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

THIS time-honoured establishment, which occupies an almost unique position in Cheltenham, dates back to the year 1815, and has thus ministered to the intellectual and literary enjoyment of the residents and visitors to Cheltenham for the greater part of a century. The library occupies a most eligible corner position, and, in addition to a commodious and well-fitted shop, the premises contain six other large apartments entirely filled with all kinds of new and second-hand books, comprising ancient and modern literature in almost every language, and numbering upwards of one hundred and twenty thousand volumes. What may be noted as a special feature is the very extensive collection of early printed books, missals, manuscripts, &c., containing many items of deep interest to the amateur in ancient literary lore, and amongst which also the bibliophile will find a field of operations of great attraction. Messrs. Williams & Son have also a large subscription circulating library, which is highly appreciated. The firm likewise undertake bookbinding and printing in all branches. Many of the finest specimens of these arts are here to be seen. All the work is executed in the very best style, and with strict attention to economy. Messrs. Williams & Son are prepared to undertake commissions at auction sales, to arrange, catalogue, and value libraries, and to purchase collections of books. They have also special facilities for the finding of scarce works, a convenience that is greatly appreciated by searchers after “curios” in the bibliographical line. The business connections of the firm are of great extent, and books from this well-known establishment find their way to almost every part of the world. The most courteous attention is paid to the requirements of every customer, and the greatest promptness and care are exercised in the execution of every order. It is more than interesting in writing an historical sketch of Cheltenham and the district to meet with an establishment of such old standing and extensive connections, and to accord to it that special prominence in these reviews which its popularity, utility, and prominent position so justly demand. And, finally, it is interesting to note that the present Mr. Williams’s father (George Arthur Williams), commenced business in Cheltenham on the 1st March, 1815 (the year of the battle of Waterloo), was well acquainted with Byron, Dickens, Sheridan Knowles, Tom Moore, Thackeray, Sam Lover, and in any other well-known men of letters.

THE BELLE VUE HOTEL AND BOARDING ESTABLISHMENT,
CHELTENHAM.
PROPRIETOBS: MR. AND MRS. GREEN (AGENT FOR RUTHERFORD & KAY, EDINBURGH).

THERE is probably no hotel in Cheltenham which offers more satisfactory accommodation to visitors than does the Belle Vue Hotel and Boarding Establishment, situated in High Street. This high-class private hotel has lately been re-opened by its proprietors, Mr. and Mrs. Green, after undergoing a thorough rehabilitation; and in its present state it realises one’s ideal of a superior petition, organised upon the best modern lines, and decorated and furnished throughout in a substantial, comfortable, and tasteful style. No expense has been spared to make the establishment an embodiment of refined comfort, and Mr. and Mrs. Green are certainly to be congratulated upon the success that has attended their efforts in this respect. Besides the private apartments, which are all elegantly appointed, there are several very attractive public rooms, such as the large coffee-room, ladies' drawing-room, smoking-room, and billiard-room, and these manifestly contribute much to the enjoyment of visitors. There are well-equipped bath-rooms also, and the sanitary arrangements are unexceptional [unexceptionable?]. The hotel has the advantage of an unsurpassed situation, being in close proximity to the colleges, baths, and theatre, and the accommodation it provides for families, ladies, and gentlemen is such as to ensure general approval. A strictly moderate tariff of charges (whether by the day or week, or for the Saturday to Monday), is one of the commendable features of the establishment; and a first-rate cuisine, high-class wines, &c., and thoroughly efficient attendance, complete the list of its recommendations. Visitors will appreciate the attentive courtesy of Mr. and Mrs. Green, who manage their establishment with tact and ability, and study the comfort of their guests in every way. We may add as a detail of information that all omnibuses at the stations convey passengers to this hotel at the reasonable fare of sixpence each person.

FURBER, SON, & ELLIS, GOLDSMITHS AND JEWELLERS,
1, QUEEN’S CIRCUS (OPPOSITE THE QUEEN’S HOTEL), CHELTENHAM.

THIS business is one of the oldest-established in the West of England, dating back its foundation to the year 1809. Messrs. Furber, Son, & Ellis occupy very large and imposing premises, situated in a most prominent positon, and commanding a fine view of the promenade. The building is of four storeys. The spacious and handsome shop has a very fine frontage, and affords ample opportunity for the effective display of goods. The interior is elegantly fitted up, with handsome show-cases around and on the counters, jewel stands, and other appropriate appointments, while the arrangements for the reception of patrons are most commendable. A very large and exceedingly valuable stock is held, and the richness of its various items, aided by the excellent arrangement to which it has been subjected, constitutes it one of the finest displays of its kind to be found in Cheltenham. Special attention must be directed to the superb display of gold and silver plate, tea and coffee services, salvers, cups, and candelabra; to the large and valuable stock of gold and silver watches, chains, bracelets, lockets, necklets, and other ornaments; as well as to the splendid assortment of diamond and other gem rings, all of which embody those distinguishing features of elegant and artistic design, and superior workmanship for which this firm is justly famous. Messrs. Furber, Son, & Ellis, do a very large business, and in addition to their distinguished patronage in Cheltenham and throughout England, they extend their operations to foreign countries, and particularly to the colonies. The principals of the firm are gentlemen of high social and mercantile standing, and under their able, energetic, and experienced supervision a continuous expansion and increase in the resources and volume of business of the house is made manifest, and every indication exists of a steady development of the wide-spread trade which this old-established and reliable house has so long enjoyed.

ALFRED MILES, CARRIAGE BUILDER,
CHELTENHAM.
SHOW-ROOMS: WINCHCOMBE STRBBT; WOBKS: ALBION STRBET.

THE coach-building industry is well represented at Cheltenham by Mr. Alfred Miles, whose high-class business, founded about thirty years ago, is undoubtedly a leading one in this town and district. Mr. Miles occupies large and commodious premises as show-rooms in Winchcombe Street, and his factory in Albion Street is equipped with all requisites of plant and machinery for carrying on the carriage-building industry. At the show-rooms the display is a most attractive one, and exemplifies every department of the trade, from the neatest and smartest work in dog-carts and other two-wheelers to the most elegant and fashionable of landaus, phaetons, and victorias. In all these vehicles there are evidences of the fact that the old reputation of this house for superiority of design, workmanship, and finish, is being carefully and adequately maintained. All new carriages are warranted, and for strength, lightness, style, and durability, Mr. Miles’s work will compare with any in the trade. Only the best materials are used, and the long experience of the proprietor enables him to produce really first-class carriages at a lower price than ordinary. He has a notable speciality in his patent Cross Cee spring, which is adapted for all carriages, whether of two or four wheels, and whereby the occupant of the vehicle obtains ease and comfort which cannot be excelled. Mr. Miles is prepared to build any kind of carriage to order, and can show many testimonials from gentlemen of position speaking for the satisfaction his work has always given. He adopts the latest improvements, and his productions are always thoroughly “up to date” in structural details. Carriages are oiled by yearly contract or otherwise; repairs of every description are promptly and skilfully executed; and rugs, mats, and all kinds of carriage furniture are supplied. Special attention is given to the building of carriages for exportation; and merchants receiving orders for carriages from abroad may rely upon their instructions being carefully carried out. We commend to the notice of our readers Mr. Alfred Miles’s new illustrated catalogue of carriage designs. The drawings in this book have been beautifully produced, and it is one of the handsomest and most convenient publications of the kind we have lately seen. Mr. Miles, in addition to supplying a very influential clientele at home, has a large connection abroad, and sends carriages to India, the United States, Australia, Malta, New Zealand, and Gibraltar. He is favourably known wherever his work has gone, and the many “repeat” orders he receives from customers in all parts attest the confidence which he is held.

MR. JAMES CYPHER, EXOTIC NURSERY,
CHELTENHAM.

A MOST interesting' establishment to the horticulturist and lover of all that is beautiful in the floral and botanic world is the well-known exotic nursery of Mr. James Cypher, in Queen's Road, Cheltenham. The extensive business of which this place is the headquarters was founded upwards of thirty years ago, and is one of the principal concerns of its kind in this part of the country. The nursery occupies about five acres of ground, of which two acres are under glass, and is beautifully arranged. All its attractive features are constantly open to inspection, and as it is only two minutes’ walk from the Midland Railway Station, a visit can easily be paid, and will be found well worth the trouble involved. Indeed, it is seldom that one meets with a nursery which displays so many evidences of the master hand as this one, and the whole establishment is a striking testimony to Mr. Cypher’s skill and resources, and to the care with which he supervises his business. The specialities of the nursery are far too numerous to be catalogued here, but, in the course of our walk through the place, we noticed almost every description of flowers knows to the modern floriculturist, together with a great array of clean, healthy plants of all kinds at moderate prices; and among these many rare and choice varieties are conspicuous, showing that Mr. Cypher is thoroughly “up-to-date” as regards the newest achievements of his profession. He is particularly noted for orchids, of which he makes a splendid show; and of stove and greenhouse plants he has one of the best collections in the kingdom for furnishing large conservatories or for exhibition. His palms, dracaenas, ficus, crotons, azaleas, and other plants for room and table decoration, are held in great favour, and are always in demand.

It is natural that, with such superior resources at his command, Mr. Cypher should have developed an important florist's business; and in this connection he has a high reputation for his bride’s and brides-maid’s bouquets and posies; bouquets or posies for the ball, the opera, or presentation; wedding and presentation baskets of choice flowers at all prices; sprays, garlands, wreaths, chaplets, crosses, anchors, crowns, hearts, harps, and stars, all most tastefully and artistically made up in any style and with any kind and colour of flowers desired. Gentlemen’s coat flowers are also a speciality; and loose cut flowers and ferns are supplied for funeral and other purposes, the same being carefully packed to travel. Mr. Cypher’s floral decorations for dinners, balls, weddings, and other occasions, are always greatly admired, and he carries out many orders in this department. Altogether, his business is as comprehensive as it is select, and the extent of the trade done in all parts of Cheltenham and the surrounding country may be judged from the fact that upwards of 60 skilled hands are employed in the routine work of the nursery. Personal supervision has undoubtedly been the chief factor in the success of this notable business. Mr. Cypher looks after everything himself, and his many patrons (among whom are numbered the leading local families) consequently know that they can depend upon their orders being executed with the utmost promptitude and accuracy.

BLOODWORTH & SON, CORN, HAY, AND STRAW MERCHANTS, AND MACHINE AND HYGIENIC BAKERS,
5, 6, 7, & 8, ALBION STREET, AND 2 & 3, ALBION PLACE, CHELTENHAM.
TELEPHONE NO. 66.

ESTABLISHED over thirty years ago, the business of Messrs. Bloodworth & Son is, undoubtedly, the largest concern of its kind in Cheltenham and the surrounding country. Its headquarters at the above address are admirably adapted to the requirements of the firm, and here an immense trade is carried on in corn, hay, straw, &c., very heavy stocks being held in these commodities, as well as in flour, maize, and all the customary specialities of a corn-chandler. In this department of their business, Messrs. Bloodworth’s connection extends over the whole country. But undoubtedly the great feature of this firm’s trade must be looked for in their splendidly-organised machine and hygienic bakery at 5 & 6, Albion Street. Here they exemplify the approved modern methods of bread manufacture by machinery, as distinguished from the old-fashioned system of making by hand, and on these lines their bakery has been brought thoroughly up to date by the erection of the most improved ovens, and a complete plant of new machinery driven by an “Otto” gas-engine. The whole of the arrangements have been carried out by the eminent firm of machinists, Messrs. Joseph Baker & Sons, City Road, London; and the care expended upon the work has made this one of the most perfect modern bakeries we have had the pleasure of visiting. Everything is done by machinery, without the use of hand labour; and the sanitary arrangements at the bakery have been carried out under the direction and supervision of the Gloucestershire Sanitary Inspection Association, by whose resident engineer they have been duly certified as satisfactory.

With the facilities now at their command, Messrs. Bloodworth & Son are able, not only to produce a very fine article of bread, but also to insure absolute purity and perfect cleanliness. They use superior flour from the best mills in the kingdom, and this flour is all thoroughly purified by passing through a patent sifter. The dough is made by a new “Thomson Patent Kneader” (believed to be the most perfect machine of its kind in the market), and thereby all contact with the hand is avoided, while increased lightness, sweetness, and digestibility are insured. The baking is done by the renowned “Bailey-Baker” patent ovens, which afford a guarantee of perfect cleanliness and purity of atmosphere. All bread produced at this bakery is of a quality which has secured general favour, and the firm have been particularly successful with their specialities in “Farmhouse Bread,” “Whole Meal Digestive Bread,” &c., which are highly recommended.

Messrs. Bloodworth employ a large staff of hands, with numerous horses and waggons for delivery work; and they cater to a most extensive and valuable connection in town and country. No firm in Gloucestershire has surpassed them in enterprise and progressive spirit, and from our inspection of their large and interesting establishment, and our knowledge of the methods they are pursuing, we shall expect to see them fully maintain in the future the lead they have acquired by their untiring energy and sound practical ability. It was but recently (namely, in December, 1894) that the decease of the head of the firm took place, and by his death it is safe to say that, not only has his family sustained a severe and heartfelt loss, but the town of Cheltenham has deep cause to regret the unfortunate event, for he was one of those rare men who was universally looked up to on account of his commercial, domestic, and religious virtues. We may, however, add that Mr. A. G. Bloodworth, the “Son,” is the continuing partner, and is carrying on the business upon the well-known lines that have met with such signal success in the past.

HORACE EDWARDS, PUBLISHER AND STATIONER,
396, HIGH STREET, CHEILTENHAM.

THIS business was established as far back as the year 1831, and Mr. Edwards instituted his enterprise with a laudable end in view — the union of art with utility — and his success in this direction is no less well-merited than remarkable, as an instance of how thoroughly an intelligent public can appreciate and support all such praiseworthy endeavours. The premises occupy a commanding position in the High Street, and consist of a spacious and handsome double-fronted shop and show-room, which is claimed to be the largest in the West of England. the interior is fitted up in a very superior style with elegant yet substantial mahogany counters, shelves, glass show-cases, stands, and other appropriate appointments. The stock is replete with every conceivable speciality in useful and ornamental requisites, fancy stationery in endless variety, writing desks, card cases, dressing cases for ladies and gentlemen, purses, despatch boxes, albums, frames, writing cases, &c., are a few features of the fancy goods shown. This display is accompanied by a complete assortment of plain and ornamental notepapers in all the favourite styles and tints; account and MSS. books, and an exhaustive supply of wedding and birthday gifts, and articles suitable for presentation purposes.

The industrial department, which occupies the same premises, is replete with machinery and appliances of the most improved description, and a large staff of skilled and experienced artists and workmen are here employed in the production of artistic circulars, memorandums, billheads, posters, auctioneers' catalogues, note headings, annual reports, school certificates, ball programmes, invitation cards, menu cards, birthday cards, wedding and dance cards, Christmas and New Year's cards, &c. Many of these are most tastefully decorated and rendered additionally attractive with sporting, social, political and floral subjects, beautifully executed in original designs, whose good taste is absolutely irreproachable. It is interesting to note also that Mr. Edwards's productions have received many complimentary and flattering notices from the press. Cheltenham is benefited by a large employment of social labour, &c. The business controlled is of a widespread and influential character. Customers at a distance may enter into business relations with this well-known and respected house with the full assurance of receiving not only just and liberal treatment, but also an invariable courtesy and politeness which makes it at all times a pleasure to do business with the firm.

WILLIAMS & CO., STEAM CUTLERY WORKS,
113A, HIGH STREET, AND PORTLAND STREET, CHELTENHAM.

THE ancient craft of the cutler is admirably exemplified at Cheltenham by Messrs. Williams & Co., who direct the old-established and original Steam cutlery works in this town. This business was founded in 1840, and has had a very successful career; the firm having won a wide reputation for the high-class character of their work, which is all done on the premises under personal supervision. At great expense the workshops in Portland Street have been fitted with special machinery and appliances, and Messrs. Williams & Co. are consequently in a position to carry on repairs to superior cutlery under the most favourable conditions. Their long experience and the completeness of their working resources, both manual and mechanical, afford an assurance of satisfaction to all customers who may entrust them with orders. For the greater convenience of the purchasing public they have also a shop at 113A, High Street, where they show a splendid stock of fine cutlery in the greatest variety, including beautiful work in table and pocket knives, scissors, razors, hunting, sporting, and pruning knives, tailors’ shears, surgical scissors, &c., &c., all of the highest quality and most finished workmanship. In this stock will be found many articles suitable for presents, such as cases of table cutlery, cases of razors, cases of scissors, electro-plated goods, and other specialities of the trade which always make acceptable gifts on wedding, birthday, and other occasions. We also note a large assortment of “Acme,” “Austrian Screw,” and “Canadian Spring” skates; and it may be mentioned that the firm give special attention to the grinding of skates, a class of work requiring much skill and experience for its proper execution. Altogether this is a distinctly first-class business, to the management of which the able proprietors devote their constant care and attention, thereby fully meriting the extensive public patronage and general confidence they enjoy, and maintaining the good repute that has attached to their house for over half a century.

BUTCHER & PATTISON, DISPENSING CHEMISTS,
418, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

THIS business was organised in the year 1843, at Cheltenham, under the auspices of Mr. Butcher, who was, some years after, joined by Mr. Pattison. Mr. Butcher having retired, the business is now being vigorously continued by Mr. Pattison, who, however, still retains his quondam partner’s name. Occupying a commanding corner position, the shop is elegantly appointed, and is most methodically arranged to hold and suitably display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, comprising all the popular patent medicines of the day; choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites; medical and surgical appliances; and chemists' sundries of every kind. In his professional department, Mr. Pattison, with fully qualified assistants, operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, devoting the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions and the compounding of family recipes, by reason of which he has won the esteem and confidence of all the leading local medical practitioners, and the liberal support of a very large and select family connection, as well as the patronage of clients drawn practically from all classes of the community. Telephone No. 35.

MR. WILLIAM H. MACK, THE NEW TEA SHOP,
333, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

ONE of the most enterprising and popular establishments in Cheltenham occupied with the tea trade is that of Mr. William H. Mack, of 333, High Street. This important business was established more than twenty-five years ago, and Mr. Mack has been at the head of affairs for the past fourteen years, and under his able administration the transactions engaged in have been steadily added to. The premises are widely known as the “New Tea Shop,” and are conveniently and prominently located in the busiest part of the town. They are ample in size and well arranged, comprising double-fronted shop with office, warehouse, and other necessary departments. The choicest teas are handled by Mr. Mack, and are guaranteed pure and exceedingly delicious. He is thoroughly well acquainted with the taste of the people and the properties of the local waters, and his selections are made in accordance. Every facility is possessed for buying in the best markets and thus securing advantages in price which enable him to offer inducements in this direction such aa cannot be duplicated elsewhere. Extensive and high-class supplies are always held of India, Ceylon, and China teas, coffees, cocoas, sugar, spices, and a full line of tinned goods. Coffee is ground fresh every day by patent machinery, by which its flavour and aroma are preserved in an eminent degree. All goods offered here are absolutely pure and free from those adulterations practised by so many tradesmen, the name of the firm being a guarantee for the uniform high excellence of the commodities. Mr. Mack personally conducts the whole of his business, employing well-trained assistants. Visitors receive here every possible attention, and dealing with this establishment will be found no less pleasant than profitable. The connection embraces many of the principal families, leading hotels, and restaurants in Cheltenham and the district. The worthy proprietor is widely known and everywhere held in respect and esteem as a sterling business man, thoroughly straights forward and honourable in all his transactions, and obliging in his disposition.

NATH. SMITH & CO., CHEMISTS,
373, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

THIS business has been established over sixty years, and the firm now enjoy a most influential position, and undoubtedly the largest trade connection of the kind in Cheltenham. The well-known premises of Messrs. Nath. Smith & Co. occupy an excellent position, and are very large and commodious. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style, admirably appointed and well arranged for the purposes of the business. The large and comprehensive stock includes all kinds of drugs and chemicals of well-attested purity, patent medicines and proprietary articles, surgical appliances, hospital, sick-room, and nursery requirements, toilet requisites of all kinds, brushes, sponges, &c., and a choice selection of the newest and most fashionable varieties of perfumes and fancy soaps, &c. The firm make a leading feature of the dispensing department, and have exceptional facilities for the rapid and accurate compounding of physicians’ prescriptions and family recipes. Messrs. Nath. Smith & Co. are also extensively engaged in the manufacture of mineral and aerated waters, and at No. 57, Regent Street, they have a large and well-equipped factory fitted with all the latest and most improved machinery and appliances for the purpose. Messrs. Smith & Co. turn out in immense quantities all kinds of aerated table waters, including lithia, soda-water, lithia-water with potass, potass-water, citrate of potass-water, Malvern seltzer-water, lemonade, ginger-ale, gingerade, aerated distilled water, &c. The purity of water used in the manufacture of aerated beverages cannot be too strongly insisted on, and Messrs. Nath. Smith & Co., fully recognising this fact, extensively use pure distilled water in their factory. They also supply pure distilled water for table use in pints and quarts at 1s. and 1s. 6d. respectively; sparkling distilled water (a delicious table water), in pints and quarts, at 1s. 9d. and 2s. 6d. respectively. The various operations in the laboratory and manufactory are carried out on the most approved scientific principles, together with the advantage of long practical experience. These beverages have acquired a very high reputation and an increasing popularity, and are strongly recommended by the medical profession. Cases of three dozen and upwards are sent by railway, carriage paid and reduced prices in quantities of six dozen and upwards (except bottled table waters, aerated or plain) on which the firm do not pay carriage. In every department of their business Messrs. Nath. Smith and Co. do a very large and increasing trade, which is conducted with marked ability, energy, and enterprise.

WALTER JOHN HARRISON, HATTER, HOSIER, GLOVER, AND SHIRT MAKER,
369, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

TRADINO on the salutary ready-money system, Mr. W. J. Harrison has during the past four years developed quite an extensive business as a first-claas gentlemen’s outfitter. Mr. Harrison has won a special reputation as a maker of perfect-fitting, highly-finished shirts and collars to order, and stands practically unrivalled as a maker to measure of Indian and Colonial outfits. Examples of his work are effectively displayed in his handsomely appointed, double-fronted shop at 369, High Street, together with a very large and comprehensive stock of goods. These include silk and felt hats and caps for all occasions; gloves, hosiery, and underwear of every description; ties and scarfs, collars, studs, braces, and outfitting items generally; and a vast variety of fancy articles for the toilet table, walking-sticks and umbrellas, and the like, all of which are kept strictly up to date, and offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. Mr. Harrison directs all the affairs of his house in person, and his methods and principles of management are such as cannot fail to strengthen and enhance the high reputation he now so deservedly enjoys.

EDWIN FISHER, MILITARY AND NAVAL TAILOR, INDIAN AND COLONIAL OUTFITTER,
376, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

SARTORIAL art in its highest phases finds an able and skilful practical exponent in the person of Mr. Edwin Fisher, who three-and-twenty years ago acquired the thriving business which had previously been carried on for a period exceeding seven-and-forty years. Eligibly located in a commanding position at the above address, the spacious shop is handsomely appointed throughout, displaying a stock of goods, all of which have been chosen from the leading manufacturers of the day. All the best and most fashionable of tailoring fabrics and materials, shirts and hosiery, gloves and scarfs, railway wrappers, waterproof clothing, and outfitting items of every description are fully represented, and kept strictly up to date. In his executive department Mr. Fisher employs a picked staff of experts to produce gentlemen’s fashionable attire for all occasions, special outfits for India and the Colonies; ladies’ habits, jackets, &c., naval and military uniforms, servants’ liveries, and the like; and every garment so made is turned out in a state of perfection, in every essential characteristic. Moderate in his charges, and prompt and punctual in the execution of all orders, Mr. Fisher has won the confidence and liberal support of a very large and influential town and country patronage, and it is manifestly his resolution that the high reputation he has won shall not only be well sustained, but steadily enhanced in time to come.

THOMAS SEAGER & CO., MINERAL AND AERATED WATER MANUFACTURERS,
ST. GEOROE'S STREET, CHBLTENHAM.

THIS enterprising firm has been in active existence since 1883, and during the interval their admirably organised business has been so steadily developed that it now forms one of the leading factors in the industrial economy of Cheltenham. Their premises are conveniently situated, and comprise a spacious building with a double-frontage, and the two spacious storeys of which it consists have been admirably adapted to the requirements of the business. On the ground floor are very large workrooms, for the production of soda and seltzer water, lemonade, ginger beer, &c. The perfection of the working plant also insures absolute cleanliness in all the operations. While there is a large and growing demand for all the productions of the house, the speciality which has made the reputation of the house far and wide, is the invariable excellence of the fruit cordials of all kinds which they manufacture from the choicest fruits obtainable. They give constant employment to an efficient staff of experienced hands which, in this trade, means the control of an enormous output. Their business connections extend all over Cheltenham and throughout many adjacent villages, and the high repute of the firm is maintained by the assiduous supervision of Mr. Thomas Seager, who is gifted with a large measure of organising ability. He is highly respected by all who come in contact with him, for the absolute integrity and the spirit of equity which characterise all his business transactions.

SIDNEY M. CORNELIUS, AUCTIONEER, SURVEYOR, VALUER, ESTATE AND HOUSE AGENT, &c.,
PROMENADE, CHELTENHAM.

SINCE Mr. Sidney M. Cornelius founded his admirably organised business in 1889 it has become a valuable adjunct to the commercial resources of the Cheltenham district, and he now possesses a very valuable connection which is rapidly growing, not only in Cheltenham, but throughout a wide surrounding area. His premises are of modern construction, and comprise a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work. He controls a large and ever-growing business as an auctioneer, surveyor, valuer, and estate and house agent. He has had an ample experience in making valuations for probate, and in the agency department a copious register is kept of houses for sale and to be let. He is also the local agent for several of the great steam shipping companies, including the “P. & O.,” the “Cunard,” the “Allan,” and other lines. The principal is assisted by a staff of efficient clerks, and while he gives his personal and prompt attention to all details of business, he is able at the same time to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the service of the public, as an active member of the Town Committee and otherwise. He is well known throughout North Gloucestershire, and his genial courtesy has gained for him a large measure of popularity. His personal influence is so considerable that he is able to render valuable services as district agent to the Liverpool and London and Globe Fire and Life, the Guardian Plate Glass, and the Crown Accident Insurance offices.

ALFRED RICKETTS, PRACTICAL FURRIER AND MILLINER,
SANDRINGHAM HOUSE, PROMENADE, CHELTENHAM.

THIS interesting and highly popular emporium, which has been established nearly twenty years in Cheltenham, and known as Sandringham House, occupies a very eligible position on the Promenade. The premises are spacious and commodious, and are fitted up with superior taste and admirably arranged for the display of the large and varied stock, with excellent facilities for the carrying out of millinery orders, and also for cleaning, alterations, and repairs, which are effected by a large staff of experienced hands. The large stock is replete with items of interest and novelty. The various departments include millinery, laces, ribbons, sunshades, umbrellas, ladies’ outfitting, ladies’ macintoshes, hosiery, gloves, haberdashery, &c. Something is shown in each department which ably maintains the firm’s eminent reputation for originality, while every item in the display is distinguished by attributes of good quality. Indeed, the house stands unrivalled in the town for select style and endless variety of its goods, while the strictly moderate prices commend them to the attention of customers. Mr. Ricketts is a practical furrier, and undertakes and executes on the premises the cleaning, repairing, or altering of furs of all kinds. The business in every department receives the direct and personal attention of the proprietor, who is a well-known and highly respected member of the trading community. He conducts his business with marked energy and ability, and spares no effort to maintain and extend the large and influential connection this establishment has so long enjoyed.

EDWARD PARKER, CARVER, GILDER, AND PICTURE-FRAME MAKER,
ART GALLERY AND ARTISTS’ REPOSITORY, MONTPELLIER, CHELTENHAM.

Mr. EDWARD PARKER established his art gallery and artists’ repository in 1863, and brought to his enterprise a cultured artistic taste and a large amount of invaluable experience, gained in the world-famed house of Messrs. T. Agnew & Sons, of London, Manchester, and Liverpool. His premises occupy a commanding position in Montpellier, opposite the Queen's Hotel, and have a fine double-frontage, and the show-windows, with their attractive exhibits of works of art and artistic appliances and adjuncts, form points of unfailing interest. There is, too, a spacious show-room which serves as an art gallery, and in which are displayed many fine water-colour drawings, and other valuable works of art. The comprehensive stocks which are always held on the premises, and which are being constantly renewed, include the newest publications in engravings, etchings, frames of all descriptions, &c., and these classes of goods are regilt equal to new, at the lowest prices. Here, too, may be obtained every requisite of which the artist, professional or amateur, can stand in need, including Winsor & Newton’s colours; Reeves, Romney [Rowney?] & Co., Lechertier, Barbe & Co., and Newman’s oil and water-colour tubes and half-pans, together with blocks, colour-boxes, sables, drawing-paper, &c. A speciality which has been successfully introduced by Mr. Parker is the Montpellier oil colour box. The proprietor has surrounded himself with every facility for the manufacture of picture-frames of every description. The materials are of the highest quality, and, with the excellent workmanship, the prices are most moderate. The connection of the establishment in regard to the work of this department is very widespread, and the important character of most of the orders which he executes is indicated, for example, by the fact that, in 1894, six large gold frames, manufactured by Mr. Parker, were hung in the exhibition of the Royal Academy. The principal is, moreover, an expert specialist in picture-cleaning, and in this, as well as other departments, he employs, under his own assiduous supervision, a large staff of highly-skilled workmen. He is the district agent for the London Art Union, and the Secretary to the Cheltenham Fine Art Society. Mr. Parker is gifted with great executive ability, and notwithstanding the heavy demands upon his attention which are made by his extensive business, he is able to devote much of his valuable time and energies to the general interests of the community and the town in which he resides.

WILLIAM JAMES, HOME AND COLONIAL MEAT SALESMAN,
82, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.
(Telegrams: “Excelsior, Cheltenham”; Telephone No. 44.)

EIGHT years have now elapsed since Mr. William James formed the nucleus of what he has developed into the most important home and colonial meat-purveying business at Cheltenham, and doubtless the most effectual way in which to indicate the true character, scope, and aims of his undertaking would be to give a concise descriptive sketch of the establishment as it now stands, and to supplement this with a few observations; upon the nature of the operations there being carried on. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in the busy High Street, the spacious open-fronted shop, with its fine marble fitments, cold storage room, and refrigerating apparatus and sausage machinery, driven by a powerful Crossley’s gas-engine at the rear, unique of their kind in the town, and modern hygienic appointments throughout, always presents a singularly neat, clean and wholesome appearance, which tends most emphatically to enhance the inviting character of the abundant stock of expertly dressed carcasses, sides, joints, and cuts of meat there effectively displayed. Home-fed and American ox-beef; English, New Zealand, and Australian mutton; English and New Zealand lamb and veal in season; together with prime pickled ox-tongues, choicely corned beef, and James's Unequalled Beef Sausages, freshly made day by day, are all represented at their best, and offered for sale at the lowest prices compatible with the fluctuations of the market. Mr. James has sedulously and most successfully cultivated a good family and hotel connection, all orders being promptly delivered by his own carts free of charge within a radius of three miles; and he continues to conduct his entire business in a manner which can scarcely fail to sustain and even enhance the high reputation which his house now so deservedly enjoys. As evidence that Mr. James is determined to keep pace with the times, we may state that he has recently erected an installation on the premises for lighting by electricity the whole of his establishment throughout. This is important in a business of the kind, inasmuch as under the influence of the electric light no impurities whatever can contaminate the meat exposed for sale, as is the case when gas or other lights are used.

CHARLES BOYCE, ANATOMICAL BOOT-MAKER,
12, MONTPELIER WALK, CHELTENHAM.

THIS high-class business was established in the year 1860, and for the past fifteen years has been carried on at the above address. The premises occupy an excellent position, and comprise a spacious and handsome shop, admirably appointed for the display of goods and the reception of patrons. Mr. Boyce holds a very large and fashionable stock of ladies’ boots, shoes, and slippers, which are unsurpassed for style, quality, and easy wear. Every pair of boots are made by hand on the premises, and no machines are used. Gentlemen's boots are not kept in stock, all being made to measure, this being a speciality with Mr. Boyce. All boots, too, are made on strictly anatomical principles, of the best materials, and by experienced workmen. Mr. Boyce superintends all branches of the business himself, of which he is a skilled exponent and an accomplished master. Measures and lasts are duly registered, so that patrons at a distance can he supplied by correspondence. Mr. Charles Boyce enjoys the support of a very distinguished patronage amongst the nobility and gentry, not only in Cheltenham, but also in various parts of the United Kingdom. Orders are continually being received from India, the colonies, and other countries.

H. H. MARTYN, SCULPTOR AND CARVER,
SUNNINGEND, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

THE art of the architectural and monumental sculptor and carver has been represented, in Cheltenham, during the last twenty years by Mr. H. H. Martyn. This gentleman’s artistic taste and well-directed spirit of enterprise has manifested itself in the provision of every facility for the execution of high-class work. His premises are conveniently situated, and in his extensive workshops all kinds of ecclesiastical work is produced, from beautiful altars in marble, alabaster and stone to oaken screens and church fittings of the most elaborate kind. The work from this studio is forwarded and fixed in various parts of the world. When we were visiting these works, a pulpit and other church work (a government order) was being packed and consigned to Africa, a monument to Ceylon, &c. The invariable excellence of Mr. Martyn's work has secured for him the unreserved confidence of many of the most influential architects in London and the Provinces; and in ecclesiastical wood-carving he does, perhaps, the most extensive business in the Midlands.

CHARLES J. WILLIS, CHEMI8T AND DRUGGIST,
18, CLARENCE STREET, CHELTENHAM.

IT is obvious that the greatest care and precaution should be taken in dispensing the prescriptions of medical men. The addition of a grain, or the deficiency of one, may cause a vast difference in the condition of the patient. It is, therefore, of paramount importance, that the task of carrying into effect the orders of the doctor or physician in this direction should be intrusted to a thoroughly reliable practitioner. Such a one is Mr. Charles J. Willis, the well-known dispensing and family chemist and druggist, of 18, Clarence Street, Cheltenham. This valuable business has been established upwards of fifty years, and was for a long time in the hands of Mr. F. Wood, the present proprietor having been in possession for about three years. Mr. Willis is a thoroughly qualified chemist by examination, and his experience has been of a varied and first-class character. The premises occupied are admirably located, and well adapted for the business carried on. The interior is elegantly appointed, the arrangements serving to enhance the high-class and well-selected stocks which embrace everything usually found in an emporium of this description. Only the purest drugs are handled, and everything obtained from this responsible house can be depended upon to be the very best of its kind procurable. The supplies embrace high-class drugs and chemicals, the various therapeutic preparations known to modern pharmacy, patent and proprietary medicines, toilet requisites of all kinds, surgical and sick-room appliances, and druggists' sundries in large variety. The preparation of prescriptions is made a leading feature of the business, and the greatest personal, care is taken to insure the most absolute accuracy. Only drugs of ascertained strength and parity are used, and the charges are invariably of a very reasonable kind, being based upon the actual cost of the ingredients. A staff of fully competent assistants is employed, and the business is kept in a thorough state of efficiency. Mr. Willis is enjoying the respect of a widespread and influential connection, and his ability, courtesy, and unremitting attention are securing for him the renewed confidence of all who once patronise his establishment.

THE CHELTENHAM BON MARCHE,
SUFFOLK ROAD, CHELTENHAM.
PROPRIETOR: MR. RALPH NEGUS.

THE Cheltenham Bon Marche has been in active existence for some years, and Mr. Ralph Negus, the sole proprietor, has become very popular amongst the residents throughout a very wide area, of which Cheltenham is the centre. The premises occupy a commanding position, and comprise a very commodious building four storeys in height. There is a fine double frontage, with decorative fittings in brass, and other valuable materials; and the ample show-windows exhibit very attractively a constant succession of artistically beautiful novelties, which constitute points of never-failing interest. The roomy interior is fitted up in a style of elegant luxury; and one of the principal attractions of the establishment consists in the completeness with which the proprietor changes the character of the enormous stocks held, to suit the requirements of the circling seasons. Thus, on the occasion of our visit to this splendidly organised establishment, all the floors of the building had been fitted up to constitute a Grand Christmas Bazaar and Fancy Fair, where delighted crowds were admiring and purchasing goods, the variety of which was almost bewildering, whilst their cheapness was marvellous. Christmas and New Year’s cards formed a speciality; there were also immense quantities of household china and glass, toys, dolls, and fancy articles in thousands, suitable for presents. And if the attractions at other seasons of the year are of a different character they are none the lees striking. Fancy drapery, millinery, household china and glass knick-knacks are always kept in stock. The principal is endowed with strong organising and executive faculty, and personally supervises all the details of his extensive business, employing a very large staff, of young lady assistants, whose courtesy materially enhances the pleasure of a visit to this well-ordered establishment.

IMPERIAL TEMPERANCE HOTEL,
388, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.

THIS well known and popular house has been established over seventeen years, and has recently passed into the proprietorship of Mr. J. Playle. Situated in one of the best positions in the High Street, the hotel stands most convenient for commercial travellers and other gentlemen calling upon the various business houses, as well as for families and others visiting this fashionable and interesting town. In addition to a large number of lofty and comfortable bedrooms, the house contains a well-appointed dining-room fitted with marble-top tables, reading-rooms, baths, lavatories, and all the accessories of a well-organised establishment. The spacious stock-rooms and large hall for public meetings are well appreciated by the numerous commercial gentlemen who make the Imperial Temperance Hotel their headquarters. The fittings, furniture and appointments throughout the house are of a very superior character, and an air of cleanliness and homelike comfort is everywhere apparent. The catering is all that can be desired, while the scale of charges is based upon the strictest economy. A good bed and breakfast may be obtained for the very reasonable sum of 2s. The proprietor is represented by an experienced manager, who is assisted by a large staff of well-trained servants, and he possesses the advantage of considerable practical experience, giving direct personal attention to every branch. We may add that the Imperial Temperance Hotel is conducted not so much with a view to profit on the part of the proprietor, but more with the idea of providing a temporary domestic home for those who do not choose to stay at an hotel or other place where they cannot be free from the presence of drink and its accompanying inconveniences.

BRYANT & CO., TAILORS, HATTERS, HOSIERS, SHIRT-MAKERS, AND COLONIAL OUTFITTERS,
362, HIGH STREET, AND 1, COLONNADE, CHELTENHAM.

THE reputation which Cheltenham possesses for its ability to supply the luxuries as well as the necessaries of life under conditions as favourable aa any which exist in the West-End of London, has for many years been based largely upon the operations conducted is the admirably equipped establishment of which Messrs. Bryant & Co. are now the proprietors. Up to the end of 1889 the style of the firm was Bryant & Garnick. Under the slightly altered proprietary, the best traditions of the firm, which has now been for over thirty years in active existence, are fully maintained. Messrs. Bryant & Co.’s premises occupy one of the most commanding situations in the town. the position is a corner one, at the junction of the Colonnade with High Street. The building is of modern construction and of considerable architectural importance, with a double entrance at the corner. The ample plate-glass show windows, with their tastefully displayed exhibits of beautiful novelties in textile fabrics, form points of never-failing attraction. In the spacious interior the appointments are artistically elegant, the materials including the liberal introduction of handsome mahogany fittings and plate-glass mirrors. Here are always held comprehensive stocks of all descriptions of woollen cloths and other textile fabrics, suitable for making up into garments for gentlemen. In the hatter’s department there is always a splendid display of the latest London styles. Here, too, the visitor will find a practically unlimited choice of underwear for gentlemen and boys; the latest novelties in gloves, umbrellas, leggings, and capes. In the tailoring department the cutting processes are executed by “past masters” in their difficult art, who have undergone a thorough professional training. The firm employ a large staff of skilled workmen, and the resources of the establishment are so complete, that Messrs. Bryant & Co., in their professional capacity, possess the unreserved confidence of many gentlemen holding the most distinguished social position in Cheltenham and throughout the county.

THE LAMB COMMERCIAL AND FAMILY HOTEL,
HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.
PROPRIETOR: MR. JAMES CONNOR.

THE record of the Lamb is the oldest amongst the Cheltenham hotels, and for generations its excellent accommodation has been highly appreciated by multitudes of commercial and other travellers. During the last eighteen years it has been under the able control of Mr. James Connor. For business purposes, the Lamb occupies a convenient and commanding position in the High Street, and its internal arrangements are specially contrived to meet the requirements of commercial travellers, both in their working hours and their moments of leisure. The commercial room is large, and furnished in a style of luxurious comfort, while there is a series of commodious stock-rooms for the effective display of samples, The other public apartments include large dining and reception-rooms with a fine billiard-room. The numerous bedrooms are well ventilated, and the sanitary arrangements are perfect. The service is admirably rendered by a numerous and experienced staff, under the personal supervision of the proprietor, who, by the assiduous efforts which he makes to promote the comfort of his guests, has gained a large measure of popularity. The cuisine is invariably excellent, and the splendid wines, spirits, malt liquors, and cigars may be conveniently sampled in the attractively appointed bars. The hotel, too, has a number of snug private sitting-rooms, and it affords accommodation to a large number of residents in the adjacent rural districts, in their visits to Cheltenham, on business or on pleasure. Their convenience is enhanced by the excellent stabling at the rear, where there is accommodation for a dozen or more horses,

MESSRS. MARTIN & CO., GOLDSMITHS TO THE QUEEN,
THE PROMENADE, CHELTENHAM.

THIS eminent firm of goldsmiths and jewellers originated as far back aa the year 1806, and enjoy the distinction of holding an appointment to Her Majesty the Queen. The business is a leading one in Cheltenham, and occupies fine premises in the fashionable quarter of the town. The lofty and spacious shop with its fine plate-glass windows and nickel-silver fittings, is very handsomely appointed, and presents a most attractive appearance. Here is held a stock which for beauty, variety, and value would do credit to any London house. The goods are of the highest quality in each class, and the designs are all characterised by the best artistic taste. Nowhere else in the county can a finer assortment of high-class gold and gem jewellery, pearls, diamonds, gold and silver watches or plate be found, and the firm’s enterprise is manifested in the wide range of novelties they display, showing that they are fully in touch with all the advances of the trade, as well as with the best sources of supply for all goods of which they are not actual manufacturers. Messrs. Martin & Co. purchase plate and jewels for cash, or upon terms of exchange, and do a very large and select business in every department. They have well-equipped workshops on the premises, employing a skilful staff, and affording the most ample facilities for superior goldsmith’s work, as well as for the execution of repairs, electro-plating, etc. At Southsea they have an important branch, which is largely patronised in that southern town. Messrs. Martin & Co. enjoy the support of a very influential connection in and around Cheltenham, and are highly esteemed for the excellence of their goods, and the abundant resources which enable them to carry out all orders with the greatest promptitude. The sole proprietor of this flourishing concern is Mr. G. Dimmer, one of the best known residents of Cheltenham, and a member of the Town Council.

ARTHUR WHITCOMBE, THE CHELTENHAM FINE ART GALLERY,
11 AND 12, CLARENCE STREET, CHELTENHAM.

THE Cheltenham Fine Art Gallery is undoubtedly an establishment possessing a deep interest for all lovers of beautiful and artistic productions. The business was established in the year 1842 by Mr. Whitcombe’s father, who, it is interesting to note, received a medal for wood carving and gilding at the great Exhibition held in Hyde Park, London, in 1851. The premises are of very attractive appearance, and the interior is superbly fitted up in a style well calculated to display to the best advantage the many beautiful works of art on exhibition and for sale. These include a very choice selection of engravings and etchings, water-colour and crayon drawings; also many beautiful specimens of carving and gilding, looking glasses, overmantels, cornices, brackets, girandoles, console tables, and other decorative furniture. Upstairs is a large private exhibition of oil paintings containing many fine and rare examples of the old and modern school of painting, among which are works by J. T. Nettleship; — Nicol, A.R.A.; John Brett, A.R.A; J. Sant, R.A.; Dendy Sadler, Berkeley, Adams, Grace, Scott, &c., &c. The gallery is well patronised both by professional and amateur artists, and forms one of the most pleasing lounges for study and recreation in Cheltenham.

In the industrial department Mr. Whitcombe employs a large staff of experienced men in the various branches of wood-carving, gilding, re-silvering of looking glasses, picture framing, re-mounting, &c. Ancient and modern pictures are skilfully cleaned, relined, and restored, and many valuable works have been put into his hands for this purpose. Water-colour and crayon drawings are carefully restored, and mildew and other stains removed from choice engravings, torn, soiled, stained, and otherwise disfigured. Looking-glasses, pictures, and works of art are removed by experienced men, and warehoused when required. Mr. Whitcombe is the agent for the Fine Art Insurance Company, and also undertakes the purchase and sale of pictures of all kinds on commission. Mr. Arthur Whitcombe conducts his business with the most commendable energy and ability. His eminent repute alike as a connoisseur in artistic nutters, and as a skilful executant in those branches of handicraft of which he has made leading and special features, has been instrumental in securing his old-established house a distinguished circle of patronage and a valuably connected general trade extending to all parts of the United Kingdom. For the high opinion upon his winter exhibition we ref«r our numerous readers to the columns of the ‘Gloucestershire Echo,’ the ‘Cheltenham Looker On,’ the ‘Citizen,’ and other papers.

BUXTON

THE various characteristics which go to the making act health resort have, perhaps, never been more happily combined than in Buxton, the beautiful Derbyshire town to which thousands of visitors flock from season to season, attracted from all parts of the United Kingdom by the renown attaching to this justly celebrated inland watering-place. At Buxton nothing is lacking to please the lover of nature, to charm the rambling tourist or holiday maker, or to benefit the seeker after health and bodily reinforcement. Nature wears her noblest aspect here, and is kindly and genial withal, for while Buxton stands in the midst of some of the finest scenery to be met with in England, and while its elevated position frees it from the relaxing airs of the south, it has none of the sternness and rigour of the north, and enjoys a climate which is mildly bracing and gently invigorating. The town, though high above the level of the sea, is not in the least exposed, being situated in a valley surrounded by uplands. It is, therefore, well protected from keen and trying winds, and thus forms a peculiarly beneficial winter residence for invalids and others. At the same time there are good, honest hillside breezes for those who like them, and these can always be had for the asking — or rather for the walking — a ramble on the airy eminences of the moorlands that surround and shelter Buxton being one of the most refreshing experiences imaginable. In the matter of scenery there is nothing to surpass the Peak district, and the manifold picturesque beauties of this far-famed region are seen at their best around Buxton. Added to all this the place has pre-eminent claims as a sanatorium, and in this connection its thermal and mineral waters and its hydropathic institutions have an international celebrity. The mineral waters of Buxton are the most noted in England, and are remarkably efficacious in cases of gout and rheumatism. The springs yield a large and regular supply, both hot and cold, the former having a uniform temperature of about 81 degrees Fahr. Devonshire Hospital may be mentioned in this connection as one of the largest charitable institutions in England. It is supported by voluntary contributions, and is conducted for the reception and free treatment of poor patients to whom the use of the waters would prove beneficial. The fine, natural, tepid baths at Buxton are one of the leading local attractions, and are situated at the west end of the Crescent, a magnificent arc of buildings erected over a hundred years ago by the then Duke of Devonshire, at a cost of £120,000.

The Crescent, we may remark, is the chief architectural feature of Buxton, and is one of the finest structures of its kind in the Kingdom. It is throe storeys high, the lower one being in arcade form, and constituting a splendid promenade. The upper storeys are occupied now for hotel purposes, and the south wing is especially interesting from the fact that his Grace of Devonshire used to reside therein when visiting Buxton. Reverting to the public baths, their superior appointments call for special commendation, and their many conveniences are greatly appreciated. They are supplied with the natural tepid water of the district, and comprise swimming, plunge, and douche baths, together with the most approved arrangements for massage. At the east end of the Crescent are situated the hot baths, which form a no less important adjunct to the hydropathic resources of the place. Hydropathy is practised at Buxton in its most perfect modern form, and the local hydropathic establishments are equally famous for the advantages they afford to invalids requiring skilled treatment, and the attractions they present to residential guests. The latter find in these large and admirably organised institutions all the comforts and conveniences of a modern hotel, coupled with the benefits of a regular mode of living, and the enjoyments of social intercourse which tend to dispel any feeling of monotony that might arise in the course of a prolonged stay, even at such a peculiarly agreeable place as Buxton. For those who prefer hotel life there is ample accommodation of the very highest character, the hotels of Buxton being equal to any in England for equipment and organisation. In addition to its thermal waters, Buxton has a chalybeate spring of great medicinal virtue.

The town, which consists of two parts, the old and the new, presents, in the latter part especially, a strikingly handsome appearance, the attractive character of many of the large buildings being enhanced by the wild beauty of the natural surroundings. There are fine ornamental gardens, with an elegant pavilion, a concert hall and theatre, a lake for boating, and grounds for lawn tennis. These facilities for amusement, together with the museums, libraries, and news-rooms, show that the requirements of visitors are carefully considered and well provided for. Indeed, no health resort in the country makes better provision for the general entertainment of its annual guests. The Buxton season extends from May to October, but there are many who favour the place for winter residence, and these meet with every consideration, including special terms at the hotels, hydropathics, and boarding establishments. There are many places of interest near Buxton, or within easy reach of the town by coach or other conveyance. To mention only a few, we may especially recommend the following as worthy of a visit:— Ashwood Dale, through which the lovely river Wye, a capital trout stream, flows to join the Derwent; Chatsworth, the palatial residence of the Duke of Devonshire; Chee Tor, a gigantic limestone rock, 350 feet high; Edensor, “the model village,” in the churchyard of which lie the remains of the late Lord Frederick Cavendish; Haddon Hall, an old baronial pile of unsurpassing interest, with many romantic associations; and Poole’s Cavern, with its stalactites and crystalline curiosities. This cavern should be explored by every visitor to Buxton, if for no other reason than the fact that it was an object of interest to Mary Queen of Scots, who, while under the charge of the Earl of Shrewsbury, lived here at the “Old Hall,” now ono of the hotels of the town.

Charming walks and drives abound in and near Buxton, notably in the fine park of 100 acres, and a month’s holiday could hardly be more agreeable or beneficially spent than in making the round of the many delightful spots in which this locality is so rich. Brief as our remarks have been, they would not be complete without some reference to the business aspect of Buxton. Here will be found shops representing nearly every branch of modern trade and catering most efficiently to the needs of the 7,500 people who constitute the population of the town. These establishments all present evidences of the ability and enterprise with which they are conducted, and reflect credit upon their proprietors, both in the completeness and the quality of their stocks. To the articles which here follow we may now refer the reader for details respecting the various concerns affording scope for the employment of capital, and the display of business energy, in this beautiful and fashionable resort.

THE BUXTON HYDROPATHIC,
BUXTON.
SOLE PROPRIETOR: MR. H. R. P. LOMAS.

THE modern hydropathic establishment, with its wealth of luxuries and resources, both domiciliary and curative, is a characteristic of the civilisation of the age, and has appealed most successfully to popular favour. There are many of these notable institutions now to be met with in various parts of the United Kingdom, but perhaps none affords a more complete illustration of what such an establishment may and should be, where perfection is the aim, than the well-known Buxton Hydropathic. Originally this extensive concern, now so replete with everything contributing to the residential comfort and therapeutic benefit of its patrons, was known as “Malvern House”; and when it was opened in 1866 it had accommodation for between forty and fifty visitors. It is now the largest “hydropathic” in England; and the extent to which its resources have been increased is indicated in the fact that it now accommodates over three hundred guests, and has a permanent staff of seventy assistants, &c. The concern was founded in 1866 by the Rev. James Shore, grandfather of Mr. H. R. P. Lomas, who acquired the establishment in 1879, and since that date he has made many important alterations and improvements. To show how these have been appreciated, and how the patronage of the establishment has increased in consequence, we have only to state that on the first Christmas Day after he became proprietor, Mr. Lomas seated twelve guests at dinner, whereas on Christmas Day, 1894, no less than two hundred and fifty persons sat at the “festive board” at Buxton Hydropathic.

The establishment is very near to the mineral springs so justly celebrated for their marvellous curative properties in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, and allied diseases. It has also a splendid system of baths where thorough treatment by Hydropathy is given, which method, judiciously used, greatly increases the efficacy of the mineral baths and waters. There is also a most complete installation for treatment by Electricity; the appliances are of the most modern kind and have been fitted up regardless of expense. The importance of this method will be seen from the fact that many distressing cases of sciatica, chronic gout, and deforming rheumatism have been greatly benefited by electric baths or dry electric applications, after all other methods had been tried in vain. The massage bath, so largely used on the continent, electro-massage and dry massage are special features here; rooms being fitted up for this purpose, and masseurs and masseuses of the highest skill being employed. So in addition to increasing the efficacy of the “Buxton Treatment” of rheumatism and gout, this establishment affords also the most modern methods of treatment for many of those diseases which are so greatly benefited by change to the elevated inland position and bracing air of Buxton, such as affections of the liver and digestive organs, of the nervous system, and the many troubles which are brought upon the men and women of to-day by over-work and anxiety. As the medical profession are now largely recommending as winter health resorts sheltered places at high altitudes, which conditions Buxton admirably fulfils, it is well to note that the special forms of treatment in use at the Buxton Hydropathic are available at all seasons of the year, and can be used with safety and with great benefit.

The Buxton Hydropathic occupies a noble pile of buildings, forming one of the architectural attractions of the place, charmingly situated, and constructed with every regard for the comfort of the inmates, whether they be classed as patients who come here for medical and hydropathic treatment, or merely as residential visitors availing themselves of the restorative properties of Buxton’s splendid atmosphere, and enjoying the rare scenic beauties of this favoured resort. The sanitary arrangements are faultless, and the loftiness and perfect ventilation of all the rooms are special features of this establishment. There are no less than one hundred and eighty bedrooms, in addition to the spacious and handsomely appointed dining-hall, drawing-rooms, reading-rooms, music-rooms, billiard-room, and smoking-room; and a very notable attraction is the large ball-room, fitted with a spring floor, and with a stage for theatricals and concerts, where there is ample room for three hundred people. All the corridors and public rooms are well lighted, and are heated by hot-water pipes in addition to the usual open fireplaces; and every floor is reached by an elevator as well as a staircase. The establishment is protected from the north and east winds, and as a winter residence it affords comforts and advantages which could hardly be surpassed anywhere.

Of the many enjoyments of Buxton in summer we need not speak in detail. It will suffice to say that they are all readily accessible to guests at this establishment, and whether the visitor's predilection is for hill-climbing, driving, fishing, tennis, cricket, golf, concerts, bowling, walking, boating, theatrical performances, piano or organ recitals, or any other form of amusement obtainable at a fashionable resort, he or she can fully gratify the inclination of the moment. The neighbourhood of Buxton affords great scope for the practice of photography, and Mr. Lomas thoughtfully provides a “dark room” for the use of visitors to develop their negatives. In addition to the many other amusements, Hr. Lomas gives the visitors staying at his establishment a series of most enjoyable dances, including an Easter ball, a Whitsuntide ball, an August ball, a fancy dress ball, and a Christmas ball; in addition to which there is a short dance or cinderella every Saturday throughout the year. The cuisine at the Buxton Hydropathic is unexceptionable, and all the residential arrangements are upon a scale which will bear comparison with those at the best modern hotels, while there is the addition of homelike comfort, refinement, and freedom from all irksome restrictions. As to the medical attendance, it may be said that there is no doctor in residence in the establishment, and visitors thus have perfect freedom to engage any medical man they may desire.

Mr. Lomas conducts this great establishment with conspicuous judgment and skill, and visitors will find the tariff of charges in all departments as moderate as is consistent with the select character of the place, and the perfection of the accommodation provided. In short, the establishment will bear comparison favourably with any similar institution in Europe; and, to quote the proprietor’s words, “Brightness and the order of a home are the guiding principles of management.” In this way Mr. Lomas has striven most successfully to produce an effect at once “salutary to the patients or convalescents, and attractive to those who may accompany them, and to the holiday-makers who look for the exhilaration of a lovely climate and ozonised air.” Everything connected with the administration of the establishment is under Mr. Lomas’s personal supervision, and the most satisfactory results are thus ensured in all departments.
Telegraphic address; “Comfortable, Buxton”; Telephone Exchange: No. 6, Buxton.

JAMES SALT, BUILDER, CONTRACTOR, AND MERCHANT,
DEVONSHIRE WORKS, BUXTON.

FOR the past twenty-four years Mr. James Salt has controlled a steadily increasing building and contracting business. His premises in Market Street are well known as “Devonshire Works,” and are upon a very extensive scale, besides possessing a most complete equipment of the best modern machinery for the purposes of the trade engaged in. In the joinery department all kinds of woodwork required in building operations are produced, such as doors, sashes, banisters, wood ceilings, panels, &c.; and in this class of work Mr. Salt uses only well-seasoned wood, and his productions are thoroughly sound, strong, and durable, besides being marked by artistic design and superior finish. At the Devonshire Works there are also steam-sawing, planing, and moulding mills. Mr. Salt has a large quantity of building plant, and his yards contain great stocks of materials, comprising everything required in carrying out a building contract from the foundations to the roof, or from the sanitary arrangements to the painting and decoration. In these materials he transacts a large business as a merchant. At Chapel-en-le-Frith, Mr. Salt has extensive quarries and brick works, yielding a large and excellent output, in the various departments of his business he employs upwards of 100 hands, a fact which indicates the extensive scale upon which his operations are conducted. Mr. Salt has erected nearly all the public buildings in Buxton—notably the town hall, the new theatre, the post-office, the new pump-room (the gift of the Duke of Devonshire), and other important structures, besides a great number of private residences. he built a magnificent house in Burlington Road, the designing and building of which would do credit to any one in the county; he also built the extension to the L. & N. W. station and the new station between Buxton and Paisley Hay. At the present time he has a large contract in progress at Chesterfield, and he does a lot of work for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire, and Midland Railways. With the exceptional facilities at his command he is in a position [to carry out all his undertakings. with unfailing promptitude. Mr. Salt personally supervises the whole of his successful business. He also takes a deep interest in local affairs, and is a member of the new District Council, a capacity in which he is well fitted to render useful public service.

THE GROVE HOTEL,
MR. E. CLAYTON, PROPRIETOR,
BUXTON.

FOUNDED originally upwards of two hundred years ago, the Grove Hotel has been fully licensed for at least a century and a half, and ever since Buxton became a favourite watering-place and sanatorium it has enjoyed the patronage of a select and influential clientele. As its name implies it is situated in the Grove, and occupies one of the best positions in the town. There are upwards of forty rooms in the house, including drawing, dining, smoking, billiard, and commercial-rooms, all suitably furnished in a handsome and tasteful style, and combining elegance with comfort. There are also numerous bedrooms and apartments en suite, in which the appointments are equally attractive. In fact the whole establishment displays the organisation and equipment of a first-class hotel, and possesses every modern convenience calculated to improve the accommodation and increase the satisfaction of guests. The Grove Hotel, which overlooks the Terrace Walks and Crescent, and has a covered colonnade to the Pavilion and Gardens, is only one minute’s walk from the railway stations and baths, and is thus equally convenient for business men and visitors who come on pleasure bent. Speaking-tubes afford communication between the office and all parts of the hotel, and the National Telephone Company have just fitted up telephonic apparatus. In short, the Grove Hotel, despite its great antiquity, is thoroughly “up to date” in every respect, and never was in a better position to meet the requirements of guests than under the able and painstaking control of Mr. E. Clayton, who has played the part of “mine host” at this house for the past five years, and who is distinctly the right man in the right place.

HADDON GROVE HYDROPATHIC AND WINTER RESIDENCE,
LONDON ROAD, BUXTON.
PROPRIETOR: MR. G. E. HALL.

THIS favourite establishment is largely patronised by visitors to Buxton seeking health, rest, and relaxation. It was built expressly for the purpose of carrying out modern hydropathy in all its varied branches, thoroughly and efficiently; and it is gratifying to note that public approval has attended the enterprise. Haddon Grove is situate in its own grounds in one of the healthiest parts of Buxton (over one thousand feet above sea-level), and commands charming and extensive views of the celebrated Peak scenery. The building, which is four storeys high, is commodious, and is suitably appointed throughout, all the fittings and furnishing being chosen and specially adapted for the purpose. There are upwards of fifty well-appointed bedrooms, together with dining, drawing, reading, billiard, and reception rooms, and large new recreation room. In fact, nothing seems to have been omitted which could contribute to the comfort and enjoyment of the inmates. The house is heated by hot water throughout, and the bath-rooms (ladies’ and gentlemen’s) and general sanitary arrangements are up-to-date, whilst the cuisine, attendance, and general domestic arrangements are unexceptionable, so that for visitors in search of health or rest this establishment may be safely and strongly recommended. For cases of rheumatism, gout, and kindred ailments, the treatment at this establishment has proved thoroughly successful. “Haddon Grove” is within easy reach of every one of the numerous places of interest in this locality. Excellent posting is provided, and an omnibus meets all trains. Every detail is under the personal supervision of Mr. and Mrs. Hall, who show the most painstaking interest in the comfort and welfare of their guests. Thoroughly qualified masseur and masseuse on the premises. Electric and other medical baths to be added shortly. National Telephone No. 4. Telegraphic address, “Haddon Grove, Buxton.” As a winter residence for persons suffering from chest complaints, &c., Haddon Grove is unequalled on account of its peculiar climatic conditions and advantages.
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THE CRESCENT HOTEL,
BUXTON, DERBYSHIRE.
PROPRIETOR: CHAS. J. SMILTER.

BEAUTIFUL and fashionable Buxton has no architectural feature to surpass the magnificent “Crescent,” built by the ducal house of Devonshire over a hundred years ago, viz., in 1780. One wing of this stately structure (the southern one) is now occupied by the Crescent Hotel, a deservedly favourite stopping place of visitors to this delightful resort. It was here that the noble founder of the “Crescent” used himself to take up his abode when in Buxton, and William Spencer Cavendish, sixth Duke of Devonshire, annually spent many weeks here, the rooms occupied by his grace on those occasions being still reserved for the present duke. The Crescent Hotel also contains what was formerly the duke's ballroom, now used as a dining-room. The hotel (which was known to the fashionable world of the Georgian era as the Great Hotel) has been in the hands of the present proprietor’s family since 1849; and it is interesting to note that at one time the Buxton post-office was conducted in the hall of this hotel, while another room, on the ground floor, was used as the post-office from 1849 to 1865, Mr. Smilter’s father having been postmaster here for sixteen years.

As a high-class modern hotel, the Crescent Hotel will compare favourably with any in Buxton, and affords very superior accommodation for families and gentlemen. It is most pleasantly and conveniently situated in close proximity to the railway stations, and connected by a covered colonnade with the hot and natural baths, drinking' wells, pavilion, gardens, and theatre, the new pump-room being immediately opposite. The rooms are all large, handsomely decorated, and furnished with every regard for the comfort of visitors. They comprise public dining, drawing, smoking, reading, and billiard-rooms, and are all characterised by the utmost elegance and completeness of appointment. The dining saloon (formerly the duke’s ballroom above referred to, and at one time used as the assembly-room) is undoubtedly one of the finest in the kingdom. Its beautiful and symmetrical proportions have gained for it quite an international reputation, and have been admired by visitors from all quarters of the globe. This superb saloon has recently been redecorated in the first style, and all its beauties of carving and tracery, its magnificent woodwork, and its unrivalled ceiling (similar to that of the Cistercian Chapel at Rome), are seen to the fullest advantage in the abundant light, which is not the least of its excellent features.

The Buxton Crescent (designed and built by Carr, of York, the famous architect of the period of 1780) is the finest structure of its kind in Europe, and in the magnificent dining-room is to be seen the only and original crayon portrait of that eminent disciple of Vitruvius. Here also are some very fine old prints, illustrating Buxton in 1813; and another object of great interest is a fan, bearing a view of the Crescent, with the date 1790. This fan was given to Mrs. Smilter by a relative of the late Professor Fawcett, some time Postmaster-General. Mr. Smilter also possesses some valuable miniatures of the Crescent, together with several notable paintings by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and all the fine old silver belonging to the house. The Crescent Hotel abounds in interesting associations, and we are reminded of this by the fact that the principal rooms, instead of being numbered, are named after distinguished persons who have occupied them. Such names as Westminster, Devonshire, Rutland, Cavendish, and many others pertaining to the British aristocracy, appear on the doors of the private apartments. Her Majesty the Queen (as Princess Victoria) stayed here in 1832, when posting to Chatsworth with her mother, the Duchess of Kent. Consequently Mr. Smilter uses the royal arms. Lord Lytton, the renowned novelist, and a host of other illustrious personages, have patronised the house, and given distinction to its record.

The title, “Crescent Hotel,” was adopted in 1866. There is splendid accommodation for about sixty guests, with fine suites of apartments for private families. the cuisine and wines are unexceptionable,' and the daily table d’hote at 6.30 P.M. is a gastronomic achievement that would do credit to any hotel in the kingdom. Visitors making a prolonged stay may avail themselves of the boarding system by notifying their intention on arrival; and reduced charges prevail from October 1st to June 1st. The tariff is a very moderate one, when the excellent character of the accommodation is considered. Good post horses and carriages are available, and visitors staying here have the most ample facilities for enjoying all the delights of a sojourn in Buxton. Mr. Smilter is an indefatigable host, ever attentive to his patrons' requirements, and his close personal supervision of the entire establishment is conducive to the complete satisfaction of its large and influential clientele.
TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS, “CRESCENT HOTEL, BUXTON.” NATIONAL TELEPHONE, NO. 20.

ALBERT PYLE, COACH BUILDER,
NORTH DERBYSHIRE CARRIAGE WORKS, BUXTON

THERE is scarcely any industry in which the inventive talents of the manufacturer have been more strikingly exercised than in the production of carriages and vehicles to meet the requirements of the present age. This industry is well represented in Buxton at the old-established and well-known factory of Mr. Albert Pyle. The business was established in 1857 by the late Mr. Albert Pyle, and is now carried on by his widow and her son, Mr. F. Pyle. The works are very extensive and commodious, and all the departments are well arranged and equipped with the best machinery and appliances. Mr. Pyle has under his control a large staff of experienced workmen engaged in the construction of all kinds of light vehicles, waggonettes, phaetons, dog-carts, broughams, landaus, victorias, rustic and business carts, &c. Mr. Pyle always maintains a large stock of well-seasoned timber suitable for building and repairs; materials only of the best quality are used, and sound and reliable workmanship is apparent in every vehicle constructed. Special attention is given to repairs, relining, painting, and varnishing, which is well and quickly done on very moderate terms. Carriages of all kinds are made to order, and customers’ suggestions are strictly carried out. They have patrons in all parts of the country, and do an extensive and steadily increasing business. Mr. F. Pyle gives his direct personal attention to the business; he is a skilled and experienced master of his handicraft, and enjoys the esteem and just confidence of a wide circle of friends and business connections.

HENRY E. NEWBOLD, COSTUMIER, DRAPER, HOSIER, GLOVER, ETC.,
COMPTON HOUSE, BUXTON.

THIS notable house was founded nine years ago by the present proprietor, Mr. Newbold, and has for the past seven years occupied its present commodious premises, which were newly built when Mr. Newbold took possession of them. The establishment is a most attractive one, and appointed in the best modern style. Everything is conducted here upon the lines of a high-class drapery and fashion emporium, and in addition to the fine shop on the ground-floor (the windows of which are always very tastefully dressed), there are spacious mantle, millinery, and costume show-rooms on the first-floor, with every convenience for customers. The goods for these latter departments are productions of Mr. Newbold’s own highly-skilled and efficient staff, who work on the premises, and exemplify the newest London and Paris styles in the most accurate and artistic manner. The variety of designs displayed in the show-rooms, and the excellence of workmanship, finish, and material employed, would do credit to any West-End house. As a general and fancy draper, Mr. Newbold holds a thoroughly comprehensive stock, embracing all the latest novelties, with specialities in ladies’ outfittings, of which silk hosiery and corsets are two very prominent features. He is sole agent for May’s watch-spring corsets and for Thompson’s glove-fitting corsets; Hert’s Anti-Corset, and other well-known makes; and another notable speciality is the celebrated hand-wrought hosiery, a splendid product of cottage industry. This is also a special house for gloves, which are shown in all the newest shades and materials. Mr. Newbold does a large and select trade, and has every facility for the prompt and satisfactory execution of orders. He has displayed great enterprise in the development of this flourishing business, which he personally supervises in all its details, and the success he has achieved is as well-merited as it is substantial.

BARKER & CO., WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS,
8, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

THIS is undoubtedly one of the oldest businesses in Buxton, and in its particular line it has no superior. The house has always traded under the style of Barker, but for the past five years the proprietorship has been vested in Mr. W. B. Dickenson, who brings to bear upon the management of the concern the fruits of a sound practical training in the wine and spirit trade. The premises occupied at 8, Spring Gardens comprise a double-fronted shop, with a handsome window display. This establishment bears the stamp of superiority in all its appointments, and there is every convenience for carrying on the large and important trade in which the firm are engaged. A very extensive stock is held, and the firm's list embraces the principal growths and vintages of clarets and Burgundies, all the celebrated brands of champagne, and the famous port wines of Croft, Sandeman, Cockburn, and Dixon, besides Gonzalez’s sherries, Cossart’s Madeiras, Ingham's Marsalas, and Burgoyne's Australian wines. In the spirit department will be found the best brands of Scotch and Irish whiskies, and choice Cognac brandies, guaranteed by corks, capsules, and labels, at the same prices for cash as those charged by any of the largest trading concerns in the United Kingdom. Two very notable specialities are Barker's “V.O.” Scotch whiskey and “V.O.” Irish whiskey, in which a large trade is done throughout the country. For purity, maturity, and fine character, these whiskies are considered by good judges to be unexcelled. Messrs. Barker & Co. supply pure and reliable wines and spirits from every recognised source of production, and are known to give the very best possible value for money in each class. All their goods are carefully selected in the light of long experience and sound judgment, and being purchased for cash on favourable terms, it is possible for the firm to offer them at prices considerably below the average for articles of equal worth.

A very important trade is also done in Bass’s ales and Guinness’s stouts, and the firm are agents here for Kops Ale and Stout, the noted non-intoxicating beverages, and also the wholesale agents in Buxton for Bass. They have one of the largest ale and stout bottling stores in Derbyshire, known as the “Bridge Stores.” These are three hundred feet long, and contain seventeen arches, each of which will hold twenty hogsheads or seventeen thousand two hundred and eighty bottles. The stores are heated by steam, and special machinery of the newest type has been laid down for washing and drying the bottles. The visitor cannot fail to be impressed by the perfect cleanliness prevailing here, and by the excellent arrangements that exist for coping with the requirements of an unusually large business. Among other matters of note connected with the operations of this firm it may be mentioned that Messrs. Barker have the sole agency at Buxton for those celebrated and excellent specialities, the Wines of California, the Canadian Club Whiskey, the Old Bushmills Whiskey, and Mackay’s Sparkling Kola, “the champagne of aerated waters,” a most invigorating beverage, containing the well-known properties of the Kola nut, but non-alcoholic.

At Hogshaw the firm have very extensive stabling, fitted up in superior style, and providing accommodation for ten horses. The business extends over a radius of twenty miles round Buxton, and Messrs. Barker & Co. have their own vans and carts. The firm have also a large four-storey warehouse at the back of No. 8, Spring Gardens. The ground floor of this wells ordered building is used for the packing and despatch of orders. The first floor forms the spirit warehouse, the second floor contains a great stock of bottles and casks, including about 16,000 clean bottles ready for use, and the third floor is devoted to packing-cases and straw for packing, of which a large quantity is required in this trade. Messrs. Barker & Co. maintain a widespread and influential connection in this part of the country. Orders are executed with the greatest promptitude, and the utmost care is exercised in upholding the old-established reputation of the house for a high standard of excellence in all the goods it supplies. Mr. W. B. Dickenson, who personally directs this typical business with so much ability and success, is well known and very popular in Buxton. We may add that the telegraphic address of this firm is “Barker, Buxton,” and their “National” Telephone No. 9.

W. T. STOTT, DRAPERY, CLOTHING, AND GENERAL FURNISHING WAREHOUSES,
36 AND 5, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

This business which has been in existence over half a century has been in the hands of Mr. Stott for the past twenty years, by whom it has been greatly extended and several new departments added. Originally, the drapery and cabinet-making were conducted in the same building, but owing to the increase of business the premises at No. 55, Spring Gardens, were acquired and the latter branch removed thereto. No. 35, the drapery and general outfitting depot, comprises a large and well-appointed double-fronted shop, in which is tastefully displayed many unique specimens of fashionable goods, arranged with such business tact that pedestrians are irresistibly led to notice them. The stock, as becomes a business of this magnitude, is very large, being replete with items of interest and novelty. The various departments comprise calicoes, linens, flannels, blankets, quilts, sheetings, towels, ticks, ready-made clothing, boots and shoes, underclothing, baby-linen, millinery, feathers, straws, mantles, ulsters, costumes, skirts, sealskins, furs, umbrellas, gloves, hats, ties, collars, laces, trimmings, French merinos, cashmeres, flowers, ribbons, velvets, crepes, carpcts, oilcloths, wools, worsteds, winceys, serges, alpacas, cords, lace curtains, dress trimmings, and a large selection of mourning and half-mourning goods. Millinery, dress, and mantle- making are carried on on the premises, a large staff of skilful artistes are employed, and the show-rooms contain a very select stock of the latest and most prevailing styles and fashions.

The premises at No. 55, Spring Gardens, were built by Mr. Stott, and comprise a large four-storey building, which has a splendid frontage with over 1,000 feet of plate-glass windows, the interior being arranged as shop and show-rooms, well-equipped workshops, and warehouses. A large stock of the firm’s own manufacture is held, and every kind of household furniture is well represented, including drawing, dining, and bedroom suites, chiffoniers, tables, sideboards, brass and iron bedsteads, wardrobes, ottomans, couches, mirrors, hall, library, and kitchen furniture, &c. The best-seasoned materials and sound and reliable workmanship, combined with elegant and artistic design, are the leading characteristics in every article produced. Manufacturing on the premises on a large scale, Mr. Stott is enabled to offer his goods at the most advantageous prices. An adequate staff is employed, and upholstering and French polishing are extensively carried on. Mattresses are recorded and remade, and repairs are neatly executed. Another branch of the business which Mr. Stott has largely developed is the removal of furniture, pictures, wines, &c., by road and rail to all parts of the country. He has a large number of pantechnicon vans and a staff of experienced men engaged in this department. Mr. Stott conducts his business with marked ability, energy, and enterprise. He is well known and highly esteemed in Buxton, and one of the most noteworthy figures in the mercantile life of the town, taking a keen and active interest in its commercial and industrial development.

THE DEVONSHIRE LIBRARY, LIMITED,
3 AND 4, DEVONSHIRE COLONNADE, BUXTON.

THIS well-known and popular institution possesses many features of more than ordinary interest. The business is very old established, but has been conducted under the present title for the last twelve months only. The premises originally were two shops, which have been converted into one, forming a spacious and handsome sale-room, in which is tastefully displayed a choice selection of stationery, books, and fancy goods. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style, admirably appointed and well arranged for the display, sale, and storage of the large and varied stock of goods, which include a large assortment of high-class stationery, fancy leather goods, all the most fashionable novelties in note paper and envelopes, a very choice selection of beautifully bound Bibles, prayer-books, hymn-books, and other devotional publications. There are also many other items far too numerous for the briefest mention, and all combining in some degree features of beauty, uniqueness, and utility. The leading feature of the establishment is, of course, the library, which contains over 4,000 volumes, embracing a splendid selection of works in the various classes of literature, works of fiction, poetical and dramatic works, books of reference, annuals, children’s books, and a large stock of miscellaneous works. Daily and weekly papers, periodicals and magazines are also taken and delivered to order. All kinds of commercial and other printing is undertaken, and a very special feature is made of die stamping, in which a very large trade is done — company’s seals, crests, monograms, &c., in fact, everything in this line. All the books are shelved and arranged in the most systematic and regular order. An efficient staff of assistants is retained, a very extensive and high-class business is done under the able and energetic management of Mr. J. E. Clare, who brings to bear upon his duties the advantage of long experience.

The Library is well patronised and greatly appreciated. Among the collection are many items of deep interest to the amateur in ancient literary lore, and the bibliophile will find here a field of operations of great attraction. The registered offices are at Nos. 3 & 4, Devonshire Colonnade. A very gratifying prosperity is now attending the business in all its operations; and the laudable enterprise and energy displayed in its management is well calculated to promote the best interests of its supporters and to increase its success.

R. H. SAXTON (SUCCESSOR TO S. BRIGHT & CO.), GOLDSMITH, JEWELLER, SILVERSMITH, &c.,
6, THE QUADRANT, BUXTON.

THIS notable business was established in 1818 by Mr. S. Bright, at No. 4, The Crescent, with whom Mr. Saxton was manager for upwards of twenty-two years. The latter gentleman succeeded to the business in 1888, and removed to the present address, No. 6, the Quadrant. The premises here comprise a spacious and handsome shop with excellent plate-glass frontage. In the windows is a splendid display of gold and silver jewellery, &c., of unique and original designs. An attractive and much appreciated object is a bell connected by private wire with Greenwich, for the purpose of obtaining daily accurate time, being the only one of the kind in Buxton. The interior of the establishment is beautifully fitted np and equipped with a number of attractive glass show-cases in which is displayed a superb collection of jewellery, watches, precious stones, &c. Tastefully disposed in various parts are numerous specimens of the goldsmith and silversmith’s art, clocks and timepieces, watch chains, lockets, necklets, ear-rings, studs, charms, bracelets, silver and gold cups, chalices, and also many beautiful examples of artistic work in the native Derbyshire spar and marble. In other respects Mr. Saxton’s shop is replete with everything in bijouterie and ordinary jewellers’ sundries that can be looked for in a thoroughly first-class establishment. The goods are the best and most reliable in the market, and in every case are warranted to give perfect satisfaction. Mr. Saxton possesses the advantage of long and thorough practical experience, and his superior facilities and connections enable him to offer great advantages to customers. Mr. Saxton is also to be congratulated upon the commendable enterprise he has displayed in collecting such a large and well-selected stock of goods, as well as upon the gratifying share of well-merited prosperity which has thus far attended his endeavours, and the liberal meed of distinguished patronage enjoyed by a business so admirably conducted in every detail at that over whose fortunes he so ably presides.

J. E LAMBERT & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL IRONMONGERS,
75, SPRINO GARDENS, BUXTO.V.

PROMINENT among the business establishments in Buxton stands the house presided over by Messrs. J. E. Lambert & Co., the well-established wholesale and retail ironmongers, of 75, Spring Gardens. The skill, ability, and enterprise brought to bear upon their business have secured for them a reputation and a patronage second to that of no similar establishment in the town. Large and commodious premises are occupied, and the interior is of ample extent, being fitted up in a complete manner with shelves, drawers, and show-cases, every nook and corner being requisitioned to provide for the heavy stock the house always holds. Show-room and stock-rooms are all full of goods of the very best and latest make. Messrs. Lambert & Co. are thoroughly conversant with the trade in all its manifold ramifications, and their commodities are obtained from the best and most reliable sources of supply. Everything handled here, from the smallest to the largest article, can be fully guaranteed, and customers can be sure that in quality and price they will get here every legitimate advantage that the trade can offer. The leading lines with the firm are builders’ ironmongery, household ironmongery; mantels, grates and ranges; garden and stable goods; paints; cutlery and electro-plate; baths, trunks, and trays; lamps, lanterns, brushes, mats, chaff-cutters, lawn-mowers, etc. Messrs. Lambert are the local agents for Joseph Rodgers’ “celebrated” cutlery; also for the leading makers of silver-plated goods, and carpenters' and other tools, washing and wringing machines, the disinfectant fire-lighters, and other well-known specialities. The firm are the sole proprietors and wholesale manufacturers of Lambert’s famous high-class cream furniture polish, a preparation which produces a beautiful and durable polish with half the time and labour required with anything else of the kind that is now before the public. The sale for this article has been well sustained, and the demand is still steadily increasing as its merits become more widely known. An efficient staff of assistants is kept, and orders, whether large or small, are promptly and completely filled, every satisfaction being guaranteed in quality and price. The business extends for many miles round Buxton. Mr. Lambert, the sole proprietor, is well known in the trading and commercial life of the town, and is held in the highest esteem for his sterling business qualities, enterprise, and personal worth.

D. C. LATHAM, PHOTOGRAPHER,
GROVE STUDIO, STATION ROAD, BUXTON.

ONE of the leading and most thoroughly representative photographic establishments in Buxton is that of Mr. D. C. Latham, known as the Grove Studio, situated in the Station Road. For more than twenty years previous to commencing business, Mr. Latham was manager for the late Mr. B. W. Bentley, of the Quadrant, and whilst occupying’ this position he photographed many of the nobility and gentry of the district, amongst whom may be mentioned the late Duke of Devonshire, the late Lord Edward Cavendish, the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Stradbroke, Lady Borthwick, &c. Mr. Latham built the present premises in 1890. They comprise a fine two-storey building, well adapted in every way to the requirements of the profession. the studio is well lighted, and this, together with the workrooms, is replete with cameras, lenses, and apparatus of the most improved typo. In the reception-room are many splendid specimens of photography, oil paintings, crayons, watercolours, &c., which well display, in beauty of finish, clearness and accuracy in every detail of execution, the superior skill and talent employed in this establishment. Every branch of the photographic art receives careful attention, and portraits can be taken at any time of the day owing to the perfect equipment and arrangements of the establishment. Mr. Latham is very successful in his photographs of children, and also makes a leading speciality of Platinotype, Carbon, and Bromide photography. In carte-de-visite, cabinet, and panel work, Mr. Latham’s productions are unexcelled for beauty and superior workmanship. In addition to this the prices charged are very moderate, while the satisfaction to be obtained by an artistic and accurate portrait is guaranteed. Mr. Latham gives his direct personal attention to all matters connected with his business, and amongst his many distinguished patrons since opening his studio may be mentioned his Grace the Bishop of Southwell. Mr. Latham, it may be mentioned, has just completed a presentation album of views of St. Ann’s Church and local views, which is to be presented to Mrs. Hull Brown, the widow of a late vicar of the above church.

E. GLAUERT, PRACTICAL WATCHMAKER, JEWELLER, AND OPTICIAN,
4, THE GROVE, BUXTON.

PRACTICAL horology, and the kindred crafts of the working jeweller and scientific optician, find an able exponent at Buxton in the person of Mr. E. Glauert, who organised his business in the town as far back as seven-and-twenty years ago, but has only occupied his present eligible premises at 4, The Grove, during the past ten years. The spacious full-fronted shop is elegantly appointed and fitted throughout; and is most tastefully arranged to hold, and to effectively display, a stock of goods that is quite remarkable for its value and variety. Gold and silver watches and chains of the best English and foreign manufacture, clocks and timepieces of every description; fashionable gold, silver, and gem jewellery and fancy bijouterie; silver and electroplated ware; Laurence’s noted spectacles and eye-glasses, for which Mr. Glauert, as a skilled optician, acts as sole local agent; and a charming variety of superior leather goods, hand-bags, purses, pocket- books, et hoc genus omne, are all well represented by the stock, and are all kept strictly up-to-date. In his well-equipped workshop, Mr. Glauert, as a practical expert, undertakes the cleaning and repairing of watches and clocks, plate and jewellery, &c., with due economy, high efficiency, and despatch; and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

I. JAMES TURNER, JEWELLER, AND MARBLE INLAYER,
HOT BATH COLONNADE, BUXTON.

THIS very old-established business (which, by the way, is the oldest of its kind in Buxton) represents a most important phase of the industrial activity of the town. The establishment comprises a spacious and handsome shop, displaying to great advantage a choice selection of interesting objects which irresistibly command attention. The interior is fitted up with great taste, admirably appointed and well arranged. A most attractive and varied stock is held, comprising gold and silver watches of home and foreign manufacture, gold and silver jewellery of the finest quality of workmanship, and a splendid assortment of high-class goods in gold, silver, and electro-plate, suitable for bridal gifts and presentations. A leading speciality of the house is the beautiful inlaid marble work. Many choice and delicate specimens are on view, which are unequalled for beauty and originality of design, superiority of workmanship, finish, and artistic elegance. The “Blue John” marble, used in the manufacture, is obtained from Castleton, and the other marble, or “Spar,” from Ashford, both places in the immediate neighbourhood. It is cut so thin and polished so as to show the different varieties of colour. Numerous articles are manufactured, such as inlaid occasional tables, ornaments, vases, breast pins, sleeve links, trinkets, &c., which are much valued by tourists and others as souvenirs of their visit to this delightful district. At the rear of the premises are well-equipped works for marble cutting, inlaying, polishing, and all kinds of repairs to jewellery. An efficient staff of experienced artists and workmen is retained. A very large and steadily increasing trade is done which is conducted with marked ability, energy, and enterprise, and every effort is made to consistently maintain the eminent reputation and high distinction which have accrued to this favourite establishment.

F. H. BOWDEN, M.P.S., PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMIST,
13, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

MR. F. H. BOWDEN, M.P.S., has been established here for upwards of three years, and has rapidly worked himself into the favour of an excellent, extensive, and remunerative connection. The spacious and handsome shop has a massive plate-glass window, and the interior is fitted up in a very superior style, and well arranged for the display and storage of a very large and complete stock of drugs and chemicals of well-attested purity; also pharmaceutical preparations of all kinds, patent medicines, surgical appliances, hospital, sick-room, and nursery requisites, as well as a choice selection of perfumes, fancy soaps, brushes, sponges, and all articles required for the toilet. Mr. Bowden also many preparations of his own, notably his “Kiropod” corn plaster and foot powder, which are greatly appreciated by pedestrians and others. In the dispensing department, which is the leading feature of the business, physicians’ prescriptions are accurately compounded, and family recipes carefully prepared, the best and purest drugs and chemicals only being used. An adequate staff of assistants are employed. Mr. F. H. Bowden, who is a practised and experienced pharmacist (by examination), is allowed on all hands to be an accomplished master of his profession, and the care which he devotes to the accurate and intelligent preparation of prescriptions is in every way commendable. Mr. Bowden is personally a marked favourite with all who know him, and a gentleman of considerable educational attainments. He is not only a thoroughly reliable chemist to consult in all cases of necessity, but is also very widely respected and esteemed by a large and increasing circle of customers and friends for the just and equitable manner in which both his public and private transactions are invariably effected.

E. WENZEL, HAIRDRESSER AND PERFUMER,
2A, TERRACE ROAD, BUXTON.

TONSORIAL art in its highest phases finds an able representative in the person of Mr. E. Wenzel, who established his business thirteen years ago, which he has supplemented by a branch establishment at The Crescent. The headquarters in Terrace Road comprise a spacious shop, elegantly appointed in the best modern style, and displays a very select stock of choice perfumery and toilet requisites of every description, together with choice examples of Mr. Wenzel’s work as an expert ornamental hair manufacturer, coiffeur and perruquier. On the floor above are separate saloons for ladies and gentlemen, each of which is comfortably appointed, and calls into requisition the services of a full staff of polite and skilful artist« under Mr. Wenzel’s personal supervision. The branch establishment in Terrace Road, near the old Pump Room, is fitted up in the latest style, and is especially convenient for invalids, being all on the ground floor. Mr. Wenzel, moreover, waits upon families at their own residences, and attends upon schools at very moderate rates, and he continues to conduct his entire business in a manner that can scarcely fail to give entire satisfaction to patrons, and, if anything, to strengthen his standing as the principal tonsorial artist at Buxton.

N. G. WHEATCROFT, GROCER, PROVISION MERCHANT, BAKER, AND MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURER,
21, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

OVER a quarter of a century has now elapsed since Mr. N. G. Wheatcroft, the well-known Vice-Chairman of the Buxton School Board, formed the nucleus of his now thriving business. Occupying a commanding position, the spacious double-fronted shop is most neatly and methodically arranged to hold a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the beat markets, both at home and abroad. All manner of everyday groceries, together with the numerous household sundries usually associated therewith; special lines in pure and choicely blended teas and coffees; British and foreign canned and bottled comestibles and table delicacies of the highest order, and prime provisions of every kind, including Harris’s Calne bacon, for which he is the local agent; hams and bacon, butter and cheese, lard, meal, flour, and eggs, are all fully represented at their best. In his perfectly equipped hygienic bakery at the rear, Mr. Wheatcroft employs a picked staff of experts, in the production of exclusively the best plain and fancy breads, cakes, and confectionery, &c., not only as supplies for his shop, but to meet the daily demands of a very large round of regular customers, to whom his vans deliver with punctuality to order. Mr. N. G. Wheatcroft also has won a widespread and well-merited renown as a contracting caterer for picnic and tea parties. About June, 1894, Mr. Wheatcroft bought the concern known as the “Buxton Mineral Water Company.” This is the oldest business of the kind in the town, having been established upwards of thirty years. These works are at Hogshaw, and are well equipped with the latest and best appliances, and the water is used from their own well. Their productions are much appreciated, and they have probably the largest output in this part. Goods are delivered by their own vans in Buxton, and for a radius of twenty miles round. The proprietor continues to direct his entire business with an exemplary energy and ability that can scarcely fail to preserve, and even to enhance, the eminent reputation which he has so long and so deservedly enjoyed.

H. ORAM & SONS, FISH, GAME, AND POULTRY SALESMEN, FRUITERERS, FLORISTS, &c.,
12, SPRING GARDENS, AND 1 & 2, THE PARADE, BUXTON.

THIS business has been established since the year 1845, and at the present day occupies the leading position in its special lines in Buxton. The fish, game, and poultry department is situated at No. 12, Spring Gardens. The premises here comprise a spacious shop, fitted up in a very superior style. There is also extensive cold storage accommodation, rooms for dressing poultry, game, &c., and all the accessories of a large and well-organised establishment. Messrs. H. Oram & Sons have always on hand a liberal supply of fresh and salt-water fish, crabs, lobsters, oysters, turkeys, ducks, geese, chickens, and game of all kinds in season, and the entire stock is of the best quality. The fish, poultry, game, &c. is dressed and trussed when required in the most approved fashion and ready for immediate use. The firm have a very extensive and high-class connection, and in addition to supplying the principal hotels, clubs, and restaurants, enjoy the patronage of the best families is the town and neighbourhood. The fruit and flower business is conducted on excellent and well-appointed premises at Nos. 1 & 2, the Parade. The stock held here is very extensive at all seasons, and includes every kinds of English and Foreign fruits, received fresh daily. Flowers are also to be obtained in full bloom or cut, or as table decorations, dress flowers, wreaths, crosses, and memorial flowers. The firm have large and well laid-out nurseries at Brown Edge Lane, from which they draw constant supplies. A large staff of salesmen and assistants is permanently employed in the numerous duties appertaining to the business, and no effort is spared to meet the convenience of customers in the prompt execution of all orders. The business is conducted with great energy and ability by Mr. Abel Oram, and the reputation of the firm is adequately sustained and materially enhanced at the present day, and the trade controlled is now, as it has ever been, supported by the most superior class of custom, and is widely and valuably connected in all parts of the town and country.

G. W. HOBSON, CHEMIST,
ST. ANN’S PHARMACY, THE COLONNADE, BUXTON.

THE records of this undertaking show that it was organised over forty years ago. When Mr. Hobson acquired the business some fifteen years since, the pharmacy was located on the opposite side of the road. Under his careful, yet always energetic and enterprising administration, however, he found it expedient, after a period of nine years, to remove to his present eligible quarters, known as the St. Ann’s Pharmacy, in The Colonnade. The spacious shop, comfortably heated by steam-pipes, is elegantly appointed, and is most neatly and methodically arranged to hold, and effectively display, a representative stock of goods, that may accurately be described as fairly exhaustive of all recognised drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength; all the popular patent medicines of the day; choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites; all manner of medical and surgical appliances, and chemists’ sundries of every kind. In his professional work, Mr. G. W. Hobson, with fully qualified assistants, operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, devoting the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions, and the compounding of family recipes, by reason of which he has won the esteem and full confidence of all the local practitioners of medicine, and the liberal support of a very valuable and influential clientele, drawn practically from all classes of the community.

R. HAILWOOD, SADDLER AND HARNESS MAKER,
44, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

Mr. R. HAILWOOD, whose establishment is situated as above, commenced operations here some nineteen or twenty years ago, and brought to bear upon his new undertaking a sound practical knowledge of the trade. He soon succeeded in gathering round him the nucleus of a valuable connection. Every year in passing has served to add to the extent and influence of the transactions engaged in, and at the present day the house justly claims a leading position among similar local establishments. The premises are conveniently situated and comprise a good-sized single-fronted shop, thoroughly well fitted up, and in every way adapted to the business. The specialities manufactured by Mr. Hailwood bear a high reputation in the trade and among the principal and most influential users. Only the best class of material is used, and the workmanship is always of the soundest and most perfect kind. A staff of skilled hands is employed under the immediate supervision of the principal, every care being taken to keep up that uniform high standard of quality and finish, for which the productions of the house are noted. Orders for special goods are filled promptly and effectively, perfect fit and thorough satisfaction being guaranteed. Repairs of all kinds receive every attention. The stocks held comprise ladies' and gentlemen's riding and hunting saddles, harness for single horses and pairs, bridles, collars, bits, spurs, whips, horse clothing for winter or summer, and a full line of requisites for coach-house and stable. There is besides an ample and first-class assortment of leather trunks, portmanteaus, dress baskets, travelling and hand bags, and hat cases and bonnet boxes, all of which have been made on the premises. The connection extends for many miles round Buxton. Mr. Hailwood enjoys the respect and esteem of all who have business relations with him, for his fair and honourable methods, and the courteous attention every one receives.

MR. S. SELBY, BOOT WAREHODSE,
HIGH STREET, BUXTON.

PROMINENT among the many large and fashionable business establishments in Buxton is the well-known and popular boot and shoe emporium of Mr. S. Selby, who has been established here for the last fifteen years. Mr. Selby occupies very extensive and commodious premises, advantageously located in the High Street. They comprise a spacious and handsome shop with a splendid plate-glass window, in which is tastefully arranged a choice selection of fashionable boots and shoes, &c. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style, and elegantly appointed with all the necessary arrangements for the convenience of customers, trying- on and fitting rooms for ladies and gentlemen. It may be mentioned also that this establishment is the sub-post office for the district, Mr. Selby having held the position of district postmaster for upwards of ten years. The stock held is very large and thoroughly representative of every branch of the trade. It embraces an endless variety of ladies’, gentlemen's, youths’, and children’s boots and shoes of elegant style, shape, and finish, suitable for business, dress, or the promenade, and throughout the display only the best classes of goods are to be found. This is also the depot for the celebrated “K” boots, of which a large stock is held, including the waterproof “K” boots, ladies’ and gentle-men's “City ‘K’” boots, and gentlemen's “Pliant ‘K’” boots. Mr. Selby makes a speciality of the bespoke department. Ladies’ and gentlemen’s boots and shoes are made to measure in the best style. The greatest attention is paid to measurement, so that an easy and accurate fit is assured, and the boots are constructed on the best principles and are characterised by sound workmanship, elegance of shape, the best materials, and superior style and finish. Repairs are neatly and expeditiously executed on the premises at reasonable terms by a staff of men well accustomed to this class of work. The establishment is patronised by many of the best families in Buxton. Mr. S. Selby is well known and highly esteemed as a courteous and enterprising man of business, and has allied to his commercial activities a generous interest in the welfare of the community, being a prominent member of the School Board for the past seven years.

J. J. JONES, DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST,
THE ROYAL PHARMACY, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

MR. J. J. JONES, after ten years of practice in his profession at the City of Manchester, came, some three years since, to Buxton as the proprietor of the now popular, but select, Royal Pharmacy; so called by reason of its having been originally an annex of the Royal Hotel adjoining, in Spring Gardens. “The Royal Pharmacy" consists of a spacious double-fronted shop, elegantly appointed throughout in the beat modern style, and the stock of goods held may be accurately described as fairly exhaustive of drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength; all the popular patent medicines and kindred proprietary articles; choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites; all manner of medical and surgical appliances; and chemists’ sundries of every description; while any article or preparation not in stock will be courteously procured the same day from Manchester, by special messenger. Mr. Jones devotes special personal attention to the dispensing department. The purity of all his drugs, chemicals, and pharmaceutical preparations is conscientiously guaranteed; and physicians' prescriptions, family recipes, and other formula are dispensed with absolute accuracy. Upon these recommendations has Mr. Jones won the esteem and full confidence of all the local practitioners of medicine; and his general clientele, although largely drawn from the boat families and the Hit« of Buxton’s visitors, is being rapidly augmented from all classes of the community.

JOHN CLAYTON, FAMILY GROCER, TEA DEALER, CORN AND PROVISION MERCHANT, HIGH-CLASS BAKER,
THE STORES, MARKET STREET, BUXTON.

ANY record concerning the business transacted by the principal trading concerns of Buxton would, indeed, be sadly deficient without due references to the important part taken therein by the noted house which furnishes the theme of the present brief review. “The Stores,” as they are popularly called, stand in form of a substantial three-storeyed block of buildings, occupying a commanding corner position in Market Street. They were erected several years ago by the Co-operative Society, from whom the business was acquired in 1889 by Messrs. F. Wright & Co., and three years later was taken over by its present capable and enterprising proprietor, Mr. John Clayton. A fine corner entrance leads into the spacious shop, which, with its ample storage accommodation, is admirably fitted and appointed throughout in the best modern style, to hold and to effectively display a complete and comprehensive stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the best markets and leading sources of supply, both at home and abroad. All manner of everyday groceries, special lines in pure and choicely blended teas and coffees, prime provisions of all kinds, British and Foreign canned and bottled comestibles and table delicacies of the highest order; brushes, brooms, and mats; domestic hardware, and household sundries and chandlery generally, are all fully represented at their best, and are offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. At the rear, in his hygienic bakery, which is replete with all the latest modern improvements, Mr. Clayton personally superintends and produces large daily supplies of high-class plain and fancy breads for the supply of a very large round of regular customers, and his house stands high in the estimation of a very valuable town and country connection, by reason of the sound methods and honourable principles which characterise its business transactions.

E. H. HULLEY, HIGH-CLASS TAILOR, BREECHES MAKER, LADIES’ TAILOR, ETC.,
9, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

THIS is a leading tailoring house in Buxton, and has occupied its present commodious shop and other premises at 9, Spring Gardens, ever since it was first established by Mr. Hulley in the year 1862. The stock of goods displayed in Mr. Hulley’s showrooms is thoroughly representative of the best and newest materials, and comprises every novelty of the current season in pattern, shade, and texture. Here are cloths suitable for town and country wear, for the moor and the paddock, for the hunting field and the river, besides high-class fabrics for ladies’ habits, costumes, and tailor-made jackets. This house is celebrated for stylish cut and faultless fit, as well as for high excellence in every detail of workmanship and finish. Mr. Hulley also does a large trade in gentlemen’s outfittings, and holds a very complete stock of all new styles in silk and felt hats, together with ties, collars, gloves, hosiery, shirts, and underwear of the best quality. Both in this and in the bespoke tailoring department an extensive and high-class business is controlled. We ought to mention that Mr. Hulley has secured the agency for a new rain-proof coat, which, though perfectly impervious to moisture, is, at the same time, thoroughly porous, thus dispensing with the old objection of bad ventilation, which has so long been urged against ordinary waterproof garments. Mr. Hulley personally directs all the affairs of his flourishing business, and makes a point of the prompt and punctual execution of orders, which, we need hardly say, is greatly appreciated by his many customers.

J. BANKS8, FASHIONABLE BOOT AND SHOE MAKER,
37, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

DATING back in its foundation to the year 1830, and consequently standing to-day as the oldest established shop in Buxton, this noted business has been steadily developed by successive members of the founder's family, of whom Mr. J. Banks is the present representative. The spacious double-fronted shop in Spring Gardens is very handsomely appointed throughout and effectively displays a particularly select stock of ladies', gentlemen’s, and children’s ready-made boots, shoes, slippers, leggings, &c., in a great diversity of styles, shapes, and sizes, most of which are made by experts on the premises, and conspicuous amongst which are Mr. Banks’s specialities in fishing and shooting-boots, as well as the boots and shoes of the celebrated “Cinderella,” “the Queen,” and Dr. Jaeger’s brands, for all of which Mr. Banks acts as sole local agent. In his well-equipped workshops, Mr. Banks employs a picked stiff of skilled craftsmen to undertake repairs, and to make boots and shoes to measure from materials of exclusively the best quality; and every such pair emanating from his establishment is endowed with correctness of style, a perfection of fit, and a faultless finish, while the charges are in all instances distinctly moderate. Mr. Banks, moreover, is the proprietor of the famous River Wye Fishery, and is immensely popular amongst anglers, who come to him for advice and assistance. In the latter connection he maintains a large stock of suitable rods, lines, flies, and tackle of every kind for lovers of the “gentle sport,” and in both departments of his business pursues a policy of management that cannot fail to enhance the high repute, and preserve all the creditable traditions, of his old and eminent house.

THOMAS COOPER, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PORK BUTCHER,
FORD BANK, LONDON ROAD, BUXTON.

FROM time immemorial the flesh of the unaesthetic, but indispensable, porker, has played a most important part in our food supply, and nowhere are its delectable qualities more strongly manifested than in the various productions of Mr. Thomas Cooper, wholesale and retail pork butcher. As the sole maker of the “celebrated Buxton sausages” and other kindred dainties, Mr. Cooper’s name is known far and wide. These sausages form the staple feature of the trade, and some idea of the extent OF this department may be formed when it is stated that the average output is between thirteen and fourteen hundredweight per week, and the public favour that has been won by Mr. Cooper’s productions is equally remarkable with the great, though steady, development of his trade. The business was originally commenced by the grandfather of the present proprietor, in the year 1826, at New Mills. It was then only a very small concern until his son, the present proprietor’s father, acquired it in 1856, when the connection gradually extended outside the district of New Mills; in fact, right through the Peak district. The business hereafter grew up steadily, and the connection increasing, particularly in the Buxton district, the firm migrated there in 1876, and opened premises in the London Road, on land purchased by Mr. Cooper’s father, and which is now one of the few plots of freehold ground in the district, the principal land-owner being His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G. Only last year additional premises were added, which comprise a spacious and well-appointed shop and offices, the old buildings at the rear being now used for killing, curing, smoking, and other processes. There is here accommodation for slaughtering forty pigs per week, the average operated upon being from twenty-five to thirty per week, a good increase on the two or three which satisfied the original demands of the trade. A large number of hands are constantly employed.

Those who are so fortunate aa to obtain a permit from the proprietor for a visit to the manufacturing room where the different processes in the manufacture of sausages is in full swing, will have a treat they are not likely to forget. Nothing but the most modern machinery is here used. Up to twenty years ago all the work was done by hand, but now things are changed. “Trade’s usurping hand possess the land,” and, instead of two men sweating, puffing, and twisting their bodies inside out in turning one of the old-fashioned machines, you now simply turn the valve and put sixty pound pressure of steam at work, and, if necessary, can have the whole mass reduced to pulp in a very few minutes. Mr. Cooper is no approver of hereditary pensions, but thinks there ought to be one notable exception to the sweeping of them away, and that is, to the descendants of James Watt, the inventor of the steam-engine. In the filling department, the latest inventions are brought into use, which reduces the heavy manual labour very materially. The trade is chiefly wholesale, and the sausages are forwarded to all parts of Great Britain. The pigs operated upon are chiefly fed in North Staffordshire, in the wild moorland district, principally from the small farmers, and Mr. Cooper will tell you the further he gets away from the large centres the better quality of meat he gets, this being explained by the fact that, the farmers being too far away from the towns, lucky piggy gets the milk instead of it being sent by rail to Manchester and other places. We have tasted this Staffordshire fed bacon, and we consider it surpasses in quality any other bacon placed before the British public. We may add that Mr. Cooper’s prices are all distinctly moderate, considering the superior quality of the goods he sends out. The proprietor is well known as a courteous and enterprising man, and one with whom it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions. Mr. Cooper also takes a keen and active interest in the welfare of the community. He has been a member of the old Local Board for the last five years, and at the recent election of the New Urban District Council was returned at the hood of the poll.

GEORGE B. GODDARD, MUSIC WAREHOUSE,
1, DEVONSHIRE COLONNADE, AND SOUTH STREET, BUXTON.

IT is now more than twenty-eight years since Mr. Geo. B. Goddard commenced in Buxton as a professor of music, and during this long period he has maintained an eminent position in musical circles. Twenty-eight years ago he opened the establishment which is the subject of the present notice. The premises are admirably located, and comprise a spacious and handsome shop and show-rooms, with a very fine plate-glass frontage. The interior is admirably appointed. All the best productions of the leading English and Continental makers are well represented. They include pianofortes, organs, and harmoniums, as well as a great variety of stringed instruments. All the instruments shown are characterised by the best qualities of power, tone, and action, as well as by exquisite workmanship and beauty of design. Mr. Goddard has also a very large and varied stock of sacred and secular music by all the leading composers, which is continually replenished by the addition of all the newest and most popular songs, ballads, and musical compositions, which are sold at the lowest prices. Mr. Goddard’s exceptional facilities and business connections enable him to give his customers special advantages in purchasing instruments; he has also a very extensive tuning connection and keeps an efficient staff of experienced men regularly employed. Repairs of all kinds are executed with the least possible delay consistent with perfect and reliable workmanship, and on the most reasonable terms. Mr. Goddard gives his strict personal attention to the business in all its branches. A very large business is done in letting out pianos, &c., on hire. Mr. Goddard is in great request at balls, &c., for which he supplies a band which is justly celebrated throughout the district. Mr. Goddard is well known and highly esteemed in Buxton as a musician of great skill and ability, and enjoys the patronage and support of a very extensive and high-class connection.

A. THRESH, CHEMIST,
THE PRESCRIPTION PHARMACY, SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

THIS fine old business has been established over seventy years, and has been in the hands of the present proprietor, Mr. A. Thresh, for upwards of a quarter of a century. The spacious and handsome shop is fitted up in a very superior style. Mr. A. Thresh has a high reputation amongst the leading medical practitioners, and holds a very large and well-assorted stock of drugs, chemicals, and pharmaceutical preparations of all kinds. The dispensing department in particular is the feature of the establishment, and Mr. Thresh, with the aid of an efficient staff, and the advantage of long experience in every branch of the business, possesses unsurpassed facilities for the speedy and accurate compounding of physicians’ prescriptions and family recipes. Among the many important items of the stock, prominent places are accorded to surgical appliances, and a number of excellent contrivances of invalids’ requisites, including many valuable appliances for the sick chamber, hospital, and nursery. Perfumes, fancy soaps, sponges, dentifrices, and other toilet requisites are also appropriately represented. The business is of a strictly high-class character, and is conducted with exemplary care and ability. Mr. A. Thresh is well known and highly esteemed in Buxton, and enjoys the confidence and support of a very valuable and extensive connection both amongst the residents and visitors.

B. THOMPSON, FAMILY GROCER AND PROVISION DEALER, CORN, FLOUR, AND MEAL FACTOR,
HIGH STREET, BUXTON.

MR. THOMPSON occupies very large and commodious premises at No. 27, High Street, in which they form a prominent and attractive feature. The spacious shop has a splendid frontage, and in the windows is an excellent display of goods, arranged with such businesslike tact that pedestrians are irresistibly led to notice them. The interior is well fitted up and neatly arranged for the display, sale, and storage of the large and varied stock. the grocery department contains a most extensive stock of all kinds of family requisites in this line — teas, coffee, sugar, fruit, spices, pickles, jams, jellies, sauces, and all the best goods of the leading English and Continental manufacturers of comestibles. In the provision department is held a large and varied stock of every description, including all the staple lines in butter, bacon, hams, lard, eggs, cheese, as well as flour, corn, meal, condiments, &c. Being in close communication with the best sources of supply in all these lines, Mr. Thompaon is enabled to provide the very finest class of goods, and to give his customers many advantages in price. The trade controlled is of a steadily growing character. Mr. Thompson has an excellent family connection, and also supplies the principal hotels, restaurants, clubs, and institutions. An efficient staff of salesmen are employed, and goods are delivered in all parts of the town and district. Mr. B. Thompson has achieved a well-merited reputation aa a purveyor of reliable goods. he is an energetic and enterprising man of business, and enjoys the esteem and confidence of a widespread and valuable connection,

R. WRIGHT, M.P.S., PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMIST,
APOTHECARIES’ HALL, HIGH STREET, BUXTON.

THE business now carried on by Mr. R. Wright, pharmaceutical and dispensing chemist, was established in 1865, and in 1874 was taken over by Dr. Thresh. Mr. Wright was made a partner in 1883, and upon the retirement of Dr. Thresh in 1886, Mr. Wright became the sole proprietor. The establishment is situated in the High Street, occupying a prominent corner position. In the two handsome plate-glass windows are displayed a fine selection of high-class goods, and the interior is fitted up in a substantial manner. At the rear is a well-appointed laboratory, where Mr. Wright has special facilities for carrying out scientific work, such as water analysis, and for the preparation of numerous specialities. In addition to the large and comprehensive stock of drugs, chemicals, &c., there is a very choice selection of perfumes, soaps, and toilet requirements, notably the celebrated Buxton bouquet series, including the “Buxton Bouquet,” a delicate, fragrant, and lasting perfume; the “Burton Bouquet Sachet Powder,” an excellent sachet, which imparts fragrance to the contents of drawers, glove boxes, &c.; the “Buxton Bouquet Soap,” the perfection of toilet soaps, pure, superfatted, and agreeably perfumed; the “Buxton Bouquet Cold Cream,” a cooling, soothing, and emollient cream, admirably adapted for use in cold weather; the “Buxton Bouquet Smelling Salts,” an inexhaustible smelling salts, agreeably perfumed with the “Buxton Bouquet” perfume, and the “Buxton Bouquet Glycerine and Cucumber Cream.” This preparation softens the skin and produces a clear complexion, it allays irritation, and is invaluable as a cooling application. Amongst other specialities may be mentioned Wright’s Corn Paint, Wright's Neuralgic Tonic, Wright's Skin Lotion, Captain Dunn’s Rheumatine, Wright’s Extract of Linseed and Squills, and Sal Hepaticus, or Liver Salt. The entire stock is selected with a special view to the requirements of a high-class trade. The dispensing department is a leading feature of the business. Mr. R. Wright is a member of the Pharmaceutical Society, a Fellow of the Chemical Society, and a gentleman of considerable scientific attainments, who is well known and highly esteemed in Buxton. He enjoys the confidence of the medical profession, and the patronage and support of a very extensive and high-class connection.

J. S. INNES, HATTER, HOSIER, AND GLOVER,
SPRING GARDENS, BUXTON.

ONE of the most thoroughly representative and popular establishments of its kind in Buxton is the well-known emporium of Mr. J. S. Innes. The business was established some seven years ago in the present admirable location and comprises one of the finest and most attractive shops in the district. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style, the ceiling is handsomely decorated, and the fixtures and appointments display great taste and elegance in every detail. Mr. Innes holds a very large and comprehensive stock of goods, which is replete with items of interest and novelty in every department. Gentlemen’s silk and felt hats, in all the most fashionable shapes and styles, are well represented; ladies’ and gentlemen’s high-class walking and riding gloves, ties, collars, shirts, hosiery, and gentlemen’s underwear, travelling rugs, mauds, and umbrellas, form but a few of the leading items displayed. Prominent mention, however, must be made of ladies’ and gentlemen's gloves, of which Mr. Innes makes a leading speciality. The stock in this department is very complete, and contains all the most recent and fashionable novelties. The goods are the best and most reliable in the market, and are warranted, in every case, to give perfect satisfaction. The superior facilities and connections possessed by Mr. Innes in purchasing, enable him to offer great advantages to customers. Mr. Innes also makes a speciality of shirt making, in which he does a large high-class trade. Good quality, with moderate prices, is the business motto of the house, which is fully reciprocated and highly spoken of by the large and daily increasing number of patrons; a flourishing trade is done among the aristocracy and leading families, as well as visitors to Buxton. An efficient staff of salesmen and assistants are actively employed, and no effort is spared to meet the convenience of customers in the prompt execution of orders. Mr. J. S Innes is an enterprising and thoroughly capable man of business, and spares neither pains nor expense in his endeavours to meet the requirements of the public.

MATLOCK, BELPER, AND NEW MILLS.

IT is no mere figure of speech to say that Matlock is one of the most charming spots in England. Indeed, it would hardly be an exaggeration to assert that in all Britain there is nothing more delightfully picturesque than this romantic region of Derbyshire. Such a statement would have the support of thousands of admirers of the Peak District in general, and could claim the countenance of no less distinguished an authority on things beautiful than Mr. Ruskin. That eminent art critic and lover of nature has defended this part of Derbyshire with zeal against the inroads of the “iron horse,” and has declared it to be “the most educational of all the districts of beautiful landscape” known to him. Certainly the country round Matlock is surpassingly rich in all those features which appeal most strongly to the minds of cultured men, and enable them to establish that rare communion between nature and humanity which is at once refreshing and elevating. Here one is free from many of the distractions of the overwrought modern world, and in this lovely land of hills and valleys, rocks and streams, woods and caverns, it is not difficult to realise that beautiful idea of Keats, when he spoke of breathing a prayer “Full in the smile of the blue firmament.” Many a romantic association clings to these ancient Derbyshire halls and castles, and many a page might be filled in recounting the stories attaching to such famous old-time seats as Haddon Hall, Martindale Castle, Winfield Manor, and other abodes of by-gone knights and dames in days when never a wandering tourist set foot in Derbyshire dales, and never a thought was entertained of the renown that would, in due course, belong to the Peak District as a pleasure resort and a national sanatorium.

At one time it was probably almost as easy to visit the Continent as to journey into the hilly fastnesses of Derbyshire; but all that is now changed, and the British tourist includes the Matlock district among the chief objective points of his wanderings in quest of recreation and renewed health. The great hydropathic establishments that have sprung up here attract deservedly a large amount of patronage; and it is worthy of remark that this district was practically the birthplace of modern hydropathy in England, for it was at Matlock Bank in 1853 that Mr. John Smedley first carried out, for the benefit of the public, the mild form of “water cure,” which proved so successful in the cases of those who could not stand the rigorous methods of the old-fashioned hydropathists. The establishment he then founded has assumed vast dimensions, and there are many others in the neighbourhood which contribute to the therapeutic resources of the district. These hydropathic establishments receive annually a very large number of visitors, some coming aa patients, others merely as residents; and, in addition to this, excellent hotel accommodation will be found by those who desire such. The railway communication is very satisfactory, the Midland line having stations conveniently placed for all points of interest in the locality. Within the limits of space here at our disposal, we cannot attempt any descriptive details, nor can we speak in any other than a general way of the various communities that have their place within the limits of the district under our notice. Matlock, Matlock Bank, Matlock Bath, Matlock Bridge, Darley Dale, &c., are all local designations, the usefulness of which will be appreciated by the visitor for topographical reasons; but it would be impossible in a brief article to make special reference to each, and we have, therefore, grouped them together under the generic name of MATLOCK.

Matlock Bath is particularly famed for its thermal medicinal springs, which have been known and made use of for nearly two hundred years. Here there are fine gardens, a beautiful pavilion, promenade, baths, and other features of a modern health resort; and in the immediate neighbourhood are some very remarkable stalactite caverns. All the attractive features of the Matlock district may be very conveniently “sampled” by means of excursions from Matlock Bath, and among the many places to be visited in this connection is Cromford, famed as the spot where Sir Richard Arkwright erected his first cotton-spinning mill.

BELPER, a market town on the river Derwent, seven miles north of Derby, is a place of comparatively modern growth, and dates its prosperity from the foundation here, in 1776, of the great cotton mills of Messrs. Strutt. Lord Belper, a member of the Strutt family, takes his title from the town. The cotton, hosiery, glove, engineering, ironfounding, tile-making, marble-working, and quarrying industries of Belper are in a flourishing condition, and employ a large number of people. Population (1891), 10,420.

NEW MILLS, on the river Goyt, eight miles south-east of Stockport, is one of the busiest places in Derbyshire. Anciently called Bowden Middle Cale, it took its modern name from a new mill erected here a good many years ago; and the name of New Mills has since been amply justified by the many works and factories that have been erected in the township. These establishments are all admirably equipped and organised, and great enterprise is shown in the conduct of the local industries, which embrace cotton-spinning and manufacturing, ironfounding and engineering, calico-printing, indiarubber manufacture, emery manufacture, and paper-making, Population (1891), 6,661.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT & CO., CROMFORD MILLS AND MASSON MILLs,
MATLOCK BATH.

IT may fairly he asserted that no name is mere famous in the records of English industrial progress than that of Arkwright, which must remain for all time inseparably associated with one of the greatest factors in the development of cotton manufacture — the invention of the spinning-frame. Richard Arkwright, who conceived and perfected that invaluable piece of mechanism, and who was for a time in partnership with Jedediah Strutt at Belper, founded the important concern which forms the subject of our present sketch, and which has a world-wide renown in connection with the manufacture of cottons for hand and machine sewing. It was over a century and a quarter ago that Richard Arkwright commenced building the Cromford Mills, which still belong to the firm that bears his name. At Cromford all the special machinery for the purposes of the industry was made under his direct supervision, and thus, at the outset of its career, the business bore, in every part of its organization, the stamp of its great founder’s genius. The Masson Mills, at Matlock Bath, were built in 1783, and originally consisted of a block six storeys high. This has since been extended on four different occasions to meet the requirements of a constantly growing trade, and the mills in their entirety are now among the largest in Derbyshire. They stand on the banks of the picturesque river Derwent, which supplies all the power to drive the machinery, the two huge waterwheels giving an aggregate of three hundred horse-power. In every department the machinery in use is of the most modern and perfect type, and the general organization of the mills furnishes substantial evidence of the sound practical management which might confidently be looked for in an establishment possessing so long a record and such distinguished associations.

About five hundred workpeople are employed on the premises, and sewing cottons of all kinds are here manufactured. In addition to crochet and sewing cottons, the firm are among the largest manufacturers of gassed yarns, in all numbers, qualities, and twists, for the English, French, German, Italian, and United States markets, as well as of skeined sewings for Egypt, Bulgaria, and the Danubian Principalities. “Arkwright’s sewing cottons,” in black, white, and all colours, are greatly esteemed, and their quality, evenness of make, and perfect finish render them unsurpassed for hand or machine work. They are used exclusively and are recommended by several sewing-machine makers — a very strong testimony to their merit and reliability. They can be obtained from every high-class draper. In these cottons, and also in their crochet cottons, the firm do a large home and export trade, shipping to many quarters of the globe, and supplying an extensive and influential connection throughout the United Kingdom also. Their principal trademark is a model of the original Arkwright spinning-frame. The present principals of this eminent firm are F. C. Arkwright, Esq., J.P., C.C., of Willersley Castle, and J. E. Lawton, Esq., J.P., who is the managing partner. The firm’s London offices are at 44, Noble Street, E.C., and their Manchester warehouse and offices are at 38, George Street.
The telegraphio address (for Manchester only) is “Bundles, Manchester.”

JAMES SMITH & SONS, DARLEY DALE NURSERIES,
NEAR MATLOCK.

THESE are among the most extensive nurseries in the Kingdom, covering an area of no less than two hundred acres of ground. The business conducted by Messrs. James Smith & Sons was founded over a century ago, and had its headquarters originally at Cuckoostone, Matlock, being transferred to Darley Dale some seventy years since. It is now in the hands of the fourth generation of the proprietary family, and is a leading concern of its kind in the county. The nurseries are largely devoted to the cultivation of trees, shrubs, &c., for park and garden ornamentation, the leading specialities being in deciduous trees, flowering shrubs, hollies, ivies, &c. Extensive portions are also laid out for roseries and orchards, and the latter are tended with special care and filled with young fruit-trees of all descriptions — fine, healthy strains in a remarkably large variety. Trees and shrubs for ornamental planting form an important feature, as we have already indicated, and rhododendrons and hardy heaths are very prominent specialities, the former alone occupying some forty acres of ground. The nurseries vary in elevation from five hundred to upwards of one thousand feet above the level of the sea, and thus have such a variety of climate and soil that they are suitable for the proper rearing of a great assortment of trees and shrubs, all of which are here cultivated under the most favourable conditions, and offered by the firm at lower rates than would be possible in the case of a nursery less advantageously situated. Parties who intend planting extensively should certainly pay a visit to these nurseries if possible, and they could not do better than to place themselves wholly in the hands of such an experienced and resourceful firm as that of Messrs. James Smith & Sons, who undertake forest planting by contract or otherwise, and who form and plant pleasure and ornamental grounds on the lowest possible terms consistent with good workmanship. Reliable workmen are sent out for all work of this kind, and for remodelling gardens, levelling or making lawn-tennis courts, bowling-greens, &c., and for all branches of landscape gardening. Everything is done under the direction of experienced foremen, and the principals of the firm exercise a close personal supervision over all.

Messrs. James Smith & Sons are widely known and have a most valuable and influential connection throughout the country. They also export largely to America and Europe generally. A very numerous and efficient staff is employed, together with horses, carts, and all the requisites for conducting this very extensive business in the most systematic and satisfactory manner. The trade is both wholesale and retail and the home nurseries, which are only half a mile from Darley Dale station on the Midland Railway, are well worthy of a visit. Those who cannot personally inspect their almost unlimited resources should not fail to obtain one of the firm's catalogues, which supplies a great amount of information, and is a thoroughly comprehensive publication. Mr. A. Smith, the head of the house, personally superintends the entire working of the business, ably assisted therein by his two sons, Messrs. James and Matthew Smith. All three gentlemen likewise take a keen interest in local public affairs, and Mr. A. Smith is a member of the new District Council, a Guardian, and an Overseer, doing excellent and earnest work in each of their capacities.
Telegraphic address: “Smith, Two Dales.”

TYACK’S NEW BATH HOTEL, AND THE ROYAL HOTEL AND HYDROPATHIC BATHS,
MATLOCK BATH.
MR. T. TYACK, PROPRIETOR.

THESE celebrated establishments, both of which enjoy the favour of the most distinguished visitors to Matlock and district, are now the property
of Mr. T. Tyack, and bear witness in their superior organisation to the ability and enterprise of his management. The record of the new Bath Hotel extends over a period of more than a century. Originally a wayside inn and posting-house, the buildings were enlarged and improved from time to time until the establishment became the leading hostelry and posting-house in Matlock. It was in the hands of the Messrs. Saxton (father and son) for nearly eighty years, and subsequently Messrs. Ivatt & Jordan conducted it for a period of twenty-one years. Eighteen years ago it was acquired by Mr. Tyack, under whose administration the prestige of this fine hotel has been continuously enhanced down to the present day. The premises comprise a handsome three-storey building, which stands in its own beautifully laid-out grounds of six or seven acres, in which is to be seen a celebrated lime-tree, said to be nearly four hundred years old, and the largest of its kind in England. In the grounds there is also a well-stocked fish-pond, and spacious lawn-tennis grounds aid to the attractiveness of the place.

The house enjoys the advantage of a most picturesque situation in the midst of charming scenery. It contains upwards of sixty rooms, and has superior accommodation for between seventy and eighty guests, who have the use of perfectly- appointed dining, drawing, coffee, smoking, and billiard-rooms, in addition to their own private apartments. The cuisine and wines are unexceptionable, and the table d'hote at 6.30 daily is faultlessly served. Among the other notable features of the New Bath Hotel are the large swimming bath and hot baths, the excellent stabling and coach-houses, and the facilities for posting in all its branches. There is capital fishing, also, and from this point visitors can make delightful excursions through the far-famed “Switzerland of England,” the picturesque beauties of which are inexhaustible. The views from the hotel are charming, and there is every means of indoor amusement when desirable, the dining-room being arranged to serve for dances and concerts, and having a stage also for theatricals. Visitors should book to Matlock Bath on the main line of the Midland Railway, where an omnibus awaits each train.

For private families, invalids and tourists, the New Bath Hotel offers every inducement in the shape of high-class accommodation at reasonable charges, with a reduced tariff for the winter months; and it is a centre from which a great many places of historical and scenic interest may be easily reached, including Haddon Hall and the magnificent ducal seat of Chatsworth. There is excellent stabling for fifty or sixty horses, and daily excursions are arranged to Chatswortb, Haddon Hall, Wingfield Manor, Dovedale, Hardwick Hall, Millers Dale, Monsal Dale, and Castleton, which start from and return to the New Bath and Royal Hotels.

Mr. Tyack is also proprietor of the Royal Hotel and Hydropathic Establishment — one of the finest in the country, both in structure, situation, and general arrangements. This palatial hotel, erected at a cost of £70,000 on the site of the Old Bath Hotel, affords accommodation for a hundred and fifty guests, is sumptuously furnished, and commands the finest views of the Rock and the River Derwent, in which stream seven miles of fishing are available. The grounds in which the hotel stands are nearly eight acres in extent, and the whole place has the appearance of some princely mansion set down in the midst of a scene of surpassing natural loveliness. The hydropathic baths are perfect in their equipment and attendance, and are supplied from the celebrated thermal spring whose warm waters are a special cure for gout, rheumatism, and dyspepsia. A medical gentleman of great experience attends on the visitors frequenting the Royal and New Bath Hotels. Special arrangements are made here also for the winter months, and it may be mentioned that the winter at Matlock is mild and specially suited for invalids, while the house is well heated throughout.

There is telephonic communication between the Royal Hotel and the New Bath Hotel, and both establishments enjoy the patronage of a most valuable and influential clientele. In conjunction with Mr. Mills, Mr. Tyack has recently acquired the Rutland Arms Hotel at Bakewell, which is the property of the Duke of Rutland, and was established over a hundred years ago. It is beautifully situated at Bakewell, one of the most noted towns in Derbyshire for beauty of scenery and also as a good fishing resort. There are seven miles of fishing on the Wye, which is reserved for the Rutland Arms and the Peacock at Rowsley. The hotel is seven miles from Chatsworth and one from Haddon Hall, and is largely frequented by Americans and anglers. It is fitted throughout as a high-class family hotel with all modern conveniences. The management is highly approved, and this delightful and health-giving district is assuredly indebted to this for the splendid arrangements made to accommodate the many who come to enjoy its scenic beauties and to participate in its curative and restorative advantages.

MRS. W. E. HOWE, BOOKSELLER, STATIONER, AND MUSIC SELLER,
THE LIBRARY, MATLOCK BATH.

THE extensive business carried on under the above title was originally established about half a century ago by Messrs. Bemrose & Co., and was acquired by the late Mr. W. E. Howe some sixteen years ago, though he had been connected with the firm some twenty years previously. Subsequently the premises were rebuilt; they occupy an excellent position on the Parade, and have a splendid frontage of nearly fifteen yards. The spacious and handsome shop has two entrances and three very fine plate- glass windows, affording excellent facilities for effective display. The stock maintained is very large and comprehensive, and the various departments are replete with items of interest and novelty. New books of all kinds are adequately represented and include works on botany, geology, and mineralogy. Church literature forms a special feature in this department, this being the depot for the Bible Society. Pianos are also kept, which are let on hire on very moderate terms.

The stationery department includes a very large assortment of plain and fancy stationery, the latest novelties in notepaper and envelopes, pocket books, diaries, pens and pencils, writing desks, and letter cases, inkstands, blotters, paper weights, portfolios, menu and birthday cards, ball and concert programmes, fancy leather goods, and a host of articles too numerous for the briefest mention, all combining features of beauty, uniqueness, and utility. There is also a circulating library, well stocked with books embracing almost every department of literature, and all the daily and weekly newspapers, periodicals, and magazines are supplied.

The Fountain Baths, which are situated to the rear of the premises, are a very old institution, having been in existence for nearly one hundred years. About eleven years ago they were reconstructed; they are beautifully fitted up and appointed with all the equipments and accessories of a first-class establishment. They contain first and second-class hot baths, ditto shower and douche baths, private cold baths, tepid shower and douche baths, and the large swimming bath, which is fifty feet long by twenty-two feet wide. Swimming lessons are given by a careful and experienced teacher, and the safety and comfort of the pupils is especially considered. The temperature of the water is maintained at sixty-eight degrees Fahr. the baths are open in summer from 6.30 A.M., and the swimming bath is reserved for ladies on Tuesday and Friday from 10.30 to 1 o’clock. Ladies’ tickets, including costumes, are issued at one shilling each. The baths are supplied from the Natural Thermal Spring at an average of 600,000 gallons daily. As the water is continually flowing through the bath the dangers arising from bathing in standing water are avoided, and the water is always pure, fresh, and sparkling. The private baths can be heated to any temperature required, and during the summer months are always ready after eight o’clock A.M. The Fountain Baths are conducted under the name of Mrs. M. A. Howe, her own initials, and the business under her late husband’s name.

In connection with the establishment there is & large and well-appointed assembly-room, which is extensively used for concerts, lectures, dances, &c., and is capable of seating nearly three hundred people. The book-selling and stationery business is conducted with commendable ability, and in that true spirit of commercial enterprise which makes the interest of patrons a consideration of the very first importance. The entire establishment is a great source of pleasure, amusement, and healthful recreation to the inhabitants and visitors to the town, and it is pleasurable to make prominent mention of its many attractive features in our records of the progress and development of Matlock Bath and the district.

W. N. STATHAM, PHOTOGRAPHER,
THE STUDIO, DALE ROAD, MATLOCK BRIDGE.

THIS distinctly high-class photographic and art studio was opened some seven years ago by Mr. Statham in premises admirably adapted to the purpose. They occupy a very advantageous position in Dale Road, and comprise a spacious and well-appointed saloon or show-room, displaying beautifully finished photographic views of the lovely scenery of the neighbourhood, portraits, water-colours, crayons, and a variety of interesting items connected with the art of photography, artists' requisites, and many elegant and artistic examples of picture-frames and mounts, &c. The reception and dressing-rooms are handsomely appointed and furnished, and the mounting-room and studio are equipped with the most improved apparatus, and the atelier is fitted upon a scale of great completeness and comfort. In addition to portraiture, which is accomplished by the newest and most rapid processes, Mr. Statham has developed important specialities in landscape, architectural, and equestrian photography, also the photographing of schools, cricket and football clubs, family groups, &c., &c. Children’s photographs receive special attention. Mr. 'Statham is eminently successful in this branch of his art.

In each branch Mr. Statham has achieved an eminent reputation for the uniform artistic excellence of his work, and his portraits are characterised by a brilliancy, clearness, and pleasing vivacity that speak volumes for his executive ability and full acquaintance with every technical detail, of his art. Mr. W. N. Statham is a certificated art master, having taken honours at South Kensington; he is also a teacher under the Science and Art department at the Darley Dale Whitworth Institute and the Matlock Technical Art and Science Class. The merits of all his work combined with the strictly moderate scale of charges and the accessible position and general convenience of the well-regulated studio, have drawn to the establishment a very superior class of patronage and secured for Mr. Statham a well-merited popularity and the support and confidence of a large and valuable connection.

BELPER.

BALL & STILLMAN, TAILORS AND OUTFITTERS,
BRIDGE STREET AND KING STREET, BELPER.

IT would be difficult to find in the business annals of Belper and the district a firm that has so well maintained the confidence and patronage of the public for such a lengthened period as that of Messrs. Ball & Stillman. The business was established over thirty-five years ago by Mr. C. Ball, who conducted it alone for many years; it then became Ball & Son, and about six years ago the firm adopted the present title, the individual partners being Mr. James Ball and Mr. Tom Stillman. The Bridge Street house is also a double-fronted shop, with fine plate-glass windows, and the arrangements for the display of goods and the reception of patrons leaves nothing to be desired. Here Messrs. Ball & Stillman display a very choice selection of materials in the latest styles, suitable for making up into clerical and professional attire, half full-dress or business suits for gentlemen or their sons, liveries, hunting or riding costumes, ladies’ riding habits, ulsters, overcoats, jackets, &c. The entire stock is selected from the best sources of supply with great care and judgment and with a special view to the requirements of a high-class trade. A large staff of skilled and experienced tailors is retained, having a special knowledge of the class of work given in their charge. Perfect fit, correct and tasteful style, reliable material, and sound workmanship are studiously ensured in every item of production.

The King Street establishment, in which the outfitting business is carried on, occupies an advantageous position in this thoroughfare. The spacious and handsome double shop has a very extended frontage, the two fine plate-glass windows contain a notable display of fashionable goods, suits, overcoats, hats, caps, hosiery, ties, scarves, braces, &c., arrayed with such business-like tact as to irresistibly attract attention. Very large and fully representative stocks are held which are probably unequalled in the town for quality, style, excellence of workmanship, and good money value. Here is to be found a most exhaustive array of general outfitting goods; men’s, youths', and boys’ overcoats; stylish novelties in tweed business suits, full dress, morning and undress suits in all the favourite materials and of perfect fit and most fashionable cut; children’s and youths’ garments of every description; sailor and middy, royal tar and Spanish suits; suits suitable for school or ordinary wear; cricket, boating and football suits, hats, caps, &c. The establishments are connected by private telephone. Both the partners take an active part in the business. They are possessed of a thorough practical knowledge of all its details, and they are much respected by a wide circle of customers.

WILLIAM S. BOWLER, DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST,
BRIDGE STREET, BELPER.

PRACTICAL pharmacy in its highest phases finds an able representative in the person of Mr. William S. Bowler, who about five-and-twenty years ago acquired his present thriving business, which had previously been organised as far back as the year 1830. Mr. Bowler, it may be noted, inter alia, is a Churchwarden of Christ Church and also acts as a Trustee for the Savings Bank, also carries on a brisk business in the adjoining shop, as a dealer in paints, oils, colours, varnishes, and drysalteries; he is moreover licensed to sell cigars and tobaccos; and does a fair business as a dealer in garden and other seeds. The pharmacy, per se, consists of a spacious double-fronted shop, handsomely appointed throughout in the orthodox modern style, to hold and to effectively display a stock of goods that may be accurately described as fairly exhaustive of drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength; all the popular patent medicines; cattle condiments and veterinary remedies; choice toilet, nursery and sick-room requisites; all manner of medical and surgical appliances and chemists’ sundries; and a large series of valuable domestic remedies and chaste pharmaceutical preparations of Mr. Bowler’s own compounding, amongst which special mention may be made of the following, which have become immensely popular wherever they have been introduced “Bowler’s Baking Powder,” “Bowler's Compound Balsam of Horehound,” “Bowler’s Dandelion and Camomile Pills,” “Bowler’s Pig Powders,” “Bowler’s Pink of Perfection Perfume,” and “The Derwent Vale Bouquet.” All photographic requisites and appliances are supplied, this department being a speciality of the house. In his professional department, Mr. W. S. Bowler operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, and devotes most careful attention to the dispensing of physicians' prescriptions, by reason of which he has won the full confidence and esteem of all the local medical practitioners, and the support of a very large and widespread clientele.

W., G., & J. STRUTT, MANUFACTURERS OF KNITTING, CROCHET AND HOSIERY YARNS, SEWING COTTONS, &c.,
BELPER.

AMONG those great names whose renown is a lasting one in the annals of British industry, there is assuredly none more familiar to the public ear than that of Messrs. W. G. & J. Strutt, of Belper, a firm inseparably associated with the manufacture of yarns and sewing cottons in England, and one that has attained a position of unrivalled distinction in this important trade. For the origin of this famous house we have to go back to the time of the Georges, that remarkable period in which were sown the seeds of many commercial enterprises which have since come to a magnificent maturity. Jedediah Strutt, a South Normanton farmer, born is 1726, laid the foundation of the concern, he being a man of mechanical aptitude, and having a brother-in-law in the hosiery trade. These two facts led to a great achievement, for Jedediah Strutt, having discussed the resources of hosiery manufacture with his wife’s brother, determined to apply his inventive powers to the evolution of an apparatus that should produce something better than the plain hosiery of that time. Accordingly, he completed in 1758 his “Derby Ribbing Machine,” whereby ribbed hosiery was first produced, and which paved the way for all those improvements in the making of fancy hosiery which have since characterised the trade.

The principle of this machine also proved capable of many other applications, and the idea was prolific of important developments in various branches of the textile industries. Jedediah Strutt, having formed a partnership with one Samuel Need, commenced making hosiery with his improved machine at Derby, and that business was continued until 1805. But in 1771 a memorable event occurred in the association of Jedediah Strutt with Richard Arkwright, the inventor of the spinning frame, afterwards Sir Richard Arkwright. From this meeting may be dated one of the greatest eras in the history of cotton manufacture, for through it Arkwright’s spinning-frame was utilised for the first time, and the methods of cotton-spinning underwent a revolution. Messrs. Strutt & Need formed a partnership with Arkwright, and began cotton manufacturing, first at Nottingham, then at Cromford, and eventually at Belper and Milford, where they built new mills on an immense scale, those at Belper being commenced in 1776. The partnership was dissolved, and Jedediah Strutt became sole proprietor of the mills at Belper, Milford, and Derby, and they have ever since been carried on by his descendants, the ribbed stocking business at Derby being sold to Messrs. Paget & Byng in 1805, and all the energies of the firm concentrated in the works at Belper.

On the death of Jedediah Strutt in 1797, the firm became W. G. & J. Strutt. the three partners (William, George, and Joseph), were sons of the founder, and inherited much of his mechanical genius in addition to a vast amount of practical knowledge. These qualifications they turned to useful account, despite the fact that they were all men of great wealth. Their devotion to the affairs of the business undoubtedly did a great deal to consolidate its prosperity and bring it to its present exceptional distinction. Their consideration for their workpeople was evidenced in many arrangements for their social and general improvement, many of the firm’s employees having been connected with them for fifty years and upwards, and have their sons and grandsons in the works; and the public liberality of the partners also became manifest in numerous instances — notably in the presentation to the town of Derby, by Mr. Joseph Strutt, of the beautiful park called “the Arboretum,” so greatly admired and appreciated there. Mr. William Strutt, the eldest brother, died in 1830, and his son, Mr. Edward Strutt, had a distinguished career in Parliament, becoming a member of the Ministry, and bring eventually raised to the peerage in 1856 as Lord Belper; he died in 1880. The present acting principals are Mr. George Henry Strutt, J.P., D.L., Chairman of the Belper Local Board from its formation; Mr. George Herbert Strutt, son of the above, a Justioe of the Peace and a County Councillor; and Mr. John Hunter, A.M.I.C.E.

The mills of this world-renowned firm constitute probably the greatest seat of industrial activity in Derbyshire. They have a picturesque situation, and comprise two immense groups of buildings, remarkably lofty and commodious, one group being at Belper, the other at Milford. Both are on the banks of the Derwent, and derive their motive power from that stream. In case of failure of the water-power, however, steam is available, and we are reminded of this fact by the towering chimney stack, 212 feet high, which was erected in 1854, and which is considered the finest chimney in the county. In recent years Messrs. Strutt's mills were entirely refitted with new and improved machinery, and the general resources of the various departments were brought to a state of advancement consistent with the requirements of the firm’s world-wide trade. It would be idle to attempt a survey of these mills in a necessarily brief commercial review. So vast and complex are the operations here carried on, and so elaborate are all the arrangements existing to ensure the smooth and systematic working of the industry, that any adequate description of the place and its organisation might easily fill a good-sized volume. For our present purpose it is enough to state that nowhere else in England can one meet with a better example of an industry in which the results of a century of steady development appear to greater advantage, and in which all the resources of capital, experience, mechanical ingenuity, and favourable situation are utilised to the fullest and most profitable extent.

Messrs. Strutt’s mills at Belper and Milford form, with their attendant industrial dwellings, &c., a great manufacturing colony, the like of which is not often met with, and such a settlement of workers as this constitutes the most striking of all possible monuments to the personal energies and capabilities that have contributed to its creation. The careful attention always bestowed by the Strutt family upon the workpeople in their service is indicated in many ways both at Belper and Milford, and is confirmed in the happy and contented condition of the army of operatives employed at both groups of mills. That due regard his been paid to the education of the workers' children is evident from the existence of schools, those at Milford being still in the hands of the firm, while those at Belper have been controlled by the School Board since 1879.

All the intricate and interesting processes of yarn and cotton manufacture are carried out at the firm's mills under the most favourable conditions, and the departmental division is as perfect as experience can make it. The various mills play into each others’ hands, so to speak, with a regularity and system that betoken faultless management and supervision, and all contribute their allotted quota to an enormous output, the principal features of which are bonnet cotton, cotton cord, cotton wool, crochet cotton in hanks and balls, hosiery yarns, imitation merino yarn, jewellers’ wool, knitting yarns, Macrame twines, mendings, merinos, Milford knittings, Mountmellick embroidery cotton, and Strutt's celebrated sewing cottons, which have achieved universal favour. All the above-mentioned goods may fairly be said to enjoy a world-wide reputation, and to have a recognised position in all markets at home and abroad. Some four years ago Messrs. Strutt brought out a new idea in Macrame boards for making Macrame frames, with their twines for that purpose. The firm produce Macramé£ twines in forty-two shades, and both twines and boards, with instructions for making frames, may be obtained at all fancy repositories, and of drapers and haberdashers. One of these beautiful and artistic frames, worked by a confidential clerk in Messrs. Strutt’s employ, was sent to Her Majesty the Queen, and acknowledged through Sir H. Ponsonby. At the Crathie Church Bazaar, September, 1894, one of Messrs. Strutt’s Macrame frames was a prominent feature of the Balmoral stall.

It is interesting to note that Her Majesty the Queen visited Messrs. Strutt's mills on October 23rd, 1832, an evidence of royal favour rarely extended to even the greatest manufacturing concerns. Another notable fact may be mentioned in connection with this house, viz., that in 1784 the first shipment of cotton from America to Europe was sold to Messrs. Strutt, of Belper (Manchester Guardian, December 17, 1884, and February 24th, 1884).

Much more might be written concerning this colossal midland industry. We might refer in detail to the firm's many specialities (notably their unsurpassed sewing cottons, and their exquisite merino yarns), but space would fail us ere we had given due attention to each of these articles in turn, and, after all, our comments might seem superfluous, so well known are the goods in question to the public of this and other countries. Of the liberality of the Messrs. Strutt, past and present, and of the advantage to the district of having within its boundaries such great hives of industry as the Belper and Milford Mills, much might also be said. But these are points which hardly call for discussion. Instances of generosity on the part of the firm and of its individual members are sufficiently apparent to any one who visits Belper and looks about him with an observant eye, or holds converse with the people of the place; while the benefits that have accrued to this neighbourhood from the presence of a concern affording such large and constant employment to local labour are self-evident. In short, Messrs. Strutt's industry is best left to speak for itself, which it does with no uncertain tongue in all the markets of the world, as well as in the charming Derbyshire valley in which it has flourished for more than a hundred years. It is one of those enterprises which are the pride of Englishmen, and which proclaims with all the force of indisputable truth the native capacity of our race for excelling in the development of immense manufacturing and commercial undertakings. “Peace hath her victories, not less renowned than war,” and to the rise and growth of typical industries like this, in every quarter of our country, perhaps even more than to the most brilliant achievements of English arms on land and sea, may the wealth and stability of the British nation be attributed.

We have only to add that Messrs. W., G., & J. Strutt have warehouses at the following places, all of which facilitate the routine of their far-reaching trade:— London: 15, Manchester Avenue, E.C.; Manchester: 25, Spear Street; Belfast: 18 and 20, Rosemary Street; Bristol: 6 and, 7, St. Stephen's Street; Glasgow: 29, Montrose Street; Leeds: 67, St Paul's Street; Leicester: 7, East Street; Nottingham: Stanford Street; and depots in Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane.
Their telegraphic address is “Strutts, Belper”; and their telephone (National) is No. 501 for Belper.

W. F. HAWKINS & SON, CORN FACTORS AND SEED MERCHANTS,
BELPER

THIS business dates back in its foundation to the year 1810, and has always been in the hands of the same family. The premises occupied are situated in King Street, opposite the Railway Station, and are very extensive and commodious, comprising a large three-storey building, entirely used for warehouse and sale-room purposes; on the ground floor is a spacious double-fronted shop with offices at the rear, the arrangements throughout the entire premises are in every way complete and well adapted to the requirements of the extensive trade carried on. Messrs. Hawkins & Son carry a large and comprehensive stock of all descriptions of grain and meals. Agricultural seeds are also largely dealt in. The greatest care and attention is bestowed on the selection in this important branch of the business. The seeds are obtained from the very best sources of supply, carefully cleaned, and are always thoroughly reliable. Flour and oatmeal likewise form very important items in the trade, the best English, American, and continental brands being largely stocked. Messrs. Hawkins & Son are very extensive and judicious buyers, and their superior facilities and connections enable them to give their customers exceptional advantages. The trade, which is chiefly wholesale, is of a widespread and steadily growing character, and every facility exists for the prompt execution of orders. Mr. W. F. Hawkins is well known and highly respected in Belper, and takes a keen and active interest in all matters that affect the prosperity of the trade and commerce of Belper and the district.

GEORGE WINN & CO., COMMERCIAL PRINTERS AND HIGH-CLASS STATIONERS,
KING STREET, BELPER.

THIS extensive business presents many features of more than ordinary interest, and forms an important factor in the industrial and commercial activity of Belper. Pounded as far back as the year 1780, it is the oldest established business of the kind in the town. It was formerly carried on in the Market Place, but has recently been removed to most convenient and central premises in King Street. In these extensive alterations have been made and a new front has been put in. At the rear are the large and well-equipped printing works, fitted with costly plant and machinery of the most modern type. There are also several workshops fitted with all the necessary appliances and accessories for carrying out the various branches of industry, such as bookbinding, account-book manufacturing, paper-ruling, which is a speciality with the firm, also picture-frame making, &c. Mr. George Winn has evidently spared neither pains nor expense in making this one of the most complete and perfectly equipped establishments in the district, thus enabling him to execute orders on the shortest notice and at most advantageous prices. Die-sinking, relief-stamping, and engraving are also executed. Mr. George Winn being a thoroughly practical man himself, employs only men of well-tried experience, and gives his personal supervision to every branch of the business. In the shop can always be seen a splendid stock of plain and fancy stationery, beautifully-bound books, albums, inkstands, birthday and other cards, as well as a choice selection of fancy goods, all combining in some degree features of beauty, uniqueness, and utility. This is also the depot for the Bible Society, and the firm publish the Belper Household Almanac, now in its eighth year, which contains much useful and interesting information. Mr. Winn enjoys more than a local reputation as a printer, for he is able to turn out the highest class of plain and artistic letterpress work, quite equal in [style, execution, and price to the best London or provincial houses. Attention is also given to the wholesale paper trade, in which direction marked success has been achieved. Mr. George Winn came to the business some years ago, first as manager, and now he has acquired the sole proprietorship he conducts the business in all its branches with marked ability. The general trade is of a rapidly-growing character and customers at a distance may enter into business relations with this well-known and old- established firm with the full assurance of receiving not only just and liberal treatment, but also of finding many and manifest advantages in their terms and prices.

W. REASON, LION HOTEL,
BELPER

THE nineteenth century has been remarkable for many important changes in our social life, and none perhaps is more marked and characteristic than that which has taken place in the transformation of our old-fashioned yet comfortable inns and hostelries of the early part of the century into the sumptuous and palatial hotels and caravanserais of to-day. From earliest times Belper has been celebrated for open-handed hospitality extended to strangers and travellers from all countries, and among her many hostelries where could be found “good entertainment for man and beast” the “Lion” has for the last one hundred years held a most prominent position, and is the oldest licensed house in Belper. It is a very substantial and conspicuous structure of three storeys, and has extensive stabling accommodation at the rear. In addition to a large number of lofty and comfortable bedrooms, the hotel contains commercial and coffee-rooms, dining and drawing-rooms, smoke-room, billiard-room, bath-rooms and lavatories, several suites of private apartments, and large and commodious stock-rooms, which are greatly appreciated by commercial gentlemen visiting Belper. On the ground floor is a handsomely appointed bar, where wines, spirits, ale, beer and cigars, &c., of the finest brands, can always be obtained. The hotel throughout is furnished in a very superior style, and the arrangements are in every way perfect; at every turn are to be seen evidences of the manner in which the proprietor endeavours to combine for the advantage of his patrons the luxury of a first-class hotel with the comfort and homeliness which have justly become characteristic of well-regulated English inns. Comfort, convenience, good cooking, perfect and courteous attendance, excellent wines and first-class management, are the salient features of the Lion Hotel. All these advantages, joined to the ever-important consideration of a carefully regulated and perfectly satisfactory tariff, contribute to make the house one of the most desirable and best patronised hotels in the town and district. Mr. W. Reason, the proprietor, possesses the advantage of great experience; he is an enterprising man of business, and by his genial courtesy and considerate attention to the comfort of his guests has secured the confidence and support of a very extensive patronage.

NEW MILLS.

ALSOP & CLAYTON, GENERAL PAINTERS AND DECORATORS, PAPERHANGERS, GRAINERS, GILDERS, SIGN-WRITERS, &c.,
MARKET STREET, NEW MILLS.

A PROMINENT and leading business in New Mills is that controlled by Messrs. Alsop & Clayton, the well-known general painters and decorators, paperhangers, &c., of Market Street. The firm originally commenced operations seven years ago in Rock Street, but as the transactions engaged in soon became too large for the accommodation, a removal was made to the present more convenient quarters. They are situated in the principal business thoroughfare, and comprise a large double-fronted shop, with fine plate-glass windows, in which an attractively arranged display is made of painters' and decorators' requisites. The interior is ample in size, und has been well fitted-up. The workshops are on the opposite side of the road, and there employment is found for a numerous staff of operatives. The partners are thoroughly expert and practical men, and they give their whole time to the business in its entirety, and the energy they show in everything they undertake has resulted in the establishment of a large and substantial trade. They can always be relied upon to carry out all orders placed in their hands in a manner that never fails to give the utmost satisfaction. Every description of painting, whether interior or exterior, receives the best possible attention, and in this department the house holds a specially good name for the uniformly high character of its work, and the moderate scale of charges.

In the higher walks of the trade, Messrs. Alsop & Clayton have no successful rivals in this district, and some of the best class of decorative work has been entrusted to them with the best possible results. As grainers, gilders, and sign-writers, they possess every facility for turning out the most desirable work at the lowest prices. Extensive stocks are held, which have been selected with great care and a thorough knowledge of the requirements of the trade. Foremost among these supplies are paperhangings, than which a finer selection could not be found hereabouts, comprising as it does the best productions of the leading English and French makers in all the latest and most artistic styles. There are also ample stocks of paints and colours, varnishes, enamels, glass of various kinds, brushes, oils, &c. The firm are the sole local agents for the Glacier Window Decorations, and for the “Castle Brand” and “Casson's” well-known furniture stains and polish. Based upon thoroughly good work, the house enjoys a widespread and valuable connection, which is every year being increased in extent and worth. Estimates are given, and contracts entered into for every kind of work connected with the trade, and the prompt execution of orders is made a feature of the management. The individual partners are Mr. James A hop and Mr. Ralph Clayton, both gentlemen of good standing in the trading circles of the district, and wherever known are held in the highest respect for their sterling business ability, their enterprise, and the straightforward methods that mark all their dealings.

W. BRAYNE, DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST, DRUGGIST AND DRYSALTER,
MARKET STREET, NEW MILLS.

THE extensive business carried on by Mr. T. W. Brayne was established as far back as the year 1820, by Mr. Brayne's father-in-law, who was succeeded by his son, the present proprietor coming into possession some twelve years ago. The premises occupy an excellent position in Market Street; they comprise a spacious and handsome shop, having a very fine plate-glass frontage displaying a choice selection of high-class goods. The interior is fitted up in a very superior style, with elegant yet substantial counters, show-cases, and other appropriate appointments. Mr. Brayne has also extensive warehouse accommodation in which he holds a large stock of paints, varnishes, oils, brushes and drysalters. The shop is well and completely stocked with a fine selection of pure drugs and chemicals, patent medicines and proprietary articles, surgical appliances of all kinds, hospital, sick room and nursery requisites, deodorizers, disinfectants, and a choice assortment of perfumery, fancy soaps, brushes, sponges and other toilet requirements. Mr. Brayne has most successfully developed several notable specialities, prominent among which are “Brayne’s Tic and Neuralgic Mixture,” “Brayne's Teething Powders,” “Brayne’s Extract of Malt and Cod-liver Oil,” “Brayne's Stomach Mixture,” “Brayne’s Iron and Quinine Tonic,” “Brayne's Anti-spasmodic Mixture,” “Brayne's Blood Purifying Mixture,” “Brayne's Effervescent Saline,” or “Grape Salt,” and “Brayne’s Celebrated Wild Cherry Elixir.” This is one of the most valuable and reliable remedies known for coughs, recent or of long standing, colds, hoarseness, loss of voice, pain or tightness at the chest, whooping cough, difficult breathing, asthma, influenza, spitting of blood, incipient consumption and bronchitis. The very gratifying success which has attended the administration of this remedy hitherto, enables the proprietor to urge its claims with confidence, and to endeavour to give its merits wider publicity.

The admirable equipment of the dispensing department affords excellent facilities for the rapid and accurate compounding of physicians' prescriptions and family recipes. The best drugs and medicines only are used, and the most approved methods of combination and manipulation adopted. Mr. J. W. Brayne is a practical and experienced chemist, allowed on all hands to be an accomplished master of his profession, and the care he devotes to the accurate and intelligent preparation of prescriptions is most commendable. He is not only a thoroughly reliable chemist to consult in all cases of necessity, but is also very widely respected and esteemed by a large and increasing circle of customers and friends for the just and equitable manner in which both his public and private transactions are invariably conducted.

MESSRS. J. & E. DALTON & CO., LIMITED, ALBION EMERY MILLS,
NEW MILLS, NEAR STOCKPORT.

THIS is one of the most extensive and important industrial concerns in the vicinity of New Mills, and its history dates from the year 1848, when it was founded by Messrs. J. and E. Dalton. In January, 1893, the business was converted into a limited liability company, with Mr. John Dalton ns Chairman and Managing Director, and Mr. Thomas Stafford as Secretary, the registered offices being at the works. These are situated in Albion Road, New Town, and rank among the largest emery works in the Kingdom. They comprise a four-storey block of buildings, lofty and commodious, and occupying an advantageous site on the canal bank, in close proximity to the London and North-Western Railway station. The entire building is devoted to the industry, and is admirably arranged and equipped for the several departments of the same, every facility existing for the rapid production of goods under conditions favourable to the best results in quality.

The Company's specialities are numerous, and embrace everything pertaining to the emery trade, the leading products being emery cloth, emery paper, tough and flexible cabinet glass paper (made expressly for the cabinet-making, carpentering, pianoforte, French polishing, and wood-turning trades), extra flexible glass paper for boot and shoe-makers, glass cloth, knife polish, Bolton polish, ground glass, pouncing paper, corn, emery, &c. The firm are also large merchants in glue, and are agents for the best home and foreign glues. They have a high reputation for all their emery manufactures and glass papers, and not only do they send these to all parts of the United Kingdom (their travellers visiting every district), but also export them to practically every quarter of the globe, their goods being as favourably known in the foreign and colonial markets as they are at home. Handsome sample cases are made up, showing powdered emery in all the various grades, and sample books of emery cloth, emery paper, and glass paper are also prepared.

The firm’s knife-polish is a very successful article, in great demand, and their pouncing-paper for hat manufacturers, &c., is highly esteemed. All the affairs of this extensive concern are ably administered by Mr. Dalton and his efficient executive staff, and, after a career of nearly half a century, the business may fairly be said to enjoy greater prosperity to-day than at any time in the past, its present resources enabling it to cope with the demands of an immense trade in a thoroughly satisfactory manner, and at the same time to maintain the high standard of quality that has always characterised its products.
Telegraphic address “Dalton, New Mills.” Samples free on application.

GLOUCESTER

THIS ancient western city has a history dating back into very dim ages of antiquity. Indeed, there are few older towns in Britain. Called by the early Britons Caer Gloui, Gloucester was taken by the Romans about the year 45 A.D., and was evidently rebuilt by them on their customary cruciform street plan, as the intersection of the main thoroughfares indicates. Towards the close of the sixth century the West Saxons acquired the city, which they called Gleauanceaster. Here a nunnery was founded in 681, which developed into a monastery in 821, and eventually, two centuries later, became a great Benedictine abbey. Henry VIII. suppressed that institution when he dissolved the monasteries all over the Kingdom, and in 1541 the huge Benedictine church became the cathedral of the now episcopal see of Gloucester. That see has been ruled by not a few notable prelates, including Hooper the martyr, Goodman, Warburton, and Dr. Ellicott, the present bishop. The Cathedral of Gloucester, justly admired as one of our noblest ecclesiastical edifices, was built between the years 1088 and 1498, and underwent very skilful restoration some years since under the supervision of Sir G. Gilbert Scott. Though the chapter-house, the crypt, the interior of the nave, and other parts are Norman, the structure presents some very fine examples of the Perpendicular style, and has a strikingly handsome central tower, rising with its elegant pinnacles to a height of two hundred and twenty-five feet. the grand east window, said to be the largest in England, contains some beautiful fourteenth century stained glass; and the cloisters have incomparable fan-vaulting. In the cathedral there are some notable sculptures, and the superb canopied shrine of Edward II., who was murdered in Berkeley Keep, not many miles away.

Gloucester has had a very eventful history, which space will not allow us to recapitulate. It may be said, however, that Henry III. incorporated the city, and that Edward I. held a Parliament here in 1278, at which were enacted the “statutes of Gloucester.” The fortifications of the city, consisting of a strong wall, were erected by Henry III., and remained until 1660, when Charles II. ordered their demolition as a punishment for the resistance offered by the citizens to Charles I. when the royalists besieged the place in August and September, 1643. Gloucester has very frequently been visited by royalty, from as early a period as that of William the Conqueror down to the present reign. Among the city’s sons who have distinguished themselves, and made their names memorable, may be mentioned Robert of Gloucester, the thirteenth century chronicler; John Taylor, the London waterman and voluminous versifier, who styled himself the “King’s Majesty’s Water Poet” (1650); and Robert Raikes, the founder of Sunday Schools, who is commemorated by a statue in the city.

Pleasantly situated on the loft bank of the Severn, at a point where that river becomes tidal, the parliamentary and county borough of Gloucester, with its forty thousand inhabitants, and its varied commercial aspect, is one of the busiest and most interesting communities in this part of the Kingdom. Among the many notable buildings, institutions, &c., which attract attention (the great cathedral and the numerous churches and chapels of course heading the list) may be mentioned the Tolsey or Guildhall, the Shire Hall, the Assembly Booms, the County Museum, the Corn Exchange, the Price Memorial Hall, the Infirmary and hospitals, the County Lunatic Asylum, the Episcopal Palace, the Schools of Science and Art, the King’s School, Crypt Grammar School, Theological College, clubs, markets, and not a few important charitable foundations. The city also has a public park and baths and a chalybeate spa. Gloucester is governed by a mayor, nine aldermen, and twenty-seven councillors, and returns one member to Parliament. The Gloucester and Berkeley Canal forms a waterway to Sharpness for vessels up to six hundred tons, and the commerce of the port in corn, timber, and other merchandise is large and increasing. Pins, once a speciality of the place, are still made by one firm, and the other local industries include the manufacture of chemicals, matches, soap, railway plant, engines, boilers and machinery, mineral waters, marble and sculptures, slate goods, &c. There are also breweries, shipyards, and some large ironfounding and engineering works.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

MR. W. WIBBY, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN TIMBER MERCHANT,
ALBION STEAM SAWING MILLS, BRISTOL ROAD, GLOUCESTER.

THE high reputation which Gloucester has acquired as a leading centre for the importation, partial or complete manufacture, and wholesale distribution of valuable timber, has been very considerably enhanced by the magnitude and importance of Mr. W. Wibby's industrial and commercial operations. The flourishing business which he controls has a record of a quarter of a century, in a locality well known in connection with several timber and engineering firms. His premises are known as the Albion Steam Sawing, Planing, Moulding, Joinery, and Turnery Works, a title which sufficiently conveys an idea of the comprehensive scope of Mr. Wibby’s business, while the large area which the yards and works cover give some notion of the extent of his operations. These impressions will be strengthened by a study of the “Joinery” and other “Lists” which the proprietor periodically issues, setting forth the character of his manufactured productions. The premises are most conveniently situated on the Bristol road, and cover an area of about four acres. They comprise a two-storeyed building utilised aa general and private offices, which are furnished with telephonic communication and every other requisite for the rapid despatch of clerical work, the telephone number being 118. There are also sawing, planing, moulding, joinery, and turnery works, with large surrounding yards well stocked with all kinds of English and foreign timber. The equipment of the industrial department is so complete as to represent the latest practical applications of mechanical engineering science to the saving of labour and the perfecting of results in the processes of wood-working. The working plant includes circular, vertical, and band saws, together with all the other requisite mechanical appliances which matured experience could suggest, and which a judicious and liberal expenditure of capital could command, the whole of the machinery being driven by a powerful steam-engine of most recent and approved construction. In the yards, too, the timber is moved by the aid of lifts and cranes running overhead on rails.

As a result of the excellence of the machinery, such important economies are effected in the working expenses that Mr. Wibby is in a position to hold his own with ease in competition with any other firm in the United Kingdom engaged is the production of goods similar to his own specialities. These consist in high-class joinery, moulding, turning, &c. He is a manufacturer of barrows, and all kinds of railway contractors' plant. He holds a large stock of oak gates and posts, which latter can be delivered, immediately on receipt of the order. Mr. Wibby gives regular employment to a large staff of highly skilled workmen, including several expert specialists as heads of departments. Numerous horses and waggons, too, are kept for the conveyance of materials and of manufactured goods. The specialities which Mr. Wibby produces are well known and are highly appreciated in the markets, where they are always steadily in demand. the proprietor also controls a considerable amount of business as a timber merchant, always holding heavy and valuable stocks of thoroughly matured oak, elm, walnut, mahogany, and other timber in planks and board. Mr. Wibby is endowed with a large degree of organising and administrative ability, and he maintains the high reputation which he has created by an assiduous personal supervision of all the working details of his extensive business.

W. D. WEBB, ENGINEER AND MACHINIST,
WESTGATE IRON WORKS, GLOUCESTER.

For many years this extensive business has held a prominent place among the representative industrial concerns of Gloucester, its record dating back as far as the year 1838. The former title of T. Webb & Son has now been changed to the one which heads our sketch, Mr. W. D. Webb being the present sole proprietor. Mr. Webb’s works occupy an advantageous site, and cover a considerable area of ground on the bank of the river Severn. They are well laid out and conveniently arranged for the purposes of the comprehensive engineering industry here carried on, and every process is facilitated by labour-saving plant of the best modern type. A numerous staff is employed, and the proprietor personally supervises the entire establishment. Mr. Webb manufactures all requirements for the transmission of power, including shafting, collars, couplings, plummer blocks, wall boxes, American swivel bearings, hangers, brackets, &c., and he has especially identified his name with improvements in pulleys. His “Standard” Wrought Iron Split Pulleys area speciality of the greatest value and importance, and are justly regarded as a pulley adapted for every requirement. Tens of thousands of them are in use at home and abroad, and for simplicity, rigidity, ease of fixing, cheapness, lightness, strength, durability, and quick delivery, they are unsurpassed. They are made is all sizes from twelve inches to twenty feet diameter, rounded or flat on face, and with single, double, or triple rows of arms. At many shows and exhibitions they have been immensely successful, and that influential and authorative journal, ‘The Engineer,’ has pronounced them "a model of what a pulley ought to be.” Besides making vast quantities of these excellent pulleys, and turning out all the accessories of power transmission upon an equally large scale, his works present an example of splendid organisation, and enable him to carry on a large business with smoothness and system, and to execute orders in the most expeditious manner, whether it be for pulleys or for any kind of engineer's and steam user’s work in iron, brass or steel. The business is conducted with marked ability and energy, and presents many evidences of its proprietor's practical skill and broad experience. Besides doing a very large home trade, Mr. Webb exports to all parts of the world, and his “Standard” pulleys may truly be said to enjoy a universal renown.
Telegraphic address: “Webb, Engineer, Gloucester.” Telephone No., 85.

GEORGE CUMMINGS, MALTSTER AND HOP MERCHANT,
SPA MALTINGS, GLOUCESTER.

This business is one of the largest and oldest-established concerns in the hop and malt trades at Gloucester, and has its headquarters at the Spa Maltings, situated near Christ Church. The premises comprise offices, with large maltings and hop stores. They are equipped in a thoroughly effective manner, the machinery and general appliances in use being all of a kind calculated to promote the smooth working of the industry, and ensure the best results in quality of product. Mr. Cummings has a high reputation for his malt, which is prepared from the finest and most carefully selected barley, and the demand for it is large and continuous. The greatest care is bestowed upon this department of the business. He also does a large trade as a hop merchant, and in his stores he holds constantly as choice a selection of Worcestershire and Kentish hops as can be met with. For these also there is a constant demand in the trade, and Mr. Cummings numbers many prominent firms among his regular customers, both for malt and hops. His business is a thoroughly representative one in its line, personally conducted. Mr. Cummings is also agent here for the West of England Fire and Life Insurance Company, a well reputed and substantial office, and is thus in a position to quote favourable rates for the issue of policies in the two principal departments of insurance business.

THE GLOUCESTER PIN MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
THE QUAY, GLOUCESTER.

Probably the first introduction of brass pins into England took place in the year 1540, and it is generally believed that these useful articles of the toilet were made known to the ladies of the English court by Catherine Howard, one of the consorts of Henry VIII. Stow tells us that pins ware first made in this country in 1543; and it is pretty well known that Gloucester became, in time, a very important seat of the pin trade. Eventually, however, the industry migrated to Birmingham, where it attained enormous dimensions. Nevertheless, Gloucester can again boast of having a notable pin factory, the only one of the kind now in the city, and controlled by the Gloucester Pin Manufacturing Company. This concern, though as yet it is only in its infancy, is rapidly increasing, and bids fair to restore, in a measure, the prestige of an ancient local industry. It was started in 1892, on the site of an old pin manufactory of long ago, and the business is in the hands of three proprietors, of whom Mr. T. Jarrett is the managing partner. In the factory employment is given, at present, to about forty hands; but, as we have already said, the business is rapidly growing, and Mr. Jarrett hopes, in the course of the next twelve months, to have a staff of at least one hundred operatives at work. The premises are well situated at the Quay, and are admirably organised for the purposes of the industry, being conveniently laid out and fully equipped with machinery of the newest and most effective type for the modern processes of pin-making. Everything is systematically done, from the cutting of the wire to the sharpening and polishing of the pins; and a high standard of quality and finish is carefully maintained, whereby the Company’s goods have become very favourably known in the market. The plant is driven by a fine gas-engine; and new machinery is being constantly added, thus increasing the resources of the establishment from week to week. We were very favourably impressed by the organisation and equipment of these works, which speak well for the practical ability and enterprise of the principals. It is contemplated making solid head pins, hooks and eyes, safety pins, curtain hooks, and ball-pointed hair-pins; the latter is a patent of recent date, and the Company await the patentee’s license for authority to manufacture, which they have every reason to believe will be granted them. They are certainly a very excellent invention, and have quickly been recognised as such. The Gloucester Pin Manufacturing Company supply the wholesale trade throughout the United Kingdom, and have a London establishment at 36 and 37, Monkwell Street, E C. They also export to Australia and other parts of the world. The whole business is personally directed by Messrs. Jarrett & Hill, whose sound practical knowledge of the trade is manifested in every detail of their administrative method.
Telegraphic address, “Pin, Gloucester.”

GARDINER BROTHERS, TANNER8, CURRIERS, AND LEATHER MERCHANTS,
1, ALVIN STREET, GLOUCESTER.

ONE of the oldest and largest leather businesses in Gloucester is conducted by the above-named firm, whose history dates back over a period of twenty-five years, though the business itself was founded originally upwards of half a century ago. Messrs. Gardiner Brothers have convenient warehouses and offices at No. 1, Alvin Street, Gloucester, and their tannery is situated at Evesham, about twenty-four miles from this city. The tannery is admirably equipped, possessing every facility for output of superior oak-bark tanned goods; and at the Gloucester ware-house the firm hold a large stock of its highly esteemed productions, which are all prepared by the unrivalled old English process of oak-bark tanning, whereby leathers of the moat perfect quality and durability are obtained. Messrs. Gardiner Brothers' leathers (which are also of their own currying) are second to none for uniform excellence and reliability, and are always in demand — a fact attested by the heavy stock constantly kept in readiness at Gloucester for the prompt execution of orders. At the Gloucester establishment the firm also have a staff of hands engaged is belt making and boot-upper manufacturing, these being important items in their trade. Boot uppers, and sole leathers of the finest and soundest quality for the best class of boot and shoe work, may be termed the lending specialities of this house. As general leather merchants they necessarily handle a great variety of goods, and besides supplying the requirements of the boot and harness making trades as far as all kinds of leathers are concerned, they furnish tools, grindery, and other requisites for these crafts. Messrs. Gardiner Brothers have a widespread and influential connection, and send their goods to all parts of the country.
The business is personally managed, and is one of the most substantial and esteemed concerns of the kind in the South Midlands.
National telephone No. 105.

HARRY G. BRANCH, BREWER AND HIGH-CLASS MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURER,
CROWN BREWERY, GLOUCESTER.

THE old and well-known Crown Brewery at Gloucester was formerly occupied and conducted for a long period by the firm of Messrs. Gardner & Branch. It is now in the sole possession of Mr. Harry G. Branch, the surviving partner of that firm, and under his able and vigorous management its position is fully maintained as one of the leading local concerns in the trade. The brewery stands in St. Mary’s Street, Westgate Street, and is doubtless the largest in the city. It has its own extensive malt-houses, cellars, and other appurtenances, and is fully equipped with a valuable modern plant. Every operation is carried out on the premises, from the grinding of the malt to the casking of the beer, and the whole industry struck us as being conducted under exceedingly favourable conditions — which, indeed, the results obtained amply testify. The beers produced at the Crown Brewery are of a high standard of excellence, owing to the purity and selected quality of the ingredients used in their manufacture; and Mr. Branch is justly noted for his fine bitter and mild ales, and his double stout and porter. The strictest attention is paid to cleanliness in every department, and the brewery impressed us strongly with a sense of its perfect organisation. Adjoining the brewery is an admirably equipped factory in which Mr. Branoh carries on the manufacture of high-class mineral waters according to the most advanced and approved principles of the trade. His aromatic ginger ale, lemonade, and soda, seltzer, lithia, and potass waters are ideal beverages, delicate in favour and of absolute purity, being prepared with the greatest care and skill. For all these beverages — and particularly for the excellent aromatic ginger ale — there is a large demand, clearly attesting public approval. Besides supplying his own beers to the trade and the public, Mr. Branch supplies bottled ales and stouts of other noted brewers. All goods are sent out in perfect condition, and the house enjoys the support and confidence of a widespread and valuable connection throughout the West Midlands.

GEORGE SYMONDS, JOB, CAB, AND FUNERAL-CARRIAGE MASTER,
COLLEGE MEWS, GLOUCESTER.

THE leading job-master in Gloucester is Mr. George Symonds, and the College Mews, of which he is the proprietor, have been in existence for over a century, and were famous in the old posting days when they formed the starting for “Heath's” popular coaches. They are, indeed, the oldest mews in Gloucester, and all their best traditions are fully maintained by the present proprietor, who, at the same time, keeps all the appointments of the establishment up to the highest modern standard. In point of extent the College Mews have no approach to an equal in the city, the premises covering in all an area of more than an acre. For the purposes of Mr. Symond’s business, they are admirably situated in the centre of the city to the back of Northgate Street. The spacious and well-arranged offices, which are admirably appointed, are thoroughly furnished with telephonic communication and every other requisite appliance. The telephone number is 56. The harness-rooms and coach and carriage houses are so complete in their equipment as to form models of their respective classes, and there is for hire a practically unlimited choice of landaus, broughams, hansoms, omnibuses, &c., with well-appointed brakes for pleasure parties. In another department are several hearses and mourning coaches, both in black and in accordance with the “Reformed” style, which also regulates the tariff of funeral charges. In the stables are large numbers of horses suitable for all classes of work, including splendid black steeds for funerals and grey ones for weddings. Mr. Symonds, who manifests his enlightened enterprise in many ways, runs delightful pleasure trips throughout the season, and controls the only coach service now existing in Gloucester — his smart coach running from Gloucester to Hucclecote and back. He employs a large staff of experienced hands, and his own genial urbanity has made him deservedly popular. He holds the Government contract for removing prisoners from Gloucester County Gaol to the railway station and the Assise Courts. Mr. Symonds is also locally well known as the worthy host of the King’s Arms.

CUMMINGS, SON & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SADDLERS, HARNESS AND HORSE CLOTH MANUFACTURERS,
89, SOUTHGATE STREET, AND 1, 3, & 5, BELL LANE, GLOUCESTER.

THE saddlery and harness manufacturing industry is represented on the largest scale, so far as Gloucester is concerned, in the admirably equipped establishment of which Messrs. Cummings, Son & Co. are the proprietors. Their business is also the oldest of its class in the city, having been established so far back as 1813, and it has ever since constituted one of the leading factors in the industrial resources of the district. The premises occupy a commanding corner position. They are three storeys in height and extend for a considerable distance in Bell Lane, where they include three blocks of building, numbered 1, 2, and 3. The ample show window in Southgate Street always forms a point of attraction with its exhibits of samples of the firm’s manufacture, many of which are remarkable for the artistic beauty of their design and finish. the interior is very commodious, and the ground floors of the several buildings are utilised as work-rooms, all of them large and well-ventilated, where a staff of skilled workmen, including several expert specialists, is permanently employed in the production of collars, saddles, and all varieties of harness, as well as horse clothing. It is impossible, within the limits of this necessarily brief notice, to convey an adequato idea of the ample resources which are possessed by Messrs. Cummings, Son & Co. Some notion of their extent may be gained from the study of the “Catalogue of Saddlery, Harness, Horse Clothing, Military Equipments, and Indian and Colonial Outfits,” which is periodically issued by the firm. In their work-shops they have every facility for the production of all sorts of harness for vehicles of every description, and for agricultural purposes. They have gained a specially high reputation for the invariable excellence of their saddles, for ladies as well as for gentlemen, and for colonial as well as home use. In the well-appointed show-rooms there is every accommodation for the effective display and the careful inspection of all descriptions of goods, the supply of which naturally comes within the scope of the firm’s business. Here are to be found, in practically endless variety, all sorts of bits, spurs, and other lorimery goods, together with whips, gig and mackintosh driving aprons, horse rugs, patent leather gaiters, horse clothing of every description, and all requisites for the stable in the form of brushes, sponges, combs, etc.

Messrs. Cummings, Son & Co., by the invariable excellence of the goods which they manufacture, have gained the unreserved confidence and the steady support of many of the most distinguished and influential residents in Gloucestershire and the adjacent counties. The principals, who are laudably proud of the old-established reputation of the house, successfully strive to maintain and extend it by the assiduous supervision of all the details of the industrial and commercial operations. The business which they now control is very extensive both in its wholesale and retail departments. We may here remark that Messrs. Cummings, Son & Co., have retail branches at Stonehouse and Newnham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire. Amongst the firm’s largest wholesale customers, the Dutch Government have occupied a prominent position, while their connections, in regard to retail business, extend all over the world. They are accustomed to execute very frequent orders from India and China, Mexico, the River Plate, and the Pacific Coast of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand, and the Cape, Natal, and other parts of South Africa, especially for military officers quartered in these distant places, who have been customers of the firm at home. Messrs. Cummings, Son & Co. also control a large amount of important business as contractors to the police and volunteer forces, in regard to the supply of belts, cloaks, and other leather and waterproof goods.

MESSRS. W. RENWICK & CO, TAILORS AND DRAPERS,
12, 13, 14, 15, 17, OXFORD STREET, GLOUCESTER.

The business now carried on by the noted firm named above has been devoted to commercial purposes for upwards of a hundred years. First a Mr. Good opened the establishment as a tea merchant, and conducted a large business. He was followed by Mr. David Little, who added a drapery department; and in 1817 came Mr. Hastie, who continued the drapery business only. Mr. W. Renwick succeeded Mr. Hastie, and his business has become by far the largest concern of its kind in Gloucester. The premises take np a large portion of Oxford Street, and comprise offices, show and sale-rooms and work-rooms, the latter being on the opposite side of the street. An idea of the magnitude of the business may be obtained from the fact that no less than one hundred hands are employed as tailors, cutters, clerks, and assistants, and the firm have as many as fifteen travellers in their service. Throughout the establishment the appointments are excellent, and the general organisation of the business is most complete in every particular.

Very large stocks are held, and the firm are celebrated as drapers, hosiers, and tailors. Their assortment of tailoring fabrics is a very fine one, embracing the newest patterns, shades, and textures in West of England cloths, Scotch tweeds, and all other reliable goods now in fashion. The hosiery department is also replete with the latest and best productions of the leading markets, and the drapery stock is thoroughly comprehensive, including among its specialities novelties in dress fabrics, jacket cloths, underclothing, &c., and large and varied selections of table and household linen, calico, sheetings, blankets, carpets, mattings, linoleums, and all other goods generally found in a large modern drapery emporium. Altogether an immense trade is carried on, chiefly retail, and the house is favourably known for the excellent quality of everything it supplies. Its connection is widespread and influential in Gloucester and suburbs, and there is a successful branch at 1, Queen Anne's Buildings, Farringdon Street, New Swindon. The business is personally conducted by Mr. Renwick with marked ability and enterprise, and the stock is invariably replenished from the best sources of supply, with which constant communication is maintained. Mr. Renwick, besides being a member of the Gloucester Corporation, is also agent for the Bradbury Sewing Machine Company; for P. & P. Campbell, the noted dyers and cleaners, of Perth; for the Sickness and Accident Assurance Association, Limited; and for the Scottish Widows’ Fund Life Assurance Society. He is personally well known and much respected in the trade with which he is associated, and is President of the Bristol, West of England, and South Wales Credit Drapers' Protective Association, which has over seven hundred members.
Messrs. Renwick have telephone communication, their number on the Gloucester telephone exchanges being 63.

HOLLOWAY, SON & CO., WHOLESALE BOOT FACTORS, LEATHER AND CLOSED UPPER MERCHANTS,
AND DRIVING BAND MANUFACTURERS,
KING STREET, GLOUCESTER.

The leather trade, both in its industrial and its commercial departments, finds its principal representative, so far as concerns Gloucester, in the admirably organised business which is conducted by Messrs. Holloway, Son & Co., as wholesale boot factors, leather and closed upper merchants, and driving band manufacturers. The place of honour which is thus filled by the firm, is most worthily occupied by them. Their record, which extends back for twenty-one years, has been one of steady and substantial progress; and, in 1894, their business was found to be increasing so rapidly that it was deemed to be advisable to rebuild the premises for the purpose of gaining the larger accommodation demanded by the circumstances. The establishment, which now forms a model of its class, stands three storeys high, and has an attractive frontage. The ample show windows, being near to Eastgate Street, form points of never-failing interest with their fine display of samples of the special classes of goods in which the firm are concerned, either as manufacturers or merchants. These include sole leather, boot uppers, leggings, gloves for driving, for harvesting and for hedging, dress baskets, and Brighton, Gladstone, and brief bags, with trunks of all sizes and descriptions, straps of all kinds, &c. The well-appointed interior is very spacious, and includes three large showrooms, lofty and well-lighted and filled to overflowing with stock, and a suite of offices. To the rear are the industrial departments, which are equipped with everything necessary to facilitate the processes of producing the specialities that have made the reputation of the house.

The firm are manufacturers of boot uppers, and they have gained a particularly high reputation for the excellent quality of the driving bands which they produce, and which are in use in many of the largest factories all over Gloucestershire. These bands are made by highly skilled workmen, from the best selected bark tanned butts. The establishment of Messrs. Holloway, Son & Co. is practically the only one in the Gloucester district which supplies ready-made boots to retail dealers; and so large is the connection of the firm, in regard to this department of their business, that over three tons of these goods leave their premises every week. These are sent all over the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, Worcester, Salop, Oxford, Berks, Wilts, and Monmouth. Every class of light and heavy boot upper is supplied to boot and shoe makers throughout a wide area. The hob-nailed boots produced by Messrs. Holloway, Son & Co. are regarded in the trade as unequalled, and the firm are also both wholesale and retail dealers in all kinds of leather, of which they always hold an immense stock.

MESSRS. JOHNS & SON, ROPE AND CANVAS MERCHANTS, SHIP CHANDLERS, AND SAIL MAKERS,
COMMERCIAL ROAD, GLOUCESTER.

THE fact that, notwithstanding her inland position, the City of Gloucester is possessed of very material interests as a seaport, is emphasised by the magnitude of the operations of Messrs. Johns & Son, as ship chandlers. In the conduct of their business, which is the most extensive of its class in the city, the Messrs. Johns have been engaged for the last twenty-six years; and they are also manufacturers, upon a very large scale, of sails, and kindred classes of goods. The position of eminence which the firm have achieved in the business in which they are engaged, is the result of the sound technical knowledge of its details which is possessed by the principals, combined with their exceptional commercial aptitude. Their premises, which have of late been considerably enlarged by means of the addition of a warehouse, occupy a commanding position in Commercial Road, and extend at the rear to the docks. They comprise a commodious building four storeys in height, and have a fine frontage on the ground floor of plate-glass. The show-window with its exhibits of the various classes of goods which the firm supply is, at all times, a point of special interest to all who are concerned in mercantile marine business. The roomy interior is conveniently fitted-up; and at the rear there is a well-appointed office, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. Here are held large stocks of ropes, flags, canvas, sails, rick-cloths, tents, roofing-felt, waggon and cart covers, railway sheets, van and cart tilts, sacks and bags. The premises include a range of show-rooms and sail stores; one room being reserved for the warehousing of canvas. Here, too, are stored all sorts and sizes of tents and marquees, which are offered either for sale or for hire, with waterproof covers, which are made to order, and to any size. Flags of all nations, too, may be had on hire or sale.

As manufacturers of these classes of goods, the firm employ a numerous and experienced staff, who are chiefly engaged as sail makers. A show-room in connection with another department of the business, is stocked with heating apparatus, and ships' ironmongery, including lamps and lanterns, &c. The character of their business is both wholesale and retail, and their connection is very extensive in its area. The importance of the position held by Messrs. Johns & Son in the trade, is indicated, in some degree, by the fact that they are government contractors in the matter of sails, covers, &c. They are also contractors for the covering and the decoration of some of the most important agricultural and other shows, in various parts of the United Kingdom, including, among others, the horse shows (for many years) at Cardiff, the Royal Show of Ireland, and shows at Swansea, Leicester, Warwick, &c. The firm have a well-appointed branch establishment at Sharpness.

JOHN WILLIAMS & CO., COAL MERCHANTS,
MIDLAND WHARP.
OFFICES: 16, CLARENCE STREET, GLOUCESTER; AND AT 388, HIGH STREET, CHELTENHAM.
BRANCHES AT MORETON, BECKFORD, ETC.

ONE of the oldest and most important coal businesses carried on in the district is that of Messrs. John Williams & Co. Their headquarters are in Cheltenham, and their Gloucester offices at 16, Clarence Street, and as far back as 1842 they were known, Mr. John Williams, the founder, being in fact the originator of the method of bringing coal by rail, and his forethought and business-like aptitude have resulted in the present position of the firm. The Gloucester depot for coal is at the Midland Wharf, which is conveniently situated adjoining the railway station. Their offices in Cheltenham are at 388, High Street, and their extensive stores at the Midland and Great Western Railways in that town. Messrs. Williams & Co. are in direct communication with the principal collieries in the country, and possess every facility for obtaining the most desirable class of supplies. They buy largely and with judgment, and are always in a position to offer their customers every advantage, both in quality and price; while the heavy stocks they invariably carry enable them to fill orders of any magnitude in a prompt and complete manner. A speciality is made of the famous Church Gresley coal, and at Gloucester they are sole agents for some of the best descriptions of hard block, seconds, cobbles, and nuts. At the Staffordshire mines they keep block and deep cobbles; and from Warwickshire they stock all the best kinds for domestic use, and manufacturing and steam purposes. Engine slack of various qualities and coke are also kept in stock, and supplied at the lowest current prices. The firm has a large rolling stock, and employment is found for a good number of hands. Contracts are undertaken for the supply of coal and coke to private families, manufacturers, and retail dealers. The business covers the whole of Gloucester and part of the bordering counties, and the prosperity enjoyed is the result of diligent application and the strictly honourable methods that mark all the firm’s transactions. The principals occupy a position of prominence in local trading and commercial circles, and are held in high esteem by all that know them, whether in the way of business or in private and social life.

WALTER WARNER, FAMILY BUTCHER,
81, NORTHGATE STREET, GLOUCESTER.

THE purveying of fresh meat of exclusively the best quality to supply the demands of an essentially superior family connection finds an able representative at the city of Gloucester in the person of Mr. Walter Warner, who organised his already thriving business as recently as September, 1894. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position facing Northgate Street, the spacious, open, and double-fronted shop, with its snug office, fine marble fitments, and modern hygienic appointments throughout, always presents a singularly neat, clean, and wholesome appearance, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant stock of expertly dressed carcasses, sides, joints, and cuts of meat there displayed — all such meat having, furthermore, been derived from splendidly conditioned animals slaughtered at Mr. Warner's own sanitary abattoir. Home-fed ox-beef and wether mutton, dairy-farm pork, house-lamb and veal, in their respective seasons, together with beef and pork sausages freshly made day by day, choicely corned beef, prime pickled tongues, and the like, are all fully represented in the very finest condition for consumption, and are all offered for sale, by the staff of polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices compatible with the fluctuations of the market. Families are waited on daily, and all orders are promptly delivered by an especially efficient outdoor staff, and Mr. Warner's business policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically ensure a very long continuance of the brilliant beginning he has already made.

STUDMAN’S STORES,
9, SOUTHGATE STREET, GLOUCESTER.

IT is a well-known fact in the city of Gloucester that in order to derive all the benefits of the modern store system one should resort to Studman’s in Southgate Street. The vast emporium thus indicated is of old establishment, having been conducted as a grocery store pur et simple by one Mr. Edward East. Steadily progressing, the business passed thereafter into the hands of Messrs. Adams & Studman, and during the past five years of its advancement, literally by leaps and bounds, has been under the sole proprietary control of Mr. George Richard Studman. The large double-fronted four-storeyed building facing Southgate Street, and extending backwards for over one hundred feet to Cross Keys Lane at the rear, is entirely utilised for business purposes, and from its cellars, by winding staircases to the topmost storey, is admirably appointed throughout, and most methodically arranged to hold and to effectively display a vast and varied stock of goods, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the best markets and leading sources of supply both at home and abroad; of which Mr. Studman has an extensive knowledge, having, in addition to his experience with some of the principal retail establishments in the country, served with one of the leading wholesale houses as buyer on the Mincing Lane markets for a period of seven years.

Each department may be described as fairly exhaustive of everything that is best and most popular of its kind; and in this way are fully represented all manner of general groceries, special lines in pure and choicely blended teas; prime provisions of every kind, including canned and bottled goods; wines, spirits, and beers; cigars, cigarettes, and tobaccos; patent medicines, perfumery, and druggists' sundries; glass, china, and earthenware; cutlery, electro-plate, and ironmongery; mats and brushes; lamps, turnery, and the like. Everything is kept strictly up-to-date, and all goods are offered for sale, by the large staff of polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. Mr. Studman directs all the affairs of his comprehensive and popular business in person, and his methods of management are of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically ensure a long continuance of the satisfactory conditions under which his house now operates.

THE BELL HOTEL,
SOUTHGATE STREET, GLOUCESTER.
MANAGERESS: MISS D. A. GRIMSTEED.

IT is beyond question that, historically and socially, the Bell Hotel is one of the leading institutions of the city of Gloucester. The house had gained a high reputation, as contemporary records show, even in the seventeenth century, when the “Bell Inn, at Gloucester,” was considered a first-class county hostelry. Its annals, if written in full, would certainly form a valuable epitome of the social history of both the city and the county for many generations. The ecclesiastical historian, in particular, must remember that, within the walls of the Bell were born two men, each of whom, in a different way, and under different conditions, exercised a great influence upon the current of religious opinion in England. One of the two was George Whitfield, the great evangelical orator; while the other was Henry Philpotts, the distinguished Bishop of Exeter. With the lapse of years, the Bell Hotel has grown in extent as well as in resources, and, at the present time, it is one of the best-appointed hotels in Gloucestershire; and under the able and genial control of Miss D. A. Grimsteed, the accomplished manageress, all the best traditions of this splendid old house are fully maintained, while, at the same time, the accommodation which it offers is kept up to the highest standard of modern requirements.

Occupying a commanding position in Southgate Street, the principal thoroughfare of the city, the long facade of the extended building is, from an architectural point of view, of considerable importance. The structure is three storeys in height, and, in addition to the two imposing entrances, upwards of thirty windows give on the street. The public apartments include spacious coffee and commercial rooms, with dining and smoking-rooms. Special attention is given to the requirements of the “Ambassadors of Commerce,” and the result is that, amongst many representatives of the highest class of commercial and manufacturing houses, the Bell is one of the most popular of the first-rate commercial hotels on the road, although the house is more generally known as a family and county hotel. In its splendidly decorated apartments are annually held the county balls and other select assemblies. These, too, are the scenes of many masonic and other banquets, as well as dinners and meetings, festive and otherwise, of various classes of residents in the city and the county. The large assembly-room has a conveniently fitted orchestra, and it is, altogether, one of the handsomest ball or concert-rooms in Gloucester. There is a large number of private sitting-rooms, and families can always be supplied with excellent suites of apartments.

The cuisine of the Bell is famous, the chef’s natural abilities as a gastronomic artist having been cultured by a thorough professional training. The cellar is well stored with generous wines and matured spirits; while the prompt and courteous service which is rendered in all departments reflects much credit upon the administrative abilities of the manageress. Having regard to the high class of the entertainment offered, the tariff of the Bell is remarkably moderate. In connection with the hotel is conducted an extensive posting business, of the copious resources of which the most distinguished county families largely avail themselves. Attached to this department of the business is a well-appointed office, furnished with all the requisites for the prompt despatch of clerical work, so as to ensure the punctual execution of all orders. In the spacious and excellently equipped stables, which include many loose boxes and coach-houses, there is every facility for hiring post-horses, and all descriptions of handsomely appointed carriages, including wedding and funeral equipages.

A. W. BEALE, H.E.I.C.S., AUCTIONEER AND VALUER, ETC.,
CITY AUCTION ROOMS, WELLINGTON STREET, GLOUCESTER.

AMONGST the large auctioneers in this city, Mr. A. W. Beale, H.E.I.C.S8., may be justly said to occupy a prominent and influential position. The business was established in 1870, and Mr. Beale became sole proprietor in 1873. He laboured on most successfully for nine years, when in 1892 he was joined by a partner, Mr. Nicholls, an agricultural auctioneer, and from that date till 1886 the firm was known as Messrs. Beale & Nicholls; but we again find Mr. Beale sole proprietor in 1886, successfully conducting the business, and continually extending the scope of his operations. The business has been latterly carried on at No. 26, Clarence Street, but he has now acquired The City Auction Rooms, Wellington Street, with offices in Barton Street, and he has also a branch establishment at Stroud. As an auctioneer Mr. Beale sells by auction household furniture, houses, land, and other property, farmers' produce, horses, cattle, sheep, &c.; and has always a large list and first-class selection of house and other properties for sale and to let. He has also a splendid practice as valuer of land and other property, and as a surveyor and accountant. The auction rooms are spacious, convenient, and well-adapted to the business, and a large stock of new and antique furniture, &c., is always on hand for disposal either by public or private sale. Mr. Beale is also a successful house agent, life and fire insurance agent, and agricultural bailiff, appointed by His Honour Judge Brynmor Jones. Mr. A. W. Beale is a well-known, popular, and courteous man of business; his services are continually in request, and as an auctioneer has earned a good reputation, it being commonly said of him that he is honourable and upright, and brings to bear upon his work great tact and more than ordinary ability. he has deservedly gained the respect, confidence, and esteem of a large and important circle of clients. Historically, it is interesting to note that Mr. Beale was selected by the Corporation to conduct the sale of famous “Tolsey,” the site of which is now occupied by the Wilts and Dorset Bank; and, doubtless, this same (from an historical point of view) is the most important auction sale ever held in the county.

STAFFORD, STONE, RUGELEY, AND PENKRIDGE.

THE municipal and parliamentary borough of Stafford, which is the county town of Staffordshire, and one of the many flourishing seats of trade and industry in that busy county, is situated upon the left bank of the river Sow, three miles above the junction of that stream with the Trent. The history of the town dates back to Saxon times, when it was known as Berteliney, from the island upon which the first houses of the settlement were erected. Later, the name was changed to Statford, whence we have Stafford; and the place is mentioned in the Domesday survey as a town paying £9 in customs, and having eighteen Royal burgesses, with a total of one hundred and seventy-eight houses, and twenty mansions of the Mercian kings. Ethelfleda, the Mercian princess, sister to Edward the Elder, erected a fortress here in the year 913. On the same site was afterwards reared a Norman castle by William the Conqueror, who confided the governorship to Robert de Torri, the founder of the great feudal house of De Stafford. In those days, the importance of Stafford was shown by the fact that there was a mint there, and coins from that mint are still extant among the treasures of numismatic collectors.

The castle of Stafford was held for the King, during the Civil War, by the Earl of Northampton; but in 1643 it was taken by the Parliamentary troops, under Sir William Brereton, and was thereupon demolished. The present unfinished pile, known as the Castle, was erected by Sir G. Jerningham, between the years 1810 and 1815, but was never completed. It stands upon an eminence outside the town, and commands extensive and magnificent views. The town of Stafford had its first charter from King John, and the privileges then conferred upon the burgesses were confirmed by Edward VI. Queen Elizabeth visited the borough in 1575, and met with a hearty welcome from the loyal inhabitants. From the time of Edward I. down to the passing of the Redistribution of Seats Act, in 1885, Stafford returned two members to the House of Commons. It now sends only one, the present representative being Mr. C. E. Shaw, M.P., a Gladstonian Liberal.

The advantages of good municipal government are apparent in Stafford, and the Mayor, eight aldermen, and twenty-four councillors, forming the Corporation, are evidently public-spirited men, directing the affairs of the borough with every regard for the due promotion of its welfare. The town has excellent arrangements for gas and water supply, among many other creditable features of local administration, and the new main drainage system, and the fine Corporation water-works (opened 1890), reflect great credit upon the progressive policy of the authorities. Mention must also be made of the Brine Baths, lately opened by the Corporation. These result from the discovery of brine in the neighbourhood, which is said to surpass in quality even that of Droitwich. The Baths ore already attracting much patronage, and will doubtless prove a source of considerable revenue to the town.

Among the public buildings of Stafford the ancient church of St. Chad is the most venerable, dating its foundations from the Saxon period; but it was thoroughly restored between 1855 and 1885. St. Mary’s Church, the finest ecclesiastical structure here, was also restored fifty years ago at a large cost. Other public edifices and institutions of note are the Infirmary, the County Lunatic Asylum, Coton Hall Institution for the Insane, the Mechanics’ Institute, the School of Art, the Town Hall, the Free Library, the William Salt Library (with its many treasures), the Wragge Museum, and the noted King Edward’s Grammar School, founded in 1550 by that Royal promoter of learning, King Edward the Sixth.

As an industrial centre, Stafford has been steadily increasing in importance for many years post. It is one of the chief seats of boot and shoe manufacture in the Midlands, this being the staple industry of the place, and for women’s and children’s footgear in the newest styles and of the best make, Stafford may truly be said to enjoy a world-wide renown. Other important local industries include brewing, tanning, building, emery wheel and grindstone making, engineering, carriage building, the manufacture of salt from the brine of the district, and the production of special machinery and tools for the boot and shoe industry upon a large scale. Many general trades are also well represented, including the leather, drapery, stationery, wine, jewellery, and seed trades; and there are some excellent hotels. Stafford is an important railway centre, and has a population of over 20,000.

STONE, a market town on the river Trent, seven miles from Stafford, is governed by a Local Board of nine members, and has a population of 5,754 according to the census of 1891. Here are the remains of a monastery which originated in a college of Augustinian canons as far back as the year 670, when the King of the Mercians held sway in this district. The town has a parish church dating from 1750, and a Grammar School founded in 1558. The principal industries are boot and shoe manufacturing, tanning, and brewing and malting, which are largely and successfully carried on.

RUGELEY is another busy Staffordshire town, pleasantly situated in a valley between Cannock Chase and the Trent, and governed by a Local Board of fifteen members. It is a market town of about 4,200 inhabitants, with good railway and canal communication, well lighted and drained, and possessing a good water supply. There is a Free Grammar School here, and the industries of the place comprise important manufactures of agricultural machinery and large iron foundries, employing a great number of hands. In the neighbourhood are extensive collieries.

PENKRIDGE, on the river Penk, six miles south of Stafford, is an ancient town, supposed by Camden to be the Roman Permocrucium on Watling Street. The population of the town and township is about 2,500. Penkridge is an agricultural centre, and the industries here carried on, together with those of Stafford, Stone, and Rugeley, are reviewed in connection with the representative firms noticed in the articles to which we now invite attention.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

W. H. DORMAN & CO., ENGINEERS,
STAFFORD.

The firm of Messrs. W. H. Dorman & Co., of Stafford, are among the largest manufacturers of boot and shoe-making machinery in the world. Theirs is certainly one of the most extensive and important of the various industries carried on in this busy town, and its operations are conducted upon such a scale of magnitude as to suggest the belief that in this particular line they are unsurpassed. The business has been established a quarter of a century, during which period it has increased continuously, and the works now cover upwards of a thousand square yards. The firm are general engineers, doing a very comprehensive trade; bat the great speciality of their output consists, as already indicated, in machinery and fittings for boot and shoe manufacturers, which they supply in great quantities to all the principal firms in the British boot and shoe industry. They also export largely in this department of their trade, and the widespread and always growing demand which exists for their productions constitutes an unquestionable evidence of their merit. the many improvements Messrs. Dorman have introduced in shoe machinery speak for the careful manner in which they have studied the requirements of the industry for which they cater, and kept pace with its demands for increased efficiency and productive power in the appliances that constitute its working resources. Messrs. Dorman are also makers of hosiery machinery, and their patent “Leicester Stocking Knitter” is accounted an unrivalled apparatus for speed and efficiency. As general engineers, millwrights, and ironfounders, Messrs. Dorman are always busy with a large variety of important work. As far back as 1873 they gained a medal at Northampton for shoe machinery, and in the twenty years that have elapsed since then they have kept up the high standard of their work, and made constant advances therein. They have not, however, entered their productions at any exhibition since the date mentioned, being, in the first place, too busy as a general rule to spare the necessary time and attention; and, in the second place, have established a reputation which makes further entry into public competition uncalled for. The extensive operations of this famous firm are most capably directed by the principals in person. Mr. W. H. Dorman, the senior partner, founded the business, and has devoted exceptional engineering talent and personal effort to its development. He was joined in 1886 by his partner, Mr. W. Ingram James, a gentleman of considerable practical experience. To the ingenuity, technical knowledge, and untiring exertions of these co-workers, the substantial and sustained prosperity of the concern is manifestly due.
Telegrams: “Dorman, Stafford.”

CORFIELD & CO., CARRIAGE BUILDERS,
11, NEWPORT ROAD, STAFFORD.
PROPRIETOR: MR. J. H. WYLEY.

ESTABLISHED as far back as the year 1811, this firm of carriage builders have long enjoyed a reputation for the production of high-class work, and have built up a trade which is doubtless the largest and most important of its kind in Stafford and the district. Messrs. Corfield & Co. occupy large premises, which have a commanding frontage to Newport Road, adjoining the London and North-Western Railway Company’s goods station. This establishment has a considerable rearward extension, and the front portion forms spacious show-room, in which the firm make a fine display of vehicles in all modern styles. Beyond the show-rooms are the works, admirably arranged in all departments, and equipped with every facility for the rapid execution of orders. The most skilful and experienced hands are employed, and the work turned out is characterised by the highest excellence of finish and elegance of design. Messrs. Corfield & Co. build all kinds of carriages to order. They have achieved much in the reduction of weight without sacrifice of solidity, and all their vehicles combine strength with lightness. One of the noted productions of this establishment is the “Lancaster” shooting cart, a most convenient and serviceable vehicle; and for “Battlesden,” “Whitechapel,” and “Governess” cars, the firm have a well-earned reputation. They have always on hand a large variety of vehicles for immediate delivery. Repairs are promptly and skilfully executed, and lamps, aprons, and other accessories are supplied. In all departments of the trade Messrs. Corfield’s prices will be found as moderate as those of any firm adhering to the production of strictly first-class work; and we need hardly remind our readers that that old axiom, “the best is the cheapest,” holds good especially in the matter of carriages, where sound workmanship and material always tell to advantage in the long run. This old-established and representative business continues to be administered with marked ability and judgment, and the prestige of half-a-century is fully maintained.

EDWIN BOSTOCK, BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURER,
STAFFORD.

UNDOUBTEDLY the largest, and also one of the oldest, of the great boot and shoe manufactories of Stafford is that conducted with so much enterprise and success under the name of Edwin Bostock. It is now upwards of three-quarters of a century since this notable business was founded by the grandfather of the present principals, Messrs. Thomas, Edwin, and Henry Bostock. These gentlemen continue the business in succession to their father, Mr. Edwin Bostock, and retain his name as the title of the house. The magnitude and importance of the concern may be understood from the fact that it affords regular employment here to between six hundred and seven hundred hands. The extensive factories, equipped to perfection with every modern appliance of the trade for improving quality and expediting production, are situated in Foregate Street, and none in Stafford present an example of more complete practical organisation. The output is in ladies’ and children's boots and gaiters for the export trade, and enormous shipments are despatched yearly to South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and other parts. The firm have gained command of these markets by the remarkably energetic manner in which they cater to every requirement, and by the excellent results they obtain in new styles and fashionable designs. These matters are as carefully studied as those of quality and workmanship, and the high standard of all-round excellence maintained by the firm is attested by the numerous awards they have received in international competitions, including the Silver Medal at Paris, 1878; the First Award at Sydney, 1879; and the Gold Medal at Melbourne, 1888.

Messrs. Bostock make from the medium to the highest class of goods, the latter preponderating greatly, and they are always in the forefront of the trade with fascinating novelties for every market they supply. Their goods are produced in a very wide range of fittings, rendering them adapted to the requirements of modern trade, most people nowadays preferring to fit themselves at once in the shop, rather than to wait while boots or shoes are made for them. Being exceptionally large buyers of materials, this firm have the “pick of the market,” and can thus maintain a uniformly high quality in their output. They have a well-known London house, trading as E. & F. Bostock, at 67, Aldermanbury, E.C. The whole business is most capably and energetically managed by the principals in person, who are liberal benefactors to local charities at Stafford, but who do not take any active part in public life, finding ample occupation for their time and efforts in the administration of this immense concern.
Telegrams should be addressed, “Bostock, Stafford,” and the “ A.B.C." Code is used for cablegrams. National Telephone No. 6.

W. S. MATTHEWS & SON, LEATHER MERCHANTS,
STAFFORD AND WELLINGTON.

THE firm of Messrs. W. S. Matthews & Son is one of the best known and most prominent in the English leather trade. For many years past, in fact ever since 1860 — this house has conducted a very important business at Stafford, and has supplied a widespread connection with all descriptions of leather adapted to the needs of the boot and shoe industry. Messrs. Matthews are also large manufacturers of boot and shoe uppers, and of leggings and gaiters; and they deal extensively in general grindery, supplying this and all their specialities to manufacturers throughout the Staffordshire district. The firm stand high in the confidence of their many customers, and have a record at Wellington (their headquarters) dating back to the year 1700, and from that town they control a trade which is practically world-wide. The premises at Wellington comprise a handsome block of buildings, which were specially altered to suit the requirements of the trade. The special feature of the manufacture here is in coloured and black shoes, which are acknowledged to be unsurpassed in value. These are largely exported to Australia, the Cape, New Zealand, &c.

At Stafford the affairs of the house are directed by Mr. Councillor William Matthews, who, besides being a very prominent businessman, has found time, at no inconsiderable sacrifice, to render much valuable service to the public in a variety of ways. For about ten years past he has been one of the most active members of the Town Council, and during that period he has done a large amount of useful work on the Gas and Electric Lighting, Finance, General Purposes, and Waterworks Committees. But it is probably more in connection with the Baths Committee that Mr. Matthews has been conspicuous. He has been Chairman of this committee for several years, and was instrumental in introducing the brine baths, which have been such a highly successful feature of the new Corporation Baths opened in 1892. In recognition of his efforts in this respect, Mr. Matthews was presented with an illuminated address. He was successful in obtaining for every medical man in the borough the privilege of giving free passes to poor people unable to pay, and also to the County Infirmary of sending their rheumatic patients there. In March, 1895, Royalty visited the town, when the brine baths were inspected by them, and the chairman introduced to the Royal Party. Mr. Matthews is a member of the Liberal executive and Chairman of his district, and is a very zealous worker in behalf of his party. He is a prominent Wesleyan, and Trustee and Sunday School superintendent of the Wesleyan Chapel here, and in connection with this denomination he has for many years been a successful conductor of young men’s classes. In the temperance movement Mr. Matthews takes an active part, and in all branches of philanthropic effort he is well known as one of the most earnest and disinterested workers in Stafford — a fact which has, we need hardly say, accentuated the popularity gained for him by his valued municipal services.

MESSRS. CROSBY & WARDLE, BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS,
CROOKED BRIDGE ROAD, STAFFORD.

MESSRS. ALBERT SYDNEY CROSBY AND WILLIAM Wardle (the members of the firm of Crosby & Wardle), are two gentlemen still in the prime of youthful energy, who both served their apprenticeship to the staple wholesale industry of Stafford in leading houses here. They have recently begun operations on their own account; and the formation of their firm is, therefore, the most recent addition to the shoe manufacturing trade of the county town. They have begun surrounded by all the circumstances which should ensure success. Their works are admirably equipped, and occupy a convenient situation in Crooked Bridge Road. Their working plant includes all the requisites for the perfecting of results in the processes of manufacture, and for the saving of labour; so that even at the outset they are able to compete, on the most favourable terms, with any first-class house engaged in a similar class of production. With the advantage of their own thorough technical knowledge and experience, they select for their operations the best materials exclusively; and they employ a staff of the most skilful workmen to be found in Staffordshire. In their show and sample rooms will be found the widest possible range of designs to suit all markets. They therefore produce ladies’ and children’s boots and shoes, from the medium class up to the very finest; and there is a tempting selection in their stocks of materials and colours. They are also large manufacturers of gaiters. There is every reason to anticipate a brilliant commercial future for the firm of Crosby & Wardle.

LLOYD, YATES, & KNIGHT, GENERAL ENGINEERS, AND MAKERS OF ALL KINDS OF KNIVES FOR THE BOOT, BRACE, SADDLERY, AND HAT TRADES,
GLOBX WORKS, NOBTH STREET, STAFFORD.

THE principals of this progressive firm are three thoroughly practical men whose experience of the boot-knife and general engineering trades extends over a period of twenty years. They have been established here in co-partnership for about nine years, and have recently removed to the large and commodious premises they now occupy in North Street. This establishment, known as the Globe Works, has been specially built and equipped for the firm's trade, which primarily consists in the making of knives or cutters of every kind for the boot, brace, saddlery and hat industries in all parts of the United Kingdom. In the boot trade their work has a splendid reputation, and has been very favourably noticed in the leading journal of the trade. The firm justly pride themselves upon the fact that for keenness of edge, durability, and fine workmanship their knives cannot be surpassed. Moreover, in all the knives they make (unless specially ordered otherwise) they confine themselves to one height of “set." By this it will be obvious to manufacturers that a considerable saving of time is secured, as the identical set of all knives relieves the workman of the trouble of altering the dip of his press or block to suit knives of different sets. To make this clear to the nontechnical reader:— Suppose there is a press fitted by a firm who underrate the importance of making all their knives of one set, and suppose there are knives of different sets in each press, which frequently happens, then one of these knives will be digging deeply into the block while the other is not through the substance of the leather. To prevent this the workman has to spend time in altering his presses or blocks to suit the requirements of the case. Messrs. Lloyd, Yates & Knight are most particular in grading their knives, being accurate to a hair’s breadth in this respect, and for these and other acceptable qualities in their work, such as absolute perfection of shape (a most important detail), they have received many testimonials from prominent boot and shoe manufacturers all over the country. What is true of knives for the boot trade applies with equal force to those for the saddlery, brace, and hat trades, and Messrs. Lloyd, Yates & Knight, knowing this, act accordingly, and obtain the best possible results in consequence. At their new “Globe Works” they have a fine plant of modern machinery in use, affording superior facilities for each department of their interesting industry, and enabling them to turn out, not only knives, but all classes of machinery and implements generally for the trades to which they cater. The co-partners personally superintend all work in progress, and by their united energies, their pushing enterprise, and quick perception of possible improvements in their work, they have gained extensive patronage, and made their business one of the most successful concerns of its kind.

GINDERS & TURNOR, LAND AGENTS, SURVEYORS, AND VALUERS,
THE GREEN, STAFFORD.

THIS eminent and old-established firm has been most intimately associated for many years with the progress and development of Stafford and the district in all matters that come within the province of the land agent, practical surveyor, and valuer. The firm’s connections are of a most influential character, as they are entrusted with the care and management of some of the largest estates, not only in Staffordshire, but also in various parts of the United Kingdom; as surveyors and valuers they do a very large and important business in Stafford and the district in the surveying, laying out, and development of building estates, and in the valuing for probate and depreciations, &c., as well as the general routine of a high-class land agent’s operations. For many years Mr. Samuel Ginders, J.P., acted as land agent to the present Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot, and his father and grandfather before him, and other noblemen. He has always taken a keen and active interest in the progress of the town and district, and in every movement having for its object the benefit and well-being of the inhabitants. Mr. E. W. Turnor, F.S.I., his partner, is a gentleman of great experience in the management and development of real estate, and is possessed of abilities and business qualifications which are well recognised by the firm's numerous and influential clientele. Both the partners take an active part in the management, and spare no effort to maintain the eminent and influential position which the firm has so long enjoyed. Messrs. Ginders and Turnor occupy a spacious suite of well- appointed offices situated at the Green, and retain a number of duly qualified surveyors, and an efficient clerical staff.

WILLIAM SILVESTER & SONS, LEATHER IMPORTERS AND FACTORS,
STAFFORD.

UNDOUBTEDLY the largest and oldest house in the leather trade at Stafford is that of Messrs. William Silvester & Sons, whose extensive business was founded here fully a century ago. This firm import considerable quantities of French and German calf kid, French calf, glace kid, patent calf, glove kid, and other leathers required by boot and shoe manufacturers, obtaining their supplies from the best sources, and maintaining a high standard of quality in all goods in which they have dealings. They are also joint agents with Messrs. John S. Deed & Sons, of London, for the celebrated “Ooze Calf,” made only by White Bros. & Co., of Boston, U.S.A. This fine leather is produced in over seventy colours, including black, white, browns, pinks, tans, blues, greys, greens, or any shade to match the most sombre or light and delicate hues; and for ease, comfort, and durability as a fancy leather, it is claimed to be unequalled. Besides the imported leathers which they handle in such great quantities, Messrs. Silvester supply the best English makes of leather; and boot and shoe manufacturers in all parts of the United Kingdom, the Continent, and the Colonies, are numbered among their regular customers. At Stafford they have large and commodious premises, and display a most comprehensive and interesting stock in their warehouses. In 1889 they opened a branch warehouse at 10, St. George’s Street, Northampton, for the additional convenience of their many customers in that important centre of the boot and shoe trade.

Mr. Alderman W. Silvester, the present sole proprietor of the house, is a grandson of the founder, and is one of the most prominent public men in Stafford. From his father, who was Mayor of Stafford in 1866-7, he seems to have inherited a desire to serve his fellow-townsmen in municipal and other matters, and has been a member of the Corporation since November, 1886, having earlier in the year been placed upon the Commission of the Peace. In 1892 he was elected alderman, and duly and creditably filled the mayoral chair in 1892-93. He is now ward alderman for West Ward, and stands high in the confidence of his constituents. Alderman Silvester's mayoralty is memorable on account of the banquet given in that year by the Corporation of Stafford to celebrate the wedding of the Duke of York, at which function the mayor presided with characteristic success. It was also during Alderman Silvester’s mayoralty that the British Medical Association were entertained here on the occasion of the opening of the famous brine baths of the Corporation. Since visited by H.R H. the Princess Mary, Duchess of Teck, and many other distinguished visitors. The public record of Alderman Silvester has been one of great usefulness and devotion to local interests, and he has always thrown himself vigorously into such municipal work as came within his sphere. His services on the various committees of the council were greatly appreciated, and are still happily continued, for he is now Vice-Chairman of the Gas and Electric Lighting Committees, and Chairman of the General Purposes Committee. In politics Alderman Silvester also takes an active part and is a well-known Liberal Unionist, being an honorary Corresponding Secretary of the West Staffordshire Liberal Unionist Association, and a zealous worker in the interests of his party.

BADDELEY & BLEWITT, AGRICULTURAL AUCTIONEERS AND VALUERS, ESTATE AND HOUSE AGENTS,
AUCTION OFFICE, CRABBERY STREET, STAFFORD.

Mr. GEORGE BADDELEY, in association with Mr. Henry T. Blewitt, in their capacity as expert auctioneers and valuers, jointly conduct a strongly established business, which ranks to-day as the leading one in its line at Stafford. Their office in Crabbery Street is replete with every modern facility and convenience for the rapid and effective transaction of a very brisk business in general auctioneering, valuing, and estate and house agency work, entailing the employment of a large and well-trained clerical and professional staff; and every tale conducted under the auspices of their well-known name is assured of the attendance of a large concourse of good buyers; indeed, it is well known, that in sales of real estate and personal property, the firm conduct a more successful business than any other house in Staffordshire. Messrs. Baddeley & Blewitt, on alternate Tuesdays, hold a “Stafford Smithfleld,” or extensive cattle sale, at the Talbot and Smithfield Hotel, which is conveniently located but one minute's walk from Stafford Railway Station. The “Stafford Smithfleld” is now quite a recognised institution of the county town. It was founded a quarter of a century ago by the late Mr. Henry Gillard, with whom Mr. Baddeley worked for many years, and to whose business he eventually succeeded. Messrs. Baddeley & Blewitt, moreover, hold fortnightly cattle sales at the Royal Oak Inn, at Gnosall; and these sales are usually attended by butchers, farmers, and dealers from all parts of Staffordshire and Shropshire. They furthermore act as the local agents for the Lancashire Fire and Life Insurance Company. Both partners take an active share in the promotion of their important and most comprehensive undertaking; and their business policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising, as to practically insure a long continuance of the eminently satisfactory conditions under which their house now operates.

JAMES DYCHE, BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURER,
MARSH STREET, STAFFORD.

IT has been asserted by an eminent authority that, after all, there are more boots and shoes worn than shirts, and it is certain that good boots and shoes are prime, though humble, agencies in the progress and civilisation of mankind. One of the most interesting places in this district to witness the production of boots and shoes on a large scale is the factory of Mr. James Dyche, situated in Marsh Street, Stafford. The business was established some fourteen years ago on a moderate scale, and is a striking instance of what can be accomplished by a spirited and well- directed energy in the hands of a thoroughly practical man. Mr. Dyche has now a fine, new, and perfectly-equipped factory of three storeys, employing regularly over one hundred hands. Mr. Dyche manufactures, in large and increasing quantities, ladies’ and gentlemen’s boots and shoes, principally in the higher grades; also a fair proportion of medium qualities, to suit the demands of buyers. The rate of production is carefully maintained, and in the warehouse and sample-rooms are admirably arranged, for immediate reference and easy inspection, a very large stock of the various kinds of boots and shoes manufactured. Mr. Dyche has always aimed at the attainment and maintenance of a high standard of excellence as a characteristic of all his productions. This is evinced in the elegant shape, good quality of materials, and reliable workmanship which are apparent in every item of his manufacture. He is constantly developing specialities in new and taking designs, and has a large range in the now extremely fashionable brown and bronze tan calf. These beautifully made goods display many points of excellence, and, it is satisfactory to note, are meeting with a large and increasing demand. The trade controlled is of a widespread, influential, and steadily-growing character. Mr. James Dyche, aa before intimated, is a thoroughly practical man, and gives his direct personal attention to every branch of the business. It is both a pleasure and a duty to make prominent mention of an establishment conducted with so much enterprise in our records of the industrial progress of Stafford and the district.

MR. E. HORTON, FURRIER AND SKIN MERCHANT,
STAFFORD STREET, STAFFORD.

THE extensive business carried on by Mr. E. Horton presents many features of more than ordinary interest and importance, both industrial and commercial. It was established about twenty years ago by Mr. Horton, who introduced the industry here, and it still remains the only one of its kind in the district. In Stafford Street Mr. Horton has very extensive premises, comprising factory and warehouse. The former is well-equipped with all the best and most improved machinery and appliances that have been devised to effect economy in working, and to secure perfect and uniform production. The motive power is supplied by a splendid Crossley’s “Otto” gas engine, and upwards of fifty hands being regularly employed, the works at all times present a busy and animated scene of industrial activity. The various operations are carried out under direct personal supervision. The skins require to go through many processes, such as opening, cleaning, stretching, unhairing, &c., before they pass into the fur cutting machines. The cut fur is then packed up for use in the hat trade (best class). The skins are all specially selected perfect rabbit skins from the home markets and the Colonies. The fur thus prepared is absorbed in immense quantities by Denton, Hyde, Stockport, London, Glasgow, and other centres of the hat making industry throughout the United Kingdom. The pelts, from which all the fur is cut, are distributed amongst calico printers, and trades for size-making and various purposes. Mr. E. Horton has an excellent old-established connection among the best buyers. He brings to bear upon the management all the advantages of long practical experience, and conducts the business with marked ability, energy, and enterprise. It is such houses as this that are the recognised exponents of their special line of trade, and it is both a pleasure and a duty to make prominent mention of them in our records of the industrial progress of Stafford and the district.

THE NORTH WESTERN HOTEL,
STAFFORD.
PROPRIETOR: CAPTAIN IIAWKES.

THIS fine hotel, which is a credit alike to its proprietor and to the town of Stafford, has a most advantageous situation facing the railway station. During the thirty years of its existence, the North-Western Hotel has passed through several hands with varying fortunes; but in 1894 Captain Hawkes, who had been for twenty years an officer in the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company’s service, purchased the entire concern, and under his auspices the establishment has entered upon what promises to be a most useful and prosperous career. Captain Hawkes has had the hotel redecorated and refurnished in a really sumptuous manner, and has, by the introduction of many other improvements, made a bold and successful bid for that favour and patronage which are already abundantly forthcoming as the reward of his enterprise. The North-Western Hotel is the largest in the district, and affords splendid accommodation for the better section of the travelling public, its arrangements for the business man, the tourist, and those whose method it is to combine business with pleasure in their journeyings, being alike excellent and complete. There are some magnificent public rooms in the building, including a fine ball-room, banqueting-hall, billiard-room, and spacious stock-rooms for commercial men, and the private apartments are replete with everything contributory to comfort and convenience. The spacious and well-ventilated bedrooms (fifty in number) nearly all command good views of the town and neighbourhood, the hotel being lofty, and in an elevated position. In the hotel will be found excellent bath accommodation, and close by are the Stafford Brine Baths, regarded as the most perfect inland bathing establishment in the country, and affording very superior facilities for brine bathing, Turkish baths, and hydropathic and massage treatment. This hotel is also very convenient for the Stafford and Milford Golf Links, and for the meets of the Albrighton and North Staffordshire hounds. There is capital stabling for hunters, and post horses and carriages may be had at the shortest notice. The hotel since Captain Hawkes acquired it has become noted for its excellent cuisine and wines, and in fact for everything that appeals to the approval of the traveller. The tariff is moderate, the attendance efficient (including a night porter), and special boarding terms are arranged for families and gentlemen. In the large vestibule there is a telephone for the use of visitors. Captain Hawkes is an ideal host — painstaking, obliging, and ever mindful of the interests of his guests. In him the North-Western Hotel has found a proprietor both able and willing to utilise the resources of the establishment to the best advantage, and to win for it the general approbation it fully deserves.

GEORGE NEWTON, BUILDERS’ MERCHANT,
RAILWAY WHARF, STAFFORD.

FOR many years the admirably organised business which is conducted by Mr. George Newton has constituted a most valuable adjunct to the building trades of the Midlands. It was established in 1855 by the father of the present proprietor, and the family record forms an interesting chapter in the history of the commercial development of Stafford in the latter half of the century. Mr. Newton’s premises, which include a suite of well-appointed offices, and a spacious yard, are, for purposes of carriage, conveniently situated at the Stafford goods station of the London and North- Western Railway. The offices are furnished with all the requisites of modern device for facilitating the despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. The registered telegraphic address is “George Newton, Stafford.” It is impossible, within the necessarily circumscribed limits of this notice, to convey an adequate idea of the vast resources which Mr. Newton has under his control, but of which, however, some notion can be obtained from a study of the copiously illustrated catalogues, which he periodically issues. It may, however, be here noted that he is the specially appointed agent for such eminent manufacturing firms as the Rugby Portland Cement Company; the Buxton Lime Firms Company, Limited; the Steeranay Lime Company; the Adamant Company, Limited; and the manufacturers of Duckett’s Patent Slop-water Closets. He also holds comprehensive stocks of glazed sanitary ware, including gullies, traps, bends, junctions, syphons, &c.; white and coloured glazed bricks; Staffordshire blue goods; sinks in concrete and buff, or white enamelled; plasterers’ laths and hair, and all other descriptions of building materials. With the best sources of supply for all these classes of goods, Mr. Newton holds such intimate and extensive relations, that he is able to offer exceptionally advantageous terms to his customers; and the goods which he supplies are recognised in the trade as invariably representing standard qualities. In Stafford, and throughout a wide area, Mr. Newton is much respected by all with whom he comes into contact; and he is a generous supporter of local charitable and philanthropic institutions.

CHARLES D. ANDERSON, LEATHER MERCHANT AND IMPORTER,
WRIGHT STREET, STAFFORD.
TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: “ANDERSON, STAFFORD.”

THERE is no name that has come to be so closely and honourably identified with the leather trade in Stafford as that of Mr. Charles D. Anderson. Mr. Anderson commenced business about eight years ago, and by his own energy, perseverance, and honourable methods of dealing, has secured a leading position in this important branch of commerce, and gained the confidence of a widespread and valuable connection. Mr. Anderson has a thorough practical knowledge of the requirements of the boot and shoe trade, and devotes himself specially to supply all its demands both for upper and sole leather. In upper leather he has always a large variety in stock, importing from the best French, German, and American makers, leading lines in glace kid, glove kid, mock kid, glove lamb, Levant, Morocco, coloured lamb and sheep, patent calf, calf kid, crop butts and vamps, &c. A special line which Mr. Anderson imports extensively from America is a new ooze calf in all the different shades in use; it is quite equal to the best in the market and much more moderate in price. It is becoming highly appreciated when seen and used, and is making great headway in the market. Mr. Anderson also deals extensively in English ooze calf, Persians, and roans and skivers in all the fashionable shades, and in coloured calf, both grained and smooth. For sole leather, Mr. Anderson imports the best American and Australian sides, and buys largely the best English makes in butts, bends, shoulders, bellies, &c. The warehouse in Wright Street is a large three-storey building, having extensive warehouse accommodation, well-equipped offices, sale-room, and every facility for carrying on an extensive business. Here, Mr. Anderson holds very heavy stocks of all the above-mentioned goods ready for immediate delivery. His business connections extend throughout all the boot-making area, and are well founded on the eminent reputation he has achieved, and the thorough confidence established by the well-known quality and character of all the goods supplied. the business in every department receives the direct personal attention of the proprietor, who is well known and highly esteemed in mercantile circles as a pushing and enterprising man of business.

SAMUEL LEA, MANUFACTURER OF HAT AND BONNET BOXES, MILLINERY, MANTLE, AND COSTUME BOXES, SHOE BOXES, &c.,
POSTAL ADDRESS: SHREWSBURY ROAD; MANUFACTORY: INGESTRE ROAD, STAFFORD.

AN extensive and important trade is done in Stafford in the manufacture of cartoon boxes for holding better-class shoes and for other commercial purposes, and several large firms are occupied in this local branch of industry. Among those, the oldest, largest, and best known house is that of Mr. Samuel Lea. This noteworthy business was originated by Mr. William Cook, and was the first of its kind in the town. It was acquired some fifteen years ago by the present proprietor, Mr. Samuel Lea, and by his energy and practical skill the house has been kept fully abreast with the requirements of the times in everything relative to this department of trade. the establishment under notice is especially well known for the thorough reliability that can be placed upon it to fill orders of whatever magnitude in the shortest possible time and punctually to date specified by customers. From the first the house has made a leading speciality of the requirements of the boot and shoe trade, and during its long career has acquired facilities unequalled by any competitor. Recognising the immense amount of annoyance and absolute loss both in trade and credit that arise from boots and shoes being put up in damp boxes, Mr. Lea always keeps on hand an extensive stock of the usual sizes of boot cartoons in different colourings ready for the special labels according to order. He is thus enabled to rapidly fill orders, and that with goods that can be at once used without hurt or detriment to the most costly articles packed with them. This point is of the greatest importance to the trade, and is largely appreciated by the leading boot and shoe manufacturers in the town, who find that in this respect, as well as in quality, strength, and price, Mr. Lea’s productions have no successful rivals.

The premises occupied by the firm are conveniently located, and are well adapted in size and arrangement to the nature of the business carried on. They comprise well fitted-np warehouses, together with workshops, two storeys in height, and equipped with improved guillotines, scoring machines, and every modern appliance for expediting labour and cheapening the cost of production. A numerous and experienced body of workpeople is employed, and in addition to making every kind of boot and shoe cartoons, Mr. Lea is extensively occupied in the manufacture of hat boxes, oval and square bonnet boxes, millinery, mantle, and dress boxes, and bride-cake and other fancy boxes. Large supplies are kept of these various goods, and thorough satisfaction in good sound work and reasonable prices can always be guaranteed. A high-class connection is maintained among the principal users of this class of work, and no effort is spared on Mr. Lea's part to deserve a renewal of the confidence and support he is receiving. He gives the business in its entirety the benefit of his close personal supervision, and is highly respected both in trading and social circles as an able, straightforward, and honourable business man, with whom commercial relations are bound to be no less agreeable than advantageous.

THE VINE HOTEL,
STAFFORD.
PROPRIETOR: MR. THOMAS BENNETT.

THERE is no better example in the Midland Shires of the grandest type of old English county hotel, than that which is presented by the “Vine” at Stafford. The premises have been licensed for nearly two centuries, and the records of the house, if they were written in full, would form a most interesting chapter in the social history of Staffordshire throughout the whole of that period. All the best traditions of the ancient hostelry are fully maintained by the present worthy proprietor, Mr. Thomas Bennett, while, at the same time, his spirit of enlightened enterprise manifests itself in the prompt introduction of every modern improvement, including telephonic communication, which is calculated to increase the convenience and comfort of his guests. The Vine Hotel occupies a most central position in the town, in a street whose quietness adds to the residential attractions of the hotel. The external appearance of the house is as quaintly picturesque and architecturally irregular as could be desired in a hostelry with such a record as that which the Vine can boast. And the promise thus convoyed is amply fulfilled by the delightful arrangements of the interior, which offers a choice of cosy old-fashioned rooms such as would have cheered the heart of a pilgrim like Washington Irving.

The house “makes up" twenty-five beds, all the bedrooms being pictures of snug comfort. There are spacious coffee and smoke-rooms, together with bath-rooms and lavatories, fitted up in accordance with the modern developments of sanitary science. Special attention is given to the particular requirements of the “ambassadors of commerce,” as is indeed their due. For their comfort is provided an admirably-equipped commercial room; while a range of commodious stock-rooms is at their disposal for business purposes. The result is that the Vine is one of the most popular houses on the road. There is also a large and handsomely-decorated room, which is frequently used for dinners and other festive occasions, and which, when utilised for banquets, is capable of dining a hundred guests, comfortably. Mr. Bennett has the catering for the Staffs. County Club, the County Council, and the Bar Mess. The suisine of the Vine is justly celebrated, while the ancient fame of its cellar suffers no injustice at the hands of Mr. Bennett. Adjoining the house there is excellent stabling, with loose boxes for hunters, which are regularly used by the members of the Albrighton and Staffordthire Hunt, as well as by members of many of the distinguished county families, on the occasion of their visit to Stafford. Mr. Bennett's unfailing geniality, and his exceptional aptitude for administrative work, have won for him a large measure of popularity amongst all classes of the community. He is an active member of the Town Council; and during the period of his connection with the Corporation he has done much excellent work as a member of some of its most important committees, including at the present time those having control of the gas, electric light, market tolls, water-works, and public baths.

MESSRS. B. CORCORAN & SON, SANITARY PLUMBERS, GAS FITTERS, DECORATORS, ETC.,
FOREGATE STREET, STAFFORD.

THE extensive industrial business which is conducted by Messrs. B. Corcoran & Son from their commodious and well-equipped headquarters in Foregate Street, was founded thirty years ago by Mr. B. Corcoran, the senior partner. It is now the most extensive of its class in the district; and, as the result of the special technical abilities of both the members of the firm, combined with their enlightened and well-directed spirit of enterprise, the area of the firm’s operations is constantly being extended. Mr. Bartholomew Corcoran is a registered plumber, and his son, Mr. Bernard Corcoran, who is a partner in the house, holds a South Kensington Art Certificate, and possesses a highly cultured taste, which is of the utmost value in the conduct of the business of the decorative department. The firm have a high reputation as specialists in sanitary work, the principal keeping constantly in touch with the latest practical developments of hygienic and mechanical science, in so far as they affect the processes of plumbing. Messrs. Corcoran & Son have executed the sanitary work in some of the finest mansions in Staffordshire and throughout the Midlands generally. Amongst the residences which they have thus treated in the Staffordshire district are those of Captain Salt, of Weeping Cross; Mr. Basil Fitzherbert, at Swinnerton Hill; Colonel Lake, of Langford Hall, &c.

As hot-water engineers, the Messrs. Corcoran are equally distinguished; and, in regard to this department of their business, they have executed most important work; for example, at Wolsely Hall, the seat of Sir Charles Wolsely, as well as at scores of schools, and public and private buildings. The firm also possess every facility for the execution of all kinds of decorative work in accordance with the most advanced modern artistic ideas; and, throughout the period of the great revolution which, during the last two or three decades, has been wrought in regard to public taste in these matters, the firm have been rather leaders than followers. In this department they employ an efficient staff, which includes several expert specialists. The absolute integrity and the spirit of liberality which characterise Mr. Bartholomew Corcoran’s methods of transacting business, have won for him a large measure of popularity amongst all classes of the community. In 1891 he was persuaded to accept a nomination to the Stafford Town Council, to which he was triumphantly returned by a heavy majority over his opponent. His extensive technical and engineering experience will unquestionably prove of immense value to the Corporation in the work of its several committees. Politically, Mr. Corcoran is a staunch Conservative, and he is a member of the County Club. As a zealous member of the Catholic Church, he takes a deep and practical interest in educational matters; and he is one of the foremost champions in the cause of religious education at the present time.

B. P. WRIGHT & SON, TAILORS, HABIT AND BREECHES MAKERS,
TIPPING STREET, STAFFORD.

THIS old-established and high-class business is a leading one in its line in Stafford. Messrs. B. P. Wright & Son occupy premises in Tipping Street, where they show a fine stock of the newest tailoring fabrics carefully selected for quality, and embracing all the most fashionable patterns, shades and textures. The specialities of this attractive stock include real Harris tweeds, Scotch and Irish tweeds, West of England cloths, Cheviots, friezes, and angola suitings, and dress goods of very fine quality, besides livery cloths in great variety and a choice assortment of morning and dress trouserings. The firm under notice employ the most skilful workmen, and have a good reputation for the style and finish of their work, as well as for the excellence of their materials. The business is a distinctly first-class, private concern, conducted upon the same lines as the leading West End tailoring houses, and Messrs. Wright’s establishment, with its “sign of the Golden Fleece,” so suggestive of its old-time origin, is patronised by the elite of the town and district. The firm do the tailoring, habit making, and livery making for the leaders of the nobility and gentry in the county, and this fact speaks sufficiently for their high professional status.

Mr. Bateman P. Wright, J.P. (who, in conjunction with his son, carries on this business), is a well-known and greatly respected resident of Stafford, and has been one of the most prominent men in the town. He comes of a good local family — his grandfather, Robert Wright, was mayor of Stafford in 1806 — and as long ago as 1870, he entered the Town Council, where his excellent services soon gained general recognition. In 1872, he was elected Mayor of the Borough, and two years later became a Justice of the Peace. In the year of his mayoralty, Mr. Wright established the School of Art and 8cience, of which he remained chairman and treasurer for fifteen years, until it was taken over by the Corporation. He was for thirteen years a member of the Board of Guardians, and did good work in that capacity; also elected to the first School Board and successively for eighteen years. Owing to his general prominence in the town, Mr. Wright was selected as one of the members of the deputation to bear to Her Majesty the Queen the loyal gift of boots of the borough of Stafford on the occasion of Her Majesty’s Jubilee in 1887. In all philanthropic and charitable work Mr. Wright takes an earnest interest, and he is a zealous and eloquent supporter of the P.S.A. movement. For some years he has retired from the Council, but he still retains a number of local offices, the duties of which he discharges with unabated diligence, including his membership of the Free Library and Museum committee, of which he was for some time chairman.

JAMES MARSH, MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF AERATED WATERS,
ESPLEY HOUSE, NEWPORT ROAD, STAFFORD.

THERE is no better indication of that wave of temperance which is a characteristic, than the increased demand for aerated waters, and the best makers are those who are making the greatest headway in the market. This important industry is well represented in Stafford by Mr. James Marsh, Espley House, Newport Road. Mr. Marsh has here one of the most compact and complete establishments in the district. The plant, which is entirely new, is by such eminent makers as Barnett & Foster, Bratby & Hinchcliffe, and Galloway & Co. The works are well laid out, and admirably planned for the effective and economical working of the business. Block tin is used in all the pipes and connections, so that there is not the least possibility of lead contamination. Mr. James Marsh aims at the production and maintenance of a high standard of excellence in all his manufactures, and with this end in view he uses only the best and purest ingredients, and the fine Milford Water, which is pronounced by experts to be superior to the Malvern Water, and eminently suitable for the manufacture of the best aerated waters. Mr. Marsh is turning out in large and increasing quantities all kinds of aerated and mineral waters, table waters, and cordials, soda water, lithia, potash, seltzer, lemonade, ginger-beer, ginger-ale, &c. He also manufactures his own syrups, using only the finest flavouring essences and extracts. The various operations are carried out on the most approved scientific principles, with the addition of great practical experience. The various beverages Mr. Marsh produces are unsurpassed for purity, fine flavour, and refreshing and invigorating properties. He has a very extensive and steadily increasing connection among the best hotels, private families, clubs, and dealers; his own conveyances deliver free of charge over a wide circle round Stafford. Mr. Marsh had the advantage of learning his business with his uncle, a celebrated mineral-water manufacturer at Bloxwich. The trade, as before intimated, is steadily increasing, and the substantial success he is achieving is the just outcome of spirited enterprise and well-directed energy, combined with the superior quality and well sustained purity and excellence of all his productions.

”THE STAFFORDSHIRE ADVERTISER,”
39, GREENGATE STREET, STAFFORD.
PROPRIETORS: MESSES. J. & C. MORT.

A REVIEW of the economic and social resources of Stafford would be singularly incomplete without a special reference to the uniquely important history and position of ‘The Staffordshire Advertiser,’ which, for over a century has been one of the most popular and potent institutions in the county. The first number of the journal was published on January 3rd, 1795, and, therefore, the proprietors had the opportunity — one which has, hitherto, been vouchsafed to comparatively few English newspaper conductors — of celebrating the centenary of the birth of the paper on January 5th, 1895. This was accomplished by the issue of a facsimile of the first number, and of a copious and comprehensive “Centenary Sketch of the Career of The Staffordshire Advertiser.” The founder of the journal was Mr. Joshua Drewry, of Lincoln, who came from a distinguished family in that city. The founder was succeeded in the proprietorship by a relative, Mr. Charles Chester, of Newcastle-under-Lyne, in 1825. At the beginning of 1828, Mr. Chester made over ‘The Advertiser’ to his nephews, Mr. John Drewry Mort, at that time a bookseller at Newcastle, and his brother, Mr. Charles Chester Mort, who had for some time been editor of the paper. Thus originated the title of the firm — “J. & C. Mort,” which continues to the present day. ‘The Advertiser,’ and all the business connected with it, has since been conducted by the same highly respected family, whose annals have formed a most interesting and important chapter in the social, political, and commercial history of Staffordshire, and especially of the county town, during the whole of the period which has elapsed since the foundation of the paper. In 1891, in consequence of the decease of the second Mr. Charles Chester Mort, who had been at the head of the establishment, the paper came under the sole management of the present principal, Mr. F. D. Mort, under whose control all the splendid traditions of the paper are retained, whilst by the addition of new and attractive special features, the area of its great influence is being constantly extended. In the opinion of many journalistic experts, ‘The Staffordshire Advertiser,’ at the present time, holds the first place in its own class among the papers of the kingdom. It is, pre-eminently, a county newspaper, and is distinguished by its carefully compiled digest of general news, and its very exceptional size (equal to more than twelve pages of The Times) enables the proprietors to present a weekly record of the public events of a great district, celebrated for its enterprise and intelligence, embracing a large agricultural, mining, and manufacturing population of considerably more than a million.

‘The Advertiser’ circulates extensively throughout Staffordshire and in all the adjoining counties. It is obtainable at all Messrs. Smith & Sons’ bookstalls in its wide district, and also at Euston, Liverpool, Manchester, Derby, Nuneaton, Rugby, Shrewsbury, Macclesfield, Wellington, Rhyl, and Llandudno Junction stations. It enjoys great popularity among all classes of the community, and, in point of social status and influence, no provincial journal can boast of a superior list of subscribers. It offers, therefore, peculiar advantages as a medium for advertisements. In 1885 the price was reduced from threepence to twopence per copy. This led, in a short time, to a very substantial addition to a circulation already exceptionally large. The premises which form the offices of ‘The Staffordshire Advertiser’ occupy a commanding position in the principal thoroughfare of the town, and they are admirably adapted to the requirements of the very extensive business which is conducted in all the departments. The mechanical equipment — as the result of the enlightened and judiciously liberal policy which has always been pursued by the proprietors, represents all the appliances of the best modern type requisite for the perfecting of results in the operations of printing. Messrs. J. & C. Mort have also fitted up a separate department for general printing, well stocked with new founts of type in great variety. They are, therefore, able to undertake, under the best conditions, orders of all kinds, letterpress and lithographic, such as particulars and plans of estates for sale, catalogues, posters, pamphlets, circulars, &c. They execute a large amount of important work for the county officials, and many of the leading solicitors and auctioneers in the district.

It should be added that Mr. Frederick Drewry Mort, the present principal, has taken a very active interest in the volunteer movement since its inception. He served in the first local corps which was formed, and he is now Colonel of the 2nd V.B. North Staffordshire Regiment.

RICHARD PODMORE & SON, SHOE MANUFACTURERS,
STAFFORD.

THIS house stands among the leaders of the boot and shoe trade in Stafford, and has been co-existent with that industry since its earliest development here. Messrs. Richard Podmore & Son are known throughout the trade as having, at all times, identified themselves with productions of the highest class, both in material and workmanship; and with a reputation such as this, the firm are independent of the aids of advertisement. Their manufactures find a market in quarters where goods of the first class exclusively are called for, and their connection embraces a large number of the foremost houses in the trade. Messrs. Podmore’s factory is one of the typical seats of boot and shoe manufacture in the Midlands, and consists of two large blocks of three-storey buildings, facing Marston Road and Wogan Street. Here the organisation is perfect, and the working resources are upon a complete and systematic scale. Over two hundred hands find employment in the works, and every process of the industry is carried out under conditions which guarantee the best results. It would be superfluous to speak of the quality and character of the goods produced by a firm whose name has become almost a synonym for superiority in the finer grades of ladies’ and children’s foot-gear. The present head of this representative house is Mr. John Podmore, J.P. His father, Mr. Richard Podmore, was Mayor of Stafford in 1868, and he himself has also figured prominently in the public life of the town, having served on the town council some years ago, and associated himself in other ways with municipal affairs. Mr. Podmore, who attends diligently to his duties as a borough magistrate, has won general respect and esteem by his numerous local benefactions. He has recently been elected a Poor Law Guardian, in which office he may be confidently expected to add new features to the record of good and useful work by which he has already distinguished himself in this busy community.

MESSRS. THORN & CO., GENERAL AND FURNISHING IRONMONGERS, ETC.,
37, GAOLGATE STREET, AND 1, SALTER STREET, STAFFORD.

THERE is always a special interest attaching to old institutions, whether they be of a national, political, or mercantile character; and prominent among the latter class in Stafford is the old-established and well-known firm of Messrs. Thorn & Co., general and furnishing ironmongers, gas-fitters, bell-hangers, locksmiths, iron and steel merchants, agricultural implement agents, &c. According to the books of this eminent firm, the business dates back in its foundation to the year 1744, and for the past twenty-five years Mr. Henry Thorn has been the sole proprietor. The premises occupied are singularly eligible both in position and character. They comprise an imposing edifice situated in a commanding corner position at the junction of Gaolgate Street with Vine Street, and possessing a very handsome plate-glass frontage to Gaolgate Street, in which there is always displayed a very fine collection of furnishing ironmongery, cutlery, &c. The premises extend backward fully 120 feet up Vine Street, and consist of a spacious and handsomely appointed shop and numerous show-rooms. The ground floor is mainly devoted to general ironmongery. The first-floor show-rooms are very elegantly appointed, and chiefly stocked with furnishing ironmongery and fine lines of cutlery, mantelpieces in marble, enamelled iron and slate, all the best makes of ranges, stoves, and grates, beautifully made and elegantly designed chandeliers, gas and electric fittings, lamps, and brackets, tile-hearths, tile-registers, and curbs in immense and pleasing variety. Other show-rooms contain enormous quantities of tinned and japanned ware, brass goods, coffin furniture, &c. A very fine selection of hammerless and other guns, rook and rabbit rifles, cartridges, and ammunition, gun-cases, and cartridge-bags, and belts. These are a few of the more prominent features of an array of wares whose completeness could not be readily equalled, and would be well-nigh impossible to surpass. At the rear of the premises is a series of workshops in which a numerous staff of experienced men are engaged in the various industrial branches of the business as gas and electric light fitters, locksmiths, bell-hangers, copper and tin-plate workers, authorised plumbers, hot water fitters, gunsmiths, &c. The firm are agents for the Incandescent Light Company. Mr. Henry Thorn brings to bear upon the management of his business all the advantages of thorough practical experience; he is a very advanced man, and well “up- to-date” in all the most recent improvements in electric installations, and as the Corporation of Stafford has recently been laying down a most extensive electrical system for lighting and communication, Messrs. Thorn & Co. have made every preparation to supply all demands in this respect.

CHARLES J. BAMFORD, FAMILY GROCER, TEA DEALEK, AND PROVISION MERCHANT,
GAOLGATE STREET, STAFFORD.

THE establishment of which Mr. Charles J. Bamford is the proprietor has, for over a century, been known as one of the principal mediums for the supply of the commissariat requirements of the residents in Stafford and the surrounding districts. Under the control of the present proprietor, it retains its high reputation; while his intimate acquaintance with the trade in all its departments, and his well-directed enterprise, enable him constantly to extend his already valuable connection. Mr. Bamford brought to his important enterprise an invaluable store of experience, gained in several grocery and provision establishments of very high standing. His premises occupy a commanding position in the principal thoroughfare of the town, just below the Market Square. They have a fine double-frontage, whose attractive appearance is altogether in keeping with the popular methods which the proprietor has adopted in the conduct of his business. The ample show windows, with their tastefully arranged displays of appetizing comestibles, constitute points of never failing interest. The handsomely appointed interior forms two departments — one on either side of the entrance — severally devoted to groceries and to provisions, including a fine assortment of such rare table delicacies as might be looked for in Italian warehouses of the highest class. Mr. Bamford is justly regarded as an accomplished expert specialist in the tasting and blending of teas throughout a wide area; and his “Five o’clock Tea,” at 2s. per lb., has a renown which extends over a wide area. He is laudably proud, too, of his reputation for the supply of fine Cheshire cheese, Gorgonzola, Cheddar, double Gloucester, and other varieties. Here, too, are found splendid home-cured hams and bacon, including the finest selected Wiltshire — plain and smoked. Special attention is likewise paid, with notable success, to the butter department, Mr. Bamford taking the entire production of most of the local dairies, while he also receives daily consignments of Kiel and other continental butters, to suit all palates. The resources of the establishment are, in every respect, of a high class. Mr. Bamford is in the prime of youthful energy, and the vigour with which he conducts his business is associated with the liberal and judicious expenditure of capital, so that his customers are placed upon exceptionally advantageous terms. He employs a staff of competent assistants, whose courteous zeal in endeavouring to meet the particular requirements of individual customers adds to the pleasure of a visit to this well-ordered establishment. There is an admirably organized system of daily delivery, throughout a radius of ten miles, by the aid of Mr. Bamford's own excellently-appointed carts and well-conditioned horses.

T. CAPNER, BOAT-BUILDER, PROVISION MERCHANT, &c.,
GREEN BRIDGE, STAFFORD.

OVER forty years have now elapsed since this leading business was established on the River Sowe. The premises are conveniently located on the north bank, just at the rear of the New Public Baths, and are replete with every equipment necessary to the modern boat-builder. Here Mr. Capner employs a picked staff of expert craftsmen, and has produced a very large number of pleasure and other boats, suited to the navigation of the Sowe, the Trent, and other rivers. Mr. T. Capner moreover owns a fine flotilla at his boathouse, and lets out boats for hire by arrangement. He has also supplied boats to all the local clubs, and is regarded as quite an authority upon all riverain matters in Stafford. About seven years ago Mr. Capner purchased a very old-established business at Chester, which he has largely extended and developed. Here steam launches and boats of all descriptions may be hired by the day, week, or month. Boatbuilding is also carried on extensively, and the business is rapidly growing. Two years ago Mr. Capner made a new departure from his business by building the “Tudor House,” a fine, imposing, red-brick and stone structure, from the designs of Mr. George Wormal, A.R.I.B.A. “Tudor House” lends quite a charm to the Green Bridge, on the south side of which it is erected. With ample resources and facilities at his command, Mr. Capner has opened the spacious ground floor as a first-class modern provision store, where Harris's and other noted cures of Wiltshire bacon, prime hams, and all kinds of canned or bottled delicacies for the breakfast or luncheon table can be procured at their best, and at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. Mr. Capner directs both of his thriving businesses in person; and his administrative policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically ensure a long continuance of the satisfactory conditions under which his house now operates.

JOHN EDWARD EVANS, ESTATE AND HOUSE AGENT, AUCTIONEER, SURVEYOR, AND VALUER, ETC.,
PHOENIX CHAMBERS, STAFFOUD.

THIS extensive business was founded in the year 1870 by the late Mr. John Tasker Evans, a well-known and highly-esteemed gentleman who assiduously devoted himself for many years of his life to the public welfare; he was for a long time a prominent member of the Town Council, and became Mayor of Stafford in 1880, his term of office being characterised by many beneficial improvements. He was in 1886 succeeded by his son, the present proprietor, who devotes himself entirely to the development of the several branches of his extensive business. Mr. Evans occupies a handsome suite of offices in the Phoenix Chambers, and employs a large and efficient clerical staff. In addition to the usual routine of business, as the sale by auction of all kinds of real and personal estate, valuations, &c., Mr. Evans devotes special attention to the management of landed estates, the development and laying out of building land, &c. He holds many valuable appointments in Staffordshire and the surrounding counties, amongst others he has been appointed by the Corporation of the Borough of Stafford as their agent for the disposal of the whole of their eligible building land included in the Coton Field Scheme. Mr. Evans is a greatly respected and popular man of business, his long experience and ripened judgment are of the greatest service to his clients, and his awards have been invariably characterised by the strictest impartiality between buyer and seller.

M. J. BARNETT & CO., BOX MANUFACTURERS AND COFFIN MAKERS,
WEIGHT STREET, STAFFORD.

MESSRS. M. J. BARNETT & Co. commenced business some fifteen years ago, and have developed a large trade, both in connection with the home and export markets. The works, which are situated in Wright Street, are the largest and most complete of their kind in the district, and are equipped with machinery and appliances of the most improved description, and every convenience for the effective and economical working of the business. The firm gives employment to a number of skilled and experienced workmen. The leading branch of their manufacture is cartoons or pasteboard boxes for the use of the boot and shoe manufacturers; thousands of these are turned out weekly. Messrs. Barnett & Co. have a very high reputation for these goods; they are well made, of good material, perfectly dry, and of neat and attractive appearance. This is a matter of great importance to boot and shoe manufacturers, and is every day becoming more strongly insisted upon by the trade. Another very important branch of the business is the manufacture of trunks and packing cases, the latter being lined with patent waterproof packing, tin or zinc, as required for the different markets; all kinds of packing boxes and cases are also made for the engineering and other trades. As before intimated, Messrs. M. J. Barnett & Co. do a very extensive business, they have exceptional facilities for carrying out large and urgent orders with promptness, the best materials only are used, and sound and reliable workmanship is guaranteed in every article of production.

MR. GEORGE NAGINGTON, MILLER.
PENKRIDGE MILLS, STAFFORD.

THE extensive business carried on by Mr. George Nagington at the Penkridge Mills has been established over fifty years, and forms an important factor in the industrial activity of this district. The Penkridge Mills are conveniently situated on the river Penk. They form a large and commodious structure, and about two years ago were entirely refitted with the roller plant of Messrs. D. Bate & Son, and are now of great productive capability. Mr. Nagington turns out in large quantities all the higher grades of flour made from the finest wheat procurable in the markets, also meal of various grades, oatmeal, bran, &c. Feeding stuffs for cattle and calves are a great specialty, more particularly Mr. Nagington’s celebrated linseed food for calves, which is made of a blend of linseed, beans, malt, oatmeal, lentils, semolina, &c., all carefully selected and cleaned, and sold in bags, central 16s., half-central 8s. 6d. Mr. Nagington possesses numerous unsolicited testimonials speaking in the highest terms of praise as to the excellent qualities of this food for rearing calves. Mr. Nagington also holds very large stocks of oats, beans, peas, maize, cakes, &c. He is an extensive and judicious buyer in the best markets, and can, consequently, give his customers exceptional advantages both in quality and price. The trade is of a wide-spread, influential, and steadily growing character, and extends to a distance of thirty miles round. Mr. George
Nagington is a well-known and popular man of business; he is greatly respected, and takes a keen and active interest in local affairs. He is at present Churchwarden and Overseer, and was unanimously elected on the Parish Council.

POTTS AND BROOKES, DRAPERS AND SILK MERCERS,
15, MARKET SQUARE, STAFFORD.

THE providing of up-to-date drapery goods, and kindred commodities of every kind, to meet the demands of a large and soundly-established local and country-side medium and high-class connection, finds able representation in Stafford at the hands of Messrs. Luther William Potts and Arthur William Brookes, trading under the style and title designated above. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in the busy Market Square, directly facing the Shire Hall, the spacious double-fronted shop, with its fine show and work-rooms at the rear, is handsomely fitted and appointed throughout, with a view to the reception, prompt service, and general comfort and convenience of the numerous customers who patronise the establishment. The stock of goods held and effectively displayed by the firm is particularly rich in fashionable novelties, and all the goods have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment, from the best and latest productions of the leading manufacturers of the day. On the ground-floor may be seen all manner of silks and velvets, coloured and black dresses, skirts and shawls, umbrellas, fancy goods, laces and trimmings, gloves and hosiery, gentlemen’s outfitting items, carpets, Manchester goods, blankets and flannels, and haberdashery of every conceivable kind; while on the first-floor are the show-rooms for mantles, millinery, costumes, underclothing, and infants' millinery generally — all goods being offered for sale, by the staff of polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. In their executive department Messrs. Potts & Brookes employ a picked staff of expert modistes to exemplify all the latest London and Paris fashion fancies in millinery and dress and mantle-making; and they also undertake the complete furnishing of funerals, with due economy, efficiency, and despatch. Both partners take an active part in the direction of their thriving business, which continues to steadily increase in popularity among the well-to-do and middle-classes of the community; and their business policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically ensure a long continuance of the satisfactory conditions under which their house now operates.

THOMAS TILL, SANITARY ENGINEER, PLUMBER, AND DECORATOR,
20, GAOLGATE STREET, STAFFORD.

THE question of effective sanitation in all buildings, whether residential or otherwise, has, at the present day, assumed proportions of such grave significance as to demand the attention of everyone in the slightest degree interested in the preserving of the health of the community. In this connection there is no name stands higher in public estimation in Stafford and the district than that of Mr. Thomas Till. The business is very old-established, and has been in Mr. Till's family for five generations. At the above address Mr. Till occupies very extensive and commodious premises, with every facility for carrying out contracts and work of any magnitude. A large staff of skilled and experienced workmen, registered plumbers, and talented artists in decoration, are regularly employed. During the course of their long and deservedly prosperous career, this eminent firm has most successfully carried out innumerable large and important contracts in all parts of the country, not only in sanitary work and plumbing, but particularly in the internal decoration of public edifices, churches, and other places of worship, country and town mansions, villas and private residences. Mr. Till not only carries out work in accordance with prepared plans and specifications, but also prepares schemes for decoration to harmonise with the particular style of architecture of any building in a most artistic and effective manner. Sanitary plumbing in all its branches is carried out by the firm in strict accordance with the authorised regulations, and the adoption of all the most recent approved methods. Now that the Stafford Corporation are putting down the electric installations, Mr. Till is prepared with every appliance and an efficient staff for effectively carrying out all kinds of work in this connection. Mr. Thomas Till is possessed of a sound practical knowledge of every technicality connected with the various branches of his industry, and personally conducts his business with admirable energy and ability. He is ever to the front in the adoption and introduction of improvements, thereby not only maintaining the eminent reputation of his house, but continuously increasing his wide-spread and valuable connection.

H. SWANWICK, THE COUNTY FISH, GAME, AND POULTRY STORES, FRUIT MERCHANT, ETC.,
GREENOATE, STAFFORD.
TELEGRAMS: “SWANWICK, STAFFORD,” AND “SWANWICK, STOKE-ON-TRENT,”
STAFFORD TELEPHONE NO. 35; AND STOKE-ON-TRBNT, NO. 268.

IN connection with this trade there is no house that is possessed of a higher reputation than the one under review. The records of the undertaking show that it was organised as far back as a quarter of a century ago in Vine Street. By reason of increased trade, the business was removed about a twelvemonth ago to its present eligible locale, occupying the spacious double-fronted ground floor of an imposing building in Greengate, and is now under the capable proprietary control of Mr. Wm. Henry Turkington. the commodious shop is divided into two departments — for fish, game, and poultry on the one side, and fruit on the other; and both sections are handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style, and equipped after the fashion of a first-class West End of London purveyor’s entrepot. Here may be purchased every esteemed variety of wet and dried fish in season, together with game and poultry of exclusively the best quality, specialities being made of English and Dutch native oysters and Royal Cambridge sausages; while an abundant supply of luscious English hot-house, garden, and foreign fruit, and all manner of fruit in syrups, &c., and tempting bottled table delicacies of a kindred character bedeck the board on the other side. The trade of the house extends practically to all parts of the town and country, and all orders are executed in a prompt and thoroughly satisfactory manner. Mr. Turkington has long taken a lively interest in local and municipal affairs as a member of the Town Council, displaying the same characteristic energy in public as in private matters. During his connection with the Corporation, he has taken an active part in the working of some of the most important committees. He is at present the Vice-Chairman of the Estate and Works Committee, and a member of the Electric Lighting and Finance Committees, and is everywhere respected, as much by reason of his business capabilities as for his personal qualities. The house has recently opened a branch shop at High Street, Stoke-on-Trent, at which establishment the same high-class trade (wholesale as well as retail) is carried on. We may mention that this business has been established for upwards of half a century, and was formerly known as “Molloy’s.”

H. R. WEAVER, M.H.T.A., FLORIST,
13, VINE STREET, STAFFORD.

FOR the last twenty years, that is to say, since Mr. H. R. Weaver began his operations as a florist in Stafford, his admirably equipped establishment has constituted a most delightful adjunct to much of the social activity in the town and the surrounding districts. Until recently, Mr. Weaver’s commercial business was conducted exclusively at the Greenfield Nurseries, close to Stafford, where a large proportion of the floral treasures in which he deals are grown. A few years ago, however, to meet the convenience of the large number of town customers whose names are included in the list which forms his valuable connection, he opened the establishment in Vine Street, with results which have been perfectly satisfactory. These premises are not extensive, and, as the stocks are for the most part renewed almost daily, space, to any large extent, would be a superfluity. There is, however, at all seasons, a most attractive display of the choicest and rarest flowers. Here, too, is performed most of the artistic work requisite for the production of such specialities as buttonholes, bouquets, ladies’ sprays, dinner-table decorations, and wreaths and crosses for memorial purposes. These are all distinguished, invariably, by gracefulness of design and deftness of execution. In this department of his business, Mr. Weaver has gained the unreserved confidence of the most distinguished town and county families, and he is constantly called upon to contribute floral decorations, external and internal — table, mural and otherwise — for balls, dinner parties, weddings, and other festive gatherings. the estimation in which Mr. Weaver’s professional resources are held by the leaders of local society is indicated, for example, by the fact that he was appointed to make, for the funeral of the late Duke of Clarence, Stafford's floral tribute — a magnificent piece of work, comprising a representation of the Staffordshire knot in lilies of the valley, surmounted by a crown in violets. He has also executed much artistic work of a similar character, for use in connection with local events. At Greenfield he has a large area under glass, and he possesses facilities for the supply of every conceivable flower in season. He also controls a large business in the importation of the finest foreign varieties.

SHEAFF & KEMP, GROCERS AND TEA DEALERS, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS,
9, GAOLGATB STREET, STAFFORD.

ANT record of the licensed grocery and tea trade of Stafford would, indeed, be sadly deficient without due reference to the important part taken therein by the noted house which furnishes the theme of the present brief review. The records of the undertaking show that it was organised as far back as thirty years ago at its present headquarters, No. 9, Gaolgate Street; and that the business increased with such rapidity, that the firm found it expedient to open at various times four large branch depots, at 42, Eastgate Street; 82, Marston Road; Gnosall, near Stafford; and High Street, Stone. The fame of the firm has been mainly won through the high excellence and exceptional values of their teas, for which they enjoy the largest sale in Stafford and its districts. Mr. Sheaff acts as the expert buyer for his house in London; and Mr. Frank Kemp, who manages the headquarters, had previously gained his experience in one of the leading London tea warehouses. Conjointly, Messrs. Sheaff and Kemp have systematically studied the character of the water supply over a very large section of the country, and, in their capacity as tea experts, have discovered the most suitable varieties and blends for each district, which they accordingly supply; and by this scientific method of research have succeeded in winning quite an unsurpassed reputation for their numerous kinds of teas adapted to meet the exact wants of all classes of customers. Their stock of general everyday groceries, moreover, is of a very complete and superior character; while as wine and spirit merchants, they hold a stock of all the best and most popular brands of liquors, and notably act as the accredited local agents for the celebrated “B.O.S.” Scotch whisky, “Dew of the Grampians,” “Fife,” and other noted brands. The firm control a very extensive family and general trade, which entails daily deliveries for a radius of twenty miles around, and their business policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising, as to practically ensure a long continuation of the satisfactory conditions under which their house now operates.

D. BORDLEY, ART PHOTOGRAPHER,
CASTLEBURG STUDIO, NEWPORT ROAD, STAFFORD.

IT is owing to the cultured artistic taste, the thorough technical skill, and the well-directed enterprise of Mr. D. Bordley, that Stafford can boast, in his establishment, the best-equipped photographic studio in the Midlands. His premises comprise a handsome, detached, private house, occupying a commanding position in Newport Road, nearly facing the King Edward VI. Grammar School. When, fifteen years ago, Mr. Bordley established himself here, he brought to his enterprise an invaluable fund of professional experience, gained as an operator with some of the most eminent firms of photographers in the United Kingdom. During his notably successful career in Stafford, he has received the patronage of such distinguished peers as the Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot, Lord Harrowby, Lord Hatherton, as well as of many of the most influential residents in the town and the county, including the mayors of Stafford in succession. The equipment of the studio is so complete as to represent all the latest practical applications of optical, mechanical, and chemical science to the perfecting of results in the several processes of photography. There is a splendid north light in the studio, permitting of operations being conducted at all hours of the day, and the light can be graduated at will by the use of special skylights and other blinds of Mr. Bordley’s own arrangement. The backgrounds used also are graduated in the artistic sense, rendering it possible to obtain the highest quality in tone. Much of the popularity which has been achieved by Mr. Bordley’s work is due to his skill and taste in posing, and he invariably produces well-defined pictures full of tone and life. Competent experts, indeed, are of opinion that Mr. Bordley’s work, regarded from the highest artistic standpoint, is unsurpassed by anything produced in the most fashionable establishments of the West-End of London. Amongst the members of his own profession he is well known and is highly respected, being one of the founders of the National Association of Professional Photographers, the list of whose members includes the names of the best photographic artists in the United Kingdom. He has successfully made specialities of Rembrandt pictures, of permanent platino-type prints and enamelling, of animal and landscape photography, and of lawn tennis, private theatrical, wedding, and school groups. The premises include reception and waiting-rooms, the elegance of whose appointments is in keeping with the high class of the business which Mr. Bordley controls.

JOHN G. CROSS, R.S.S. LOND., AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT AGENT, SHOEING AND GENERAL SMITH, ETC.,
FOREBRIDGE, STAFFORD; AND CANAL WHARF;
ALSO AT GAILEY, NEAR PENKRIDGE.

A MOST important addition to the industrial and commercial resources of Stafford has recently been made by the advent of Mr. John G. Cross, in the several capacities of agricultural implement agent, shoeing and general smith, and coach, cart, and waggon builder. Every Stafford man well remembers the business which was for many years conducted by the Messrs. Addison, on the Forebridge, as agricultural dealers, wheelwrights, and shoeing and general smiths. Some twelve months ago the business was acquired by Mr. Cross from Mr. Bambridge, who was the immediate successor to the Messrs. Addison. At Forebridge are Mr. Cross’s headquarters, comprising a shoeing forge, coach and waggon works, and implement fitting shops, together with a suite of well-appointed general and private offices. There is also a large implement warehouse on Canal Wharf, Bridge Street. Mr. Cross, who possesses a thorough technical knowledge of the business in all its departments, and holds a London certificate as a Registered Shoeing Smith, has fitted up the whole of these premises with requisites of the most approved modern type. In the industrial departments every appliance has been provided for the perfecting of results; and he employs a staff of workmen, all of whom are skilled experts in their several departments. Mr. Cross controls a very extensive business in the manufacture of waggons, carts, lorries, traps, floats, barrows, and ladders. The reputation which the establishment has gained for the thoroughly sound workmanship which characterises all these articles has created a steady and increasing demand for them. For the prompt and efficient repair of such vehicles, and also of all the other classes of appliances in which Mr. Cross deals as a merchant, there is every facility in his works. He is the specially appointed agent for many of the most eminent manufacturers of agricultural implements throughout the country; and, in this capacity, he always holds representative stocks of steam-engines, mills, horse-gears, chaff and turnip cutters, com and turnip drills, reapers and mowers, tedders, horse-rakes, ploughs, harrows, scuffle rolls, twin and chain harrows, swingle trees, pig troughs, lawn mowers, wringing and mangling machines, &c. His premises include a fine shoeing forge, in the industrial operations connected with which he naturally takes a strong personal interest. The principal effectively supervises all the details of his extensive and prosperous business, and his valuable connection extends all over Staffordshire.

BATKIN 4 KENT, HAIRDRESSERS, PERFUMERS, AND ORNAMENTAL HAIR MANUFACTURERS,
36, GAOLGATB STREET, STAFFORD.

SUSTAINING itself in worthy prominence among the principal business concerns of Stafford, the old-established and leading house named above is now under the sole proprietary control of Mr. Charles Kent; who, many years ago, won his professional laurels as an expert coiffeur, perruquier, and general tonsorial artist, at the establishment of Mr. L. Ronco, of Regent Street, London, W., Hairdresser by Appointment to H. M. the Queen. Occupying a commanding position in Gaolgate Street, the spacious shop, with its luxuriously furnished and equipped public saloon and private hairdressing rooms for both ladies and gentlemen, is undoubtedly the best place of its kind in the town; and is consequently well patronised by the nobility and elite of town and country society. The shop, per se, is elegantly arranged, and displays a select stock of choice toilet requisites, hair-washes, restorers, manicure instruments, &c., together with many beautiful examples of Mr. Kent's artistic work in ornamental hair, toupees, scalpettes, wigs, and coiffeurs for fashionable functions. Here also a splendid stock of outdoor-game requisites is en evidence, this being the county depot for lawn-tennis, golf, football, cricket, and other British pastimes. In his saloons Mr. Kent employs none but polite and expert artists to assist him in operating in every branch of modern hairdressing. His charges, moreover, are in all instances marked by their moderation. Personally, Mr. Kent takes a deep and beneficial interest in all matters having a bearing upon the welfare of the community at large. He has for many years past creditably represented the East Ward in the Town Council, and is at present a valued member of the Water Works and Public Baths Committees, and has several times filled the position of Overseer of the Poor for the parishes of St. Mary and St. Chad; and is everywhere respected, as much by reason of his great business capabilities and well-known integrity, as for his many estimable personal qualities.

J. P. EASTWOOD, TAILOR AND HABIT MAKER,
4, EASTGATE STREET, STAFFORD.

THE higher branches of ladies' and gentlemen’s tailoring, to meet the demands of a large aristocratic connection, finds an able representative and exponent at the county town of Stafford in the person of Mr. J. P. Eastwood, who formed the nucleus of his now thriving business in Eastgate Street some five years ago. Occupying a favourable position, nearly opposite to the Borough Hall, the handsomely appointed private establishment is in all its details essentially similar to a first-class West-End of London tailor’s shop; and here Mr. Eastwood maintains for selection a very large stock of exclusive patterns and textures in fashionable tailoring fabrics and materials suitable for both ladies’ and gentlemen’s wear. In his well-equipped workshops, Mr. Eastwood, himself an expert practical tailor and scientific cutter, is valuably assisted by a picked staff of skilled and experienced hands. Gentlemen’s fashionable attire for all occasions, together with shooting and fishing suits, hunting outfits, riding breeches and trousers, ladies’ habits, jackets, and costumes, servants’ liveries, and the like, are all included in Mr. Eastwood’s everyday productions; and in every instance these garments are- turned out in a state of perfection, in every essential characteristic of style, fit, good taste, and faultless finish. Moderate in all his charges and prompt and punctual in the execution of all orders, Mr. Eastwood has won the confidence and liberal support of many of the leading families amongst the nobility and gentry of Stafford and the county; and it is a true criterion of and tribute to his business abilities that not only are patrons invariably satisfied with the results of his efforts, but that his large clientele has been mainly called together through the potent agency of personal recommendations.

MORETON & Co., CONFECTIONERS, BAKERS, ETC.,
MARKET SQUARE, STAFFORD.

UNDER the style and title designated above, the Misses Moreton vigorously and most successfully sustain the high reputation of a house which, for over a century, has stood as the leading refreshment catering establishment in the county town of Stafford. Conspicuously located in the busy Market Square, the spacious double-fronted shop, with its admirably furnished luncheon-room, &c., always presents a singularly neat and clean appearance, which tends most emphatically to enhance the inviting character of the abundant and varied stock en evidence in the way of plain and fancy breads and biscuits, toothsome pastry, cakes, and confectionery, and tempting table delicacies of every kind. Here also may be seen samples of the firm’s specialities in funeral and other biscuits, dainty potted meats, comestibles from such celebrated firms as Messrs. Crosse & Blackwell, Messrs. Lazenby & Co., and others, and rich aesthetically adorned wedding cakes and the like; and Messrs. Moreton & Co. have long remained unsurpassed in the county as general refreshment caterers and providers of luncheons, dinners, teas, ball suppers, &c., while their salle a manger is well patronised by members of the Bar and their clients who come to attend the assizes or sessions at the Shire Hall, which is situated directly opposite in the Square. At the rear of this fine shop and refectory are the excellently equipped kitchens, domestic offices, and bakery, calling into operation a large picked staff of bakers, confectioners, &c. They also hold a licence for foreign and British wines, and continue to conduct their extensive business in a manner that is well calculated to enhance the high reputation and creditable traditions which the house of Messrs. Moreton & Co. have so long enjoyed.

ERNEST OLIVER, GENERAL AND FANCY DRAPER,
GAOLGATE STREET, STAFFORD.

AFTER a thoroughly sound London experience, Mr. Ernest Oliver, in the summer of 1893, acquired the old-established drapery business of a Mr. Plant. Mr. Oliver has had the premises, a fine three-storeyed structure, entirely renovated and appointed throughout in the best modern style, with a view to the reception, prompt service, and general comfort and convenience of the brisk custom he now already enjoys. The spacious double-fronted ground floor is reserved for the special dress goods and Manchester wares departments; and here may be seen every fashionable novelty up-to-date, from grades of common calicoes to the richest and velvets made. Fancy drapery wares in charming variety, gloves and hosiery, ladies’ and gentlemen’s outfitting items of every kind, general haberdashery, and all manner of fancy leather, bamboo, and other goods are also exhaustively en evidence adjoining. The first floor is utilised as the drees, mantle, and millinery department, where a staff of expert modistes is employed to exemplify the latest London and Paris fashion fancies; while nothing could be more commendable than the order and system which prevail in all parts of the premises. Two other departments, recently added, are the leather bag, portmanteau, tin box, trunk, &c.; and the china, glass, and earthenware department, in each of which an extensive variety of high-class modern goods is stocked. The house has already increased to a marked degree in popularity under Mr. Oliver’s vigorous, yet always prudent, policy of administration; and the straightforward and liberal lines upon which he conducts his business offer every promise and assurance of a prosperity still greater in time to come.

STONE.

R. TIMMIS & SON, BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS,
LICHFIELD ROAD, STONE.

THE important functions fulfilled by the modern builder and contractor are nowhere, perhaps, more adequately and typically exemplified than by the operations of the house whose rise and progress furnishes the theme of the present brief review. The records of the undertaking show that it was organised upwards of one hundred years ago in Stone, by a Mr. John Harris, who operated on a large scale as a practical joiner, carpenter, and cabinet-maker. For many years Mr. Harris was valuably assisted by the late Mr. R. Timmis, as an expert artisan; and Mr. Timmis, upon the retiral of his quondam chief, succeeded to the sole proprietary control of the business, in the year 1837, subsequently strengthening and expanding the trade, until it came into worthy prominence as one of the principal concerns of its kind in the town. By reason of the decease of Mr. R. Timmis, his son, Mr. Thomas Timmis, who had acquired a splendid technical and business training, continued to develop the business after June, 1881 — trading under the style and title designated above. Mr. Timmis's yards were originally located in the rear of what is now the Town Hall, but, in 1882, he bought the property in Lichfield Road. They are replete with every facility, equipment, and resource for the transaction of an extensive business, which embraces every branch of building and contracting work; and it is a well-known fact, that any work taken in hand by the firm, whether it be for the erection of a mansion or public building, or a small alteration, repairing, or joiner’s job, is carried out in a masterly and thoroughly honest manner. Adjoining the yard is Mr. Timmis's private house. This he has so altered and improved since buying the property that it is now one of the handsomest is Stone. During the past few years Messrs. R. Timmis & Son have carried out many important local contracts, notably the building of the Hospital at Stone, and a very large number of the best dwelling-houses, factories, &c., in the district. Personally Mr. Thomas Timmis is well-known and much respected as a capable, enterprising, and straightforward business man. He takes a deep and beneficial interest in all local charities and philanthropic movements, especially of an educational character; and ever since the tender age of fifteen years, has been connected with the parish church schools, and is everywhere popular, especially with children, as much by reason of his well-known integrity as for his many estimable personal qualities.

JOHN CHARLES COLEMAN, WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT,
MARKET PLACE, STONE.

Established in the year 1796 by Mr. Leigh Coleman, and vigorously promoted by successive members of the founder's family, of which Mr. John Charles Coleman is the present worthy representative, this noted wholesale and retail business for the distribution of excisable liquors from Stone as a centre of supply, stands practically unsurpassed by any other local house in the trade. Mr. Coleman’s offices, commodious warehouses, and extensive stores are well situated in the busy Market Place, and are replete with every facility and convenience for the rapid and effective transaction of a brisk business, which has been sedulously cultivated, during the past century, among the principal families, leading hotels, and licensed victuallers’ establishments throughout an area with a radius of fully twenty miles from Stone. Mr. Coleman maintains an enormous stock of all the best and most popular brands of wines of the most noted vintages, derived direct from the growers or shippers, all the best brands and blends of spirits, liqueurs and cordials, Dublin stout in cask and bottle, and Bass’s ales bottled on the premises, all liquors offered by him being of the utmost value at the prices quoted on his current lists. It would be impossible within the limits of this brief sketch to give a detailed list of the numerous brands, vintages, blends, &c., held in finest condition on stock by Mr. Coleman; but a single example of his modus operandi may be here given, in testimony of the care and attention which he usually bestows in securing suitable liquors for his patrons — to wit, with regard to champagnes, by reason of their greatly enhanced prices, he has been at great pains to discover hitherto little-known brands of wine, the intrinsic merits of which ought to place them on a level with renowned brands. Of course, these wines, although quite as good as the older and much advertised kinds, are available at a very low figure. On the other hand, the generous vintage of Chateau clarets in 1893 caused a considerable reduction in price on older wines, and of these Mr. Coleman has taken care to secure some of the best, so as to give his customers the undoubted benefit while it may be had. Such is the policy of Mr. Coleman's business; and it is, doubtless, largely due to these facts that, under his regime, the house has become so widely popular, and that such an extensive accession of business has recently accrued. Personally, Mr. Coleman is well known and much esteemed in both trade and social circles throughout Staffordshire as an enterprising, honourable and thoroughly capable business man, liberal and fair in all transactions, and well deserving of the substantial success he is achieving.

MESSRS. RICHARD VERNON & CO., WHOLESALE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS,
STONE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

UNDOUBTEDLY one of the most important, and also one of the oldest firms at Stone is that of Messrs. Richard Vernon & Co., whose name has been associated with the great boot and shoe industry of this district for upwards of sixty years. The “Vernon” brand of boots and shoes is widely and favourably known, and embraces all grades of women’s and children's goods from “medium” to "best." The variety of styles and shapes is remarkably large, being constantly augmented by the introduction of novelties, and the firm are equally successful in the production of high-class machine-sewn and hand-sewn work, all their goods showing special excellence of finish and workmanship. Messrs. Vernon are proprietors of a number of specialities which have reflected great credit upon their house. Among these the “Vernonia” boot probably takes the lead, but all the others are highly popular, and comprise a range of new and attractive designs well suited to the various requirements of the different markets into which they find their way. The extent of the firm's trade and reputation may be gauged from the fact that their manufactures are well known all over Australia, New Zealand, Cape Colony, South America, and other distant countries. Special care is taken with export orders, and all goods are thoroughly dry before being shipped, so that they reach their destination in perfectly satisfactory condition. Their goods are not only prettier and smarter in style than the general run of French and German boots and shoes, but have also a great advantage in their superior material and wear-resisting qualities. Messrs. Vernon have very large and splendidly equipped works, and give employment to between six hundred and seven hundred hands. Their London offices are at 6, Falcon Street, Aldersgate Street, E.C., where they are represented by Mr. G. Beaumont. Mr. George Lewis, one of the firm, is a gentleman who has long been prominent in public life at Stone. He has been for many years a member of the Stone Local Board, and is now vice-chairman of the District Council, and a governor of Alleyne’s Grammar School. With him is associated in partnership Mr. Frederick Adie, who confines his attention to business, and energetically co-operates with Mr. Lewis in the administration of this influential industrial concern. We ought to add that Messrs. Richard Vernon & Co. gained the “first award” for their manufactures at the Melbourne Exhibition of 1880.

MR. ARTHUR BAILEY, TIMBER YARDS AND SAW-MILLS,
NEWCASTLE STREET, AND STATION YABD, STONE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

THE extensive business now so successfully carried on by Mr. Arthur Bailey, was established some sixty years ago by Messrs. J. & T. Dimmock & Co., and was taken over by the present proprietor about ten years since. At that time the timber trade was carried on at Newcastle Street only, but Mr. Bailey soon found the place too small for the increasing requirements of the business, and acquired a large plot of land close to the Stone Station, London and South Western and West Staffordshire lines. This yard, which is about one acre and a half in extent, is bounded on one side by the Trent and Mersey Navigation Canal, and is thus in complete touch both by rail and water with all parts of the country. Mr. Bailey holds very large stocks both at Newcastle Street and Station Road, of all kinds of English and foreign timber, in baulk and log, including oak, ash, willow, poplar, beech, mahogany, pitch-pine, and cabinet woods suitable for all purposes. The saw-mills and works are laid out on an extensive scale, and are replete with all the best and most improved machinery and appliances, including circular, frame, and other saws, and a very powerful horizontal saw taking logs up to four feet in width. Here is also stored a large stock of deals, battens, flooring-boards, mantel-boards, mouldings, &c., suitable for builders’ use. A very extensive business is done both in rough and sawn timber, large quantities being supplied to mines, potteries, collieries, ironworks, builders, wheelwrights, coach-builders, &c. Another important branch of the business carried on at Newcastle Street is the manufacture of packing-cases and boxes for the boot and shoe trade and other industries. Mr. Bailey is a very extensive and judicious buyer in the best markets, and with the superior facilities at his command, he is enabled not only to promptly execute all orders, but alas to give his customers exceptional advantages both in quality and price. Mr. Arthur Bailey conducts the business with marked ability, and is widely recognised as a courteous and enterprising man, with whom it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions.

MR. HENRY STEPHENS, GROCER, TEA DEALER, AND PROVISION MERCHANT, DISPENSING AND FAMILY CHEMIST,
RADFORD STREET, HIGH STREET, STONE.

CONSPICUOUSLY located in the centre of the town of Stone stands one of the best-known and most popular of its business establishments, that of Mr Henry Stephens, who unites in himself the various occupations of family grocer and provision merchant, dispensing and family chemist, and wine and spirit dealer. The business has been established upwards of twenty years, and from its inception has been conducted with marked ability, energy, and perseverance. All the time the wants of town and country patrons have been supplied in a manner that has never failed to give every satisfaction and to secure their continued support. Well-arranged premises are occupied at the top of High Street, now known as Radford Street, consisting of a spacious shop with two fine windows, wherein an attractive display is made of the superior but somewhat diversified kind of goods for which the house is noted. The interior is handsomely fitted up, one side being laid out specially for the grocery business and the other for that of the chemist and druggist. As a grocer and provision merchant, Mr. Stephens is controlling a very important business. His knowledge of the trade is the result of many years' practical experience, and the goods he handles are invariably of the finest and most desirable kind. As becomes their universal use, teas are made a leading line here, the establishment being known as “The People's Tea Warehouse.” The teas handled are selected from the finest growths imported into England from China, India, and Ceylon, and are immense favourites throughout the district with all classes of consumers for their strength, flavour, and rich piquancy. The house carries also first-class supplies of coffee, fruits, spices, and preserves, together with the choicest provisions, particularly hams, bacon, cheese, and butter. Mr. Stephens is the local agent for Messrs. W. & A. Gilbey, and has always on hand an admirable selection of their celebrated wines and spirits.

The pharmaceutical department of the establishment is well stocked with carefully selected drugs and chemicals, patent medicines and proprietary articles, homeopathic specifics, perfumes from the leading makers, toilet and sick-room requisites, and all the various goods that go to make up the stock of a well-conducted pharmacy. Mr. Stephens is a thoroughly qualified chemist and druggist by examination of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and gives close personal attention to the dispensing department. Drugs of only recognised strength and purity are used, and the skill and perfect accuracy with which physicians’ prescriptions and family recipes are compounded have won the confidence of the medical profession as well as of the general public. Mr. Stephens has introduced several widely known specialities, the principal being Stephens's Balsam of Linseed and Liquorice, an invaluable remedy for coughs and colds; Stephens’s Universal Stomachic and Digestive Pills, pronounced by the public to be worth a sovereign a box; and Stephens’s Infallible Hair Restorer. In each branch of the business a splendid family trade is being done, and the establishment on market days is a scene of busy life with the influx of country customers. Mr. Stephens is an able, skilful, and courteous man, and much respected by all that know him, whether in business or in private circles.

ALFRED M. IVES, FISHMONGER, POULTERER, AND FRUITERER, LICENSED DEALER IN GAME,
33, HIGH STREET, STONE.

IN succession to Sir. George Stephens, Mr. Alfred M. Ives carries on the oldest established and largest select business in the fish, game, poultry, and fruit purveying trade of Stone. Occupying a commanding position in the busy High Street, a few doors distant from the Town Hall, Mr. Ives’ spacious shop, with its excellent fitments and modern hygienic appointments throughout, always presents a singularly neat, clean, and wholesome appearance, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant and varied stock there displayed. Every esteemed kind of fish and shell-fish, received in frequent large consignments direct from Grimsby and other ports, farm-fed poultry, select English and foreign game, and fruit of every kind in season, together with a special line in fresh Cambridge sausages, tinned and potted delicacies, and large supplies of Lake Wenham ice, are all en evidence in the very finest condition for consumption, and are all offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices compatible with the fluctuations of the market. Mr. Ives has sedulously and most successfully cultivated a superior class of trade by supplying none but the first quality of fish, game, poultry, and fruit; and his house is extensively patronised by the leading families, hotels, &c., in Stone and its countryside, as much by reason of the high excellence of all his supplies as for the moderation of his prices and the sound methods and honourable principles which have always characterised his business transactions.

A. W TILLEY, FHOTOGRAPHER, NEWSAGENT, AND STATIONER,
7 & 8, RADFORD STREET, STONE.

PRACTICAL photography, in all the highest phases of its modern development, finds an able exponent at Stone in the person of Mr. A. W. Tilley, who some six years ago opened his present prosperous business, thereby filling a much felt void in the town. Mr. Tilley, however, had previously won his professional laurels in the studio of his father, the old-established and famous photographer of Gaolgate Street, Stafford; and he has, during his practice at Stone, proved himself to be a very skilful operator and accomplished artist in every branch of photography up-to- date; all his pictures being characterised by fidelity to nature, delicate in tone, admirable in chiaroscuro, and of great artistic excellence, while his charges are, in all instances, exceptionally moderate. Possessed of a fine studio, laboratories, and ateliers, replete with every modern improvement and appliance, Mr. Tilley, with capable artists and operators to assist him, undertakes the production of photographs of every description, size, and style, by any of the esteemed processes in vogue, such as portraits, landscapes, groups, interiors, instantaneous pictures of children, animals, &c., printed by the permanent platinotype or other processes, or enlarged and exquisitely finished in oils or water-colours. In his spacious double-fronted shop, attached to the studio, Mr. Tilley holds a very large yet select stock of general stationery and stationers' sundries; all the leading local, London, and provincial newspapers and magazines (to order on their days of issue); Berlin and fancy wools; Winsor & Newton's and Raphael Tuck’s artists’ colours and materials; German mouldings for picture-frames, which may be had made to order on the premises; French glass shades, and all kinds of window glass; all these goods being offered for sale at popular prices; and the large and liberal patronage he enjoys, in every department of his business is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

“MASSEY’S,” GENTLEMEN’S AND LADIES’ TAILORS, OUTFITTERS, HATTERS, AND HOSIERS,
LICHFIELD HOUSE, STONE.
TELEGRAMS: “MASSEYS, STONE.”

IN connection with the higher branches of tailoring and gentlemen’s outfitting, there is no house in Stone that is possessed of a higher reputation than the one which furnishes the theme of the present brief review. Established as far back as the year 1830, the present head of the house being Mr. George Massey, who is well known and much esteemed throughout the countryside as a capable, enterprising, and honourable business man, “Lichfield House,” as it is popularly called, occupies a commanding central position in the town, and is the favourite resort of both ladies and gentlemen in search of fashionable attire. The spacious shop is handsomely appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most tastefully arranged to hold and to effectively display a particularly large yet select stock of exclusive patterns and textures in fashionable tailoring fabrics and materials for the current season, all of which are courteously open to the closest inspection of intending patrons. A special feature of the business being, that upon receipt of a note or post-card, a competent assistant is sent, free of charge, with samples, &c., to take measurements and instructions at patrons’ own residences. Massey’s, moreover, hold a very choice stock of silk and felt hats, caps for all occasions, hosiery, gloves, underwear, and outfitting items of every conceivable kind, all of which are kept strictly up-to-date, and offered for sale at the lowest prices, consistent with high-class quality and equitable trading.

In their admirably-ventilated and well-equipped workshops the firm employ a picked staff of expert craftsmen to undertake the making of gentlemen's fashionable attire for all occasions, including their specialities in golfing, shooting, and touring suits, and riding and hunting breeches, all manner of juvenile garments for both home and school wear, ladies’ costumes, jackets, mantles, dolmans, capes, habits, ulsters, travelling cloaks, covert coats, golfing capes, &c.; waterproofs of all kinds, servants' liveries, clerical garb, and the like; and every garment emanating from their establishment is endowed with a correctness of style, a perfection of fit, and a faultless finish that can only be imparted by a past-master of the sartorial art. Moderate in his charges, and prompt and punctual in the execution of all orders, Mr. George Massey has won the full confidence and liberal support of most of the leading local and country families; and it is a true criterion of, and tribute to, his capabilities, that not only are patrons invariably well satisfied with the results of his efforts, but that his large and valuable clientele has been mainly called together through the potent agency of personal recommendations.

SWIFT & BARLOW, AUTHORISED PLUMBERS, GAS AND HOT-WATER FITTERS, GLAZIERS, DECORATIVE PAINTERS, GRAINERS, PAPER HANGEES, AND HOUSE DECORATORS,
RADFORD STREET, STONE.

THE important functions fulfilled by the modern domestic decorator and general sanitary engineer find able representation at Stone, in Staffordshire, at the hands of Messrs. William Swift and John Barlow, who both received a thoroughly technical training and sound business experience under the late Mr. James Phillips, who organised what he developed into the leading business of its kind at Stone five-and-twenty years ago. Upon the decease of Mr. Phillips, the business was acquired by Messrs. Swift & Barlow, some seven years since; and, under their capable control, has been both strengthened and expanded, so that they are now prepared to undertake house decorating and sanitary work generally upon any scale of magnitude. They have, indeed, completed many large local contracts with the highest satisfaction to all concerned; notably, the entire decorations for the Congregational Schools, and for Christ Church Schools, at Stone. The firm’s premises in Radford Street are, in every point of character and situation, precisely adapted to the requirements of a very brisk business; and they maintain in their shop and ware-rooms an enormous up-to-date stock of all manner of materials and requisites incidental to plumbing, gas and hot-water fitting, the fixing and repairing of baths, water closets, &c., and sanitary work generally; decorative painting, glazing, graining, and house and church decorating work of every description. Messrs. Swift & Barlow retain the services of a large picked staff of skilled artisans and others, in constant readiness to proceed to any distance for the purpose of executing work by contract or otherwise; and their house stands high in the estimation of a very large and widespread connection, as much by reason of the reliability and exceptional excellence of all their work, as for the moderation of their charges, and the sound methods and honourable principles which characterise their business transactions.

CHARLES W. SMITH, GENERAL AND FURNISHING IRONMONGER,
49, HIGH STREET, STONE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

THIS is one of the most prominent and attractive business establishments in Stone. It was founded in 1888, and bought some two years ago by the present proprietor, who, by dint of energy and business capacity, has succeeded in gaining the confidence of the public, and in building up a most extensive and influential connection. The spacious and handsome shop has a very attractive frontage of over twenty feet to the High Street, the old coach road from the north to London. The interior is admirably appointed and well arranged for the display, sale, and storage of the large and varied stock which, in addition to the extensive assortment of general ironmongery, includes some splendid lines in famishing goods, lamps, table and pocket cutlery, electro-plated goods, grates, registers, gas and oil stoves, brass and iron bedsteads, scales, weights', iron and steel merchants' goods, &c., &c. The display of Defries’ Patent Safety Lamps is exceptionally fine — Mr. Smith is the agent here. These splendid lamps give up to one hundred candle-power at a very trifling cost, and are produced in most pleasing and elegant designs. Prize cartridges and sporting ammunition form a leading speciality.

Another important department is that of agricultural implements, in which are displayed slicing, cutting, pulping, grinding, and crushing machines; reapers, ploughs, &c., &c., all by the best makers. The object of Mr. C. W. Smith is manifestly to supply to all comers every article coming under the elastic head of general and furnishing ironmongery, and to ensure the embodiment in that article of the two most desirable of all attributes — good quality and moderate price. In the attainment of his object he has demonstrated, at one and the same time, his own correct commercial judgment, and the readiness with which the public will recognise and support all such enterprises designed for their benefit. At the rear of the premises are large and well-equipped works for tin, plate, and zinc workers, locksmiths, electric and other bell-hanging, hot-water fitting, &c., with a large and skilful staff of experienced workmen busily employed. Personally, Mr. Charles W. Smith is an enterprising man of business. His operations are based on sound commercial principles, and he spares no effort to secure in all possible points the complete satisfaction of customers by the advantages of assured high quality and moderate prices.

THOMAS G. ADIE, STATIONER, BOOKSELLER, BOOKBINDER, AND PRINTER,
HIGH STREET, STONE.

ESTABLISHED as far back as the year 1820, this important business was acquired some four years ago by Mr. Thomas G. Adie, under whose enterprising direction it has been strengthened and expanded into the leading house at Stone for printing and stationery up-to-date. Eligibly located in a conspicuous position in the busy High Street, the spacious shop is handsomely appointed throughout, and is most methodically, yet tastefully, arranged to hold and to effectively display a particularly large and thoroughly representative stock of goods composed of books in all branches of literature, including select school prizes, ornately bound volumes suitable for gifts, and the various publications of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, for which this is the local depot. Mr. Adie also acts as a general newsagent, supplying newspapers and magazines early on their dates of issue to order. Plain, educational, commercial, and fashionable stationery; office and library requisites, account books specially made, if desired, to order, and stationers’ sundries of every kind, together with a veritable legion of novelties and stationers’ fancy goods of British and foreign manufacture also form aa important moiety of the stock in trade, and all such goods are offered for sale at reasonable prices. In his executive department, Mr. Adie is possessed of a splendid plant of printing and other machines and appliances, and by the employment of good practical men is enabled to undertake all kinds of letterpress, job, and artistic printing, account-book making, engraving, and embossing, and bookbinding in all its branches, with due economy, high efficiency, and despatch. Mr. Adie executes the printing for all the local authorities; and the large and liberal general patronage accorded to his house is ample evidence of the fact that his efforts, quite as much in the public interest as in his own, have not failed to meet with deserved appreciation and support.

MESSRS. HARRIS & CO., COACH-BUILDERS,
STONEFIELD, STONE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

SOME five years ago an important addition was made to the industrial resources of the Stone district by the establishment of the admirably organised business which is conducted by Messrs. Harris & Co. as coach-builders. The principal, Mr. Llewellyn Harris, brought to his enterprise a thorough technical knowledge of the requirements of the trade, and aa ample experience gained, for the most part, while holding a responsible position with the famous firm of Windover & Co., carriage-builders, of Huntingdon. The result has demonstrated that there was an ample field for the exercise of Mr. Harris’s special abilities at Stone, since his was the first, and is still the only, establishment of the kind in the district. His premises, which were formerly the shoe factory of Messrs. Pocock & Co., comprise a spacious building of two storeys, which is admirably adapted to the requirements of the business, as both the floors are particularly lofty and light, while the several industrial departments are equipped with every requisite for the perfecting of results in the several processes of body-building, wheelwrights’ and smiths’ working, painting, varnishing, and upholstering. During the three years of the firm's existence, Messrs. Harris & Co. have produced a considerable amount of very high-class work in the form of phaetons, bent-sided rustic cars, “Battlesden” and “Governess” cars, broughams, &c. They have, with notable success, made a speciality of the manufacture of pony traps and smart gigs, which are remarkable for their combination of lightness and strength. For the excellence of the firm's exhibits of these classes of vehicles, they were awarded silver medals at] the Staffordshire Agricultural Society’s Shows at Stone in 1890 and, again, at Stafford in 1892. They possess every facility for the construction of any class of vehicles to pattern, drawing, or specification, and they execute repairs with the utmost promptitude and efficiency. They have thus gained the unreserved confidence and the steady support of the most distinguished and influential families resident in the district. By dint of private recommendation, therefore, the volume of the firm's business is increasing substantially and without interruption.

MESSRS. BAILEY & WAIN, COAL, COKE, AND GENERAL MERCHANTS.
HEAD OFFICE AND DEPOT: NEWCASTLE STREET, STONE.

AMONG the enterprising and ably conducted businesses in Stone, mention should not be omitted of that controlled by Messrs. Bailey & Wain, coal, coke, and general merchants, whose head office and depot are in Newcastle Street. The partners are Mr. Arthur Bailey and Mr. Thomas Wain, the latter of whom having had a large experience in various branches of the trade before they commenced operations together about two years ago. They have already succeeded in building up a widespread connection which extends not only over a radius of fifteen miles round Stone, but to many distant parts of England, and to which they are continually adding by the promptness and care they show in executing all orders entrusted to them. The Newcastle Street premises are capitally located by the North Staffordshire Railway Co. Canal (Trent and Mersey Navigation). They cover an area of about half an acre, and the proprietors possess every convenience in the way of boats, horses, carts, and waggons, for controlling an extensive business. They have also most extensive accommodation at Forebridge Wharf, Stafford, and at the railway wharves at Norton Bridge, Stone, and Whitmore. Coal is a leading item with the firm, and contracts are maintained with some of the principal collieries in the district. They buy largely, and command the most favourable conditions. They can always supply a good article at the lowest quoted prices. Ample stocks are kept for the convenience of customers, and orders of any magnitude can be executed by rail or canal without any loss of time. The firm hold, also, extensive stocks of coke, breezes, Cheshire salt, and Portland cement, the famous Eddystone brand. Messrs. Bailey & Wain are agents for North and South Staffordshire collieries, Cheshire agricultural salt, Smith Bros.’ celebrated bone and chemical manures, and Lawes’ Basic Phosphate, Froghall lime, bricks, tiles, drain-pipes, &c. With the extensive facilities at their command, they are able to offer their customers advantages in delivery and prices such as can hardly be improved upon elsewhere. Young, energetic, and thoroughly conversant with the trade in all its bearing, Messrs. Bailey & Wain have before them A successful and prosperous future.
Telegrams should be addressed “Bailey & Wain, Stone.”

RUGELEY.

WILLIAM TOY, BUTCHER, ETC.,
8, MARKET STREET, RUGELEY.

IN a quaint old-fashioned house, which was erected close upon a century ago, just by the Shrewsbury Arms Hotel, in Market Street, Rugeley, Mr. William Toy has, during the past two-and-twenty years, vigorously and most successfully promoted his business as a purveyor of meat of exclusively the best quality, and as such, enjoys the liberal patronage of many of the leading families resident at Rugeley and its districts for fifteen miles around, including Lichfield, Hednesford, Cannock Chase, Colwich, Armitage, Pellsall, Longdon, and their neighbourhoods; and has also catered with credit for Her Majesty's troops and officers’ mess, and also the volunteers, when camping on Cannock Chase. Occupying a commanding position, Mr. Toy’s premises, with their substantial fitments and modern hygienic appointments throughout, always present a particularly neat, clean, and wholesome appearance, which tends very largely to enhance the inviting character of the abundant stock of expertly dressed carcasses, sides, joints, and cuts of meat there en evidence. Home-fed ox-beef and wether mutton; house lamb, veal and dairy-farm pork in their respective seasons; choicely corned beef and prime pickled tongues are always fully represented in the very finest condition for consumption, and are offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants at the lowest prices consistent with the fluctuations of the market.

En passant, it may be noted, that Mr. William Toy has long taken a deep and beneficial interest in the welfare of the community in which he dwells. He was for over nine years a valued member of the old Local Board, and upon the dissolution of that body, was elected one of the first members of the succeeding New Rugeley District Urban Council. Mr. Toy was also one of the first promoters of the Waterworks scheme, whose successful completion has just been celebrated with eclat. He is furthermore a prominent “Forester,” Lodge 3,086, being a P.C.R.; a District Trustee, and a member of the Burial Board, and an allotment warden.

WILLIAM WILLIAMS, HAGLEY MILL,
RUGELEY, STAFFORDSUIBB.

IT is particularly interesting to meet with an establishment of such old standing as the Hagley Mill, which, for more than two centuries, has been in continuous operation as a flour mill, and for the supply of meal and provender. Mr. William Williams, the present proprietor, has been established here for the last twenty-six years, and does a very large trade in the surrounding district, including Cannock Chase, Colnrick, Langdon, Hednerford, Armitage, Blithfield, Brereton, &c. The mill and warehouses are very extensive, the former is fitted with machinery and appliances for the production of the various grades of flour meals, &c., crushing oats, peas and beans, maize and barley. Three qualities of baking flour are produced — fine, best seconds, and regular seconds — which enjoy an excellent reputation for purity and uniform quality. Wholemeal flour is also turned out in large quantities. This is very popular, producing a most digestive and nutritious bread. Large stocks of wheat, oats, barley, maize, feeding-cakes, pea-meal, &c., are held. Mr. Williams is a very judicious buyer in the best markets, and is consequently enabled to give his customers exceptional advantages, and to offer special terms to large buyers. He has an excellent connection amongst agriculturalists, dairy farmers, and others, within a radius of twenty miles. Mr. W. Williams is well known and greatly respected in the neighbourhood, for many years he was a member of the Local Board; business engagements compel him to avoid office as much as possible, however, he still retains his membership of the Hospital Committee. Mr. Williams is widely recognised as a courteous and enterprising man, with whom it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions.

PENKRIDGE.

MR. MATTHEW SHUTT, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT MAKER AND REPAIRER, AND GENERAL IRONFOUNDER AND MACHINIST,
PENKRIDGE, STAFFORDSHIRE.

OVER thirty-five years ago, Mr. Matthew Shutt established himself at Penkridge as an agricultural implement maker and repairer, and general ironfounder and machinist. Mr. Shutt possesses a thorough technical knowledge of those departments of mechanical engineering science, practically applied, that have reference to the branches of industry in which he is engaged. He brought to his undertaking at Penkridge, also, a spirit of energetic enterprise, which he has so judiciously directed that his establishment has become an indispensable adjunct to the agricultural industry of the district for fifteen miles round. His works form a model of complete equipment for the special operations which he carries on. They include a foundry, a fitting shop, a smiths’ shop, and a sawmill—all fitted up with every appliance of the most approved modern type, requisite for facilitating the mechanical processes, and perfecting the results. The machinery is driven by a powerful steam-engine. The proprietor has, in particular, gained a high reputation as a manufacturer of pulpers and other agricultural implements; and to him is entrusted the repairing of all the machinery of this kind which is in use within a wide area. He also conducts a very extensive commercial business as agent for many of the leading English manufacturers, including such eminent firms as those of Howard (Bedford), Hornsby (Grantham), Ransome (Ipswich), Balls (Rothwell), Corbett (Shrewsbury), and Harrison & McGregor (Leigh, Lancashire). In his own works Mr. Shutt employs a competent staff of skilled workmen, maintaining the high reputation which he has gained by assiduous supervision of all the work which lie undertakes, all orders being, therefore, promptly and efficiently executed.

WIGAN.

WITH its remarkable range and scope of industrial activity, its large and busy population, its continuous growth in material wealth and municipal resources, and its many excellent local institutions, Wigan has a strong claim to be regarded as a characteristic town of modern Lancashire — a type of all that is manifested in the progressive instincts and native energies of the people of this County Palatine. It is not in the records of the past that the great achievements of Wigan are noted, for here we have a town that is essentially of to-day, not only in growth to a large extent, but also in nearly all its salient characteristics as a seat of trade and manufacture. Its antiquity, nevertheless, is undoubted, for there is probably justification for the belief that it rose upon the site of a Roman station or camp; and as early as the time of Henry III. it became a borough by prescription. But the great development of Wigan has been a matter of much more recent date, and has, in fact, been coeval with the stupendous growth of the Lancashire cotton industry since the introduction of steam-power machinery. The situation of the town has specially favoured its prosperity in this connection. Being in the centre of a rich and productive coalfield, and possessing ample conveniences of transport by railway and canal, it is not surprising that Wigan should have come rapidly to the front as a manufacturing town. At the present day it is unquestionably one of the busiest communities in Lancashire, and besides being a leading centre of activity in the cotton trade, it is also the home of many other industries allied thereto or connected with some of the many branches of productive enterprise in which Lancastrians so successfully engage.

Wigan is a parliamentary borough, and since 1885 has returned one member to Parliament. In 1888 Wigan became a county borough. The population in 1891 was 55,013, an increase of nearly 7,000 upon the figures for 1881. In the time of the Civil War Wigan was the scene of fierce encounters between the troops of the King and those of the Parliament. In 1642 the Earl of Derby occupied the town, but in the following year he was defeated and driven out by the Parliamentarians. In the same year (1643) the earl made another stand for the King but was again defeated. Once more, in 1651, the earl had another engagement with the forces of Cromwell under Colonel Lilburne, and once more he had to yield to superior numbers.

Wigan is a well-built town, and displays in some of its more prominent structures those features of improved architecture which distinguish modern buildings in Lancashire generally. The parish church, dedicated to All Saints, is said to have originated in the fourteenth century, but was rebuilt in 1856. Other public buildings of note are the County Buildings (1888), the Public Hall, the Market Hall, the Free Library, the Public Baths, and the Infirmary. The last-named institution dates from 1873, when the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Wigan for the purpose of laying the foundation stone. There are excellent schools at Wigan, including the old Grammar School, founded in 1619 and rebuilt in 1876.

The local industries of this town are upon a vast scale, and cover a wide and varied field. In the neighbouring country are some of the principal collieries of the Kingdom, yielding an enormous output, employing many thousands of workers, and utilising an immensity of capital. The cotton mills and factories of Wigan rank with the largest in England, and so do the great iron works and mechanical establishments of the town. In both cases the leading firms display a magnificent spirit of enterprise, the results of which are seen in the elaborate equipment of their works and the superiority of their productions. Colliery plant is largely turned out amongst a great variety of machinery; and railway rolling stock, chemicals, paper, beer, clothing, oils, paints, mineral waters, furniture, electrical appliances, jams and marmalade, waterproof goods, hosiery, steam-engines, and all manner of mill furnishings find a place in the varied output of this thriving borough. We shall now take the opportunity to concisely review a number of the representative firms carrying on business in the town, and invite the attention of our readers to the particulars we are enabled to furnish concerning their various undertakings.

REPRESENTATIVES OF COMMERCE.

JOHNSON’S ENGINEERING WORKS, AND IRON, METAL, AND MACHINERY STORES,
PRESCOTT STREET, WIGAN.
PROPRIETOR: MR. THOMAS JOHNSON.

BY the commencement of Mr. Thomas Johnson’s operations about twenty-five years ago, a very important addition was made to the engineering resources of the Wigan district; and it is owing to this gentleman’s strong commercial aptitude and well-directed enterprise that, during the last quarter of a century, the town has gained a unique reputation as a centre for the supply of new and second-hand machinery, all of which, being purchased under exceptional circumstances, is offered to purchasers upon the most advantageous terms. The premises which Mr. Johnson has occupied for the last fifteen years were specially built for him in accordance with designs prepared to meet the particular requirements of his business. The establishment, therefore, forms a model of convenient arrangement and adaptation. It occupies a commanding position in Prescott Street, and covers an aggregate area of about thirty thousand square yards, comprising a fine range of workshops, together with sheds and yards, affording a vast amount of space for warehousing purposes, and every facility for the convenient inspection of the enormous, valuable, and comprehensive stocks which are always held. There is, too, a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with telephonic communication and all other requisites for the prompt despatch of the large amount of correspondence and other clerical work necessitated by the numerous and important transactions of the house. The telephone number is 57, and the registered telegraphic address is “Johnson, Wigan.”

Mr. Johnson is a thoroughly accomplished mechanical engineer, and he has used his thorough technical knowledge to such good purpose as to render his well-ordered establishment one of the leading factors in the industrial and commercial progress of Wigan. The equipment of the workshops is so complete as to represent the latest practical applications of mechanical engineering ingenuity to the saving of labour and the perfecting of results in the processes of manufacture which are conducted on the premises. Mr. Johnson has surrounded himself with facilities for the prompt and efficient execution of a large amount of engineering work, and he has gained a very wide reputation as the sole maker of the specialities which are known as “Johnson's Patent Imperishable Perfect Colliery Ventilating Fans.” These fans represent a considerable improvement on the well-known Guibal principle. They are characterised by notable economy in cost and working, and by their simplicity and lightness in construction they secure a uniform delivery from each blade throughout the whole revolution at any speed, while they require no chimney and no shutter, and have no vibration.

It is, however, is his capacity as a merchant, dealing with new and second-hand machinery upon a scale whose magnitude is unequalled in this country, that Mr. Johnson is best known. Some idea of the enormous resources of the establishment in this department of the proprietor's business may be obtained from a study of the copious catalogues which are issued monthly, containing ample details as to the current nature of Mr. Johnson's operations in buying, selling, and exchanging all descriptions of iron and steel, together with colliery, chemical, and engineering plant, and all kinds of machinery. The organisation of the business is excellent. Drawings and photographs are sent on application, while alterations and additions are made to suit requirements. So vast in some cases are Mr. Johnson's commercial transactions, that the proprietor is always prepared to buy up, for cash, the entire contents of works or going concerns of any size or description, either large or small, to any value. He also controls a large amount of business in the sale of collieries, mines, &c. As befits an establishment in the centre of a great colliery district, the stocks are particularly representative in the department of colliery plant, and Mr. Johnson also offers such mechanical specialities as corn-grinding mills, cranes, electric light installations, locomotive engines, fire-extinguishing appliances, ice-making machines, stone breakers, wood-working machinery, &c., the long and varied list indicating the remarkable comprehensiveness of his dealings.

But beyond all this, we find Mr. Johnson breaking new ground in yet another and totally distinct sphere of commercial activity. For the past two years (in addition to his engineering and machinery business), he has been energetically preparing for extensive operations in the selling of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs, and the slaughtering of the three last-mentioned classes of animals. To this end he has been providing special facilities in the shape of premises, concerning which a few words will here be opportune. The buildings and accommodation for the new business will include a railway wharf nine hundred feet in length, along the whole of which the trucks will be placed for unloading and reloading the live stock, while pens will be provided on the wharf for confining the animals previous to their being put into the market, or pending their being sent away. The market will be one of the “sights” of Wigan — one vast covered building consisting of fifteen bays, each bay of thirty feet span, and the centre bay forming a parade ground, with two sale rings on each side in due proximity to, but distinct from, one another, and easily accessible from all parts of the building. At the entrance, on one side will be the offices, including superintendent’s, general, post and telegraph offices, and branch banks; while at the other side will be a commodious hotel, with specially-provided accommodation for the people attending the market, besides extensive stabling and feeding store. Passing through the entrance, there will be found a spacious covered exchange, one hundred feet by sixty feet. Adjoining the market will be the abattoirs, which will include extensive lairage; nine slaughter-houses, each one with accommodation for six cattle; extensive provision for a proportionate number of sheep and pigs; a dead-meat market, with ground area of two thousand square yards; five large cooling-rooms, two factories for dressing the offal, and railway conveniences for loading twelve trucks with meat at one time. Altogether, the market and abattoirs will occupy about thirty-five thousand square yards, and will afford accommodation for five hundred horses, three thousand cattle, and fifteen thousand sheep and pigs. This gigantic undertaking, which is at once worthy and characteristic of its enterprising projector, will undoubtedly meet a great requirement in Wigan; and we have no hesitation in predicting for it a prosperity commensurate with its usefulness, and consistent with the unvarying success that has attended all its proprietor's commercial ventures.

Mr. Thomas Johnson has shown himself to be a man of large ideas and ready resource, and also to be endowed with a very remarkable degree of administrative ability. He personally and assiduously supervises all the working details of his immense business; and thus ensures the fall maintenance of its prestige. At the same time, it is right to say that he is very ably assisted by three of his sons, who have been brought up in the business from childhood, and each of whom has a special aptitude for the department allotted to him. The eldest, having a practical knowledge of every description of machinery and of its value, spends the greater part of his time away from home, inspecting and arranging for the purchase and distribution of plant all over the country. The second son superintends the commercial department of the concern, and the third devotes his attention to designing and re-arranging existing machinery to suit the varying requirements of buyers.

R. PLATT, MANUFACTURING STATIONER, BOOKSELLER, AND PRINTER,
17, WALLGATE, WIGAN.

THIS notable concern has been developed from a very insignificant beginning. Before Mr. Platt acquired it, in 1869, the business was a small and unimportant one, located in Standishgate, but owing to the indomitable energy, perseverance, and thorough business-like habits of its new proprietor, was soon raised into a position of importance. It is now the leading one of its kind in the town, and a monument to its proprietor’s ability and industry. In 1883 Mr. Platt was seized with a serious illness, which ultimately caused his death, and since that time the business has been carried on under management. When transferred, four years ago, to its present address in Wallgate, these premises were altered and much improved to suit its requirements, and they now form a very fine establishment, the handsome double-fronted shop affording ample accommodation, for a most extensive and comprehensive stock, which includes every description of private, commercial, and fancy stationery, account books, pocket books, pens, pencils, inks, and stationers' sundries in great variety; a choice assortment of high-class brass and leather goods being a particularly attractive feature. The book department is most complete, and embraces the latest publications in the world of literature; and there is also a capital circulating library, in connection with Mudie’s, the subscription being one guinea per annum, commencing at any time. The thousand or more volumes comprised in this library cover the whole scope of modern literature, and large parcels are received every month from Mudie’s, these being made up of the newest books in history, biography, travel, science, poetry, the drama, and fiction.

Apart from the library, the general stock of books, as already indicated, is thoroughly comprehensive, and includes works on every subject which forms part of a modern education. Scholastic publications and stationery are a special feature, and are largely stocked. This is also the depot for the publications of the S.P.C.K. Mr. Platt’s fine shop is brilliantly lighted and splendidly appointed, and is undoubtedly one of the most attractive places of business in Wigan. There is telephonic communication with the works, which are situated in Millgate. These works are elaborately equipped for letterpress and lithographic printing (being the only lithographic establishment in Wigan and district}, and possess every facility for the production of first-class work at the most reasonable prices. Mr. Platt styles himself “The Colliery Stationer,” and special facilities are provided for producing every requirement in Colliery Stationery, from the huge Wages and “Get” Books, with their elaborate rulings and strong bindings, to the small but important “Stoppage Tickets,” which are turned out in hundreds of thousands. A thoroughly competent staff is employed, and, in addition to the above, the work executed embraces circulars, price-lists, cards, invoices, letter and memo forms, book and law printing, paper-ruling, relief stamping, artistic lithography, and engraving of every kind, book-binding and folio numbering. Everything receives the most careful and skilful attention, and all orders are promptly executed in a style reflecting great credit upon the house.

Smart travellers represent Mr. Platt in all important districts, and his London agents are Messrs. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., Stationers’ Hall Court. Mr. Platt is the special agent for the Ordnance Survey Maps in this district. In connection with his important scholastic department he has a very large sale for his Evening Continuation School Register, a capital publication, and it is said that during 1894 one-third of the evening school registers used in the country were of the kind published by this house. Other notable productions in the same category are, a “Criticism of Lessons,” for the examination of pupil teachers, and a “Monthly Examination Register,” both new and useful publications. Mr. Platt also issues a very handy Time Table, which is deservedly popular, since it not only enables the possessor to find his way about on the railways, but also insures him or her in the sum of £100, all for the modest price of one penny a month. Mr. Platt’s “Household Almanack” is another excellent handbook for the people, which has now reached its thirty-fourth year of publication — a sure sign of continued public favour. We have probably said enough to show that this is an exceptionally large and well-organised business, and it is hardly necessary to add that the support and confidence of a correspondingly extensive and valuable connection has been gained. The secret of this success lies in the fact of the personal supervision and attention given to
all orders received, no effort being spared to afford that satisfaction to customers which is the real foundation of prosperity in business. It is but just to add that the present extended scope of operations are carried on under the direction of the general manager, Mr. T. R. Rowbotham.
Telegraphic address — "Platt, Printer, Wigan.” Telephone No. 72.

W. R. DEAKIN, ECLIPSE PRESERVE AND MARMALADE WORKS,
WIGAN.

AMONG the most prominent and noteworthy industrial establishments of Wigan, stand the Eclipse Preserve Works, in which Mr. W. R. Deakin carries on his extensive manufacture of jams and marmalade. This very successful concern was founded about seven years ago by Messrs. Deakin & Hodson, and for the past four years has been under Mr. Deakin’s sole proprietorship. The works were originally a cotton mill, and are consequently of large dimensions. Four years ago Mr. Deakin acquired these premises, and completely equipped them for the purposes of his industry. With the re-arrangement thus effected, and the fine modern plant introduced, they have been converted into one of the best organised and most commodious preserve works we have had the pleasure of visiting. The machinery is worked by steam-power, the various apparatus being all of the most improved character; and every process is conducted upon modern principles, and under conditions favourable to the best results in the goods produced. These are the largest works of the kind in Wigan, employing from eighty to one hundred hands in the busy season, and they reflect great credit upon Mr. Deakin’s enterprise and powers of organisation. Jams in great variety, marmalade, pickles, and sauces are here produced in large quantities, and in every instance only the best and purest ingredients are used.

The jams, for which this house has rapidly gained a wide reputation, are of the highest quality, and are prepared entirely from the finest English whole fruit, with pure cane sugar, under conditions which ensure absolute cleanliness, and freedom from all unwholesome contamination. The list of jams and jellies is a long one, embracing all the favourite varieties, and in the matter of marmalade, Mr. Deakin's product is surpassed by none for purity and excellence of flavour. All fruits used are received direct from the growers, and great care and judgment are exercised in their selection. The pickles and sauces manufactured at the Eclipse Works are also of a high order of merit, and rank with the best condiments of the day. All Mr. Deakin’s specialities are in large demand, and are sent to nearly all parts of the United Kingdom, their uniform excellence of quality having obtained them a place in most grocery establishments where high-class goods at moderate prices are a feature. The business is ably managed by the principal in person, and speaks, by its growth and success, for his energy and experience.
Telegraphic Address: “Deakin, Wigan.” Telephone No. 76.

ISAAC LAWRENCE & SONS, INCE BREWERY,
NEAR WIGAN.

THIS celebrated brewery has been established upwards of half a century, and has long been noted for the fine quality of its ales. It is situated at Kirkhall Lane, Leigh, and the premises cover a considerable space of ground, including stables, cooperage, and other outbuildings, in addition to the brewhouse. Substantially built and conveniently arranged, the establishment realises one’s ideal of a fine modern brewery; and on the occasion of our visit we were greatly impressed by the cleanliness and perfect order of the place, as well as by the improved character of the equipment, and the completeness of every arrangement for producing really first-class beers. Messrs. Lawrence brew with selected malt and hops, and are famed for the purity, delicate flavour, and fine all-round character of their mild, pale, bitter, and strong ales. They also turn out porter and stout of a very superior quality; and for these, as well as for the ales, there is a large and widespread demand. The firm employ a large number of hands, and have every facility for the systematic delivery of goods and speedy execution of orders. the stores and cellars at the brewery contain immense stocks, and every precaution is taken to ensure faultless condition in the beers sent out. Founded originally by the grandfather of the present proprietors at Ince, near Wigan, where they have extensive stores and bottling departments, stabling, and offices, the business of this firm has always remained under the control of the same family, and has enjoyed a continuity of able management which has brought it to its present large dimensions and substantial prosperity. Mr. Isaac Wilson Lawrence, one of the partners now directing the affairs of the house, is a Guardian for Wigan, and a member of the Ince District Council. He is much respected in the district, and takes a deep interest in all local matters.

MANCHESTER TAILORING AND CLOTHING COMPANY,
23, WALLGATE, WIGAN.
PROPRIETOR: MR. JOHN SMITH.

UNDER the style and title designated above, Mr. John Smith has conducted a thriving business at Wigan for over twelve years at the eligible quarters he still occupies in Wallgate. Favourably located opposite to the post office, the spacious double-fronted shop is handsomely fitted and appointed throughout in the best modern style, and is most methodically and tastefully arranged, displaying a particularly large and varied stock of stylish ready-made suits and single garments for men, youths, and boys in all standard sizes, and at prices to suit the pockets of all classes of customers. In the bespoke tailoring department a very select stock is maintained of all the newest textures and patterns in fashionable tailoring fabrics and materials for the current season, open for selection to the scrutiny of intending patrons. Mr. John Smith, himself a practical expert, is valuably assisted by a picked staff of skilled and experienced hands in the everyday production of gentlemen’s, youths’, and boys’ fashionable attire for all occasions, and every garment so made is turned out in a state of perfection in all essential characteristics of style, fit good taste, and faultless finish, while his charges are always marked by their moderation. It may be mentioned that Mr. Smith is now assisted by his son, who has just returned from London after undergoing an examination in his art, and now holds a diploma of the first class. En passant, it may be noted that Mr. Smith is an accomplished amateur photographer and an ardent philatelist. In connection with his craft, he holds the post of Sergeant Master Tailor to the 1st Manchester Rifle Volunteers, and is everywhere respected, as much by reason of his business and well known integrity, as for his many estimable personal qualities.

MR. J. PENDLEBURY, GENERAL DRAPER, SILK MERCER, HOSIER, GLOVER, &c.,
CRAWFORD HOUSE, WIGAN.

IN connection with the drapery trade in Wigan, the establishment of Mr. J. Pendlebury in Standishgate, known as Crawford House, may be cited as an example of a high-class emporium holding a prominent position. It is, indeed, one of the foremost concerns of its kind in the town and district, and enjoys a large measure of well-merited public favour. The business was founded in 1848, by Messrs. J. C. & F. Leach, who built the present fine premises, unrivalled in architectural appearance by any business establishment in Wigan. The block is a three-storey one with an Ionic front and a splendid range of show-windows, which take in both the ground floor and the first floor. The “dressing” of these windows is always remarkably good, and gives the place a most attractive aspect when viewed from without. Internally the arrangements leave nothing to be desired. The appointments are of the most elegant and tasteful character, and everything is in keeping with the advanced methods of modern trade, the convenience of customers evidently standing among the first considerations of the proprietor. Mr. Pendlebury's business is a very extensive one, and comprises many departments, which collectively cover the whole scope of the legitimate drapery trade. He holds a vast and comprehensive stock, the leading features of which comprise Manchester goods, blankets, rugs, flannels, damasks, linens, sheetings, quilts, counterpanes, calicoes, table covers, and household draperies generally, besides jackets, mantles, millinery, ladies and children's hosiery and out- fittings, gloves, gentlemen's mercery, lace goods, flowers, feathers, ribbons, English and foreign dress-goods, family and complimentary mourning and funeral furnishings, ladies' and children's costumes, corsets, dressing gowns, umbrellas, silks, volvcts, velveteens, shawls, fancy goods, haberdashery, and furs. From this list it will be seen that there is no department within the scope of a modern drapery emporium that is not duly represented in Mr. Pendlebury's stock; and in each instance visitors to this establishment will find the goods absolutely new and of superfine quality, everything being selected with care and judgment in the very best markets. The stock in its entirety is of immense value, and abounds in fashionable novelties in every department.

As regards furs, dress goods, “fancies,” millinery, costumes, mantles, and similar goods, this house shows a range of specialities quite unsurpassed in the district, and we note that special attention is paid to the execution of orders for trousseaux and layettes, and also for family mourning. In millinery, and in all other departments connected with the fashions of the day, the newest designs are shown, bearing the unmistakable stamp of the London and Paris ateliers. Mr. Pendlebury's working staff on the premises is a large and skilful one, and the work-rooms are under the most capable supervision. Consequently, he is in a position to turn out all orders in a style not inferior to that of the leading London houses. This fact will account in a large measure for the extensive and influential patronage he has gained around Wigan. Upwards of ninety hands find employment in the various departments of this notable business, and of these a considerable number have very comfortable residential accommodation on the premises. Mr. John Pendlebury, the present sole proprietor, acquired the business some twenty-two years ago, and under his able and unremitting supervision it has become the leading concern of its kind in Wigan, for magnitude and importance, and has gained the support and confidence of a splendid local connection. Mr. Pendlebury is a prominent and much respected citizen, and is a Justice of the Peace for the County Borough, and Chairman of the Wigan School Board, in the work of which he takes a very active interest. He is also Chairman of the Borough of Wigan and District Permanent Benefit Building Society, an institution with extensive local operations and a large membership.

MR. THOMAS MILNER, WATCHMAKER AND JEWELLER,
46, MARKET PLACE, WIGAN.

In any review of the industrial progress of Wigan, however brief, a prominent place is well merited by the old-established business of Mr. Thomas Milner, watchmaker and jeweller, of No. 46, Market Place. Dating back in its foundation to the year 1843, the business was established by the grandfather of the present Mr. Thomas Milner, under whose able direction it is now carried on in the interest of his mother, Mrs. Milner. Originally the business was located in Queen Street, but was removed to the present address some forty years ago. The premises here comprise a spacious and handsome shop, having a very fine plate-glass frontage, which affords admirable facilities for the superb display of high-class jewellery, gold and silver watches, &c. The fixtures and appointments of the interior are of a very elegant and superior character, and the vast quantities of valuable goods on view in the various well-devised show-cases, &c., are arranged and exhibited with consummate taste and good effect. As regards the stock itself, it would be hard indeed to do it adequate justice within the limits of this necessarily brief sketch; gold and silver watches, clocks, and jewellery of exquisite workmanship, high quality, and rare beauty of design, pattern, and finish; timepieces of every grade of novelty and uniqueness, fine lines of superior electro-plated goods, opera and field glasses, barometers, aneroides, single and double eye-glasses, art bronzes, presentation goods, a splendid selection of diamond and other gem rings, cut and uncut precious stones, chains, trinkets, &c., &c., form a few of the more prominent features of a stock it would be difficult to rival in the provinces. A highly efficient staff of experienced workmen is retained, and special attention is given to the repairs to jewellery, clocks, and watches. In this connection also the firm have the winding, cleaning, and regulating of all the public clocks in Wigan, and the General Post Office clocks. The trade of the house is at all times of a most extensive character, and is continually enhanced under the enterprising direction of Mr. Thomas Milner, and the widespread circle of distinguished patronage enjoyed is ample evidence of the manner in which old-time traditions of high repute and strict integrity are steadily and conscientiously maintained.

W. WORSLEY, A.P.S., ETC., DISPENSING CHEMIST, ETC.,
“THE MEDICAL HALL,” MARKET PLACE, WIGAN.

THE records of the old-established business, which furnishes the subject of the present brief historical review, show that it was organised at Wigan, over half-a-century ago, under the able auspices of a Mr. Scotson; that it was subsequently carried on in succession by a Mr. Barnish, and the late Mr. Charles Wood; and was finally acquired, some years since, by its present talented and enterprising proprietor, Mr. W. Worsley, an Associate of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, by examination, who amongst other professional laurels, was the Medallist of his year at the Westminster College, London; and holds the Diploma of Certificated Dispenser, by examination, of the London Society of Apothecaries. The “Medical Hall,” as it is popularly called, has always occupied its present eligible site in the busy Market Place, but has been much improved, by the extension of its original side street frontage, to additionally face the Market Place, thereby standing' in a commanding corner position, to the best advantage. The spacious shop, per se, is elegantly fitted and appointed throughout in the best modern style, to hold and to adequately display a stock of goods that may accurately be described as fairly exhaustive of all recognised drugs and chemicals of ascertained purity and standard strength, cattle condiments and veterinary remedies, homoeopathic medicines, all the popular patent medicines and kindred proprietary articles of the day, choice toilet, nursery, and sick-room requisites, medical and surgical appliances of every kind, and chemists' sundries generally.

Mr. Worsley has, moreover, won a widespread and well-merited renown for his series of specialities (and those of his predecessor) in family medicines and pharmaceutical preparations, notably for his “Cough Elixir”; “ orsley's Liebig’s Beef and Malt Wine”; “Dr. Stuart’s Pills,” for alimentary disorders; “Wood’s Teething and Cooling Powders,” for children; “Wood’s Blood Purifier”; “Dr. Cosgrave's Seven Oils,” for rheumatism and all pains; “Dr. Fowler's Female Pills”; “Dr. Cosgrave's Arabian Ointment”; “Wood’s Hair Bestorer,” &c., all of which are in very large demand; and all of which are manufactured solely by Mr. Worsley, in his elaborately equipped laboratory and stock-rooms. Mr. Worsley, furthermore, is licensed to sell, and always maintains a large stock of all the best and most popular brands of wines and spirits. Being an analytical chemist, as well as a dispensing and family chemist and druggist, W. Worsley is in a position to personally analyse and satisfy himself as to the purity and excellence of all wines and spirits he sells to the public. He also acts as the local agent for the famous “ Tower Tea.”

Mr. Worsley has also provided for sufferers from toothache and defective dentition, by opening a consulting and operating room, where Mr. Crocker, the well-known Manchester dentist, attends to patients on Fridays. Mr. Crocker has earned a well-deserved reputation for painless extraction, with cocaine or nitrous oxide gas. Also for the scaling and filling teeth with silver, platinum, or gold fillings. He likewise supplies his improved artificial teeth, either on vulcanite, platinum, or gold, at the most moderate charges, and guarantees, in all cases, a perfect fit. Consultations free. In his professional department, Mr. Worsley, with a staff of competent assistants, operates in every branch of practical pharmacy, devoting the most careful and competent attention to the dispensing of physicians’ prescriptions and the compounding of family recipes, by reason of which he has won the confidence of local medical practitioners, and the liberal support of a large and soundly established clientele, drawn practically from all classes of the community.

MR. D. A. ABLETT, CONTRACTOR, VALUER, &c.,
SOVEREIGN ROAD SAW MILLS, WIGAN.

AN important factor in the resources of the building trades in the Wigan district, has, for many years been constituted by the admirably organised business which is conducted by Mr. D. A. Ablett. It was established thirty years ago by Mr. C. Ablett, and during the interval which has elapsed, the family record has constituted an important and interesting chapter in the history of the material development of the town and surrounding district. Since Mr. D. A. Ablett, ten years ago, became the proprietor, he has succeeded, through his intimate acquaintance with the technical requirements of the trade in its several departments, combined with his intelligently directed energy, in considerably extending the valuable connection to which he succeeded. His premises, which have been admirably adapted to the requirements of the business, are known as the Sovereign Road Saw Mills, and are conveniently situated in the thoroughfare of that name. They comprise commodious timber-yards, which are replete with valuable stocks of timber in great variety, suitable for the requirements of every branch of the building trade. There is, also, ample storage room for large quantities of other building materials, including drain-pipes, slates, tiles, chimney-pots, cement, flags, &c. A well-appointed office is furnished with all the requisites of modern device for the prompt despatch of clerical work, and the establishment is indeed supplied with every facility which matured experience could suggest, and which a liberal and judicious expenditure of capital could supply, for the convenient conduct of an extensive and ever growing business.

The sawmill and workshops are so complete in their equipment as to represent the most approved modern applications of mechanical engineering science to the saving of labour, and the perfecting of results in the processes of wood-working. Thus the working-plant includes circular saws, planing, mortising, and moulding machines, &c., all of the best and latest type. Mr. Ablett employs a numerous staff of skilled workmen, including expert specialists as heads of departments, in the manufacture of doors, window-frames, sashes, staircases, and other building requisites. The number of the working staff is from time to time temporarily increased, in accordance with the magnitude of the contracts which Mr. Ablett accepts, and which he executes to the invariable satisfaction of architects and all others concerned. The firm have a very large and rapidly increasing connection, and among other contracts successfully carried out, may be mentioned the Standish Local Board offices, and have just completed several large shops in Market Street. They have also lately received the contract for alterations and additions to the Manchester and County Bank, Wigan. Possessed of exceptional administrative abilities, Mr. Ablett insures the maintenance of the high reputation which the house has acquired by constant personal supervision of all the working details of his business.

JOHN PIGGIN, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BAKER, TEA, PROVISION, AND PROVENDER DEALER,
35, MILLGATE; 122B, DARLINGTON STREET EAST; AND 43 & 55, MARKET HALL, WIGAN.

ESTABLISHED in the year 1872, at its present eligible headquarters in Millgate, Wigan, under the able auspices of its present enterprising proprietor, Mr. John Piggin, the records of this representative business show that its commercial development became so rapid from the very commencement, that Mr. Piggin found it expedient to open two branch establishments at 122B, Darlington Street East, and 43 & 55, Market Hall respectively, to meet the demands of his fast expanding wholesale and retail trade. The headquarters at 35, Millgate, consist of a spacious sale shop, of which the branch depots are practically replicas, with commodious warehouse accommodation and a perfectly equipped modern hygienic bakery at the rear, where an expert staff is employed to produce the pure household and fancy breads, cakes, and confectionery for Mr. Piggin’s large round of regular customers, as well as for the supply of his shops. The Millgate Street shop, which may be taken as typical of the branch stores, is handsomely appointed throughout, and is methodically arranged to hold and effectively display a comprehensive stock of goods, which, apart from the products of the bakery, have all been chosen with great care and judgment from the leading sources of supply. All manner of everyday groceries and household sundries, special lines in pure and choicely blended teas, coffers, and cocoas of the most noted makes; British and Foreign canned and bottled comestibles, and table delicacies of the highest order; and prime provisions of every kind in the way of hams and bacon, butter and cheese, lard, fresh eggs, meal and flour, together with vast consignments of corn, seeds, and provender of every kind, are all fully represented at their best, and are all offered for sale at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. Mr. Piggin directs all the affairs of his establishment in person, and his business policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically ensure a long continuance of the satisfactory conditions under which his house now operates.

FRANK A. ALMOND, CYCLE MANUFACTURER,
MARKET SQUARE, WIGAN.

TO all lovers of the popular pastime of cycling there should be no place in Wigan of greater interest than the well-known establishment of Mr. Frank A. Almond, Cycle Manufacturer, Market Square (near Hope Chapel). Mr. Almond commenced business here in 1887, and originally had premises in Dorning Street. These, however, soon became too small, owing to the rapid increase of business, and some few months ago he removed to the present address. The premises here hare a fine and imposing frontage, and comprise spacious and well-appointed show-rooms, admirably arranged for the display and storage of the large stock of machines. The works are well equipped with all the best and most improved machinery and appliances for every branch of the trade. There is a special department for enamelling, Mr. Almond being the only enameller in the town, as well as the only cycle manufacturer in Wigan and district. A large staff of skilled and experienced workmen are employed. Repairs of all kinds are neatly and promptly executed, and Mr. Almond is now making a speciality of fitting pneumatic tyres to carriages.

An inspection of the large and varied stock of bicycles, tricycles, tandems, safeties, &c., in the spacious show-rooms, will at once make manifest to even the least observant visitor the singularly commendable manner in which Mr. Almond has combined in their manufacture the prime qualities of lightness, strength, sound material, conscientious workmanship, and notable grace and beauty of design and pattern. Mr. Almond has introduced into their construction many important inventions and improvements. He is the maker of the now celebrated “Crawford” racer, weighing only twenty-two pounds, and which has gained the twenty-five mile road record for Wigan and the district. All the “Crawford” cycles are held in high repute by riders, and are the result of Mr. Almond’s unremitting study and practical experience. The frames are exceptionally strong, light, and well designed. The “Royal Crawford” is the lightest machine manufactured, yet, at the time of writing, Mr. Almond is building a machine to weigh only eighteen pounds.

Mr. Almond guarantees all cycles to be made with the best materials and workmanship, and warrants them to be free from imperfection. He will make good, at any time within twelve months, any defect not caused by accident, rough usage, or neglect. Defective parts, if any, must be sent for examination, and will be returned carriage paid both ways. It is interesting to note that Mr. Almond has not had one machine sent back on account of bad workmanship ever since he commenced business. This is probably accounted for by his paying his workmen by day, and not by “piece-work.” The connections of the house are very extensive, and extend to all parts of the United Kingdom. Cycles are also sent to Copenhagen and various parts of the Continent, and to Queensland. Mr. Almond was the first member of the Wigan Cycle Club, and was for five years its captain. He is now a member of the committee. He is practically acquainted with every detail of the manufacture, and is widely recognised as a courteous and enterprising man with whom it is pleasant and profitable to have business transactions.

E. WILLIAMS & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL ENGLISH AND FOREIGN PROVISION MERCHANTS, BEEF AND PORK BUTCHERS,
4 AND 6, MARKET STREET, WIGAN.

INAUGURATED as far back as two-and-thirty years ago, at No. 1, Red Rock Street, Liverpool, which is still retained as a branch depot, the extensive wholesale and retail business now carried on by the brothers, Messrs. E. and S. Williams, under the style and title designated above, was removed to its present headquarters at Wigan in the year 1877. Four years later, Messrs. E. Williams & Co. opened a branch establishment at No. 49, Bradshawgate, Leigh, and in that year obtained the First Prize and Medal at the Leigh Agricultural Association’s Show, for Kiel Butter, Wiltshire Bacon, Cheese, and the “Best Provision Stall.” They now stand unrivalled in Wigan as the only holders of Prize Medals for English and Foreign Provisions. Messrs. Williams’s premises at 6, Market 8treet, consist of a well-appointed shop, with commodious stores at the rear, in which they hold in effective display a very large selection of all the best and most esteemed English and foreign brands of prime provisions, in the way of hams and bacon, tongues, butter and cheese, and kindred commodities of every kind.

At No. 4, Market Street, adjoining, under the style of Messrs. Lamb & Bullock, the firm operates additionally as retail and wholesale purveyors of fresh meat of exclusively the best quality. Their shop is substantially and sanitarily appointed throughout in the best modern style, and always presents a singularly neat, clean, and wholesome appearance, which tends most emphatically to enhance the inviting character of the abundant and varied stock of expertly dressed carcasses, sides, joints, cuts, &c., there displayed. Home-fed ox-beef and wether mutton, house lamb, veal, and dairy-farm pork in their respective seasons, together with sausages freshly made day by day, prime pickled tongues, choicely corned beef, and home-cured hams and bacon, are all fully en evidence, in the very finest condition for consumption, and are all offered for sale by the staff of polite and attentive assistants, at the very lowest prices compatible with the fluctuations of the market.

Messrs. E. Williams & Co.’s resources and facilities are, indeed, of a very superior character, enabling them to offer many exceptional advantages to both regular customers and large buyers in the trade, and to execute and deliver all orders in a prompt and satisfactory manner. Both partners take an active part in the direction of their extensive undertaking; and their methods of management are identical in nature with those which have in time past influenced and brought about a continous increase in the resources and undertakings of their now unique and most noteworthy business.

MR. WILLIAM PILKINGTON, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CLOTHIER,
83, MILLGATE, WIGAN; AND 151, CHURCH STREET, WESTHOUGHTON.

IN the rapid march of commercial progress, for which this busy town is famous, there are few branches of trade that have made greater strides than the wholesale and retail clothing, and there is no name that has come to be more closely and creditably identified with this branch of industry than that of Mr. William Pilkington, Wholesale and Retail Clothier, of No. 83, Millgate. Established some four or five years ago, Mr. Pilkington has already acquired a position of great influence and worthy distinction among his contemporaries in this line. The premises comprise a spacious double-fronted shop, having two superb plate-glass windows, in which is tastefully arranged a fine selection of gentlemen's, youths', and boys' garments, and fashionable novelties in piece goods, tweeds, woollens, &c. The interior is elegantly fitted and appointed, and all the arrangements for the display, sale, and storage of the goods, and for the reception of patrons, leave nothing to be desired. The establishment is brilliantly illuminated with the incandescent light.

In the spacious and well-equipped workrooms about forty skilled and experienced hands are regularly employed, whose labour is supplemented by a large number of improved machines. The stocks are very heavy in all the departments, and include a most extensive assortment of gentlemen’s, youths', and boys’ ready-made garments, in all the favourite materials, of perfect fit, and quite equal in style and finish to the best goods made to order. The stock of piece goods include all the best makes in West of England woollens, meltons, fancy coatings and trouserings, tweeds, cheviots, homespuns, cords, serges, &c., selected with great care and judgment. In the bespoke department, special care and attention are given to measurement: perfect fit, correct and tasteful style, reliable material, and sound workmanship are studiously insured in every item of production. Mr. Pilkington is a member of the Westhoughton District Council, and Chairman of Finance Committee. He has a large outside trade with co-operative societies and others. Mr. Pilkington operates with a laudable aim in view, viz., the supplying of thoroughly first-class clothing at legitimately economical prices, and every patron may rely upon receiving sound value for money in every respect. the trade is of a widespread and influential character, and all his transactions are distinguished by the greatest promptness, liberality, and integrity.

MILES WILLIAMS & CO., PRACTICAL VARNISH MANUFACTURERS,
BRITANNIA VARNISH WORKS, WIGAN.

AMONGST the specialistic industries of which Wigan is the seat, a place of honourable prominence is occupied by that which has been successfully conducted by Messrs. Miles Williams & Co. since 1870 as manufacturers of varnishes and kindred classes of goods. The notable success which has attended this enterprise is for the most part attributable to the thorough technical knowledge of the trade possessed by Mr. Miles Williams, the founder and principal of the establishment, and especially to his inventive ingenuity, as applied to the descriptions of productions in which he is specially interested. Mr. Williams is well known in the world of applied science as the sole inventor and patentee of “Aniline Varnishes,” “Improvements in Gas,” “Liquid Fuel,” “Gas Carburetter," “Enamelled Railway Signal,” “Rapid Bleaohing,” “Cement Mortar,” “Sanitary Dry Lime,” &c.; and as the author of “House Painting and Decorating,” “Asphalting,” “Aerated Water,” “All about Gas and Lacquering,” &c. The premises of the firm are known as the Britannia Varnish Works, and are situated at Scholes Bridge. This is their only address. The industrial departments are extensive, and are fully equipped with all the requisite appliances for facilitating the several processes of manufacture which are here conducted. There are also spacious warehouses and a suite of well-appointed offices. In the warehouses are held large and valuable stocks of goods, including paints of every description and colours, which are manufactured on the premises, together with a very comprehensive assortment of English and foreign paperhangings, sheet and plate glass, and all kinds of coloured and ornamental glass. Here, too, are to be found in enormous quantities all kinds of illuminating oils. The firm’s specialistic manufactures include patent aniline varnish, and such other varnishes as gold bronze, amber, body, carriage, copal, crystal, cabinet, elastic, paper, Japan, mastic, gilder’s brilliant, &c.; also lacquer and printer’s ink, &c. Experts of the highest eminence have testified to the high merits of the specialities produced by Messrs. Williams & Co., as witness the large number of prize medals which have been awarded to them at leading exhibitions not only in various parts of the United Kingdom, but at Antwerp, Philadelphia, Paris, &c. A numerous staff of workmen is employed, including expert specialists as heads of departments, under the assiduous supervision of the principal. Mr. Williams, who is a member of the Masonic brotherhood, is deservedly popular with all with whom he has commercial relations.

E. H. MONKS, WHOLESALE GROCER, CORN AND FLOUR MERCHANT,
13 & 15, WALLGATE; AND 78, SCHOLES, WIGAN.

One of the oldest and host-known concerns in the grocery, corn, and flour trades in Wigan is named at the head of the present sketch. Mr. E. H. Monks has been the sole principal of the house for the last twenty years, and he represents the third generation from the founder of the business. Large and commodious premises are occupied at the above address in Wallgate, comprising a spacious three-storey building fitted with power to drive the fruit-dressing machinery, and also for the purposes of corn-crushing, and is admirably arranged for all the purposes of the trade carried on. There are warehouses of capacious size here, and those contain large and well-selected stocks of the many different classes of goods which enter into the firm’s operations as merchants. These commodities include teas of the choicest blends, coffees from the most renowned plantations, cocoas by all the best manufacturers, and a full range of superior goods in sugars, spices, pickles, sauces, jams, jellies, hams, bacon, cheese, butter, biscuits, &c., &c., all of which are obtained from the very best sources of supply. The corn and flour department is a very important feature of the business, and Mr. Monks is the sole agent here for the deservedly popular “Lily White” flour, and for a well-known and excellent Hungarian flour. He also does a large trade in Hartley’s jams and marmalade, than which there are none of finer quality produced in the kingdom. Mr. Monks does a very large wholesale trade, and supplies a widespread and valuable connection, whose confidence he has gained by the unfailing excellence of everything that emanates from his establishment. He has a retail branch at 78, Scholes, and a wholesale bakery. This is patronised by a numerous local clientele. Mr. Monks personally manages the entire business, which has enjoyed marked success and continuous development during the whole of his able and enterprising administration.
Telegraphic address: “ Monks, Wigan.” Telephone No. 87.

MESSRS. JOHN LAMB & CO., PRACTICAL OIL DISTILLERS AND REFINERS; IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN OILS AND TALLOW; MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS, ROSIN AND TAR DISTILLERS, ASPHALTERS; GREASE, PAINT, AND VARNISH MANUFACTURERS,
LION OIL WORKS, WALLGATE, WIGAN.

THIS old and widely-known firm, founded as far back as the year 1855, was originally known as Williams and Lamb; and the present title was adopted about twenty-five years ago, when the late Mr. John Lamb became sole proprietor. On the death of that gentleman the concern became the property of his two sons, Messrs. C. A. and A. H. Lamb, who continue it very energetically and successfully, trading as John Lamb & Co. The Lion Oil Works, situated at the foot of Wallgate, are of considerable extent, and comprise offices, laboratory, warehouses, and manufactory. The latter is equipped with the most approved modern appliances and plant for the purposes of the important industry carried on — one of the principal features of which consists in rosin and tar distillery, this being the fundamental process for several of the other manufactures of the firm. Messrs. John Lamb & Co.’s many specialities are so well and favourably known that they hardly require individual mention; but it may be as well to briefly enumerate them here, in the following order:— Machinery oils of every description, specially prepared to suit all classes of work; locomotive greases, made to suit all climates, tested to run 1200 miles and not harden in the boxes; tram oils and greases of all consistencies and tenacities, made to suit all mines and all atmospheric and other conditions; wire rope oil, free from acid, and an excellent preservative of steel ropes; safety lamp oil, adapted to all modern safety lamps, burning upwards of eighteen hours with a bright, luminous, full-size, non-smoky flame; medicinal cod-liver oil, imported direct from Norway, and the best that can be bought; a large variety of other oils and greases, tar and rosin products, brattice cloth, boiler compositions of great efficacy, and a full range of superior paints and varnishes.

From this list it will be seen that the firm's industry is unusually comprehensive, and we can say, without hesitation, that in all its products a remarkably high standard of excellence is carefully maintained. This is attested by the medals the firm have won in open competition, as well as by the large demand for their goods, both at home and abroad. The attention of spinners, manufacturers, shippers, and all who desire to use the finest lubricants, may very profitably be directed to Messrs. Lamb's patent lubricating oils of all classes, and especially to their “Lion” sperm [whale] spindle and loom oils, and “Lion” sperm shafting oil, which have been for many years used by leading firms with highly satisfactory results. Colliery proprietors and engineers will find Messrs. Lamb's special colliery engine and cylinder oils, locomotive and tram greases, &c., equal to anything of the kind in the market. Indeed, we may say it is the aim of this firm to sell, at the lowest possible price, goods of unsurpassable quality; and their products only require a trial to insure appreciation. All Messrs. Lamb's goods are produced with scientific skill and accuracy, they being manufacturing chemists and possessing a perfectly equipped laboratory for experimenting and testing. A well-qualified staff is employed at the works, and every process is carried out under the most favourable conditions. A large proportion of the output is exported by shippers to Italy, Spain, and South America; and the firm do a considerable home trade amongst spinners, manufacturers, and users of machinery in general. They have a particularly influential connection in the great colliery districts, and are well represented by travellers everywhere.

The business is conducted with conspicuous ability, under the personal supervision of the principals, who have the assistance of a highly competent staff. The senior partner, Mr. C. A. Lamb, is a Graduate in Honours of Cambridge University, and studied for the law, being eventually called to the Bar. On the death of his father, he applied himself to the direction of the business in conjunction with his brother, Mr. A. H. Lamb — a chemist of high attainments, who had been educated at Heidelberg, and since devoted himself more especially to the improvement and increase of the specialities of the firm. Marked success has attended the two brothers in their vigorous and enterprising development of this representative concern. The “Lion” trade-mark of the house is becoming more widely known every year, and is received with favour everywhere.
Telephone No. 70.

H. BOUCHER, PIANOFORTE TUNER, MUSIC WAREHOUSE,
55, STANDISHGATE, WIGAN.

HAVING won his laurels as a pianoforte tuner and practical instrumentalist at the world-famous establishment of Messrs. Collard & Collard, in London, Mr. H. Boucher, over six years ago, entered upon his present prosperous career at Wigan as a general music and musical instrument dealer, and professional pianoforte tuner. Favourably located in Standishgate, Mr. Boucher's warehouse has long been a favourite resort for musical circles. His spacious, handsomely-appointed show saloon is always most tastefully arranged to hold and to effectively display a particularly select stock of both new and second-hand pianofortes, American organs, harmoniums, violins, harps, guitars, zithers, mandolines, banjos, and stringed, reed, and other musical instruments, derived direct from the leading English and foreign manufacturers of the day, and conspicuous amongst which are the celebrated Bechstein and Eavestaff pianofortes, for which he acts as special local agent. Mr. Boucher, moreover, maintains a very large and up-to-date stock of book and sheet music, and musicians’ requisites of every conceivable kind, from a conductor's baton to a school-girl's portfolio; and offers all his goods for sale at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading; while expensive instruments are also available by the easy instalment system.

As a pianoforte tuner, Mr. Boucher stands facile princeps at Wigan. He holds high testimonials from seven leading manufacturers, dealers, and professors. His personal services are eagerly sought for by patrons in both town and country. Mr. Boucher also fulfils the duties of organist at St. Patrick's Church; and he continues to conduct his general business in a manner and upon principles which cannot fail to sustain, and even enhance, the high reputation he now so deservedly enjoys. Mr. H. Boucher has had the honour to tune for, amongst many others, Sir William Armstrong, Lady Blacket, Sir Vincent Corbett, Lady Coates, Earl Grey, Lord Hill, Sir A. Mackworth, Lady Mary Herbert, Sir A. Kettle, Sir Pryse Pryse, Lord Winmarlegh, &c., &c. Mr. H. Boucher visits the following towns and districts, at regular intervals of three months:— Abram, Adlington, Aspull, Ashton, Appley Bridge, Bolton, Blackburn, Boars Head, Bamfurlong, Blackrod, Brynn, Bickershaw, Chorley, Cappull, Darwen, Earlstown, Golborne, Garswood, Haydock, Hindley, Lowton, Leyland, New Springs, Newtown, Orrell, Pemberton, Poolstock, Parbold, Red Rock, Rivington, Standish, Stubshaw Cross, Southport, Upholland, Wrightington.

R. WHITESIDE, GROCER, BAKER, AND PROVISION MERCHANT,
SCHOLES, WIGAN.

THE important business which furnishes the theme of the present brief review was organised in Scholes, Wigan, four years ago, under the able auspices of its present talented and enterprising proprietor. Having outgrown his original accommodation, Mr. R. Whiteside some three months since removed to his present eligible quarters in the same busy thoroughfare; and, doubtless, the most effectual way in which to indicate its true character, scope, and aims would be to give a concise descriptive sketch of the establishment as it now stands, and to supplement this with a few observations upon the nature of the operations there being carried on. Occupying a commanding corner position, the spacious, handsomely fitted and appointed shop always presents a singularly inviting appearance, by reason of the abundant and varied stock of good things there effectively displayed in the way of select general groceries, household sundries, prime provisions, special teas and coffees, British and foreign canned and bottled comestibles and table delicacies, and plain and fancy breads, biscuits, cakes, and confectionery — all these articles being available at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading. In his well-equipped bakery at the rear, Mr. Whiteside, with an expert staff, produces large daily supplies of bread, cakes, and confectionery of great purity and wholesomeness, not only for his sale shop, but in order to meet the demands of a large round of regular customers; and his business policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically insure a very long continuance of the satisfactory conditions under which his house now operates.

MESSRS. PRESTON & HIRST, BUILDERS, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN TIMBER MERCHANTS,
CHURCH STREET STEAM SAW MILLS, WIGAN.

THIS is one of the leading building, saw-milling, and timber businesses in the district round Wigan, and has been established about forty-four years. Mr. John Preston, the founder of the concern, has recently taken into partnership Mr. Walter Hirst, a gentleman of large experience in the erection of extensive railway and engineering works, and the title of the firm now is Preston & Hirst. The premises in Church Street, where the business has always been carried on, comprise offices, timber yards, and steam saw-mills, the latter being well constructed, conveniently planned, and fully equipped with the most effective modern machinery for the production of mouldings and other woodwork, as well as for sawing, planing, &c. Sashes, sash frames, doors, door casings, and wood mouldings of every size and pattern are manufactured for the trade at the most reasonable prices; and with the ample facilities here at their command, in plant and skilled labour, Messrs. Preston & Hirst are in a position to do planing, tongueing, and grooving for the trade at Liverpool rates. All the joinery work turned out is of superior make and finish, and is produced entirely in well-seasoned timber, for the proper maturing of which the firm have several ranges of drying sheds. English timber forms a very important feature of Messrs. Preston & Hirst's trade, and is obtained in all cases from the best sources. The yards also contain large quantities of floor and match boards, poles, laths, slates, tiles, felt, cement, plaster, plasterers' hair, drain-pipes, sinks, chimney pots, fire-bricks, and other building materials held in readiness to meet every requirement. Wheelwrights’ timber is a notable speciality, including cart naves, felloes, spokes, ash and English oak planking, &c., and these goods are always on hand, dry, and ready for use. The firm also supply colliery proprietors with pit-head gear, and contractors with navvy, boat, and coal wheelbarrows, pit rings, and colliery boxes, executing all orders in this connection with the greatest despatch and at the most reasonable prices.

As builders and contractors, Messrs. Preston & Hirst are second to none in Wigan. Mr. Preston is the oldest-established builder in the town, and many of the public buildings have been erected by him, besides a great number of private houses and premises for commercial and industrial purposes. Among the numerous large contracts thus carried out may be mentioned those for the London and North Western Railway Station in 1861—66; the Southport Waterworks at Ormskirk in 1860 (cost £24,000); bridges for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1871 and 1877; a £10,000 contract for schools in Wigan; Parr's Bank at Wigan (a £6,000 contract); the Conservative Club at Wigan; and large contracts in connection with the Wigan Infirmary, schools at Pemberton, and mills in various parts of the country. The firm have been much strengthened by the accession of Mr. Hirst, whose special experience will prove very valuable, and who unites to his mastery of all the details of contracting, a thorough practical knowledge of engineering. The business continues to receive Mr. Preston’s personal supervision as well as that of Mr. Hirst, and maintains its reputation for work of the very best class in all departments.

Besides the Church Street premises, the firm have extensive yards in School Lane, and altogether they give employment to a very numerous staff of hinds. Along with their ordinary business they manufacture Preston’s Patent Glazing Bar, description and blocks of which is given below. This invention relates chiefly to the improvement in composite metal sash bars and framing used in glazing, and in the mode of fixing the same, and in the manufacture thereof, and consists primarily of an iron or steel core of any suitable section required for strength and of a lead casing for same formed with wings or flashings on it all in one piece, and so intimately and closely laid on the core as practically to form one solid composite bar. The inner core being for strength and the outer covering being for the purpose of protecting the inner core from oxidation, and the bottom middle or carrying flange being for carrying the glass, and so formed as to receive the moisture, and the wings or flashings for covering the joints. The outer casing can be made separately of suitable section, the iron or steel core can be introduced into the casing, and the lead rolled down on to the core by means of suitable rollers, the girth of the outer casing being made a little less than the girth of the core for closing, and to allow for the flow of the lead in cold rolling, or they can be drawn down in a die. The telegraphic address is “Preston, Wigan,” and the telephone No. 108.

We may add that Mr. John Preston, who is much respected in this locality, was one of the first members of the Wigan School Board, and was also a member of the Town Council for seven years. In both capacities he rendered useful service, but he has now retired from public life, and confines his attention to business.

BENN BROS., HOSIERS, GLOVERS, LACEMEN, AND GENERAL FANCY DRAPERS,
THE WIGAN GLOVE SHOP, 13, STANDISHGATE, WIGAN.

UNDER the style and title designated above, Benn Bros, organised their present thriving business at Wigan some seven years ago. The records of the undertaking show that its commercial development has been both rapid and continuous from the very commencement; and, doubtless, the most effectual way in which to indicate its true character, scope, and aims, would be to give a concise descriptive sketch of the establishment as it now stands, and to supplement this with a few observations upon the operations there being carried on. “The Wigan Glove Shop,” as it is popularly called, by reason of its standing, par excellence, as the best emporium in the town for ladies' and gentlemen’s gloves, is well situated in a prominent position in Standishgate. The double-fronted shop, per se, is handsomely fitted and appointed throughout in the best modern style to hold and to effectively display a particularly large stock of goods, rich in fashionable novelties and articles of standard worth and excellence, all of which have manifestly been chosen with great care and judgment from the latest productions of the leading manufacturers of the day. Hosiery and gloves, underwear and outfitting items of every description, fancy drapery goods generally, in the way of ribbons and laces, fancy aprons, and the like, are all fully represented, and are all offered for sale by the polite and attentive assistants, at the lowest prices consistent with equitable trading upon the ready-money system. Benn Bros, direct all the details of their largely patronised establishment in person; and their business policy continues to be of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically insure a long continuance of the eminently satisfactory conditions under which their house now operates.

THOMAS CHARLSON, SON & CO., WHOLESALE CORN, FLOUR, AND PROVENDER DEALERS,
DAWHER STREET, DORNING STREET, AND BRETHERTON’S ROW, WALLGATE, WIGAN.
CORN MILLS: QUEEN STREET.

For a period of thirty years the wholesale supply of corn, flour, and provender in the Wigan district has been in a very large measure effected through the agency of the admirably organised business conducted under the style and title of Thomas Charlson, Son & Co. It owes its origin and the position of honourable prominence in the trade which it holds, to the energy and well-directed enterprise of the late Mr. Thomas Charlson. Since the decease of the founder, which occurred in December, 1893, the business has been carried on with unabated vigour, and in co-operation with Mr. Charlson’s trustees, by Mr. George William Pennington. Under this gentleman’s able control, the valuable connection of the house has been very materially extended. The commercial headquarters of the house situated in Dawher Street, off Dorning Street, comprise a suite of well-appointed general and private offices, which are furnished with all requisites for the prompt despatch of clerical work. Here is a sample room, with all the facilities for the inspection of samples, while in the commodious warehouse there is ample space for the carefully systematic classification and arrangement of the comprehensive stocks which are always held. Messrs. Charlson, Son & Co. are very extensive dealers in grain stuffs of every description, including such manufactured stuffs as pot and pearl barley, split peas, oatmeal, &c. They are, likewise, the sole local agents for the celebrated cattle foods and condiments of Messrs. Harrison, of Birmingham; and they have with notable success made a speciality of the supply of the finest English and Continental flour, particularly English. They have the highest reputation in the trade as invariably supplying goods of standard qualities and fully answering to their descriptions.

Some six years ago, Messrs. Darbyshire & Son's corn mills in Queen Street, were acquired by Messrs. Charlson, Son & Co., as also that of Messrs. Monks & Arnnod, Bretherton’s Row, Wallgate, Wholesale Corn and Flour Dealers, who have since utilised their splendid resources to the best advantage. The mills are equipped with the most modern machinery, which is driven by a powerful steam-engine. In Bretherton’s Row, Wallgate, too, the firm have a well-equipped branch establishment, which has been open with consistently satisfactory results for upwards of twenty years, and is conducted under the style of T. Charlson & Co. The operations of the house are exclusively wholesale, and their numerous customers, who are bakers, confectioners, retail corn and flour dealers, and contractors are distributed over a wide area.

GEORGE MUNRO & CO., WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS,
35, OLD MARKET PLACE, WIGAN.

PROMINENT among the leading firms in the wine and spirit trade in Wigan stands that of Messrs. George Munro & Co., whose business has been established here considerably over a quarter of a century, though it originated in Bolton many years prior to that. The firm have occupied their present premises in the Old Market place ever since they began trading in Wigan. This establishment is a very commodious one, and includes (in addition to the offices and wholesale department) spacious warehouses and cellars in Mona Street, and a retail department at 3 & 5, Millgate. All these departments are so arranged as to facilitate in every way the easy conduct of a large business, and the punctual execution of orders.

The stock held by Messrs. Munro is complete in every section, and is rich in choice selections of port, sherry, claret, burgundy, champagne, and other standard wines of the present day, besides fine old brandies, whiskies and other spirits, and all the leading brands of liqueurs and cordials. Messrs. Munro's Irish and Scotch Whiskies are a special feature, and command a large sale. They are matured for years in sherry casks, and are blended in Bond, thus fulfilling the conditions most favourable to the development of really high-class whisky. This firm also supply mineral waters of the best quality, and do an extensive business as ale and stout merchants. In this connection it may be mentioned that they are agents for Messrs. Guinness & Co.’s. Extra Dublin Stout, and Messrs. Bass & Co.’s., and Allsopp & Son’s famous Burton ales. They also have the sole agency in Wigan for the splendid ales of Messrs. Worthington & Co., Burton, and for the high-class mineral waters of Messrs. Cantrell & Cochrane, Belfast.

Messrs. Munro conduct their business upon thoroughly sound principles. They buy always for cash from the best known distillers and shippers, and are consequently in a position to supply reliable goods at prices that place competition out of the question. A large and efficient staff is employed to insure the routine of the business being properly carried on, and the firm have the confidence and support of a very valuable connection, their trade being both wholesale and retail, and their clientele embracing many local dealers as well as prominent families. Mr. George Munro died in 1894, and the affairs of the house are now administered by his sons, with the aid of thoroughly competent managers. There are branches at Bolton, Blackburn, Farnworth, Hanley, Longton, Burslem, and Newcastle-under-Lyne —indicating the wide ramifications of the concern.
The Wigan telephone is No. 10.

M. A. PETERS & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TIMBER MEROHANTS, STEAM SAW-MILLS,
123, WALLGATE, WIGAN.

[There is no description under this heading.]

WILLIAM ROWE, AERATED WATER MANUFACTURER AND HERB BEER BREWER,
1, SHARP STREET, WALLGATE, WIGAN.

THE manufacture and wholesale distribution of pure aerated waters, herb beer, and kindred popular beverages, finds typical representation at Wigan through Mr. William Rowe, who formed the nucleus of his now extensive business in premises erected for him in Hodson Street some twenty years ago. Having outgrown his original accommodation, Mr. Rowe, some eight years since, built his present fine factory in Sharp Street, Wallgate, in the form of a large and substantial two-storeyed structure, elaborately equipped with a splendid plant of the latest and most improved machinery and appliances incidental to the industry; and here, with a large staff of skilled and experienced hands, he produces all manner of aerated waters and herb beers, such as soda water, lemonade, ginger beer, orangeade, ginger ale, hop bitters, and the like, all of which have become immensely popular in virtue of their purity, palatability, and wholesomeness. Mr. Rowe, furthermore, acts as the wholesale and bottling agent for Kop’s celebrated non-alcoholic ale and stout, of which he supplies vast quantities throughout Wigan and its districts; and it may be mentioned, by way of indicating the magnitude of his operations, that his plant is capable of turning out a total of no less than one thousand two hundred dozen bottles per day. Sir. Rowe's business is exclusively wholesale, and entails the constant employment of a service of vans and horses for the delivery of orders to retail clients throughout Wigan and its neighbourhood, his resources being such as to enable him to offer many special advantages to buyers, and to execute all orders, however extensive or urgent they may be, in a prompt and satisfactory manner. Mr. Rowe directs all the affairs of his undertaking in person, and his business policy is of a nature so vigorous and judiciously enterprising as to practically insure a long continuance of the favourable conditions under which his house now operates.

MR. W. OLLERENSHAW, WHOLESALE HAT AND CAP MANUFACTURER, HOSIER AND SHIRT MAKER,
26, SCHOLES STREET, WIGAN.

THE flourishing business which is conducted by Mr. W. Ollerenshaw was established by him in 1870, in the convenient premises which he has since occupied at 26, Scholes Street. Mr. Ollerenshaw brought to his undertaking a thorough technical knowledge, gained in a high-class house in Manchester, of the hat and cap trade, and an intimate acquaintance with the best markets for outfitting goods generally. These advantages, with the aid of his very considerable commercial aptitude and an experience of forty years, he has used to such good effect that he has created a valuable and ever-growing connection, both wholesale and retail. The premises which form his headquarters have an attractive exterior, which is altogether in keeping with the high class of the business which he controls, and with the popular methods which he has successfully adopted in its conduct. The ample show-window forms a never-failing point of interest, with its tastefully arranged display of novelties in constant succession, many of them exhibiting a high degree of artistic merit in design and workmanship. In the spacious and well-appointed interior, which is admirably illuminated by the incandescent light, there is, with the numerous and handsome fittings, every facility for the effective display, and the systematic classification and arrangement, of the valuable and comprehensive stocks which are always held. These include examples of all the latest and most approved styles of silk and felt hats, caps, hosiery, ties, shirts, collars, cuffs, sleeve-links, umbrellas, braces, &c. The stock is, in all respects, representative of the requirements of a high-class business, and Mr. Ollerenshaw has, with marked success, given special attention to the supply of football and cricket outfits, which are famous for their smartness and moderation in price. The proprietor, who is assisted by an efficient staff, whose zealous endeavours to meet the requirements of individual customers enhance the pleasure of a visit to this well-ordered establishment, personally supervises all the details of the business, and thus ensures the maintenance of the high reputation which the house has achieved. In 1894 Mr. Ollerenshaw opened a fully-equipped branch establishment in Bolton, at No. 10, Bradshawgate, with results which are already perfectly satisfactory.

WILLIAM BRAYSHAY & CO., FELLMONGERS, ETC.,
CHURCH STREET MILL, WIGAN.

IN these records of the principal and most noteworthy businesses, special mention should be made of one that has been in existence upwards of a hundred years, and is still vigorous and alert and fully abreast with the requirements of the trade at the present day. Such a one is that of William Brayshay & Co., fellmongers, &c., which was founded in Wigan at the time stated, and came into the Brayshay family half a century ago. The present proprietors are Mr. T. Brayshay and Mr. J. W. Clegg, both gentlemen of large experience in the business, and who give their close personal attention to the whole of the transactions. The premises occupied are known as Church Street Mill, and are ample in size and convenient in arrangement. They have been fitted up throughout with modern plant and appliances, and an adequate number of workmen is kept employed in the various departments. The firm buy hides, calfskins, sheep-skins, and lamb-skins direct from the butchers and abattoirs, and fellmonger the skins and separate the wool therefrom, the skins being sold to the tanners and the wool to the staplers. The firm under notice maintain extensive relations in each department of the business, and their commodities are widely known and always command the best prices in the market. A large business is being done in butchers’ offal, which is either bought by the single lot or contracted for by the year. The partners are of good standing in trading and commercial circles, and enjoy the respect and confidence of a large and valuable connection.